WO2013078980A1 - 煤炭地下气化贯通方法 - Google Patents

煤炭地下气化贯通方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013078980A1
WO2013078980A1 PCT/CN2012/085354 CN2012085354W WO2013078980A1 WO 2013078980 A1 WO2013078980 A1 WO 2013078980A1 CN 2012085354 W CN2012085354 W CN 2012085354W WO 2013078980 A1 WO2013078980 A1 WO 2013078980A1
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Prior art keywords
coal
gasification
fire
borehole
directional
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Ceased
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PCT/CN2012/085354
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
庞旭林
陈�峰
王世鹏
刘刚
张树川
张明
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ENN Coal Gasification Mining Co Ltd
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ENN Coal Gasification Mining Co Ltd
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Application filed by ENN Coal Gasification Mining Co Ltd filed Critical ENN Coal Gasification Mining Co Ltd
Priority to EP12853826.1A priority Critical patent/EP2787164A4/en
Priority to IN1308MUN2014 priority patent/IN2014MN01308A/en
Priority to PCT/CN2012/085354 priority patent/WO2013078980A1/zh
Publication of WO2013078980A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013078980A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to ZA2014/04803A priority patent/ZA201404803B/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/295Gasification of minerals, e.g. for producing mixtures of combustible gases
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/243Combustion in situ

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for underground coal gasification and penetration, and the method of the invention is suitable for the field of coal underground gasification and the like. Background technique
  • the underground coal gasification technology is to directly construct a gasifier in the underground coal seam, introduce a gasification agent, and control the coal gasification reaction underground, so that the coal is converted into combustible gas in the natural state and transported to the coal.
  • the process of the ground is to directly construct a gasifier in the underground coal seam, introduce a gasification agent, and control the coal gasification reaction underground, so that the coal is converted into combustible gas in the natural state and transported to the coal.
  • Penetration is one of the key steps in the construction of underground gasifiers.
  • the so-called penetration is the process of artificially constructing high-permeability channels along the coal seam at the bottom of the inlet and outlet holes before the gasification process begins, to ensure smooth flow to the coal seam.
  • the gasification agent is supplied and discharged from the coal seam, and the thermal conditions necessary for the gasification reaction are provided.
  • Thermal processing (commonly referred to as fire penetration) refers to the promotion of coal seam combustion by the supply of air, and the combustion of the coal seam The process of expanding the fracture channel section in one step.
  • fire penetration refers to the promotion of coal seam combustion by the supply of air, and the combustion of the coal seam The process of expanding the fracture channel section in one step.
  • the reverse fire force penetration tends to burn out a narrow, fixed diameter passage; and the forward fire force penetration generally is wider.
  • the flame front expands forward. Therefore, the reverse fire force can form a regular channel, and the forward fire force can expand the fire source.
  • Coal seam and stratum conditions have great influence: For coal seams with deep burial or low permeability, when using the fire penetration method to penetrate the gasification channel, it will encounter cracks caused by large formation pressure or low coal seam permeability. Difficult to form, difficult to control the direction of the crack expansion channel, penetration effect and poor efficiency; when the hydraulic fracturing method is applied to water-sensitive coal seams and soft strata, it is easy to re-crack the fracture caused by fracturing due to the easy muddy of the coal seam. Therefore, it is difficult to produce the expected effect; the power penetration method can lead to excessive current leakage to coal seams and formations with high water content;
  • the penetration distance is generally less than 50 m. If the penetration distance is increased, the pressure or current intensity must be increased, but it will lead to the destruction of the surrounding rock structure of the coal seam or increase the penetration time;
  • the channel has poor gas permeability and poor directionality: Due to the heterogeneity of the pores and fracture structure of the coal seam, the above method can not produce uniform cracks in the coal seam, although a high gas permeability channel can be formed between the boreholes. However, these channels are not in a straight line, which may cause uneven gasification and increase coal loss.
  • the directional drilling method has: 1) the influence of coal seam and formation conditions is small; 2) the penetration distance is long; 3) the channel has strong directivity, the channel section is regular, the gas permeability is hooked, etc.
  • Advantage thus underground coal at home and abroad Gasification engineering has been widely used.
  • the directional drilling method utilizes drilling orientation and measuring equipment to achieve the desired target layer by real-time control of the slope and direction of the drilled hole, thereby forming a certain diameter in the coal seam.
  • Directional channel The directional channel can replace the narrow crack channel formed by the conventional penetration method and function to connect the vertical borehole.
  • the existing directional drilling method generally uses cold docking, that is, the horizontal drilling along the coal seam is directly connected with the vertical borehole by using directional drilling technology.
  • cold docking that is, the horizontal drilling along the coal seam is directly connected with the vertical borehole by using directional drilling technology.
  • the casing is usually lowered in the horizontal well. Ignition and gasification are directly performed after the cold docking is completed.
  • one method is to directly perform ignition in the directional channel by means of a special mechanical device placed under the well, and to control the position of the intake point by controlling the mechanical mechanism in the well. Without the need for thermal processing of horizontal well coal seams.
  • the CRIP Controlled Gas Injection Point Treatment
  • one method is to perform ignition in the vertical drilling hole and heat-process the horizontal well coal seam, such as the patent-free CN101382065 well-free underground gasification process.
  • the practice results show that the former is complicated by the continuous remote ignition in the well, and the ignition device is complicated and difficult to operate. The reliability of the ignition cannot be guaranteed.
  • the additional drainage well must be drained to start the ignition.
  • the coal seam drainage is difficult, which may lead to the inability to drain in some cases, thus increasing the difficulty of the ignition process.
  • the directional drilling directional channel is formed, if the high pressure is not carried out for a long time And firepower maintenance, it is easy to collapse, shrink holes, resulting in channel blockage.
  • Fire penetration - refers to the process of promoting the combustion of coal seams by feeding air, and further expanding the section of the fracture channel after combustion of the coal seam.
  • the direction of the intake air and the direction of movement of the flame front It can also be divided into reverse fire penetration and forward fire penetration.
  • the fire penetration process in which the direction of the intake air is opposite to the direction in which the flame front moves is referred to as the reverse fire force penetration; and the process of the fire force penetration in which the direction of the intake air is the same as the direction in which the flame front moves is referred to as forward fire force penetration.
  • Fracture channel The coal seam has natural voids, pores and fissure structures. Under the action of external force, the voids, pores and fissures contained in the coal body are connected to form a channel with certain gas permeability; when the external force exceeds the coal body itself When the maximum stress can withstand, the coal body itself cracks, and a synthetic crack channel with a certain width can be formed.
  • Directional Channels The use of drilling orientation and measurement equipment to achieve the desired target layer by real-time control of the slope and direction of the drilled hole, thereby forming a channel of a certain diameter in the coal seam.
  • Gasification channel refers to reaming the crack channel or the directional channel, expanding the size of the crack channel or the directional channel section, forming a channel with stable section, low resistance, high permeability and large gas volume, which can satisfy the underground gasification process. Requirements.
  • oxygen-containing gas is called an oxygen-containing gas.
  • the oxygen-containing gas has an oxygen content of 0 to 100%, and usually includes: air, oxygen-enriched gas, pure oxygen, or pure oxygen. It is prepared by mixing carbon dioxide or by mixing pure oxygen with an inert gas such as argon.
  • Oxygen-enriched gas - generally contains 20.93 % oxygen, 78.1 % nitrogen, and a small amount of inert gas.
  • a gas containing more than 20.93 % oxygen is called an oxygen-rich gas. It is usually prepared by mixing air with pure oxygen, or it can be prepared by mixing pure oxygen with carbon dioxide, or by mixing inert oxygen with inert gas such as argon, or pure oxygen, carbon dioxide, air and The inert gas or the like is prepared by mixing in any ratio according to the required concentration.
  • Drilling fire zone - refers to the combustion zone or high temperature zone established by direct ignition of the coal seam at the bottom of the borehole.
  • the bottom of the borehole is directly connected to the fire zone; or the fire zone is used to guide the fire zone to the borehole.
  • the traditional penetration method has technical problems such as short penetration distance, poor channel directivity and slow penetration speed in practical applications, and the existing directional drilling penetration method can improve the penetration.
  • Distance, enhance channel directionality, improve penetration speed, etc. but there is still a problem that the initial ignition process is susceptible to groundwater, the flame moving speed in the hot processing process is slow, and the channel distance is prone to collapse, shrinkage, and blockage.
