WO2013102309A1 - 一种长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法 - Google Patents

一种长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013102309A1
WO2013102309A1 PCT/CN2012/070109 CN2012070109W WO2013102309A1 WO 2013102309 A1 WO2013102309 A1 WO 2013102309A1 CN 2012070109 W CN2012070109 W CN 2012070109W WO 2013102309 A1 WO2013102309 A1 WO 2013102309A1
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Prior art keywords
mining
roadway
face
top plate
channel
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
何满潮
张国锋
孙晓明
杨晓杰
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to PL12864300T priority Critical patent/PL2801697T3/pl
Priority to EP12864300.4A priority patent/EP2801697B1/en
Priority to PCT/CN2012/070109 priority patent/WO2013102309A1/zh
Publication of WO2013102309A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013102309A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
    • E21C41/16—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor
    • E21C41/18—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor for brown or hard coal

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for mining coal seams, in particular to a coal seam mining method for longwall working faces. Background technique
  • the research on coal-free pillar mining in major coal mining countries at home and abroad mainly focuses on two aspects: roadway along the goaf and roadway along the goaf.
  • the roadway along the empty road is completed after the mining of the previous working face, and the roof of the stope is fully collapsed.
  • the meteorite is squeezed and compacted, and the overburden rock pressure appears to stop. After the surrounding rock is stabilized, it forms in the goaf and the coal body.
  • the roadway along the empty road must be completed in the upper section of the working face.
  • the roof of the stope can be completed and compacted before the road can be excavated. Therefore, it takes a long time to make the production success of many mines in China very difficult. .
  • the retaining lane along the empty space is to use the relevant technology to retain the lower chute in the working face during the mining process of the working face, as the upper trough of the next working face.
  • the inner support has developed wooden sheds, I-steel sheds, shrinkable brackets, anchor nets, etc.
  • the roadside support has developed rafts, dense pillars, gangue belts, and concrete blocks. , paste filling and high water material filling technology.
  • the object of the present invention is to improve the deficiencies of the background art and to provide a coal pillarless mining method for a longwall working face which is reliable in support, high in mining efficiency, and which does not require a coal pillar.
  • a method for mining a longwall working face without coal pillars comprising the following steps:
  • the step (2) further includes the steps of: installing a sensor on the top plate of the lower channel, and transmitting it to the ground by wire, and performing remote real-time monitoring on the state of the lower channel.
  • the constant resistance large deformation anchor is used to reinforce the roof of the roadway as the lower channel.
  • the directional slitting is performed by the two-way energy pre-splitting blasting method.
  • the sensor in the step (2) includes a top plate isolating device and a bolt force measuring device.
  • a collecting hole for pre-cracking blasting is drilled on the top plate on the side of the working face of the lower channel, and is correspondingly aggregated.
  • the position of the hole can be blasted, and a slit extending along the direction of the original down channel is formed on the side of the top plate near the mining face, and the goaf is fell along the slit, so that the position of the original down channel is automatically formed into a lane, and the The roof of the roadway will not be affected by the fall of the goaf, and it can maintain a good state.
  • the utility model has the outstanding substantive features; the invention realizes the coal pillarless support, has a high mining rate, and does not need to wait for a long time in the lane forming process, and reduces the continuousness under the premise of safety. The time to mine the coal seams is a significant improvement over the prior art.
  • FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a mining face structure in a coal pillarless mining method for a longwall working face according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a front view showing the structure of a mining face in a coal pillarless mining method for a longwall working face according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the reinforcement and drilling structure of the first mining face in the longwall working face without coal pillar mining method according to the present invention.
  • 4 is a schematic view showing the structure of a goaf formed in the first mining face in the longwall working face non-coal mining method of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a collapsed structure of a goaf in a longwall working face without coal pillar mining method according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing the structure of a constant resistance large deformation anchor rod in a longwall working face non-core pillar mining method according to the present invention.
  • the coal-free column mining method used in the present invention first needs to form the first mining face.
  • the method of forming the first mining face 1 is the same as the existing method, and the first mining position is established on the edge of the coal seam mining, where two parallel roadways are excavated by the S100A type final machine. 2, 3, two parallel roadways 2, 3 are connected at the tail through the roadway 4.
  • the roadway 2 near the edge is the upper channel
  • the roadway 3 near the continuous mining face is the lower channel
  • the roadway connecting the upper channel 2 and the lower channel 3 is the recovery face 4 .
