WO2012174993A1 - 粒子源及其制造方法 - Google Patents
粒子源及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012174993A1 WO2012174993A1 PCT/CN2012/076827 CN2012076827W WO2012174993A1 WO 2012174993 A1 WO2012174993 A1 WO 2012174993A1 CN 2012076827 W CN2012076827 W CN 2012076827W WO 2012174993 A1 WO2012174993 A1 WO 2012174993A1
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- field
- wire
- tip
- gas
- particle source
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F4/00—Processes for removing metallic material from surfaces, not provided for in group C23F1/00 or C23F3/00
- C23F4/02—Processes for removing metallic material from surfaces, not provided for in group C23F1/00 or C23F3/00 by evaporation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J1/02—Main electrodes
- H01J1/30—Cold cathodes, e.g. field-emissive cathode
- H01J1/304—Field-emissive cathodes
- H01J1/3042—Field-emissive cathodes microengineered, e.g. Spindt-type
- H01J1/3044—Point emitters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement or ion-optical arrangement
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement or ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/06—Electron sources; Electron guns
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement or ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/08—Ion sources; Ion guns
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
- H01J9/022—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of cold cathodes
- H01J9/025—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of cold cathodes of field emission cathodes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/30—Cold cathodes
- H01J2201/304—Field emission cathodes
- H01J2201/30403—Field emission cathodes characterised by the emitter shape
- H01J2201/30407—Microengineered point emitters
- H01J2201/30415—Microengineered point emitters needle shaped
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/06—Sources
- H01J2237/08—Ion sources
- H01J2237/0802—Field ionization sources
- H01J2237/0807—Gas field ion sources [GFIS]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J27/00—Ion beam tubes
- H01J27/02—Ion sources; Ion guns
- H01J27/26—Ion sources; Ion guns using surface ionisation, e.g. field effect ion sources, thermionic ion sources
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement or ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/06—Electron sources; Electron guns
- H01J37/073—Electron guns using field emission, photo emission, or secondary emission electron sources
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a particle source, and more particularly to a particle source for an electron microscope, a focused ion beam, a microfocus X-ray tube, an electron beam lithography machine, an ion beam lithography machine, and a method of fabricating the same.
- Background technique
- Imaging systems such as electron microscopy, focused ion beam, microfocus X-ray tube, electron beam lithography, ion beam lithography, etc. play an important role in various fields such as micro-nano detection and manufacturing.
- Electron sources for generating electrons and ion sources for generating ions are key components of these imaging systems.
- the performance of the particle source ultimately determines the important performance of the imaging system such as resolution and contrast.
- the most commonly used electron source is the Schottky field emission electron source, which has the advantages of long life compared with the conventional hot electron source, but has the disadvantages of large equivalent diameter, low resolution, low brightness, and poor electron energy uniformity. Wait.
- the advantage of the cold field emission electron source which is currently considered to be superior in performance, is that the equivalent diameter is small, and the brightness is much higher at high voltage than the Schottky field emission electron source, but the brightness sharply deteriorates at low pressure, and many materials, especially biological samples Must be tested in low pressure mode to be undamaged.
- the gas field emission ion source appears very early, and has the advantages of small equivalent diameter and uniform ion energy distribution.
- the disadvantage is that the beam density is not high, and the divergence angle of the ion source is large due to the limitation of the tip size due to the micro-nano processing technology. Cannot be applied to a focused ion beam system.
- the most commonly used ion source is a liquid metal ion source, which has a high beam density, but has a large equivalent diameter and an uneven distribution of ion energy.
- the application of gas field emission ion source in focused ion beam has become possible, but the shortcoming of its low beam density still limits its application, especially micro-nano manufacturing.
- One aspect of the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a particle source, comprising: placing a wire in a vacuum environment and introducing an active gas and a catalytic gas, adjusting a temperature of the wire, and applying a positive to the wire
- the high pressure causes the active gas on the surface of the wire to dissociate, and an etched strip is formed on the side of the wire head, and field etching occurs in the etched strip; field etching causes the surface electric field at the tip of the wire head to be enhanced until it is greater than
- the field-evaporating electric field of the wire material causes the metal atoms here to be evaporated; after the field etch triggers the field evaporation, the two mechanisms of field etching and field evaporation adjust to each other until the shape of the wire head It becomes a needle tip on the base and the base, wherein field etching occurs on the side, forming a base, and field evaporation occurs at the top end to form a needle tip; and when a wire head having a pre
- the first ionization energy of the catalytic gas is less than the first ionization energy of the reactive gas relative to the surface of the wire.
- the positive high voltage causes the surface electric field at the tip of the wire head to be greater than the ionizing electric field of the reactive gas.
- the pressure of the reactive gas is lower than the discharge voltage of the reactive gas
- the pressure of the catalytic gas is lower than the discharge voltage of the catalytic gas
- the temperature of the wire is controlled during field etching to allow adsorption of reactive gas molecules to the surface of the wire.
- the base of the particle source is formed by field etching.
- the tip of the particle source is formed by field evaporation.
- the wire temperature is rapidly lowered to below the boiling point of the reactive gas to reduce the rate of migration of the surface active gas of the wire, and then the positive high voltage is turned off to stop field etching and field evaporation.
- field etch and field evaporation are stopped by stopping the introduction of catalytic gas.
- field etch and field evaporation are stopped by stopping the introduction of reactive gas.
- the stop field is obtained when a needle tip having a predetermined maximum number of atoms is obtained Etching and field evaporation.
- field evaporation occurs at the topmost surface of the tip by applying another positive high pressure to remove the non-metal attached to the tip.
- An atom or molecule and selectively removes the metal atom here, and finally obtains a tip having a predetermined maximum number of atoms.
- the topmost atomic number of the tip is at least one.
- a conductive screen is placed at a position facing the wire head and perpendicular to the axis of the wire, and an imaging gas is introduced to observe the state of the head of the wire.
- the microchannel plate MCP is placed in front of the wire and the conductive screen to aid in imaging.
- the particle source is an electron source or an ion source.
- the positive high voltage is a constant positive high voltage when field etch and field evaporation are simultaneously and mutually adjusted.
- the base and the tip have an axisymmetric shape.
- the wire is pre-machined to have a tapered head.
- the precision and speed of the field etch are controlled by adjusting one or more of the pressure of the reactive gas, the temperature of the wire, and the value of the positive high pressure.
- the radius of curvature of the base is controlled by controlling the radius of curvature of the tip and the value of the positive high pressure.
- the reactive gas is any one or combination of 0 2 , N 2 , CO, C0 2 , other reactive gases containing oxygen or nitrogen.
- the catalytic gas is Xe, C3 ⁇ 4, C 2 3 ⁇ 4, C 2 H 6, C 2 H 2 , or any one of a combination thereof.
- the wire is a refractory metal having a melting point above 2200 ° C or an inert metal having a high degree of chemical inactivity.
- the wire is tungsten, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, niobium, tantalum, niobium, tantalum, platinum, palladium, or gold.
- the positive high voltage range is from 3 kV to 100 kV.
- the pressure of the reactive gas ranges from 10 to 6 Pa to 10 -1 Pa ; when the reactive gas is N 2 , the pressure of the reactive gas ranges from 10 to 6 Pa to 10 - 2 Pa; When the reactive gas is CO, inert gas pressure range of 10- 6 Pa to 10- 1 Pa.
- the wire temperature ranges from 10 K to 200 K; when the reactive gas is N 2 , the wire temperature ranges from 10 K to 200 K; When the reactive gas is CO, the wire temperature ranges from 10 K to 200 K.
- a particle source comprising: a base having a gentle top; and a tip formed as a microprotrusion on the top of the base, wherein the material of the particle source is an inert metal.
- the tip is formed on the top center.
- the base and the tip are symmetrical about a central axis.
- the radius of curvature of the base is on the order of microns or submicron.
- the radius of curvature of the tip is on the order of nanometers.
- the ratio of the radius of curvature of the base to the radius of curvature of the tip is greater than 3:1.
- the base is formed by field etching.
- the tip is formed by field evaporation.