  • the inventors have found that the key reason for the above problems in the existing directional drilling penetration method is that the directional drilling and the vertical drilling are performed under cold conditions (ie, the directional drilling technique is used to form the orientation first).
  • the channel is docked with the vertical borehole and then ignited or gasified in the directional channel or in the vertical borehole.
  • the pores and cracks of the naturally occurring coal seam contain water, and the coal seam usually contains pinch, so the orientation After the passage is formed, it is equivalent to increasing the catchment area, so that the water in the coal seam will infiltrate into the free passage in a large amount, which will easily lead to water accumulation in the passage; after the water is accumulated in the free passage, the ignition process is difficult, which may lead to flameout or even ignition; Due to the accumulation of water in the free passage, the heat is lost during the hot processing, the temperature at the front of the flame is low, and the speed of the fire is slow. Similarly, due to the accumulation of water in the channel, the mud is formed, which may cause the free passage to shrink and block.
  • the present invention aims to solve the problem that the initial ignition process existing in the existing directional drilling penetration method is susceptible to groundwater, and the flame moving speed in the hot working process is slow, and the collapsed hole and the shrinkage hole are likely to occur after the channel distance increases. And the problem of blocking the passage, etc., to provide a method for underground coal gasification and penetration process to improve the efficiency and reliability of the through process.
  • a method for underground coal gasification penetration which uses a directional drilling thermal docking technique and an oxygen enrichment penetration technique for at least one substantially vertical
  • a gasification passage for the underground coal gasifier is constructed near the bottom of the first borehole, and the method includes at least the following steps:
  • the fire zone is established by electric ignition, solid fuel ignition, coke ignition, or the high temperature coal seam of the original fire zone or the gas-fired zone in the working area is used as the fire zone.
  • the directional drilling method uses directional well technology, horizontal well technology, side drilling technology, radial horizontal well technology, branch well technology, cluster well technology, and large displacement well technology in petroleum or coalbed methane drilling technology. Any of them.
  • the method of the hot working operation uses a forward fire penetration method and a reverse fire penetration method, and the medium used for the fire penetration includes air, pure oxygen, propane, silane, diesel or liquid hydrocarbons, or a combination of the above various media.
  • the oxygen-containing gas includes any of the following options: air, oxygen-enriched gas, pure oxygen.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is mixed with at least one of propane, silane, diesel or liquid hydrocarbon as a combustion improver.
  • the mixing mode is a ground mixing mode or a downhole mixing mode.
  • the oxygen-containing gas and the combustion improver are transported from the ground to the fire zone through an annulus-type conveying pipe or directly from the ground to the fire zone through a drilled casing.
  • the directional channel is located in the coal seam and has a length of 10 to 1000 meters.
  • the directional channel is a support channel without a support channel or a pipe support.
  • the method may further include: step e) continuing to perform hot working on the directional channel, starting from an end of the directional channel adjacent to the fire region, and gradually thermally processing to a bottom end of the directional hole Forming a horizontal gasification channel along the directional channel.
  • the fire zone as described above can be established by means of electric ignition, solid fuel ignition, coke ignition, etc., and can also utilize the existing fire zone or high temperature coal seam in the combustion zone.
  • At least one of the outlet bore and the at least one intake bore are provided in the fire zone as described above, and the at least one outlet bore and the at least one intake bore are in communication with the fire zone.
  • the directional drilling method described above can use directional well technology, horizontal well technology, side drilling technology, radial horizontal well technology, branch well technology, cluster well technology, large displacement in petroleum or coalbed methane drilling technology. Any of the well techniques.
  • the method of the hot working operation uses a forward fire penetration method and a reverse fire penetration method, and the medium used for the fire penetration includes air, pure oxygen, propane, silane, diesel or liquid hydrocarbons, or a combination of the above various media.
  • the directional channel as described above is located in the coal seam and is generally 10 to 1000 meters in length.
  • the channel can be unsupported; it can also be supported by screen.
  • the starting end can be selected in the bottom coal seam of the drilled hole in the working area; or the new drilling hole can be re-constructed according to the design trajectory of the gasification channel.
  • the manner in which the directional channel establishes communication with the fire zone as described above may be directly drilled by the drilling machine so that the end of the directional channel is directly located in the fire zone; or may not be directly drilled, but left between the end of the directional channel and the fire zone.
  • a reserved coal seam with no drill holes is provided, and the gap is formed by the gap reinforcement operation of the reserved coal seam to make the directional passage communicate with the fire zone.
  • the reserve coal seam as described above depends on the degree of change of coal seam permeability after the coal layer is subjected to heat and ground stress, and can be determined according to the horizontal drilling construction process.
  • the method for thickening the reserved coal seam as described above includes, but is not limited to, hydraulic fracturing, high pressure air infiltration, blasting, chemical liquid breaking, and the like.
  • the oxygen-containing gas as described above specifically includes, but is not limited to, air, an oxygen-rich gas, and pure oxygen; and the oxygen-containing gas may be mixed with at least one of propane, silane, diesel or liquid hydrocarbon as a combustion improver.
  • the oxygen-containing gas as described above has an oxygen concentration of 0 to 100%, and the oxygen-containing gas and the oxygen-containing gas are mixed and mixed with the combustion-supporting agent in a ground mixing mode or a downhole mixing mode.
  • the oxygen-containing gas as described above can be transported from the ground to the fire zone through an annulus-type conveying pipe; it can also be transported from the ground to the fire zone directly through the drilling casing.
  • the method of thermally processing the directional channel as described above mainly uses the reverse fire penetration method, and can also be gradually hot-processed to the starting end.
  • the method as described above can be applied to the penetration of the gasification passage of an existing underground gasification furnace or a newly constructed underground gasification furnace.
  • the advantages of the invention are:
  • the coal seam is reserved in the directional channel and the fire interval, which can avoid the problems of buried drilling and stuck drilling caused by mud leakage after the directing of the directional channel and the fire zone, which reduces the construction difficulty of the directional drilling and improves the directional drilling. Safety and reliability.
  • the flame front temperature is adjusted, and the gasification passage penetration speed is accelerated, thereby shortening the through cycle.
  • FIG. 1A and 1B are simplified front cross-sectional views showing the process flow of Embodiment 1 of the present invention, wherein FIG. 1A is an initial directional channel formed by directional drilling, and FIG. 2B is an initial directional channel. A gasification channel formed after hot working.
  • Figure 2 is a simplified front cross-sectional view showing the process flow of Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B are simplified schematic views of a process flow of Embodiment 3 of the present invention, wherein
  • FIG. 3A is a plan view
  • Fig. 3B is a corresponding front cross-sectional view taken along a broken line in the horizontal direction in Fig. 3A.
  • the existing vertical borehole 1 is constructed with directional borehole 2 at a distance of 200 m from the borehole 1.
  • the gasification passage is established by the method of the present invention, and the gasification of coal in the region is completed.
  • the implementation process is as follows:
  • ⁇ Electrical ignition method is used to establish a fire zone 4 in the bottom coal seam 3 of the borehole 1, and the temperature of the fire zone is controlled by adjusting the composition and flow rate of the gasifier according to the water inflow amount and the outlet temperature of the coal seam, and the temperature of the fire zone is generally not lower than Coal seam auto-ignition temperature.
  • the directional drilling technology is used to drill the directional channel 5 along the coal seam through the borehole 2, and the fire zone 4 is directly drilled through, and the channel 5 is not supported (in other cases, if It is necessary to support the channel, which is generally supported by a screen tube.
  • the channel 5 is a hole of about 0.5 m above the floor of the coal seam and having a diameter of about 150 mm.
  • the oxygen-rich gas is mixed with a certain amount of oxygen and air by adjusting the mixing system 8 to form an oxygen-rich gas having a certain oxygen concentration, and the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-rich gas is 50 ⁇ 60%.
  • the pressure of the booster system 7 the oxygen-enriched gas is forced into the coal seam along the borehole 2 at a desired fixed flow rate, maintaining the fixed flow rate, and monitoring the pressure of the borehole 2 in real time.
  • the pressure is monitored by the pressure gauge at the borehole 2, when the pressure of the borehole 2 is monitored After a significant decrease (for example, the drop is generally 10 to 60% of the initial pressure), increase the flow rate of the oxygen-enriched gas or increase the oxygen concentration, depending on the thickness of the coal seam, the water content, the spacing of the holes, etc. Make adjustments.