  • Each mining face must form two roadways.
  • the upper channel is used for material transportation roadway, and the lower channel is used for return air.
  • mining is carried out from the recovery face 4 until all the coal in the area between the smoothing roadway 2 and the lower smoothing roadway 3 is mined, and then mining of the next mining face is carried out.
  • the support includes passive support and active support.
  • the passive support is placed in the lower channel 3 to passively withstand the force of the lower roof of the lower channel 3, which is high in cost and high in cost. The support effect is limited.
  • the active support is to install a bolt on the top plate 5 of the lower channel, to reinforce the top plate 5.
  • the anchor rod 6 is generally 5-10 meters in length, and is connected to the upper and lower channel by connecting the upper layer of relatively stable rock layers. 3's top plate 5.
  • the conventional anchor has a small amount of deformation and is easily broken.
  • a constant-resistance large-deformation anchor is used for reinforcement.
  • the patent of the publication No. CN101858225B has disclosed the constant-resistance large-deformation anchor in detail.
  • the constant resistance large deformation anchor 6 is evenly distributed on the top plate 5 of the lower channel 3 of the first mining face 1, and the spacing is set at 2-5 meters as needed.
  • the constant-resistance large-deformation anchor 6 is a bolt designed specifically for large-deformation roadways and high-stress roadways, which can maintain a constant resistance and maintain an extension by a mechanical sliding device.
  • the constant resistance large deformation anchor 6 includes a nut 61, a ball pad 62, a tray 63, a constant resistance device 64, a connecting sleeve 65 and a rod body 66.
  • the constant resistance device 64 has a cylindrical structure, is fitted to the tail portion of the rod body 66, the tray 63 and the nut.
  • the constant resistance device 64 is sequentially placed at the tail of the constant resistance device 64, wherein a middle portion of the tray 63 is provided with a hole for the constant resistance device 64 to pass through, a nut 61 is screwed to the constant resistance device 64, and a buffer ball is mounted between the nut 61 and the tray 63. Pad 62, the connecting sleeve is mounted on the other end of the constant resistance device 64.
  • the relative displacement is generated, that is, the anchor rod 6 exhibits a large deformation in the radial direction as the surrounding rock is largely deformed.
  • the constant resistance large deformation anchor 6 can maintain a constant working resistance after stretching, and the deformation energy of the surrounding rock is smaller than the constant working resistance of the constant resistance large deformation anchor 6.
  • the constant resistance large deformation bolt 6 has a bearing capacity of 15 ⁇ 20KN, and the extension can reach 300 ⁇ 600mm. It has a large deformation capacity to adapt to the large deformation capacity of the roadway along the roadway.
  • the MQT-120J drilling machine is used to sequentially drill upwardly arranged collecting holes 7 on the top plate 5 to facilitate the passing of the gathering.
  • the hole 7 can be blasted to achieve directional slitting.
  • the gathering holes 7 are spaced 2 to 5 meters apart, which is determined according to the actual rock formation characteristics. At the same time, it is necessary to spray urine aldehyde plastic foam on each roadway 2, 3, 4 to prevent leakage of fire.
  • the top plate isolating device and the anchor force measuring device are also installed on the top plate 5 of the down channel roadway 3 as the first mining face, and the shape position sensor can also be installed at the corresponding position on the side wall and the bottom surface of the lower channel roadway 3 .
  • the top plate is installed on the top plate 5, and the relative displacement change of the determined near point relative to the determined far point is detected to monitor the falling state of the top plate 5;
  • the anchor force gauge is mounted on the top plate 5 through the anchor rod 6,
  • the pressure of the top surface of the tray 63 of the constant resistance large deformation anchor 6 is detected to monitor the change of the falling pressure of the top plate 5;
  • the shape position sensors are respectively installed on the top plate 5, the bottom surface and the two side walls of the lower channel 3;
  • the shape change of the section of the lower channel is monitored.
  • the signals monitored by the top plate isolators, anchor force gauges and shape position sensors are transmitted to the ground through the line, data is converted on the ground, and the converted data is transmitted remotely through Ethernet or the like. The personnel can remotely monitor and analyze the data to realize remote real-time monitoring of the state of the lower channel.
  • the mining face is gradually extracted until the goaf is formed.
  • the side wall of the lower channel of the first mining face 1 disappears, and the goaf is connected to form a piece, and the roadway disappears.