- the material of the particle source is ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, platinum, palladium, or gold.
- the tip has a predetermined number of topmost atoms.
- the topmost tip of the tip has 1 atom.
- the source of particles is an electron source or an ion source.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the structure of a particle source in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 2A is a schematic diagram showing the comparison of a particle source according to an embodiment of the present invention with a prior art pyramidal particle source when used as an electron source.
- Figure 2A is a schematic diagram showing the comparison of a particle source and a prior art pyramidal particle source for use as an ion source in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3A is a schematic view of a particle source manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 3B shows a schematic diagram of the selection principle of the active gas and the catalytic gas.
- FIG. 4A 4C illustrate a particle source fabrication method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. detailed description
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic structural view of a particle source 100, which can be used as an electron source or an ion source, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- particle source 100 includes a tip 110 and a base 120.
- the tip 110 is formed as a minute projection on the base 120.
- the radius of curvature of the tip of the tip 110 is on the order of nanometers, and the number of atoms in the top layer can be at least one.
- the top of the base 120 forms a gentle protrusion and is preferably symmetrical about the central axis.
- the radius of curvature of the base 120 is on the order of microns or submicron.
- the tip 110 is located in the exact center of the base 120.
- the radius of curvature of the base 120 is much larger than the radius of curvature of the tip 110. According to an embodiment of the invention, the ratio of the radius of curvature of the base 120 to the radius of curvature of the tip 110 is greater than 3:1.
- the particle source 100 can produce a lens effect by creating a tiny needle tip on a large-sized base, thereby obtaining a small beam angle.
- the particle beam is confined within a very narrow beam angle, which can significantly increase the beam density.
- the tip of the tip 110 can have only one atom, and such an electron beam will have good electron coherence.
- FIG. 2A shows a comparative schematic diagram of a particle source 100 and a prior art pyramidal particle source (U.S. Patent No. 7,368,727 B2) for use as an electron source, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. It can be seen that the beam angle of the particle source 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention is much smaller than the beam angle of the prior art pyramid-shaped particle source, so that the current ratio through the extraction electrode is much larger than the latter.
- FIG. 2B illustrates the use of a particle source 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention and a pyramidal particle source of the prior art. A schematic diagram of the comparison of subsources. It can be seen that the substrate surface area of the particle source 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention is much larger than the base area of the prior art pyramidal particle source, and thus can attract more gas to generate a larger ion current. .
- Particle sources usually need to work under very strong electric fields.
- a refractory metal material with a strong field evaporation field can be selected (the melting point is higher than
- the particle source is used as an electron source, a negative bias is applied to the particle source, and the electric field strength at the tip is about 5 V/nm.
- the active gas molecules in the surrounding environment are easily adsorbed directly onto the needle tip, affecting the stability of the field emission.
- the tip of the needle is a single atomic tip (i.e., the tip includes only one atom)
- the adsorbed reactive gas molecules may react with the single atom, thereby affecting its lifetime.
- a vacuum of about 10- 8 Pa life monatomic tip made of a refractory metal above approximately 100 hours.
- the particle source When the particle source is used as an inert gas ion source, a positive bias is applied to the particle source, and the electric field at the tip is greater than several tens of V/nm. Under this strong electric field, a small amount of active gas (such as N 2 and 0 2 ) present in the vacuum will be directly ionized when it is close to the tip of the needle, and will not affect the tip. However, they will adhere to the side of the base and etch the base under the action of a strong electric field, gradually changing the shape of the base and eventually destroying the source of the particles. Generally, in the case where the degree of vacuum is 10 - 8 Pa, the life of the particle source made of the above refractory metal is about 200 hours.
- a point reactive gas ion source As an important branch of focused ion beam technology, it is desirable to implement a point reactive gas ion source. With a point-active gas source, new applications are expected, such as the use of secondary ion mass spectrometry to achieve more accurate (accuracy of about 1 nm) analysis and processing of sample material properties. However, materials such as tungsten, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, niobium and tantalum are etched by the reactive gas and cannot work under the active gas atmosphere at all.
- the inventors of the present invention have found that the above-mentioned particle source can be produced using an inert metal such as ruthenium, osmium, iridium, iridium, platinum, palladium or gold. Since the inert metal is highly resistant to the active gas, an electron source having high stability and long life can be realized. In addition, since lanthanum, cerium, lanthanum, cerium and the like have strong corrosion resistance to many reactive gases (such as N 2 and 0 2 :) in low temperature and high electric field, they are also ideal point active ion source materials. . A method of making a particle source using an inert metal is described below with reference to an embodiment of the invention. FIG.
- FIG. 3A shows a schematic diagram of a particle source manufacturing apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- the wire is placed in a vacuum environment, and an active gas is introduced, and the temperature of the wire is adjusted. A positive pressure is applied to the wire.
- the wire may be an inert metal having a high degree of chemical inactivity such as ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, gold or the like.
- the surface of the cooled wire adsorbs the reactive gas, and preferably the etched strip as described below has a suitable width.
- the reactive gas may be any one or a combination of 0 2 , N 2 , CO, C0 2 , other active gases containing oxygen or nitrogen.
- the pressure of the reactive gas allows the field etch to have a suitable velocity.
- the pressure of the reactive gas is less than the discharge voltage of the reactive gas.
- the positive high voltage causes the electric field at the top end surface of the wire head to be larger than the ionizing electric field of the reactive gas, thus causing an etched strip as described below to be produced at a predetermined position of the wire.
- the wire head (including the bottom and the tip) has an axisymmetric shape.
- the wire may, for example, be electrochemically etched into a head having a tapered shape (whose head size is on the order of micrometers or submicron), the head preferably having a shape that is symmetrical about the axis.
- a tapered shape whose head size is on the order of micrometers or submicron
- the head preferably having a shape that is symmetrical about the axis.
- the etching method of different wires refer to the book Tsong, T. T. Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscopy (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1990).
- a particle source manufacturing method is a process in which both field etching and field evaporation are combined: a positive high voltage generates an etched strip at the head of the wire, and field etching occurs in the etched strip; Field etching causes the surface electric field at the tip of the wire head to increase until it is larger than the field-induced evaporation electric field of the metal material, so that the metal atoms here are evaporated; after the field etching triggers the field evaporation, the high voltage is high. It must be a constant positive high voltage, thus ensuring that the two mechanisms of field etch and field evaporation are mutually adjusted and always in a dynamic equilibrium state, the shape of the wire head constantly changes until it becomes a larger base and base.
- the smaller tip consists of: the field etch occurs on the side, forming the base, and field evaporation occurs at the top of the head, forming a tip. Based on this fabrication principle, precise control of the atomic level of the radius of curvature of the tip and precise control of the nanometer level of the radius of curvature of the bottom can be achieved.
- the main function of the catalytic gas X is to provide high-energy electrons to bombard the active gas Y adsorbed on the surface to dissociate (generally dissociation energy is a few eV).
- Fig. 3B shows a schematic diagram of the selection principle of the reactive gas and the catalytic gas.
- Such a catalytic gas X should be selected such that its first ionization energy should be less than the first ionization energy of the reactive gas Y. This ensures that, in the vicinity of the wire head, the first ionization cross section of X is outside the Y first ionization cross section.
- the distance between the ionization surface of the catalytic gas X and the active gas Y and the metal surface be dx and dy, respectively, then the energy obtained by electron generation after X and Y ionization is eFdx and eFdy, respectively (e is the electron charge, and F is the approximate value of the surface electric field) .
- dx is greater than dy
- eFdx is greater than eFdy, that is, the energy of electrons generated by X ionization is higher. In general, the larger the dx, the better. This ensures that the electrons acquire enough energy to bombard the active gas Y adsorbed on the surface to dissociate.
- the effect is shown in the right figure of Figure 3B.
- the first ionization cross section of X is outside the Y, it is ensured that the dissociation of Y can occur in a larger range of the surface of the wire head.
- the catalytic gas X When the catalytic gas X is selected, its boiling point should also be considered. Since field etching tends to occur in a low temperature environment (10k to room temperature range), if the boiling point of X is high, it will condense on the surface of the wire head, thereby affecting the adsorption and even etching effect of the active gas. Thus, the boiling point of the catalytic gas X should be as low as possible.