  • a plurality of drill holes 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 are provided, and each of the drill holes is opened substantially vertically. Also, these drill holes are distributed at intervals in the horizontal direction (the left and right direction in Fig. 2) at unequal intervals.
  • the boreholes need to be penetrated deep into the lower end of the underground coal seam zone to form the subsequent gasification passages required for the underground coal gasifier, wherein, as shown in the lower left of Figure 2, the lower ends of the bores 11, 12 have been
  • the through-through (using the prior art air fire penetration) is formed and a gasification passage 17 is formed in a substantially horizontal direction. It is intended to continue the through operation of the lower ends of the bores 12, 13, 14, 15 by the method of the present invention and to speed up the formation of the gasification passage.
  • the implementation process of the through work is basically as follows:
  • the borehole 11 is used as an air inlet for an oxygen-containing gas (specifically, the oxygen-containing gas may be air), the bore 12 is used as an air outlet, and a bore is formed at the intersection between the lower end of the borehole 12 and the gasification passage 17. 12 fire zone.
  • the amount of intake air supplied from the borehole 11 to the downhole is determined in accordance with the outlet temperature of the borehole 12 and the amount of water in the coal seam.
  • the directional channel is supported by a screen, located approximately 0.5 m above the floor of the coal seam, with a diameter of approximately 40 mm, stopping drilling at approximately 25 m from the lower end of the borehole 12, thus at the lower end of the borehole 12
  • the right side leaves a reserved coal seam section with no horizontal holes in the approximately 25 m area.
  • a wellhead, a valve and a pressure gauge are installed at the upper end of the borehole 13, and high pressure water is supplied from the borehole 13 via the high pressure piston pump, to the lower end of the borehole 13 and to the lower end of the borehole 12.
  • the coal seam between the ends is hydraulically fractured until coal seam cracks are generated in the reserved coal seam
  • the directional passage is communicated with the gasification passage 17.
  • part of the water will enter the gasification passage 17, and in order to prevent water from accumulating in the passage, the flow of air supplied from the borehole 11 is increased, and water and gas are taken out through the borehole 12, from the borehole 11
  • the incoming air flow rate is determined based on the temperature of the exhaust gas from the borehole 12 and the gas humidity.
  • oxygen-enriched gas is introduced from the borehole 13 to start thermal processing of the reserved coal seam and the directional passage.
  • the specific operation is:
  • An oxygen-rich gas having a certain oxygen concentration is prepared by using a high-pressure proportional mixer, for example, mixing a certain amount of oxygen with air, and the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-rich gas is based on the amount of water in the coal seam and the temperature of the outlet 12 of the borehole 12 And the gas humidity is determined, in general, the oxygen concentration is 50% ⁇ 60%.
  • the pressure is regulated by the pressurization system to force the oxygen-enriched gas to be supplied to the fire zone of the borehole 12 along the borehole 13 at a desired fixed flow rate, and the flow rate of the oxygen-enriched gas supplied along the borehole 13 is based on the borehole spacing, the directional passageway
  • the parameters such as resistance, borehole pressure bearing capacity, and structural strength of the coal seam top and bottom plates are determined. This flow is then maintained for reverse combustion (i.e., the direction of expansion of the flame front is opposite to the flow of the supplied gas) and the pressure of the bore 13 is monitored in real time.
  • the pressure indicated by the pressure gauge at the upper end of the borehole 13 is significantly reduced (decreased by 10 to 60% of the initial pressure), it indicates that the fire zone of the borehole 12 extends to the vicinity of the bottom of the borehole 13 hole. Thereafter, the flow rate of the oxygen-enriched gas supplied from the upper end of the borehole 13 to the downhole is increased or the oxygen concentration is increased, and the positive thermal power expansion is performed, specifically according to the thickness of the coal seam, the water content, the spacing of the drill holes, etc., for the oxygen-rich gas Adjust the flow or oxygen concentration.
  • the directional passageway (reference numeral 19 of Fig. 2) is further constructed so that The directional channel abuts the fire zone of the borehole 13 without the screen support, located approximately 0.5 m above the floor of the coal seam, has a diameter of approximately 40 mm, and stops drilling approximately 15 m from the lower end of the borehole 13 To set aside reserved coal seams.
  • Applicants have conducted a number of tests using the above-described through method of the present invention to penetrate the coal seams at the lower ends of the boreholes 12, 13, 14, and 15 to construct an underground coal gasification passage.
  • the test results show that the average velocity of the air fire penetration penetration is 0.5-0.8 m/day. It can be seen that with this embodiment of the invention, the speed of the gasification channel construction can be significantly improved, and the penetration efficiency is high.
  • the number of the drill holes 12, 13, 14, 15 described in the above embodiment 2 is four, the method of the present invention is not limited to this specific number. From the above, it can be seen that the method of the present invention can be applied to gasification through any number of drill holes actually required.
  • Example 3 3A and 3B show an example of an existing underground gasifier in which a plurality of vertical boreholes have been opened.
  • the lower end coal seam of the borehole 22 is selected for ignition and the fire zone 21 of the borehole 22 is formed.
  • the lower end coal seams of the existing boreholes 23, 24, 25 need to be penetrated. After the through is completed, these vertical boreholes are used to make the air holes.
  • the boreholes 23, 24, and 25 are vertical boreholes.
  • the bottom end of the casings of these vertical boreholes is located 0.5 m above the floor of the coal seam.
  • the center of the borehole is basically on the same straight line (as shown by the horizontal line in Figure 2A).
  • the spacing between the bores 23, 24, 25 is approximately 50 m, respectively, and the spacing between the bores 22, 23 is also approximately 50 m.
  • the directional drilling technique is used to penetrate the boreholes 23, 24, 25 along the coal seam to complete the docking with the fire zone 21 and to complete the channel processing in accordance with the method provided by the present invention.
  • the directional bore 26 is machined, the level between the vertical section of the directional bore 26 and the borehole 25 The distance is about 150 m, and the curved lower section of the directional bore 26 enters the coal seam at a horizontal distance of about 30 m from the lower end of the borehole 25, after which the casing is lowered in the directional borehole 26 and cemented.
  • the target is lowered in the holes 23, 24, and 25, and the directional drilling is started.
  • the directional channel is located approximately 0.5 m above the floor of the coal seam and has a diameter of approximately 150 mm.
  • the drilling is stopped and drilled at a horizontal distance of approximately 15 m from the lower end of the borehole 22 (in Figure 3B) to allow for the reserved coal seam.
  • the wellhead, valve and instrument are installed at the upper end of the directional borehole 26, the temperature measuring device is installed in the boreholes 23, 24, 25, and the upper end of the boreholes 23, 24, 25 are closed, and the high pressure air is (pressure is 1.0 ⁇ 5.0MPa) is supplied from the directional borehole 26, and the reserved coal seam section between the lower end of the borehole 23 and the fire zone 21 is subjected to pressure fracturing, thereby generating coal seam cracks in the reserved coal seam section. .
  • the valves and gauges at the upper end of the directional bore 26 are monitored to observe changes in pressure and venting components during the process. When the pressure indicated by the valve of the directional bore 26 drops rapidly, the crack 28 marking the reserved coal seam has formed. .
  • air can be supplied to the fire zone 21 along the fracture 28, thereby bringing the residual mud in the directional passage and the generated coal seam water into the fire zone 21.
  • air and fire The contact of the high temperature coal seam in the zone 21 promotes the combustion and gasification reaction of the coal seam, and the water is evaporated in the case of the high temperature coal seam (partially participating in the gasification reaction), and the formed wet gas is discharged through the borehole 22.
  • the flow of air supplied from the bore 26 is adjusted to perform reverse fire penetration (i.e., the direction of expansion of the flame front is opposite to the flow of the supplied gas).
  • the air flow rate is determined based on the gas composition at the outlet of the upper end of the borehole 22.
  • the pressure of the bore 26 and the change in the bottom temperature of the bore 23 are monitored, and when the bore 26 pressure is further reduced to a certain level (the drop is typically 10 to 60% of the initial pressure), and / Or the temperature at the bottom of the borehole 23 slowly rises to a certain level (temperature increase of 10 ⁇ 50 °C / h), indicating that the gasification passage through the reserved coal seam section has been completed and connected with the directional passage 27.