  • a two-way energy pre-splitting blasting device is installed on the top plate 5 of the original down channel roadway 3 corresponding to the collecting energy hole, and the blasting lead is connected, and the top plate 5 is blasted and pre-splitted.
  • a pre-cracking surface is formed on the side of the top plate 5 of the original channel 3 adjacent to the gob, and the pre-cracking surface is a slit extending in the direction of the original lower groove 3 on the side of the top plate 5 close to the mining surface, That is, the directional slit is realized on the top plate 5 of the original roadway 3 .
  • the patent number of the two-way energy pre-splitting blasting method is ZL200610113007X, which can realize the pre-cracking effect on the surrounding rock of the roof plate 5, and at the same time protect the roof plate 5 from the blasting damage, easy to use, good blasting effect, cost Low cost and easy to operate.
  • the blasting technology constructs the blasthole on the pre-cracking line, and uses a two-way concentrating device to charge the drug, and the direction of the collecting energy corresponds to the pre-cracking direction of the rock mass.
  • the detonation product will form a concentrated energy flow in two set directions, and generate a concentrated tensile stress, so that the pre-cracking blasthole penetrates in the direction of the collecting energy to form a pre-cracking surface.
  • the two-way energy collecting device is processed by a pipe (including two kinds of PVC pipe and metal pipe) with a certain strength (uniaxial compressive strength of 1.6 MPa to 2.0 MPa); the diameter of the collecting device varies according to the diameter of the blasthole, The value of the value is determined according to the charge coupling coefficient of the specific rock mass; the shape of the energy collecting hole on the two-way tensile energy collecting device is various, and may be circular, elliptical, square, rectangular, etc., and the parameters are based on lithology and explosives.
  • the goaf collapses, as shown in Figure 5. Since the top plate 5 of the original roadway under the original mining face has been oriented with a directional slit, the goaf will not take down the top plate 5 of the original roadway under the original first mining face, and the fallen goaf will be down.
  • the pre-cracking side of the channel roadway 3 forms the side gang of the lower channel roadway 3 along the pre-cracking surface (ie, the A area in Fig. 5), and the original position of the roadway 3 is re-established as the roadway.
  • the side of the newly formed upper channel 3 is sprayed with plain concrete to prevent harmful gases such as gas and CO from entering the newly formed upper channel 3, so that the original first face is under
  • the laneway 3 is retained for reuse as the upper channel of the second working face.
  • the lower working channel of the second working face is used as the upper working channel of the third working face by the process of the present invention.
  • the roadway 3 automatically formed by the position of the roadway under the original first mining face is used as the upper channel of the next mining face, and the lower channel of the upper channel is excavated, and a new mining face is formed.
  • a collecting hole 7 for pre-split blasting is drilled on the top plate 5 on the side of the working face of the lower channel 3, and blasting is performed at the position of the corresponding collecting hole, and is formed on the side of the top plate 5 close to the mining face.
  • a slit extending along the direction of the original laneway 3, the goaf is fell along the slit, so that the original lower channel 3 is automatically formed into a lane, and the roof 5 of the lane 3 is not subject to the fall of the goaf.
  • the effect can be maintained in a good state, and then the next round of mining is continued with the roadway 3 as the upper channel of the next mining face.
  • the flow between each two mining faces is continuous, without coal pillar support, which is related to the existing Compared with technology, it has outstanding substantive features.