- the corresponding catalytic gases may include Xe, C3 ⁇ 4, C 2 3 ⁇ 4, C 2 H 6 , C 2 3 ⁇ 4, etc. The relevant physical parameters of these gases are shown in the table. 1 is shown.
- the use of most organic gases often causes the deposition of carbon and contaminates the vacuum system.
- the catalytic gases are Xe and C3 ⁇ 4.
- Table 1 shows the boiling points of different reactive gases and their ionization energies.
- Table 2 shows the boiling points of different catalytic gases and their ionization energies.
- the process of field etching will be described below with reference to FIG. 4A.
- the wire is cooled and placed in an active gas atmosphere and a positive high voltage is applied thereto to form an electric field on the surface of the wire.
- the intensity of the electric field gradually increases from the lower portion to the head.
- the catalytic gas is introduced to dissociate the active gas adsorbed on the surface of the wire into a dissociated product including active gas atoms or ions.
- the distribution of the reactive gas on the surface of the wire is related to the strength of the electric field at the corresponding location. If the electric field strength exceeds the ionization electric field strength of the gas, the reactive gas is ionized at a distance from the surface of the wire (about 0.4 nm) and cannot reach the surface of the wire directly from the vacuum. Therefore, the active gas distributed in the region where the electric field strength is greater than 3 ⁇ 4 is mainly derived from field-induced migration, that is, the active gas adsorbed on the surface of the wire with lower electric field strength is under the action of the electric field, and the field strength is low along the surface of the wire. The position moves to a high field strength position.
- these reactive gases are closely attached (within 0.4 nm) to the surface of the wire, they are not ionized.
- the field etching is triggered, so that the active gas is continuously consumed, so the active gas is on the surface of the wire.
- the concentration decreases as the electric field increases (ie, from the bottom toward the tip), and the upper limit of the distribution is the highest position at which the etching can be triggered, which corresponds to the electric field strength E up .
- a region between the position where the electric field strength is E c and the highest position ⁇ is defined as an etched strip.
- the threshold electric field? c depends on the composition of the wire material and the reactive gas.
- the speed and accuracy of field etching is affected by the amount of reactive gas adsorbed on the surface of the wire and the rate of migration of the reactive gas along the surface of the wire.
- the etch rate increases with the amount of active gas adsorbed on the surface of the wire.
- the greater the concentration of the reactive gas that is introduced ie, the higher the pressure
- the more active gas is adsorbed on the surface of the wire and the faster the etching rate.
- the lower the temperature the easier the active gas is adsorbed on the surface of the wire, but the decrease in temperature reduces the rate of migration of the reactive gas along the surface of the wire, thereby reducing the etching rate.
- the stronger the electric field on the surface of the wire the easier it is to attract the reactive gas.
- the speed and accuracy of the etching can be adjusted by adjusting the pressure of the reactive gas supplied, the temperature of the wire, and the value of the positive high pressure according to actual needs.
- the migration rate depends mainly on two factors: (1) The gradient distribution of the electric field along the surface of the wire: The distribution depends mainly on the geometry of the surface of the wire and the properties of the material. (2) Thermal motion energy of active gas: By adjusting the temperature of the wire, the thermal energy of the active gas adsorbed on the surface can be changed to change the migration rate.
- the field etching process can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the wire to achieve the desired etching accuracy and speed.
- a sufficiently high positive high voltage is selected such that the electric field strength at the tip of the wire exceeds the ionization electric field strength of the gas (i3 ⁇ 4) so that no active gas exists there, i.e., the etched strip is at the tip of the wire. There is still a certain distance.
- An appropriate positive high voltage is selected depending on the radius of curvature of the wire head. In the embodiment of the present invention, the positive high pressure range may be between 3 kV and 100 kV.
- the active gas continuously etches the side of the wire, so that the curvature of the etched strip becomes larger, forming a flat base at the top, as shown in Fig. 4B.
- the reactive gas combines with atoms on the surface of the metal to weaken the binding force of the metal atom and other adjacent metal atoms; under the action of a strong electric field, the combination of the reactive gas and the metal atom is evaporated from the surface of the metal. This process is called field etching.
- the wire head gradually decreases, and when the head is reduced to the desired shape, field etching and field evaporation are stopped to obtain a particle source having a large base and a small tip. As shown in Figure 4C. After the field etch and field evaporation are stopped, and the active gas is removed, the field vaporization is generated at the topmost surface of the tip by adding another positive high pressure, thereby removing the residual gas on the tip, and thereby selecting The metal atoms here are removed, and finally a needle tip having a predetermined maximum number of atoms is obtained.
- the rate of migration of the active gas on the surface of the wire is reduced by rapidly lowering the temperature of the wire to below the boiling point of the active gas, and then the positive high pressure is cut off. Stop field etching and field evaporation. At this time, although there are still catalytic gas molecules in the air and electrons are continuously supplied during the ionization process, the needle tip cannot be continuously etched due to the lack of active gas at the tip of the head.
- the introduction of the reactive gas is stopped before the wire temperature is lowered and the positive high pressure is cut.
- the introduction of the catalytic gas is stopped before the wire temperature is lowered and the positive high pressure is cut.
- the field etch and field evaporation are mutually adjusted and always in a dynamic equilibrium state. Field etching causes the radius of curvature of the etched strip to become larger, and the electric field becomes smaller. At this time, the size of the central portion of the head becomes smaller, the radius of curvature becomes smaller, and the electric field is increased to cause field evaporation.
- Field evaporation causes the radius of curvature of the central portion of the wire head to become larger, reducing the size of the central region from the longitudinal direction. Since the surface electric field of the central region is always maintained at the field evaporation electric field, the change in the geometry of the central region causes the difference between the bottom electric field and the head electric field to become small, which in turn causes the electric field of the base portion to become large. It should be noted that the overall trend of the electric field of the base is gradually reduced. When the electric field of a certain area of the base is reduced to less than c , the field etching of this area stops.
- the field etching and evaporation processes can be observed by introducing an imaging gas.
- a conductive phosphor screen is placed directly in front of the wire.
- the imaging gas is an inert gas such as He, Ne, and the like.
- the imaging gas molecules are polarized and attracted by the tip of the needle. When they reach the tip of the needle, they are bombarded and hit the screen to produce bright spots. Each bright spot corresponds to an atomic image.
- the state of the wire head can be observed.
- a microchannel plate MCP is placed in front of the wire and the conductive screen to aid in imaging.
- the state of the wire head By observing the state of the wire head, it is possible to stop the field when the desired particle source shape is obtained. Etching and field evaporation to precisely control the shape of the particle source. According to an embodiment of the present invention, after the field etch and the field evaporation are stopped, the number of atoms at the topmost layer of the tip can be precisely controlled by field evaporation only. In particular, it is possible to obtain a tip having only one atom at the top layer, which has good coherence as an electron source. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that this observation step is not required. This observation step can be omitted after the process parameters are determined experimentally.
- the radius of curvature of the tip and the bottom (3 ⁇ 4 P and 3 ⁇ 4 ase ) can be precisely controlled.
- the positive high voltage is maintained at a constant value during the etching process.
- the field etch triggers field evaporation, the mutual adjustment of field evaporation and field etch is achieved.
- the tip change by peer observation when the particle source having a predetermined shape is obtained, the field etching and field evaporation are stopped, and the radius of curvature of the tip can be precisely controlled to 3 ⁇ 4 P to the atomic level.
- a boost factor A is defined as:
- the area where field etching and field evaporation occur is only on the order of micrometers, which is much smaller than the setting in the normal field ion microscope (on the order of centimeters), so it can be regarded as a constant, which can be obtained from the formula (2).
- the variables are omitted.
- 3 ⁇ 4 p is much smaller than 3 ⁇ 4 ase , (2) can be written as
- A J and A T1P are the field enhancement factors of the base and the tip, depending on the respective radius of curvature.