  • the air flow supplied from the bore 26 is further adjusted, and the reverse fire force penetration in the directional passage is performed, and the air flow rate is determined according to the temperature change of the bore 23, 24, and 25 holes.
  • the temperature at the bottom of the borehole 23 rises rapidly, it indicates that the fire zone extends to the borehole 23.
  • air is supplied from the borehole 23 for forward fire penetration, and the air flow is based on the borehole temperature of the borehole 23 and the borehole. Determined by the gas composition of 22.
  • the air flow of the bore 26 is adjusted according to the above method, and the directional passage is reversely fired, and the intake of the bores 24, 25 is adjusted.
  • the marking holes 23, 24, 25 complete the gasification passage.
  • the average penetration speed produced by the penetration method of the present invention is 1.2 to 1.5 m/day
  • the conventional air fire penetration is calculated by the time before and after the temperature change of adjacent boreholes (such as boreholes 23, 24).
  • the average speed of penetration is 0.5 to 0.8 m/day, and it can be seen that with this embodiment of the invention, the speed of channel construction can be significantly improved.
  • the schemes used in the embodiment 4 and the embodiment 2 are basically the same.
  • the difference between the embodiment 4 and the embodiment 2 is that, in addition to the reverse fire penetration of the air and the oxygen-rich gas, the air and the oxygen-enriched gas can be mixed downhole with the propane as a combustion improver, and the air and propane can pass through the ring.
  • the empty conveying pipe is transported from the ground to the fire area and mixed under the well to improve the air fire penetration efficiency.
  • the average penetration speed of the method is 1.4 to 1.8 m/day, and the conventional air permeation rate of the oxygen-enriched gas of Embodiment 2 is 1.0 to 1.2 m/day. It can be seen that the embodiment of the present invention can significantly improve the channel. The speed of construction. Example 5
  • the embodiment 5 is basically the same as the embodiment used in the embodiment 3.
  • the difference between the embodiment 5 and the embodiment 3 is that, in addition to the reverse fire penetration of the air, the air may be mixed with the silane as the combustion improver, and the mixing method may be ground mixing, and the air and the silane are applied to the ground through the conveying pipe. After mixing, it is transported down to the fire area to improve the efficiency of air fire penetration.
  • the average penetration speed of the method is 1.6 to 2.0 m / day, and the average air penetration rate of the embodiment 3 is 1.2 to 1.5 m / day. It can be seen that the embodiment of the present invention can significantly improve the speed of channel construction.

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Abstract

一种煤炭地下气化贯通方法,包括如下步骤:a)在第一钻孔(1;11;22)的底部煤层内建立火区(4;21);b)将在火区外侧的其它已存在的钻孔或者新钻出的钻孔作为第二钻孔(2;13,14,15;23,24,25),通过该第二钻孔的下端,对在火区附近的第一钻孔的底部附近的附近煤层进行机械定向钻进,从而对附近煤层加以预贯通,以在附近煤层中形成与所述火区建立连通的定向通道(5;17;27);c)将含氧气体经由第二钻孔以及定向通道输送至火区,对定向通道进行热加工,从而将定向通道扩大以形成用于煤炭地下气化炉的气化通道。

Description

煤炭地下气化贯通方法 本申请要求在 2011年 11月 30日提交中国专利局、申请号为 201110388215.1、发明名称 为 "煤炭地下气化贯通方法"的中国专利申请的优先权, 其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。 技术领域
本发明涉及一种煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 本发明的方法适用于煤炭地 下气化等领域。 背景技术
煤炭地下气化技术, 是通过在地下煤层中直接构建气化炉, 通入气化 剂, 有控制地使煤炭在地下进行气化反应, 使煤炭在原地自然状态下转化 为可燃气体并输送至地面的过程。
贯通是地下气化炉构建过程中的关键步骤之一, 所谓贯通就是在气化 过程开始前, 人为地在进、 出气钻孔底部沿煤层构建高渗透性通道的过程, 用以保证向煤层顺畅供入气化剂和从煤层中排出煤气, 以及提供气化反应 所必须的热条件。