  • the invention realizes the support without coal pillars, has a high mining rate, and does not have to wait for a long time in the process of forming a lane, and reduces the time for continuously mining the coal seam under the premise of safety.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
  • Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)

Description

一种长壁工作面无煤柱开釆方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种煤层的开采方法， 尤其与长壁工作面的煤层开采方法有关。 背景技术
随着煤炭开采深度的增加， 长壁开采通常采用留设煤柱的办法保护上顺槽巷道， 巷道 较深时由于地应力的急增导致留设煤柱的宽度增大， 传统长壁开采工作面沿空留 （掘）巷 开采工艺， 在深部开采过程中存在的巷道工程量大、 采掘比高、 生产效率低， 资源浪费严 重以及留设煤柱造成的瓦斯突出、 冲击地压频发、 采空区漏风等安全隐患， 已经成为困扰 和影响煤矿安全和高效开采的重大问题。
目前国内外主要采煤国家中对于无煤柱开采的研究主要集中在沿空掘巷和沿空留巷 两方面。 沿空掘巷是在上一工作面回采完成后， 并且采场顶板垮落充分， 矸石得到挤压压 实， 覆岩矿压显现停止， 围岩稳定以后， 在采空区和煤体边缘形成一个卸压带， 在卸压带 内重新掘进一条新的巷道。沿空掘巷必须要在上一区段工作面回采完毕， 采场顶板垮落完 成并压实后才能进行掘巷， 因此需要相当长的时间， 给我国很多矿井的生产接替造成很大 的困难。
沿空留巷是在本工作面回采过程中即采用相关的技术将本工作面中的下顺槽保留下 来，作为下一个工作面回采的上顺槽。 目前的沿空留巷技术中，巷内支护先后发展了木棚、 工字钢棚、可缩支架、锚网索等， 巷旁支护发展了木垛、密集支柱、矸石带、 混凝土砌块、 膏体充填和高水材料充填等技术。 虽然取得一定的成绩， 但是仍然存在很多不足和问题： 忽视巷旁煤体的支护作用， 巷内主动支护技术应用少， 巷旁支护与围岩变形不协调， 支护 设计缺乏系统性。 发明内容
本发明的发明目的在于改进背景技术的不足， 而提供一种支护可靠、 开采效率高且无 须设置煤柱的长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法。
为实现本发明的上述发明目的， 本发明是采用如下技术方案的： 一种长壁工作面无 煤柱开采方法， 包括如下步骤：
( 1 ) 在煤层上挖掘连通的两个巷道作为首采面的上顺槽巷道与下顺槽巷道； ( 2) 对下顺槽巷道顶板进行加固， 并在该下顺槽巷道顶板工作面一侧向上钻设用来 预裂爆破的多个聚能孔；
( 3 ) 进行回采， 直至形成采空区， 巷道消失；
( 4) 在采空区原下顺槽位置的顶板的对应聚能孔位置进行爆破， 在顶板靠近开采面 的一侧形成沿整个原下顺槽巷道且上下延伸的定向切缝；
( 5 ) 来自采空区上部深层岩层的压力使开采面顶板断裂下沉， 原下顺槽巷道位置重 新成为巷道；
( 6) 以原下顺槽巷道位置自动形成的巷道作为下一开采面的上顺槽巷道， 并挖掘相 对该上顺槽巷道的下顺槽巷道， 形成新的开采面；
(7 ) 重复所述步骤 （2) - ( 6) ， 连续开采煤炭， 直至该煤层开采完毕。
为进一步实现本发明的上述发明目的， 所述步骤 （2 ) 中还包括如下步骤： 在下顺 槽巷道的顶板上安装传感器， 并有线传输到地面， 对下顺槽巷道状态进行远程实时监 测。 所述步骤 （2 ) 中采用恒阻大变形锚杆对作为下顺槽的巷道顶板进行加固。 所述 步骤 （4 ) 中采用双向聚能预裂爆破方法进行定向切缝。 所述步骤 （1 ) 与步骤 （6 ) 中， 还需要对巷道进行防漏防火处理。 所述步骤 （2) 中传感器包括顶板离层仪与锚杆 受力仪。
本发明与现有技术相比具有如下突出的实质性特点和显著的进步：本发明中在下顺槽 巷道工作面一侧的顶板上钻设用来预裂爆破的聚能孔， 并在对应聚能孔位置进行爆破， 在 顶板靠近开采面的一侧形成沿原下顺槽巷道方向延伸的切缝， 采空区沿该切缝垮落， 使得 原下顺槽巷道位置自动成巷， 且该巷道顶板不会受采空区垮落影响， 可保持较好的状态， 然后以该巷道为下一开采面的上顺槽巷道继续下一轮开采， 每两个开采面之间是连续的， 无煤柱支撑， 这与现有技术相比， 具有突出的实质性特点； 本发明实现无煤柱支撑， 开采 率高， 且成巷过程无须长时间等待， 在安全的前提下又降低了连续开采煤层的时间， 这较 现有技术相比确有显著的进步。 附图说明