- the method provided by the present invention can also be applied to etching of other types of wires, such as refractory metal tungsten, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, niobium, and the like.
- Suitable reactive gases and catalytic gases can be selected for different metals. For example, nitrogen etches platinum much better than oxygen, so platinum can be etched by nitrogen.
- controlling the positive high voltage causes the surface electric field at the tip of the wire head to be larger than the ionization electric field of the active gas; controlling the pressure of the active gas to be lower than the discharge voltage of the active gas, and controlling the pressure of the catalytic gas to be lower than the discharge voltage of the catalytic gas And controlling the refrigeration temperature of the wire so that the reactive gas molecules can adsorb to the surface of the wire.
- the positive high pressure is maintained at a constant value after the start of field etch and field evaporation.
- the pressure of the gas can be controlled to be in the range of 10 - 6 Pa to 10 - when the reactive gas is N 2 , the pressure of the gas can be controlled to be in the range of 10 - 6 Pa to 10 - 2 Pa.
- control the gas pressure can range is 10- 6 Pa to 10- 1 Pa.
- the temperature of the wire can be controlled to range from 10 K to 200 K.
- the temperature of the wire can be controlled to range from 10 ⁇ to 200 ⁇ .
- the temperature of the wire can be controlled to range from 10 K to 200 K.
- Positive high voltages can range from 3 kV to 100 kV.
- the method according to the present invention can produce an electron source for an electron microscope, an ion source of an ion microscope, an electron source of an electron beam lithography machine, an ion source of an ion beam lithography machine, and an electron source for a microfocus X-ray tube, It can also be used to make particle sources for other uses.
- the method according to the present invention can precisely control the number of atoms of the tip of the particle source, and at least the number of atoms is one.
- the method of the present invention it is possible to obtain a particle source capable of providing a stream of particles having a high beam current density, a small beam angle, a small equivalent diameter, and a small energy dispersion.
- the electron beam emitted from the electron source obtained according to the present invention has good spatial coherence.
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Abstract
一种用于制造粒子源(100)的方法,包括:将金属丝置于真空环境中并通入活性气体和催化气体,对金属丝的温度进行调节,并对金属丝施加正高压V,使得金属丝表面的活性气体离解,在金属丝头部侧面产生刻蚀带,在该刻蚀带内发生场致刻蚀;场致刻蚀使得金属丝头部顶端处表面电场增强,直到大于金属丝材料的场致蒸发电场,使得此处的金属原子被蒸发出去;在场致刻蚀触发了场致蒸发之后,这两种机制相互调节直到金属丝头部形状变成了由底座(120)和底座(120)上的针尖(110)组成,其中场致刻蚀发生在侧面,形成了底座(120),而场致蒸发发生在顶端,形成了针尖(110);以及当获得具有预定形状的金属丝头部时,停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发。
Description
粒子源及其制造方法 技术领域
本发明涉及粒子源, 更具体地涉及用于电子显微镜、 聚焦离子束、 微焦点 X射线管、 电子束光刻机、 离子束光刻机的粒子源及其制造方法。 背景技术
电子显微镜、 聚焦离子束、 微焦点 X射线管、 电子束光刻、 离子束 光刻等成像系统在微纳米检测和制造等各个领域均起到重要作用。
用于产生电子的电子源和产生离子的离子源 (统称粒子源, 通常是 一根金属丝) 是这些成像系统的关键部件。 粒子源的性能最终决定了成 像系统的分辨率、 衬度等重要性能。
最常用的电子源是肖特基场发射电子源, 其相对于传统的热电子源 具有寿命长等优点, 但缺点是等效直径大、 分辨率低、 亮度不高、 电子 能量均匀性不佳等。 目前被认为性能优越的冷场发射电子源优点是等效 直径很小, 在高电压时亮度比肖特基场发射电子源高得多, 但是在低压 时亮度急剧恶化, 而很多材料特别是生物样品必须在低压模式下检测才 能不受损。
气态场发射离子源出现得很早, 优点是等效直径小和离子能量分布 均匀等, 缺点是束流密度不高, 而且由于微纳米加工工艺限制了针尖尺 寸, 离子源的发散角很大, 无法应用到聚焦离子束系统上。 目前最常用 的离子源是液态金属离子源, 束流密度很高, 但等效直径大, 且离子能 量分布不均匀。 近年来由于金字塔型原子级别针尖的成功研制, 气体场 发射离子源在聚焦离子束的应用成为了可能, 但是其束流密度过低的缺 点仍很大限制了其应用, 尤其是微纳米制造。
因此, 希望获得一种能够提供高束流密度、 小束流角、 小的等效直 径、 小的能量分散度的粒子流的粒子源。 对于电子源, 还希望其发射的 电子束具有良好的空间相干性。 发明内容
为解决现有技术中的至少一问题而提出本发明。 本发明在下文中参 考实施例的示例将更详细的描述, 但本发明并不局限于所述实施例。
本发明的一个方面提供了一种用于制造粒子源的方法, 包括: 将金 属丝置于真空环境中并通入活性气体和催化气体, 对金属丝的温度进行 调节, 并对金属丝施加正高压 使得金属丝表面的活性气体离解, 在 金属丝头部侧面产生刻蚀带, 在该刻蚀带内发生场致刻蚀; 场致刻蚀使 得金属丝头部顶端处表面电场增强, 直到大于金属丝材料的场致蒸发电 场,使得此处的金属原子被蒸发出去;在场致刻蚀触发了场致蒸发之后, 场致刻蚀和场致蒸发这两种机制相互调节直到金属丝头部形状变成了由 底座和底座上的针尖组成, 其中场致刻蚀发生在侧面, 形成了底座, 而 场致蒸发发生在顶端, 形成了针尖; 以及当获得具有预定形状的金属丝 头部时, 停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发。