在煤炭地下气化技术发展历程中, 国外尤其是前苏联等国家, 针对不 同煤层水文地质条件和物化特性, 开发出了若干种气化通道的贯通方法, 其中迄今为止研究和应用最广泛的方法主要有: 空气火力渗透法、 水力压 但过程的本质相似, 都必须借助外力增加自然煤层孔隙和裂隙之间的连通 性, 以提高煤层的透气性。 一旦裂隙通道形成后, 必然要对煤层热加工扩 大成气化通道, 因为初期形成的裂隙通道, 是不能满足大规模气化生产工 艺要求的, 因其主要存在通道断面小、 阻力大和过气量小等问题。 热加工 (通常称为火力贯通), 是指通过供入空气促进煤层燃烧, 而煤层燃烧后进 一步扩大裂隙通道断面的过程。 一般按照进气方向与火焰前沿移动方向的 关系又可以分为逆向火力贯通和正向火力贯通, 其中逆向火力贯通趋于烧 出狭窄的、 直径固定的通道; 而正向火力贯通一般以较宽的火焰前沿向前 扩展。 因此, 逆向火力贯通可以形成规则的通道, 正向火力贯通可以扩大 火源。
但受制于地质条件的多样性和煤层自身结构的非均质性, 国内外理论 研究和实践结果表明, 上述方法在具体应用中存在一定的缺陷, 主要表现 在:
1 ) 煤层和地层条件影响较大: 如对于埋藏较深或渗透性较低的煤层, 釆用火力渗透法贯通气化通道时, 会遇到因地层压力大或煤层渗透性低时 导致的裂隙难形成、 裂隙扩展通道方向难控制、 贯通效果和效率差等问题; 水力压裂法应用于水敏煤层、 松软地层时, 由于煤层遇水易泥化, 容易将 压裂产生的裂隙重新堵塞, 因而难以产生预期的效果; 电力贯通法对含水 量较高的煤层和地层则会导致过高的电流漏失等;
2 ) 贯通距离较短: 根据资料显示贯通距离一般小于 50 m, 如果增加 贯通距离, 则必须提高压力或电流强度, 但却会导致煤层围岩结构的破坏 或增加贯通时间;
3 )通道透气性不均匀、 方向性较差: 由于煤层自身孔隙和裂隙结构的 非均质性, 上述方法不能使煤层产生均匀的裂隙, 尽管在钻孔之间能形成 较高的透气性通道, 但这些通道不成直线, 易造成气化不均勾而增大煤的 损失。
基于传统贯通方法存在的上述缺陷, 近几十年来, 国外研究机构和工 业企业除对传统贯通方法进行改进外, 分别研究和开发出了几种新的贯通 方法, 主要包括: 定向钻进法、 原子能爆破法、 化学液破碎法等, 其中定 向钻进法由于具有: 1 )煤层和地层条件影响较小; 2 )贯通距离长; 3 )通 道方向性强, 通道断面规整, 透气性均勾等优势, 因而在国内外煤炭地下 气化工程上得到了广泛的应用。
从已公开的文献资料和专利等来看, 定向钻进法利用钻井定向和测量 设备, 通过实时控制钻进钻孔的斜度和方向, 达到预计的目的层, 从而在 煤层中形成具有一定直径的定向通道。 该定向通道能够代替传统贯通法形 成的狭窄裂隙通道, 起到连通竖向钻孔的作用。
现有定向钻进法一般釆用冷态对接, 即先利用定向钻进技术沿煤层施 工水平井与竖向钻孔直接连通, 为了防止塌孔、 缩孔, 通常在水平井内下 放套管。 冷态对接完成之后直接实施点火和气化, 在具体实施方式上, 一 种方法是借助下放在井内的特殊机械装置在定向通道内直接实施点火, 并 通过控制井内机械装置进行进气点位置的转换, 而不需要对水平井煤层进 行热加工。 如美国的 CRIP (控制注气点后退)技术; 一种方法是在竖向钻 孔内实施点火, 并对水平井煤层进行热加工, 如专利 CN101382065无井式 地下气化工艺。 实践结果表明, 前者由于釆取井内连续遥控点火, 点火装 置复杂, 操作难度大, 不能保证点火的可靠性; 后者对于涌水量较大煤层, 必须施工额外的排水井进行疏干, 才能启动点火, 但高温、 带压、 有气条 件下, 煤层排水难度大, 可能导致在某些情况下无法排水, 因而加剧点火 过程的难度; 另外, 定向钻定向通道一旦形成后, 如果长时间不进行高压 和火力维护, 极易发生塌孔、 缩孔, 从而导致通道堵塞。
此外, 现有通道热加工过程, 由于釆用空气作为气化剂, 对于薄煤层 (厚度小于 2.0 米)、 含水煤层、 含夹矸层较多的煤层, 存在火焰移动速度 慢、 贯通周期长、 通道断面稳定性差等问题, 导致上述问题的关键原因在 于煤层自身结构的非均质性(如含有夹矸)、 热量散失大、 火焰前沿温度低 以及缺少必要的监控手段。
名词解释:
火力贯通——是指通过供入空气促进煤层燃烧, 而煤层燃烧后进一步 扩大裂隙通道断面的过程。 一般按照进气方向与火焰前沿移动方向的关系 又可以分为逆向火力贯通和正向火力贯通。 通常把进气方向与火焰前沿移 动方向相反的火力贯通过程, 称为逆向火力贯通; 而把进气方向与火焰前 沿移动方向相同的火力贯通过程, 称为正向火力贯通。
裂隙通道——煤层具有天然的空隙、 孔隙和裂隙结构, 在外力作用下, 煤体自身含有的空隙、 孔隙和裂隙发生连通, 能够形成具有一定透气性的 通道; 当外力作用超过煤体自身所能承受的最大应力时, 煤体自身发生开 裂, 还可形成具有一定宽度的人造裂隙通道。
定向通道——利用钻井定向和测量设备, 通过实时控制钻进钻孔的斜 度和方向, 达到预计的目的层, 从而在煤层中形成具有一定直径的通道。
气化通道——是指对裂缝通道或定向通道进行扩孔, 扩大裂缝通道或 定向通道断面的尺寸, 形成断面稳定、 阻力小、 渗透性高和过气量大的通 道, 可满足地下气化工艺的要求。
含氧气体一一为了表述方便把含有氧气的气体称为含氧气体, 含氧气 体的氧气含量介于 0 ~ 100%, 通常包括: 空气、 富氧气体、 纯氧, 也可以 由纯氧与二氧化碳混合后配制而成, 或者纯氧与氩气等惰性气体混合后配 制而成。
富氧气体——一般空气中氧气的含量为 20.93 %、 氮气含量为 78.1 %及 少量惰性气体等,为了表述方便把含氧气量大于 20.93 %的气体叫做富氧气 体。 通常是由空气与纯氧进行混合后配制而成, 也可以是纯氧与二氧化碳 混合后配制而成, 或者纯氧与氩气等惰性气体混合后配制而成, 或者纯氧、 二氧化碳、 空气和惰性气体等按照需要的浓度, 按任一比例混合后配制而 成。
钻孔的火区——是指通过在钻孔底部煤层直接进行点火后, 建立的燃 烧区域或高温区域, 钻孔的底部与火区直接连通; 或者利用火力贯通技术 将火区引至钻孔孔底, 形成的孔底高温区域或燃烧区域。 发明内容
如上所述, 受煤层和地层条件影响, 传统贯通方法在实际应用中存在 贯通距离较短、 通道方向性较差、 贯通速度较慢等技术问题, 而现有定向 钻进贯通法, 可以提高贯通距离、 增强通道方向性、 提高贯通速度等, 但 是仍存在初始点火过程易受地下水的影响、 热加工过程火焰移动速度慢, 通道距离增长后容易发生塌孔、 缩孔和堵塞通道等问题。
本发明人发现: 导致现有定向钻进贯通法出现上述问题的关键原因是, 定向钻进与竖向钻孔的对接, 是在冷态条件下进行的 (即先用定向钻进技 术形成定向通道与竖向钻孔对接, 再在定向通道内或竖向钻孔内点火或气 化), 而天然赋存煤层的孔隙、 裂隙中是含有水的, 并且煤层中通常含有夹 矸, 所以定向通道形成后, 相当于增加了汇水面积, 这样煤层中的水会大 量渗入自由通道内, 容易导致通道积水; 自由通道积水后, 点火过程困难, 会导致熄火、 甚至无法点火等; 并且由于自由通道积水, 热加工过程中, 热量散失大、 火焰前沿温度低, 火力移动速度慢; 同样由于通道积水, 夹 矸发生泥化, 也会导致自由通道易发生缩孔、 堵塞等。
基于本发明人的上述发现, 本发明旨在解决现有定向钻进贯通法存在 的初始点火过程易受地下水的影响、 热加工过程火焰移动速度慢, 通道距 离增长后容易发生塌孔、 缩孔和堵塞通道等问题, 提供一种煤炭地下气化 贯通过程的方法, 以提高贯通过程的效率和可靠性。 为实现上述发明目的, 根据本发明的第一方面, 提供一种煤炭地下气 化贯通方法, 该方法釆用定向钻进热态对接技术和富氧贯通技术, 用于在 至少一个大致竖向的第一钻孔的底部附近构造出用于煤炭地下气化炉的气 化通道, 本方法至少包括如下步骤:
a) 在所述第一钻孔的底部煤层内建立火区; 二钻孔, 通过该第二钻孔的下端, 对在所述火区附近的所述第一钻孔的底 部附近的附近煤层进行机械定向钻进, 从而对所述附近煤层加以预贯通, 以在所述附近煤层中形成与所述火区建立连通的定向通道;
C) 将含氧气体经由所述第二钻孔以及所述定向通道输送至火区, 对所 化炉的气化通道。 在本发明的上述第一方面中, 可以釆用如下附加技术方案中的一种或 者多种:
釆用电点火、 固体燃料点火、 焦炭点火建立所述火区, 或利用作业区 域内原有火区或燃空区高温煤层作为所述火区。
所述的定向钻进的方法釆用石油或煤层气钻井技术中的定向井技术、 水平井技术、 侧钻井技术、 径向水平井技术、 分支井技术、 丛式井技术、 大位移井技术中的任意一种。
所述热加工作业的方法, 釆用正向火力贯通法和逆向火力贯通法, 火 力贯通所用介质包括空气、 纯氧、 丙烷、 硅烷、 柴油或液体烃类, 或者上 述各种介质的组合。
所述含氧气体包括如下选项中的任一种: 空气、 富氧气体、 纯氧。 所述含氧气体和作为助燃剂的丙烷、 硅烷、 柴油或液体烃类中的至少 一种相混合。
所述的混合方式是地面混合方式或井下混合方式。
含氧气体和助燃剂通过环空型输送管道由地面输送至火区, 或者直接 通过钻孔套管由地面输送至火区。
所述定向通道位于煤层中, 长度为 10 ~ 1000米, 所述定向通道为无支 护通道、 或者釆用 管支护的有支护通道。 根据本发明的第二方面, 提供一种煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 包括如下 步骤:
a) 在钻孔底部煤层内建立火区;
b)在火区外侧, 对钻孔底部实施预贯通作业, 沿煤层进行定向钻进, 钻出定向通道,定向通道的末端与火区之间留出一个不设钻孔的预留煤层; c)对所述预留煤层进行增隙作业, 从而形成与所述火区连通的裂隙; d)将含氧气体经由预贯通钻孔输送至火区, 对所述预留煤层中形成的 所述裂隙进行热加工作业, 以将所述裂隙扩大成气化通道, 从而使所述定 向通道与所述火区通过所述气化通道相对接; 在本发明的上述第二方面中, 可以釆用如下附加技术方案中的一种或 者多种:
所述方法中, 还可以包括: 步骤 e)继续对所述定向通道进行热加工, 由所述定向通道的与所述火区邻接的末端开始, 逐渐热加工至所述定向钻 孔的底端, 形成沿着所述定向通道的水平气化通道。
如上所述的火区可以釆用电点火、 固体燃料点火、 焦炭点火等方法建 立, 也可以利用作业区域内原有火区或燃空区高温煤层。
如上所述的火区中设有至少一个出气钻孔和至少一个进气钻孔, 所述 至少一个出气钻孔和至少一个进气钻孔与所述的火区连通。
如上所述的定向钻进的方法, 可以釆用石油或煤层气钻井技术中的定 向井技术、 水平井技术、 侧钻井技术、 径向水平井技术、 分支井技术、 丛 式井技术、 大位移井技术中的任意一种。
在所述的增隙作业中, 监测进气钻孔中的压缩空气的压力变化情况, 当进气钻孔中的压缩空气的压力出现迅速下降时, 表明在所述预留煤层中 已经形成裂缝, 所述增隙作业已经完成。
在对所述预留煤层中形成的所述裂缝进行热加工作业中, 对在进气钻 孔中的空气压力以及出气钻孔的孔底温度进行监测, 当定向钻孔的压力下 降并且出气钻孔的孔底温度上升时, 表明已经沿着所述预留煤层中形成的 裂缝形成了气化通道, 所述热加工作业已经完成。
所述热加工作业的方法, 釆用正向火力贯通法和逆向火力贯通法, 火 力贯通所用介质包括空气、 纯氧、 丙烷、 硅烷、 柴油或液体烃类, 或者上 述各种介质的组合。
如上所述的定向通道位于煤层中, 长度一般为 10 ~ 1000米, 通道可以 不支护; 也可以釆用筛管支护。
如上所述的定向通道, 其起始端可以选择在作业区域内已有钻孔底部 煤层内; 也可以根据气化通道的设计轨迹, 重新施工新的钻孔。
如上所述的定向通道与火区建立连通的方式, 可以由钻井机械直接钻 通, 使定向通道末端直接位于火区内; 也可以不直接钻通, 而在定向通道 末端与火区之间留出一段不设钻孔的预留煤层, 并通过对预留煤层增隙作 业, 形成裂隙使定向通道与火区连通。
如上所述的预留煤层, 长度 0 ~ 50 m, 取决于煤层受热与地应力等作 用后煤层透气性变化程度, 具体可以根据水平钻井施工过程确定。
如上所述的预留煤层的增隙方法, 具体包括但不限于水力压裂法、 高 压空气渗透法、 爆破法、 化学液破碎法等。
如上所述的含氧气体, 具体包括但不限于空气、 富氧气体、 纯氧; 含 氧气体可以和作为助燃剂的丙烷、 硅烷、 柴油或液体烃类中的至少一种相 混合。
如上所述的含氧气体, 氧气浓度为 0 ~ 100%, 含氧气体以及含氧气体 与助燃剂的配制和混合方式, 可以是地面混合方式, 也可以是井下混合方 式。
如上所述的含氧气体的输送, 可以通过环空型输送管道由地面输送至 火区; 也可以直接通过钻孔套管由地面输送至火区。 如上所述的热加工定向通道的方法, 主要釆用逆向火力贯通法, 也可 逐渐热加工到起始端。
如上所述的方法可以用于现有的地下气化炉或者新构造的地下气化炉 的气化通道的贯通。 本发明的优点在于:
1.釆用定向钻进"热态"对接火区, 即使煤层涌水进入火区, 也可以与 火区发生反应或被加热至蒸汽, 以气体的状态被煤气带出, 从而避免煤层 涌水对初期点火或引火过程造成的影响(如熄火、 通道积水等), 提高了过 程的可靠性。
2.定向通道与火区间预留煤层, 可以避免了定向通道与火区直接钻通 后, 由于泥浆漏失导致的埋钻、 卡钻等问题, 降低了定向钻进的施工难度, 提高了定向钻进的安全性和可靠性。
3.釆用富氧气体或助燃剂等实现火区煤层快速引火并形成焦化层, 避 免夹矸层、煤层涌水等导致初始形成的定向通道易发生塌孔或缩孔等问题, 提高通道断面结构的稳定性。
4.通过调控富氧气体或助燃剂等的组成、 流量来调节火焰前沿温度, 加快气化通道贯通速度, 从而缩短贯通周期。
5.可以针对煤层埋深、 煤层厚度、 夹矸分布情况、 煤层含水量等情况, 选择合适的富氧气体或助燃剂, 增强贯通过程的效率, 提高过程的灵活性 和可靠性。 附图说明
图 1A和图 1B是本发明的实施例 1工艺流程的简化正视剖视示意图, 其中图 1A是定向钻进形成的初始定向通道, 而图 2B是对初始定向通道进 行热加工后形成的气化通道。
图 2是本发明的实施例 2工艺流程的简化正视剖视示意图。
图 3A和图 3B 是本发明的实施例 3工艺流程的简化示意图, 其中, 图
3A是俯视图, 而图 3B是沿着图 3A中的水平方向的虚线剖切出的相应的 正视剖视图。
【附图标记说明】
1 -竖向钻孔
2-定向钻孔
3-煤层
4 -火区
5 -定向通道
6-含氧气体
7-增压系统
8 -混配系统
9 -气化通道
11、 12-钻孔 (已贯通)
13 -钻孔 (正在贯通)
14-钻孔 (待贯通)
15-钻孔 (待贯通)
16 -煤层
17 -气化通道
18-火焰前沿
19 -定向通道
21 -火区
22-出气钻孔 23、 24、 25 -竖向钻孔
26 -定向钻孔
27 -定向通道
28 -预留煤层的裂隙 具体实施方式
以下的实施例便于更好的理解本发明, 但并非用以限定本发明的保护 范围。
实施例 1
如图 1A、 图 1B所示, 现有竖向钻孔 1 , 与钻孔 1相距 200m处施工有 定向钻孔 2 , 拟釆用本发明方法建立气化通道, 并完成区域内煤炭的气化, 实施过程如下:
釆用电点火方式在钻孔 1底部煤层 3内建立火区 4 , 依据煤层涌水量、 出气温度等, 通过调节气化剂组成和流量, 来控制火区温度, 该火区温度 一般不低于煤层自燃温度。
钻孔 1孔底建立火区后, 釆用定向钻井技术, 经由钻孔 2沿煤层施工 定向通道 5 , 与火区 4直接钻通, 对通道 5不加支护 (在另一些情况下, 若需对通道加支护, 一般釆用筛管进行支护), 从而, 通道 5为位于煤层底 板上方大约 0.5 m, 直径大约 150 mm的棵孔。 定向钻进完成施工后, 在钻 孔 2上端安装井头、 阀门和仪表, 通入富氧气体, 开始对定向通道进行热 力口工。
富氧气体釆用地面混配的方式, 通过调节混配系统 8将一定量的氧气 与空气混合均勾, 配成具有一定氧气浓度的富氧气体, 该富氧气体中的氧 气浓度为 50 ~ 60%。 通过调整增压系统 7的压力, 强制富氧气体以所需的 固定流量沿钻孔 2进入煤层, 维持该固定流量, 并实时监测钻孔 2的压力。
通过在钻孔 2处的压力仪表对压力进行监测, 当监测到钻孔 2的压力 明显降低后(例如, 降幅一般为初始压力的 10 ~ 60% ), 增大富氧气体的流 量或增加氧气浓度, 所述流量或者氧气浓度具体根据煤层夹矸厚度、 含水 量, 钻孔间距等情况进行调整。
当钻孔 2与钻孔 1压力相差不大(例如, 压差小于 0.1 MPa )时, 表明 钻孔 1与钻孔 2完成贯通或气化通道构建。
实施例 2
如图 2所示,在一种煤炭地下气化贯通现场情况下,设有多个钻孔 11、 12、 13、 14、 15 , 这些钻孔中的每一个钻孔均大致沿竖向开设, 并且, 这 些钻孔沿水平方向 (图 2 中的左右方向) 以不等的间距相间隔地分布。 各 钻孔深入地下煤层区域的下端之间需要进行贯通, 以便形成后续的煤炭地 下气化炉所需的气化通道, 其中, 如图 2的左下方所示, 钻孔 11、 12的下 端已经完成贯通 (釆用现有技术的空气火力渗透贯通) 并形成大致水平方 向的气化通道 17。 拟釆用本发明的方法对钻孔 12、 13、 14、 15 的下端继 续进行贯通作业, 并加快气化通道形成速度。 所述贯通作业的实施过程基 本如下:
将钻孔 11作为含氧气体 (具体地说, 该含氧气体可以为空气)进气孔, 钻孔 12作为出气孔,并以钻孔 12下端与气化通道 17间的交汇处建立钻孔 12的火区。 从钻孔 11向井下供给的空气的进气量根据钻孔 12的出气温度 和煤层涌水量而被确定。
釆用超短半径水平钻井技术, 由钻孔 13 的下端开始, 沿着朝向钻孔 12 下端的方向 (亦即, 图 2 中从右至左的方向 ), 直接在竖向井内开窗进 行侧向水平钻进,该定向通道釆用筛管支护,位于煤层底板上方大约 0.5 m, 通道直径大约 40 mm, 在距离钻孔 12下端大约 25 m处停止钻进, 从而在 钻孔 12下端的右侧 (图 2中的方向) 大约 25 m区域内留出一个不设置水 平钻孔的预留煤层段。提钻之后,在钻孔 13上端安装井头、 阀门和压力表, 将高压水经由高压柱塞泵从钻孔 13供入,对钻孔 13的下端与钻孔 12的下 端之间的预留煤层段进行水力压裂, 直至在该预留煤层段中产生煤层裂隙