在优选实施例中, 相对于金属丝表面, 催化气体的第一电离能小于 活性气体的第一电离能。
在优选实施例中,所述正高压 使金属丝头部顶端处的表面电场大 于活性气体的电离电场。
在优选实施例中, 所述活性气体的压强低于该活性气体的放电压 强, 所述催化气体的压强低于该催化气体的放电压强。
在优选实施例中, 在场致刻蚀过程中, 将所述金属丝的温度控制为 能使活性气体分子吸附到金属丝表面。
在优选实施例中, 通过场致刻蚀形成粒子源的底座。
在优选实施例中, 通过场致蒸发形成粒子源的针尖。
在优选实施例中, 快速降低金属丝温度至低于活性气体沸点以减小 金属丝表面活性气体的迁移速率, 然后切断正高压 来停止场致刻蚀和 场致蒸发。
在优选实施例中, 通过停止催化气体导入, 来停止场致刻蚀和场致 蒸发。
在优选实施例中, 通过停止活性气体导入, 来停止场致刻蚀和场致 蒸发。
在优选实施例中, 当获得具有预定最顶层原子数的针尖时, 停止场
致刻蚀和场致蒸发。
在优选实施例中, 停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发并排除活性气体和催化 气体之后, 通过加另一正高压使得针尖最顶层表面处产生场致蒸发, 以 移除针尖上附着的非金属原子或分子,并有选择地移除此处的金属原子, 最终获得具有预定的最顶层原子数的针尖。
在优选实施例中, 针尖最顶层原子数最少为 1。
在优选实施例中, 在正对金属丝头部并且垂直于金属丝轴线的位置 放置导电荧光屏, 并引入成像气体, 以观察金属丝的头部状态。
在优选实施例中, 在金属丝与导电荧光屏前放置微通道板 MCP 以 辅助成像。
在优选实施例中, 粒子源是电子源或离子源。
在优选实施例中, 当场致刻蚀和场致蒸发同时进行并相互调节时, 正高压 为恒定正高压。
在优选实施例中, 所述底座和针尖具有轴对称形状。
在优选实施例中, 金属丝被预加工为具有逐渐变细的头部。
在优选实施例中, 通过调节活性气体的压强、 金属丝的温度、 正高 压 的数值中的一个或多个量来控制场致刻蚀的精度和速度。
在优选实施例中,通过控制针尖的曲率半径和正高压 的数值来控 制底座曲率半径的大小。
在优选实施例中, 活性气体是 02、 N2、 CO、 C02、 其它含有氧元 素或者氮元素的活性气体中的任意一种或其组合。
在优选实施例中, 催化气体是 Xe, C¾, C2¾, C2H6, C2H2中的任 意一种或其组合。
在优选实施例中, 金属丝是熔点在 2200°C 以上的难熔金属, 或具 有高度化学不活性的惰性金属。
在优选实施例中, 所述金属丝是钨、 钽、 铼、 钼、 铌、 铪、 铱、 锇、 铑、 钌、 铂、 钯、 或金。
在优选实施例中, 正高压的取值范围是 3 kV - 100 kV。
在优选实施例中, 当活性气体为 02时, 活性气体的压强范围为 10-6 Pa至 10- 1 Pa;当活性气体为 N2时,活性气体的压强范围为 10-6Pa至 10- 2
Pa; 当活性气体为 CO时, 活性气体的压强范围为 10- 6Pa至 10- 1 Pa。 在优选实施例中, 在场致刻蚀过程中: 当活性气体为 02时, 金属 丝温度的范围为 10 K - 200 K; 当活性气体为 N2时, 金属丝温度的范围 10 K - 200 K; 当活性气体为 CO时, 金属丝温度的范围为 10 K - 200 K。
本发明的另一方面提供了一种粒子源, 包括: 底座, 具有平缓的顶 部; 和针尖, 形成为底座顶部上的微小突起, 其中所述粒子源的材料是 惰性金属。
在优选实施例中, 所述针尖形成在顶部中心上。
在优选实施例中, 所述底座和所述针尖关于中心轴线对称。
在优选实施例中, 底座的曲率半径是微米或亚微米量级。
在优选实施例中, 针尖的曲率半径是纳米量级。
在优选实施例中, 底座的曲率半径与针尖的曲率半径之比大于 3:1。 在优选实施例中, 底座是通过场致刻蚀形成的。
在优选实施例中, 针尖是通过场致蒸发形成的。
在优选实施例中, 粒子源的材料是铱、 锇、 铑、 钌、 铂、 钯、 或金。 在优选实施例中, 针尖具有预定数量的最顶层原子数。
在优选实施例中, 针尖最顶层具有 1个原子。
在优选实施例中, 所述粒子源是电子源或离子源。 附图说明
参考附图并结合以下详细说明, 可以更加清楚本发明的上述和其他 优点。 附图意在说明而非限制本发明。 附图并非按比例绘制, 其形状也 是示意性的, 而并非严格对应于实际产品的形状。
图 1示出了根据本发明实施例的粒子源的结构示意图。
图 2Α示出了根据本发明实施例的粒子源与现有技术的金字塔形粒 子源在用作电子源时的比较示意图。
图 2Β示出了根据本发明实施例的粒子源与现有技术的金字塔形粒 子源在用作离子源时的比较示意图。
图 3Α示出了根据本发明实施例的粒子源制造装置的示意图。
图 3B示出了活性气体和催化气体的选择原理示意图。
图 4A 4C示出了根据本发明实施例的粒子源制造方法。 具体实施方式
以下参考附图描述本发明的优选实施方式。 应当理解, 以下实施方 式是示例性而非穷举性的, 其仅用于说明本发明的原理, 而并非意在限 制本发明的范围。
图 1示出了根据本发明实施例的粒子源 100的结构示意图, 其可用 作电子源或离子源。
如图 1所示, 粒子源 100包括针尖 110和底座 120。 针尖 110形成 为底座 120上的微小突起。 针尖 110顶部的曲率半径为纳米量级, 最顶 部一层原子数目最少可以只有 1个。 底座 120的顶部形成平缓的突起, 并且优选地关于中心轴线对称。 优选地, 底座 120的曲率半径为微米或 亚微米量级。 优选地, 针尖 110位于底座 120的正中心。 底座 120的曲 率半径远大于针尖 110的曲率半径。 根据本发明的实施例, 底座 120的 曲率半径与针尖 110的曲率半径之比大于 3:1。
粒子源 100通过在具有大尺寸底座上生成一个微小针尖, 可以产生 透镜效应, 从而获得很小的束流角。 根据本发明的实施例, 粒子束被约 束在极狭小的束流角内, 可以显著提高束流密度。
当具有这种结构的粒子源用作电子源时, 由于其电流利用率高, 空 间电荷总量减小, 空间库伦斥力减小, 因此提高了电子能量均匀性。 优 选地, 当具有这种结构的粒子源用作电子源时, 可以使针尖 110的顶部 仅具有 1个原子, 这样的电子束将拥有电子良好相干性。
图 2A示出了根据本发明实施例的粒子源 100与现有技术的金字塔 形粒子源 (美国专利 US7368727B2 )在用作电子源时的比较示意图。 可 以看出, 根据本发明实施例的粒子源 100的束流角远小于现有技术的金 字塔形粒子源的束流角, 因此其通过引出电极的电流比例远大于后者。
当具有这种结构的粒子源用作离子源时, 由于底座具有较大的表面 积, 可以吸引更多的气体提供给针尖, 从而实现大电流。 图 2B示出了 根据本发明实施例的粒子源 100与现有技术的金字塔形粒子源在用作离
子源时的比较示意图。 可以看出, 在大小相当的情况下, 根据本发明实 施例的粒子源 100的底座表面积远大于现有技术的金字塔形粒子源的底 座面积, 因此能够吸引更多气体以产生更大的离子电流。
粒子源通常需要工作在非常强的电场下。 为减小强电场对针尖的不 利影响, 可以选取具有很强的场蒸发电场的难熔金属材料 (熔点高于
2200°C), 例如钨、 铌、 钽、 钼、 铼、 铪等来制造针尖。 但是在实际使用 中, 这些针尖的寿命和稳定性却仍然会受到一些不利因素的影响。 这些 影响可以通过电子源和离子源分别讨论。
1.在将粒子源用作电子源时, 对粒子源加负偏压, 针尖处的电场强 度约为 5 V/nm。在此情况下, 周围环境中的活性气体分子很容易直接吸 附到针尖上, 影响场发射的稳定性。 特别地, 当针尖是单原子针尖 (即 针尖仅包括一个原子) 时, 吸附的活性气体分子可能和单原子反应, 从 而影响其寿命。 在真空度约为 10— 8 Pa时, 上述难熔金属制成的单原子针 尖的寿命约为 100小时。
2.在将粒子源用作惰性气体离子源时, 对粒子源加正偏压, 针尖处 的电场大于几十 V/nm。在该强电场下, 真空中少量存在的活性气体(例 如 N2和 02) 在接近针尖时会被直接电离, 并不会影响针尖。 但是它们 会吸附到底座侧面, 并且在强电场的作用下对底座进行刻蚀, 逐渐改变 底座形状, 最终破坏粒子源。 一般来讲, 在真空度为 10— 8 Pa的情况下, 上述难熔金属制成的粒子源的寿命约为 200个小时。
3.作为聚焦离子束技术的一个重要分支, 人们希望实现点活性气体 离子源。 有了点活性气体离子源, 可望实现更多新应用, 例如利用二次 离子质谱 mapping对样品材料属性实现更精确(精度为约 1 nm) 的分析 和加工。 然而, 钨、 钽、 铌、 钼、 铼、 铪这些材料会被活性气体刻蚀, 根本无法工作在活性气体氛围下。