(一般当钻孔 13处所测得的压力出现明显降低, 降幅超过 60%时, 说明裂 隙形成), 使该定向通道与气化通道 17连通。 水力压裂过程开始后, 部分 水将进入气化通道 17 , 为了防止通道积水,提高从钻孔 11供入的空气的流 量, 将水与煤气经由钻孔 12带出, 从钻孔 11供入的空气流量根据来自钻 孔 12的排出气体的温度和煤气湿度确定。
水力压裂操作完成后, 从钻孔 13通入富氧气体, 开始对预留煤层和定 向通道进行热加工。 具体操作为:
通过釆用调节高压比例混合器, 配制具有一定氧气浓度的富氧气体, 例如将一定量的氧气与空气混合均勾配制, 该富氧气体中的氧气浓度根据 煤层涌水量和钻孔 12出气温度和煤气湿度确定, 一般情况下, 氧气浓度为 50% ~ 60%。
通过增压系统调控压力,强制富氧气体以所需的固定流量沿钻孔 13供 入钻孔 12的火区, 沿钻孔 13供入的富氧气体的流量根据钻孔间距、 定向 通道的阻力、 钻孔承压能力、 煤层顶底板结构强度等参数确定。 之后维持 该流量进行逆向燃烧(亦即,火焰前沿的扩展方向与供入气体的流向相反), 并实时监测钻孔 13的压力。
当钻孔 13上端的压力表所显示的压力出现明显的降低(降幅一般为初 始压力的 10 ~ 60% ) 时, 表明钻孔 12的火区扩展至钻孔 13孔底附近。 此 后, 增大从钻孔 13上端向井下供给的富氧气体的流量或增加氧气浓度, 进 行正向火力扩孔, 具体根据煤层夹矸厚度、 含水量, 钻孔间距等情况, 对 富氧气体流量或氧气浓度进行调整。当钻孔 13与钻孔 12压力相差不大(或 压差小于 0.1 MPa )时, 表明: 钻孔 12的下端与钻孔 13的下端之间的煤层 段完成火力贯通, 也就是说, 钻孔 12的下端与钻孔 13的下端间的气化通 道构建成功。
当钻孔 12的火区扩展至钻孔 13孔底后, 仍釆用超短半径水平钻井技 术, 由钻孔 14的下端开始, 沿着朝向钻孔 13下端的方向 (亦即, 图 2中 从右至左的方向), 进一步施工定向通道(为图 2的附图标记 19 ), 使得该 定向通道与钻孔 13的火区对接, 该定向通道不加筛管支护, 位于煤层底板 上方大约 0.5 m, 通道直径大约 40 mm , 在距离钻孔 13下端大约 15 m处停 止钻进, 以留出预留煤层段。 依照与上文中所述的对钻孔 12的孔底与钻孔 13的孔底之间加以贯通的工序 (其包括: 煤层段压裂增隙、 定向通道加工 及后续工序等)相似的工序, 开始对定向通道进行热加工, 并完成钻孔 13 的下端与钻孔 14的下端之间通道贯通。
在钻孔 13孔底的火区扩展至钻孔 14孔底后, 依照与上文中所述的对 钻孔 12的孔底与钻孔 13的孔底之间、 以及钻孔 13的孔底与钻孔 14的孔 底之间加以贯通的工序 (其包括: 煤层段压裂增隙、 定向通道加工及后续 工序等)相似的工序, 开始在钻孔 15的下端与钻孔 14的下端之间 (此处, 钻孔 15的下端与钻孔 14的下端之间的预留煤层段为 50m ) 进行热加工, 并完成钻孔 14的下端与钻孔 15的下端之间通道贯通。
申请人釆用本发明的上述贯通方法进行了多次试验以对钻孔 12、 13、 14、 15下端的煤层加以贯通, 以构建煤炭地下气化通道。 试验结果表明: 空气火力渗透贯通平均速度为 0.5 ~ 0.8 米 /每天, 可见, 釆用本发明的该实 施例, 可以明显提高气化通道构建的速度, 贯通效率高。 另外, 需要说明的是, 虽然在上述的实施例 2中所述的钻孔 12、 13、 14、 15的数量为 4个, 然而, 本发明的方法并非局限于这种具体数量。 从 上述可知, 本发明的方法能够应用于对实际所需的任意数量的钻孔之间进 行气化贯通。 实施例 3 图 3A、 图 3B示出的是现存的地下气化炉的一个例子, 在该现存的地 下气化炉布局中, 业已开设有多个竖向钻孔。 选择钻孔 22的下端煤层进行 点火, 并形成钻孔 22的火区 21 , 现有钻孔 23、 24、 25的下端煤层, 需要 进行贯通, 贯通完成后, 这些竖向钻孔用作出气孔。 钻孔 23、 24、 25均为 竖向钻孔, 这些竖向钻孔的套管底端位于煤层底板上方 0.5 m, 钻孔中心基 本位于同一直线上 (如图 2A中的水平方向的虚线所示), 其中, 钻孔 23、 24、 25之间的间距分别为大约 50 m , 而钻孔 22、 23之间的间距亦为大约 50 m。 如下所述, 釆用定向钻进技术沿煤层贯通钻孔 23、 24、 25 , 完成与 火区 21对接, 并按照本发明所提供的方法完成通道加工。
总体上, 沿钻孔 22、 23、 24、 25连线 (图 2A中的水平方向的虚线) 方向, 加工定向钻孔 26 , 该定向钻孔 26的竖向上段与钻孔 25之间的水平 距离为大约 150 m, 该定向钻孔 26的弧形下段在与钻孔 25的下端水平距 离相距大约 30 m处进入煤层, 之后, 在定向钻孔 26中下放套管, 并进行 固井作业。
在钻孔 23、 24、 25内下放靶点, 开始定向钻进施工。 定向通道位于煤 层底板上方大约 0.5 m, 其直径大约 150 mm, 在距离钻孔 22的下端水平距 离大约 15 m处 (在图 3B中)停止钻进并提钻, 以留出预留煤层段。
定向通道完成施工后, 在定向钻孔 26的上端安装井头、 阀门和仪表, 在钻孔 23、 24、 25 内安装测温装置, 关闭钻孔 23、 24、 25上端的阀门, 将高压空气(压力为 1.0 ~ 5.0MPa )从定向钻孔 26供入, 对钻孔 23的下端 与火区 21之间的预留煤层段进行加压压裂,从而在该预留煤层段中产生煤 层裂隙。 监测定向钻孔 26的上端的阀门和仪表, 观察过程中压力和出气组 分的变化情况, 当定向钻孔 26的阀门所显示的压力发生迅速下降时, 标志 着预留煤层的裂隙 28已形成。
预留煤层的裂隙 28形成之后, 可以沿裂隙 28将空气供入火区 21 , 从 而将定向通道内残留泥浆和产生的煤层涌水带入火区 21。 此外, 空气与火 区 21 内的高温煤层接触, 促进煤层发生燃烧和气化反应, 水遇高温煤层则 被蒸发 (部分参与气化反应), 形成的湿煤气经钻孔 22排出。
在本实施例的方法进行期间, 在预留煤层的裂隙 28形成后, 调节从钻 孔 26供入的空气流量, 进行逆向火力贯通(亦即, 火焰前沿的扩展方向与 供入气体的流向相反), 空气流量根据钻孔 22上端出口处的煤气组分确定。 在该过程中,对钻孔 26的压力和钻孔 23的孔底温度的变化情况进行监控, 当钻孔 26压力进一步下降至一定水平(降幅一般为初始压力的 10 ~ 60% )、 并且 /或者钻孔 23 孔底温度緩慢上升至一定水平 (温度涨幅 10 ~ 50°C/h ) 时, 表明在预留煤层段中的气化通道贯通业已施工完成、 并与定向通道 27 相连通。
在火区进入定向通道 27之后,进一步调节从钻孔 26供入的空气流量, 实施定向通道内的逆向火力贯通, 空气流量根据钻孔 23、 24、 25孔底温度 变化情况确定。 当钻孔 23 孔底温度迅速上升, 说明火区扩展至钻孔 23 , 此时, 开始从钻孔 23 供入空气, 进行正向火力贯通, 空气流量根据钻孔 23的孔底温度和钻孔 22的煤气组分而确定。
对于钻孔 23、 24、 25的下端之间的各个区域, 依照上述方法调节钻孔 26的空气流量, 进行定向通道逆向火力贯通, 同时调节钻孔 24、 25进气,
MPa时, 标志钻孔 23、 24、 25完成气化通道贯通。
申请人釆用本发明的上述贯通方法进行了多次试验以对钻孔 23、 24、 25下端的煤层加以贯通, 以构建煤炭地下气化通道。 试验结果表明: 经相 邻钻孔 (如钻孔 23、 24 ) 温度变化前后的时间计算, 釆用本发明的贯通方 法所产生的平均贯通速度为 1.2 ~ 1.5 米 /每天,而传统空气火力渗透贯通平 均速度为 0.5 ~ 0.8 米 /每天, 可见, 釆用本发明的该实施例, 可以明显提高 通道构建的速度。 实施例 4
实施例 4与实施例 2所釆用的方案基本相同。 实施例 4与实施例 2的 不同之处在于, 除了釆用空气、 富氧气体进行逆向火力贯通外, 空气、 富 氧气体还可以和作为助燃剂的丙烷在井下混合, 空气和丙烷可以通过环空 型输送管道由地面输送至火区, 并在井下完成混合, 以增进空气火力贯通 效率。
釆用该方法的平均贯通速度为 1.4 ~ 1.8 米 /每天,而实施例 2富氧气体 传统空气贯通平均速度 1.0 ~ 1.2 米 /每天, 可见, 釆用本发明的该实施例, 可以明显提高通道构建的速度。 实施例 5