本发明的发明人发现, 可以采用铱、 锇、 铑、 钌、 铂、 钯、 金等惰 性金属制造上述粒子源。由于惰性金属在对于活性气体有高度的抗蚀性, 可以实现具有很高稳定度和长寿命的电子源。 此外, 由于铱、 锇、 铑、 钌等在低温和高强电场环境下对很多活性气体 (如 N2和 02:)都具有很强 的抗腐蚀性, 它们也是较为理想的点活性离子源材料。
以下参考本发明的实施例描述使用惰性金属制造粒子源的方法。 图 3A示出了根据本发明实施例的粒子源制造装置的示意图。 如图 3A所示, 将金属丝置于真空环境内, 并通入活性气体, 并对金属丝的温 度进行调节。 对金属丝施加正高压 。
该金属丝可以是具有高度化学不活性的惰性金属, 如铱、 锇、 铑、 钌、 铂、 钯、 金等。 制冷后的金属丝表面吸附活性气体, 并且优选地使 得如下所述的刻蚀带具有适当的宽度。 活性气体可以是 02、 N2、 CO、 C02、 其它含有氧元素或者氮元素的活性气体中的任意一种或其组合。 活性气体的压强使得场致刻蚀具有合适的速度。 活性气体的压强小于该 活性气体的放电压强。 正高压 使得金属丝头部的顶端表面的电场大于 活性气体的电离电场, 因此使得在金属丝的预定位置产生如下所述的刻 蚀带。
优选地, 如图 3A所示, 金属丝头部 (包括底部和针尖) 具有轴对称 的形状。 金属丝可以例如被电化学刻蚀预处理为具有逐渐变细的形状的 头部(其头部尺寸微米或者亚微米量级),所述头部优选地具有关于轴线 对称的形状。 对于不同金属丝的刻蚀方法, 可以参考书籍 Tsong, T. T. Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscopy ( Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1990 ) 。
根据本发明实施例的粒子源制造方法是一个同时结合了场致刻蚀 和场致蒸发的过程: 正高压 在金属丝头部产生刻蚀带, 在该刻蚀带内 发生场致刻蚀; 场致刻蚀使得金属丝头部顶端处表面电场增强, 直到大 于金属材料的场致蒸发电场, 使得此处的金属原子被蒸发出去; 在场致 刻蚀触发了场致蒸发之后, 此时正高压 必需是恒定正高压, 因而确保 了场致刻蚀和场致蒸发这两种机制相互调节并始终处于一个动态平衡状 态, 金属丝头部形状不停地变化直到变成了由较大底座和底座上较小针 尖组成: 场致刻蚀发生在侧面, 形成了底座, 而场致蒸发发生在头部顶 端, 形成了针尖。 基于该制作原理, 可实现对针尖曲率半径的原子级别 的精确控制, 对底部曲率半径的纳米级别的精确控制。
已知 (参见 J. F. Mulson和 E. W. Mulle P2615, Vol. 38, 1963, The journal of chemical physics) 某些活性气体如氧气和氮气等在强场下对一
些惰性金属 (例如铱) 并不具有直接的刻蚀作用。 当利用催化气体, 将 这些活性气体在惰性金属表面离解为原子或者离子形式后, 才可以在强 场下对金属进行刻蚀。 为便于说明, 本文中将活性气体的解离产物也称 为"活性气体"。本领域技术人员可以理解, 在下文对刻蚀过程过程的描 述中, 对刻蚀起作用的 "活性气体"指的是活性气体离解产物。
催化气体 X的主要作用是提供高能电子来轰击吸附在表面的活性气 体 Y使其解离 (一般解离能在几 eV)。 图 3B示出了活性气体和催化气 体的选择原理示意图。 应当选择这样的催化气体 X, 使其第一电离能应 小于活性气体 Y的第一电离能。 由此保证了, 在金属丝头部附近, X的 第一电离截面在 Y第一电离截面的外侧。 设催化气体 X和活性气体 Y 的电离面与金属表面的距离分别为 dx和 dy, 则 X和 Y电离后产生电子 获得的能量分别为 eFdx和 eFdy (e是电子电量, F为表面电场近似值)。 由于 dx大于 dy, 则 eFdx大于 eFdy, 即由 X电离产生的电子的能量更 高。 一般而言, dx越大越好, 这样可以保证电子获取足够能量来来轰击 吸附在表面的活性气体 Y使其解离, 其效果如图 3B中右图所示。 同时, 由于 X的第一电离截面在 Y的外侧, 从而保证了 Y的解离可以发生在 金属丝头部表面更大的范围内。
在选取催化气体 X时, 还应考虑到其沸点。 由于场致刻蚀往往发生 在低温环境中(10k至室温范围内), 若 X的沸点较高, 则会凝聚在金属 丝头部表面, 从而影响到活性气体的吸附乃至刻蚀效果。 由此, 催化气 体 X的沸点应尽可能低。 以活性气体 02、 N2、 CO、 C02、 ¾0为例, 对应的催化气体可以包括 Xe, C¾, C2¾, C2H6, C2¾等, 这些气体的 相关物理参数如表 1所示。
此外,大多有机气体的使用往往引起碳元素的沉积,污染真空系统。 由此, 优选地催化气体为 Xe和 C¾。
表 1 示出了不同活性气体的沸点和其电离能。
表 1
气体利类 沸点 κ 第一电离能eV) o2 90.33 13.6
N2 77.5 14.6
CO 112 14.1
¾0 373 12.6
co2 77.5 14.6
表 2示出了不同催化气体的沸点和其电离能。
表 2 气体利类 沸点 κ 第一电离能eV)
C¾ 112 12.6
Xe 165.18 12.13
C2¾ 169.5 11.1
C2H6 184 11.5
C2H2 189 11.41
下面参考图 4A说明场致刻蚀的过程。 将金属丝制冷并置于活性气 体氛围中, 并对其施加正高压 从而在金属丝表面形成电场。 该电场 的强度从下部到头部逐渐递增。 通入催化气体, 将金属丝表面吸附的活 性气体离解为包括活性气体原子或离子的离解产物。
活性气体在金属丝表面的分布与相应位置处的电场强度有关。 若电 场强度超过气体的电离电场强度 , 活性气体在距离金属丝表面一 定距离处(约 0.4 nm)就会被电离, 无法从真空中直接到达金属丝表面。 因此, 分布在电场强度大于 ¾的区域的活性气体主要来源于场致迁移, 即吸附于电场强度较低的金属丝表面处的活性气体在电场的作用下, 沿 着金属丝表面从低场强位置向高场强位置移动。 因为这些活性气体紧贴 (在 0.4 nm以内)金属丝表面分布, 因此不会被电离。 在这些活性气体 往针尖头部迁移的过程中, 若金属丝表面的电场超过场致刻蚀的阈值电 场 ¾, 就会触发场致刻蚀, 使得活性气体不断消耗, 因此活性气体在金 属丝表面的浓度随着电场的增强 (即从底部朝向尖端的方向) 而逐渐减 少,其分布的上限就是可以触发刻蚀的最高位置,其对应于电场强度 Eup。 将电场强度为 Ec的位置与该最高位置 ^之间的区域定义为刻蚀带。 阈 值电场 ?c取决于金属丝材料和活性气体的成分。
场致刻蚀的速度和精度受到金属丝表面吸附的活性气体数量和活性 气体沿着金属丝表面的迁移速率的影响。
刻蚀速度随着金属丝表面吸附的活性气体数量而递增。 通入的活性 气体的浓度越大(即压强越高), 金属丝表面吸附的活性气体越多, 刻蚀 速度越快。 此外, 温度越低, 活性气体越容易吸附在金属丝表面上, 但 温度的下降会降低活性气体沿金属丝表面的迁移速率, 从而降低刻蚀速 度。 另外, 金属丝表面电场越强, 越容易吸引活性气体。 然而, 本领域 技术人员可以理解, 当刻蚀速度较快时, 刻蚀精度可能降低。 因此, 可 以根据实际需要, 通过调节通入的活性气体的压强、 金属丝的温度和正 高压 的数值, 来调节刻蚀的速度和精度。
活性气体沿着金属丝表面的迁移速率越快, 刻蚀速度越快。 所述迁 移速率主要取决于两个因素: (1 ) 电场沿金属丝表面切向的梯度分布: 该分布主要取决于金属丝表面的几何形状以及材料属性等因素。 (2) 活 性气体的热运动能: 通过调整金属丝温度, 可以改变吸附于其表面的活 性气体的热运动能大小, 从而改变其迁移速率。
金属丝温度越低, 活性气体的迁移速率就越低, 刻蚀带就越窄, 刻 蚀可控制的精度就越高, 但刻蚀速度就越慢。 相反, 金属丝温度越高, 刻蚀带就越宽, 刻蚀精度降低, 刻蚀速度也就加快。 因此, 可以通过控 制金属丝的温度控制场致刻蚀过程, 以获得所需刻蚀精度和速度。
如图 4A所示, 在开始刻蚀时, 选择足够高的正高压 使得金属丝 顶端处电场强度超过气体的电离电场强度 (i¾) 以至在此处没有活性气 体存在, 即刻蚀带距金属丝顶端还有一定距离。根据金属丝头部的曲率 半径大小选择合适的正高压, 本发明的实施例, 正高压 的范围可以在 3 kV - 100 kV之间。 在刻蚀过程中, 活性气体不断刻蚀金属丝侧面, 使 得刻蚀带的曲率变大, 形成顶部平缓的底座, 如图 4B所示。 具体地, 活性气体与金属表面原子发生结合, 从而削弱金属原子和其它相邻金属 原子的结合力; 在强电场的作用下, 活性气体与金属原子的结合物从金 属表面被蒸发出来。 这个过程称为场致刻蚀。
下面参考图 4B说明场致蒸发的过程。 随着场致刻蚀的进行, 金属 丝刻蚀带以上的顶端处曲率半径变小, 使得顶部电场 一直增强, 当 增强到金属材料本身的场致蒸发电场 以上的时候, 会引起顶部金 属原子在强电场作用下直接从金属表面被拉出来。 这个过程称为场致蒸
发。