实施例 5与实施例 3所釆用的方案基本相同。 实施例 5与实施例 3的 不同之处在于, 除了釆用空气进行逆向火力贯通外, 空气还可以和作为助 燃剂的硅烷混合, 混合方式可以是地面混合, 空气和硅烷通过输送管道在 地面加以混合后向下输送至火区, 以增进空气火力贯通效率。
釆用该方法的平均贯通速度为 1.6 ~ 2.0 米 /每天,而实施例 3空气贯通 平均速度 1.2 ~ 1.5 米 /每天, 可见, 釆用本发明的该实施例, 可以明显提高 通道构建的速度。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1、 一种煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 该方法用于在至少一个大致竖向的第 下步骤:
a) 在所述第一钻孔的底部煤层内建立火区; 二钻孔, 通过该第二钻孔的下端, 对在所述火区附近的所述第一钻孔的底 部附近的附近煤层进行机械定向钻进, 从而对所述附近煤层加以预贯通, 以在所述附近煤层中形成与所述火区建立连通的定向通道;
c) 将含氧气体经由所述第二钻孔以及所述定向通道输送至火区, 对所 化炉的气化通道。
2、 如权利要求 1所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 釆用电 点火、 固体燃料点火、 焦炭点火建立所述火区, 或利用作业区域内原有火 区或燃空区高温煤层作为所述火区。
3、 如权利要求 1所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 所述的 定向钻进的方法釆用石油或煤层气钻井技术中的定向井技术、水平井技术、 侧钻井技术、 径向水平井技术、 分支井技术、 丛式井技术、 大位移井技术 中的任意一种。
4、 如权利要求 1所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 所述热 加工作业的方法, 釆用正向火力贯通法和逆向火力贯通法, 火力贯通所用 介质包括空气、 纯氧、 丙烷、 硅烷、 柴油或液体烃类, 或者上述各种介质 的组合。
5、 如权利要求 1所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 所述含 氧气体包括如下选项中的任一种: 空气、 富氧气体、 纯氧。
6、 如权利要求 1所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 所述含 氧气体和作为助燃剂的丙烷、 硅烷、 柴油或液体烃类中的至少一种相混合。
7、 如权利要求 6所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 混合方 式是地面混合方式或井下混合方式。
8、 如权利要求 6所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 含氧气 体和助燃剂通过环空型输送管道由地面输送至火区, 或者直接通过钻孔套 管由地面输送至火区。
9、 如权利要求 1所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 所述定 向通道位于煤层中, 长度为 10 ~ 1000米, 所述定向通道为无支护通道、 或 者釆用 管支护的有支护通道。
10、 一种煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于包括如下步骤:
a) 在钻孔底部煤层内建立火区;
b)在火区外侧, 对钻孔底部实施预贯通作业, 沿煤层进行定向钻进, 钻出定向通道,定向通道的末端与火区之间留出一个不设钻孔的预留煤层; c)对所述预留煤层进行增隙作业, 从而形成与所述火区连通的裂隙; d)将含氧气体经由预贯通钻孔输送至火区, 对所述预留煤层中形成的 所述裂隙进行热加工作业, 以将所述裂隙扩大成气化通道, 从而使所述定 向通道与所述火区通过所述气化通道相对接。
11、 如权利要求 10所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 还包 括以下步骤:
e)继续对所述定向通道进行热加工, 由所述定向通道的与所述火区邻 接的末端开始, 逐渐热加工至所述钻孔的底端, 形成沿着所述定向通道的 水平气化通道。
12、 如权利要求 10所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于釆用电 点火、 固体燃料点火、 焦炭点火建立所述火区, 或利用作业区域内原有火 区或燃空区高温煤层作为所述火区。
13、 如权利要求 10所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于如上所 述的火区中设有至少一个出气钻孔和至少一个进气钻孔, 这些钻孔的底部 与所述的火区连通。
14、 如权利要求 10所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于所述的 定向钻进的方法釆用石油或煤层气钻井技术中的定向井技术、水平井技术、 侧钻井技术、 径向水平井技术、 分支井技术、 丛式井技术、 大位移井技术 中的任意一种。
15、 如权利要求 10所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于所述预 留煤层的长度为 0 ~ 50 m, 所述长度的选择至少取决于煤层受热与地应力 作用后煤层透气性变化程度。
16、 如权利要求 13所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 在所述的增隙作业中, 监测进气钻孔中的压缩空气的压力变化情况, 当进气钻孔中的压缩空气的压力出现迅速下降时, 表明在所述预留煤层中 已经形成裂缝, 所述增隙作业已经完成。
17、 如权利要求 13所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 在对所述预留煤层中形成的所述裂缝进行热加工作业中, 对在进气钻 孔中的空气压力以及出气钻孔的孔底温度进行监测, 当定向钻孔的压力下 降并且出气钻孔的孔底温度上升时, 表明已经沿着所述预留煤层中形成的 裂缝形成了气化通道, 所述热加工作业已经完成。
18、 如权利要求 10或 11所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 所述热加工作业的方法, 釆用正向火力贯通法和逆向火力贯通法, 火力贯 通所用介质包括空气、 纯氧、 丙烷、 硅烷、 柴油或液体烃类, 或者上述各 种介质的组合。
19、 如权利要求 10所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于所述预 留煤层的增隙方法包括如下方法中的任一种或其组合: 水力压裂法、 高压 空气渗透法、 爆破法、 化学液破碎法。
20、 如权利要求 10所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于所述含 氧气体包括如下选项中的任一种: 空气、 富氧气体、 纯氧。
21、 如权利要求 10所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于所述含 氧气体和作为助燃剂的丙烷、 硅烷、 柴油或液体烃类中的至少一种相混合。
22、 如权利要求 21所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于混合方 式是地面混合方式或井下混合方式。
23、 如权利要求 21所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于含氧气 体和助燃剂通过环空型输送管道由地面输送至火区, 或者直接通过钻孔套 管由地面输送至火区。
24、 如权利要求 10所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特征在于: 所述 定向通道位于煤层中, 长度为 10 ~ 1000米, 所述定向通道为无支护通道、 或者釆用 管支护的有支护通道。
25、 如权利要求 1-24中的任一项所述的煤炭地下气化贯通方法, 其特 征在于所述方法用于现有的地下气化炉或者新构造的地下气化炉的气化通 道的贯通。
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CN119393113A (zh) * 2024-10-29 2025-02-07 中国矿业大学(北京) 煤炭地下燃烧气化与二氧化碳封存开采处理方法

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