随着场致蒸发的逐歩进行, 金属丝头部逐渐减小, 当头部减小到期 望形状时, 停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发, 以获得具有大底座和小针尖的粒 子源, 如图 4C所示。 停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发之后, 并将活性气体排 除后, 通过加另一正高压使得针尖最顶层表面处产生场致蒸发, 以此移 除针尖上的残余气体, 并以此有选择地移除此处的金属原子, 最终获得 具有预定的最顶层原子数的针尖。
根据本发明的实施例, 优选地, 在获得所需形状的头部时, 通过快 速降低金属丝温度至低于活性气体沸点以减小金属丝表面的活性气体的 迁移速率, 然后切断正高压来停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发。 此时, 尽管空 中仍然有催化气体分子并在电离过程中不断地提供电子, 由于头部针尖 处缺乏活性气体, 也无法继续对针尖进行刻蚀。
优选地, 在降低金属丝温度和切断正高压之前停止导入活性气体。 优选地, 在降低金属丝温度和切断正高压之前停止导入催化气体。 根据本发明的实施例, 在恒定正高压下, 场致刻蚀和场致蒸发相互 调节并始终处于一个动态平衡状态。 场致刻蚀导致刻蚀带的曲率半径变 大, 进而电场变小。 此时, 头部中心区域的尺寸变小, 曲率半径变小, 电场增强, 引起场致蒸发。 场致蒸发使得金属丝头部中心区域的曲率半 径变大, 从纵向减小中心区域的尺寸。 由于中心区域的表面电场一直维 持在场致蒸发电场 ^, 因此, 中心区域几何形状的变化使得底部电场和 头部电场差变小, 这又会导致底座部分的电场变大。 需要注意, 底座的 电场总体趋势是逐歩减小的, 当底座某个区域的电场减小到小于 c, 这 个区域的场致刻蚀停止。
可以通过引入成像气体来观察场致刻蚀和蒸发过程。如图 3A所示, 在金属丝正前方放置导电荧光屏。 成像气体是惰性气体, 如 He、 Ne等。 在高压产生的强电场作用下, 成像气体分子会被极化而被针尖吸引, 当 到达针尖头部后被电离后会轰击到荧光屏上, 产生亮点, 每个亮点对应 于一个原子的像, 从而可以观察金属丝头部的状态。 根据本发明的实施 例, 在金属丝与导电荧光屏之前放置微通道板 MCP, 以辅助成像。
通过观察金属丝头部状态, 可以在获得所需粒子源形状时停止场致
刻蚀和场致蒸发, 从而精确地控制粒子源形状。 根据本发明的实施例, 停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发之后, 可以只通过场致蒸发精确地控制针尖最 顶层的原子数量。 特别地, 可以获得最顶层仅具有一个原子的针尖, 其 作为电子源具有良好的相干性。 然而, 本领域技术人员可以理解, 该观 察歩骤不是必须的。在通过实验确定工艺参数后,可以省略该观察歩骤。
根据本发明的实施例,可以精确地控制针尖和底部的曲率半径( ¾P 和 ¾ase)。 如前所述, 在刻蚀过程中, 正高压 维持在一个恒定值。 一 旦场致刻蚀触发了场致蒸发, 就同时实现了场致蒸发和场致刻蚀的相互 调节过程。 此时, 通过同歩观察监控针尖变化, 当获得具有预定形状的 粒子源时, 停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发, 可以精确控制针尖曲率半径 ¾P 到原子级别。
一旦场致蒸发开始, 针尖最顶层电场 一直维持在金属丝材料的 场致蒸发电场 ^, ^是一个取决于材料和晶面的常数。 为了方便说明, 这里引入一个在场离子和场发射显微镜领域中普遍使用的参量一一场增 强因子 A 其定义为:
^取决于针尖到荧光屏距离 底座和针尖的曲率半径(^^和 ), 可表示为如下函数:
在制作过程中, 场致刻蚀和场致蒸发发生的区域大小仅为微米量级, 远 小于通常场离子显微镜中 的设置(厘米量级), 因此 可看做常数, 可 以从公式(2)的变量中略去。此外由于 ¾p远小于 ¾ase, (2)式可以写 作为
P H H 。 (3)
其中 A ( J和 A T1P)为底座和针尖各自的场增强因子,取决于各自的曲 率半径。
结合公式 ( 1 ) 和 (3), 我们知道
如 1中所述, 可以精确控制 ¾P即 (RT1P;), 而 取决于材料本身,
因此, 即 可以通过调节 的数值来精确控制。
本发明提供的方法也可以应用于其它类型的金属丝的刻蚀, 例如难 熔金属钨、 钽、 铼、 钼、 铪等。
可以针对不同金属选择适当的活性气体和催化气体。 例如, 氮气对 铂的刻蚀效果远好于氧气, 因此可以通过氮气来实现对铂的刻蚀。
对于任意材料, 控制正高压使金属丝头部顶端处表面电场大于活性 气体的电离电场; 控制活性气体的压强低于该活性气体的放电压强, 控 制催化气体的压强低于该催化气体的放电压强; 并且控制金属丝的制冷 温度使得活性气体分子能够吸附到金属丝表面。 优选地, 在场致刻蚀和 场致蒸发开始后, 保持正高压 为恒定值。
例如, 当活性气体为 02时, 可以控制气体的压强范围为 10-6 Pa至 10- 当活性气体为 N2时, 可以控制气体的压强范围为 10-6Pa至 10- 2 Pa。当活性气体为 CO时,可以控制气体的压强范围为 10- 6Pa至 10- 1 Pa。
例如,当活性气体为 02时,可以控制金属丝温度的范围为 10 K - 200 K。 当活性气体为 Ν2时, 可以控制金属丝温度的范围为 10 Κ - 200 Κ。 当活性气体为 CO时, 可以控制金属丝温度的范围为 10 K - 200 K。
正高压的取值范围可以是 3 kV -100 kV。
本领域技术人员可以理解, 以上数值范围仅是优选示例, 其意在帮 助理解本发明的原理和过程, 而并不意味着不能以该范围以外的参数实 现本发明。
根据本发明的方法可以制造用于电子显微镜的电子源、 离子显微镜 的离子源、 电子束光刻机的电子源、 离子束光刻机的离子源和用于微焦 点 X射线管的电子源, 也可以用于制造用于其他用途的粒子源。 根据本 发明的方法可以精确地控制粒子源的针尖原子数, 并最少使其原子数为 1。
根据本发明的方法, 能够获得一种能够提供高束流密度、小束流角、 小的等效直径、 小的能量分散度的粒子流的粒子源。 根据本发明获得的 电子源发射的电子束具有良好的空间相干性。
以上参考具体实施例描述了本发明的原理。 本领域技术人员可以理 解, 以上列举的各个细节仅用于说明而非限制本发明。 以上方法所包括
的歩骤可以以不同的顺序执行, 只要其能够实现本发明的目的。 本发明 的保护范围由所附权利要求及其等同物限定。
Claims
1、 一种用于制造粒子源的方法, 包括:
将金属丝置于真空环境中并通入活性气体和催化气体, 对金属丝的 温度进行调节, 并对金属丝施加正高压 使得金属丝表面的活性气体 离解, 在金属丝头部侧面产生刻蚀带, 在该刻蚀带内发生场致刻蚀; 场致刻蚀使得金属丝头部顶端处表面电场增强, 直到大于金属丝材 料的场致蒸发电场, 使得此处的金属原子被蒸发出去;
在场致刻蚀触发了场致蒸发之后, 场致刻蚀和场致蒸发这两种机制 相互调节直到金属丝头部形状变成了由底座和底座上的针尖组成, 其中 场致刻蚀发生在侧面, 形成了底座, 而场致蒸发发生在顶端, 形成了针 尖; 以及
当获得具有预定形状的金属丝头部时, 停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
相对于金属丝表面, 催化气体的第一电离能小于活性气体的第一电 离能。
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
所述正高压 使金属丝头部顶端处的表面电场大于活性气体的电离 电场。
4、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
所述活性气体的压强低于该活性气体的放电压强, 所述催化气体的 压强低于该催化气体的放电压强。
5、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
在场致刻蚀过程中, 将所述金属丝的温度控制为能使活性气体分子 吸附到金属丝表面。
6、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
通过场致刻蚀形成粒子源的底座。
7、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
通过场致蒸发形成粒子源的针尖。
8、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 还包括: 快速降低金属丝温度至低于活性气体沸点以减小金属丝表面活性 气体的迁移速率, 然后切断正高压 来停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发。
9、 根据权利要求 8所述的方法, 还包括:
通过停止催化气体导入, 来停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发。
10、 根据权利要求 8所述的方法, 还包括:
通过停止活性气体导入, 来停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发。
11、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
当获得具有预定最顶层原子数的针尖时, 停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸 发。
12、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 还包括:
停止场致刻蚀和场致蒸发并排除活性气体和催化气体之后, 通过加 另一正高压使得针尖最顶层表面处产生场致蒸发, 以移除针尖上附着的 非金属原子或分子, 并有选择地移除此处的金属原子, 最终获得具有预 定的最顶层原子数的针尖。
13、 根据权利要求 11或 12所述的方法, 其中:
针尖最顶层原子数最少为 1。
14、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 还包括:
在正对金属丝头部并且垂直于金属丝轴线的位置放置导电荧光屏, 并引入成像气体, 以观察金属丝的头部状态。
15、 根据权利要求 14所述的方法, 还包括:
在金属丝与导电荧光屏前放置微通道板 MCP以辅助成像。
16、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
粒子源是电子源或离子源。
17、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
当场致刻蚀和场致蒸发同时进行并相互调节时,正高压 为恒定正 高压。
18、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
所述底座和针尖具有轴对称形状。
19、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
金属丝被预加工为具有逐渐变细的头部。
20、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
通过调节活性气体的压强、 金属丝的温度、 正高压 的数值中的一 个或多个量来控制场致刻蚀的精度和速度。
21、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
通过控制针尖的曲率半径和正高压 的数值来控制底座曲率半径的 大小。
22、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
活性气体是 02、 N2、 CO、 C02、 其它含有氧元素或者氮元素的活 性气体中的任意一种或其组合。
23、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
催化气体是 Xe, C¾, C2¾, C2H6, C2H2中的任意一种或其组合。
24、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中:
金属丝是熔点在 2200°C 以上的难熔金属, 或具有高度化学不活性 的惰性金属。
25、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中所述金属丝是钨、 钽、 铼、 钼、 铌、 铪、 铱、 锇、 铑、 钌、 铂、 钯、 或金。
26、 根据权利要求 20所述的方法, 其中:
正高压的取值范围是 3 kV - 100 kV。
27、 根据权利要求 22所述的方法, 其中:
当活性气体为 02时, 活性气体的压强范围为 10- 6 Pa至 10- 1 Pa; 当活性气体为 N2时, 活性气体的压强范围为 10- 6Pa至 10- 2 Pa; 当活性气体为 CO时, 活性气体的压强范围为 10- 6Pa至 10- 1 Pa。
28、 根据权利要求 22所述的方法, 其中, 在场致刻蚀过程中: 当活性气体为 02时, 金属丝温度的范围为 10 K - 200 K;
当活性气体为 N2时, 金属丝温度的范围为 10 K - 200 K;
当活性气体为 CO时, 金属丝温度的范围为 10 K - 200 K。
29、 一种粒子源, 包括:
底座, 具有平缓的顶部; 和
针尖, 形成为底座顶部上的微小突起,
其中所述粒子源的材料是惰性金属。
30、 根据权利要求 29所述的粒子源, 其中所述针尖形成在顶部中 心上。
31、 根据权利要求 29所述的粒子源, 其中所述底座和所述针尖关 于中心轴线对称。
32、 根据权利要求 29所述的粒子源, 其中:
底座的曲率半径是微米或亚微米量级。
33、 根据权利要求 29所述的粒子源, 其中:
针尖的曲率半径是纳米量级。
34、 根据权利要求 29所述的粒子源, 其中:
底座的曲率半径与针尖的曲率半径之比大于 3 : 1。
35、 根据权利要求 29所述的粒子源, 其中:
底座是通过场致刻蚀形成的。
36、 根据权利要求 29所述的粒子源, 其中:
针尖是通过场致蒸发形成的。
37、 根据权利要求 29所述的粒子源, 其中:
粒子源的材料是铱、 锇、 铑、 钌、 铂、 钯、 或金。
38、 根据权利要求 29所述的粒子源, 其中:
针尖具有预定数量的最顶层原子数。
39、 根据权利要求 29所述的粒子源, 其中针尖最顶层具有 1个原 子。
40、 根据权利要求 39所述的粒子源, 其中所述粒子源是电子源或 离子源。
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| JP2013520965A JP5559431B2 (ja) | 2011-06-22 | 2012-06-13 | 粒子源及びその製造方法 |
| EP12798587.7A EP2575158B1 (en) | 2011-06-22 | 2012-06-13 | Method for manufacturing a particle source |
| US13/726,971 US9017562B2 (en) | 2011-06-22 | 2012-12-26 | Particle sources and methods for manufacturing the same |
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| TWI747058B (zh) * | 2018-10-12 | 2021-11-21 | 中國電子科技集團公司第三十八研究所 | 電子源製造方法 |
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| US9218934B2 (en) * | 2013-07-08 | 2015-12-22 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Llc | Charged particle beam system and method of operating a charged particle beam system |
| WO2018047228A1 (ja) * | 2016-09-06 | 2018-03-15 | 株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ | 電子源および電子線照射装置 |
| CN111048372B (zh) * | 2018-10-12 | 2021-04-27 | 中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所 | 一种电子源工作方法 |
| CN111048383B (zh) * | 2018-10-12 | 2021-01-15 | 中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所 | 电子源和电子枪 |
| TWI815145B (zh) * | 2020-08-25 | 2023-09-11 | 埃爾思科技股份有限公司 | 增強離子電流之發射極結構 |
| CN114639579A (zh) * | 2022-03-17 | 2022-06-17 | 中国科学技术大学 | 一种电化学刻蚀装置及刻蚀方法 |
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| EP2575158A1 (en) | 2013-04-03 |
| US9017562B2 (en) | 2015-04-28 |
| JP5559431B2 (ja) | 2014-07-23 |
| EP2575158A4 (en) | 2013-06-26 |
| JP2013535089A (ja) | 2013-09-09 |
| CN102842474A (zh) | 2012-12-26 |
| CN102842474B (zh) | 2015-11-25 |
| EP2575158B1 (en) | 2015-04-22 |
| US20130112138A1 (en) | 2013-05-09 |
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