图 1为本发明一种长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法中开采面结构俯视示意图。
图 2为为本发明一种长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法中开采面结构主视示意图。
图 3 为本发明一种长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法中首采面下顺槽加固及钻孔结构示意 图。 图 4为本发明一种长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法中首采面形成采空区结构示意图。 图 5为本发明一种长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法中采空区垮落结构示意图。
图 6为本发明一种长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法中恒阻大变形锚杆结构示意图。
附图标记说明： 1-首采面、 2-上顺槽巷道、 3-下顺槽巷道、 4-回采面、 5-顶板、 6-恒阻 大变形锚杆、 7-聚能孔、 61-螺母、 62-球垫、 63-托盘、 64-恒阻装置、 65-连接套、 66-杆体 具体实施方式
下面结合附图详细说明本发明一种排泥管浮体的具体结构细节和安装使用过程。 本发明中采用的无煤柱开采方法， 首先需要形成首采面。 如图 1与图 2所示， 形成 首采面 1的方法与现有方法相同， 在煤层开采的边缘上确立首次开采位置， 在该位置上采 用 S100A型总决机挖掘出两个平行的巷道 2、 3， 两个平行的巷道 2、 3在尾部通过巷道 4 连通。 靠近边缘的巷道 2为上顺槽巷道， 靠近继续开采面的巷道 3为下顺槽巷道， 连通上 顺槽巷道 2与下顺槽巷道 3的巷道为回采面 4。 每个开采面都必须形成两条巷道， 上顺槽 巷道是用于材料运输巷道， 下顺槽巷道是用于回风的巷道。 在实际开采中， 从回采面 4进 行开采， 直至采空上顺槽巷道 2与下顺槽巷道 3之间区域所有煤炭， 再进行下一开采面的 开采。
然后如图 3所示， 对首采面 1的下顺槽巷道 3进行支护。 支护包括被动支护与主动 支护，被动支护是在下顺槽巷道 3内搭置框架，被动地承受下顺槽巷道 3顶板下压的力量， 该种支护方式耗材高、成本高且支护效果有限。 主动支护是在下顺槽巷道 3顶板 5上加装 锚杆， 以加固顶板 5， 该锚杆 6—般长度在 5-10米， 通过连接上层较为稳固的岩石层来托 顶下顺槽巷道 3的顶板 5。 普通的锚杆变形量小， 容易折断， 本发明中采用恒阻大变形锚 杆进行加固， 公告号为 CN101858225B的专利已对该恒阻大变形锚杆进行了详细公开。恒 阻大变形锚杆 6均匀分布在首采面 1的下顺槽巷道 3的顶板 5上，间距根据需要设定在 2-5 米。
如图 6所示， 恒阻大变形锚杆 6是专门针对大变形巷道和高应力巷道设计的一款可 以保持恒阻并靠机械滑动装置保持延伸量的锚杆。 恒阻大变形锚杆 6包括螺母 61、 球垫 62、 托盘 63、 恒阻装置 64、 连接套 65与杆体 66， 恒阻装置 64呈筒状结构， 套装于杆体 66的尾部，托盘 63和螺母 61依次套装在恒阻装置 64的尾部，其中托盘 63的中间部分设 有一孔以供恒阻装置 64穿过，螺母 61螺纹连接于恒阻装置 64，螺母 61与托盘 63之间安 装缓冲的球垫 62， 连接套安装在恒阻装置 64另一端。 在将恒阻大变形锚杆 6应用于巷道中时， 当巷道围岩的变形能超出锚杆所能承受的 范围， 通过其结合面上设置有螺纹结构的恒阻装置 64和锚杆杆体 66产生相对位移， 也即 该锚杆 6随着围岩大变形而发生表现为径向拉伸的大变形。 围岩发生大变形之后， 其能量 得到释放， 而恒阻大变形锚杆 6在拉伸之后仍然能够保持恒定的工作阻力， 围岩的变形能 小于恒阻大变形锚杆 6的恒定工作阻力，恒阻装置 64恢复原状并紧紧的套装在杆体 66上 时， 巷道将再次处于稳定状态， 实现了巷道的稳定， 消除了冒顶冲击等安全隐患。 恒阻大 变形锚杆 6承载力 15〜20KN， 延伸量均可达到 300〜600mm， 具有较大的变形能力以适 应沿空巷道的大变形能力。
另外， 在首采面下顺槽 3靠近首采面 1的一侧的顶板 5上， 使用 MQT— 120J钻机在 顶板 5上依次向上钻设呈直线排列的聚能孔 7， 以方便通过该聚能孔 7进行爆破， 实现定 向切缝。 该聚能孔 7间距在 2-5米， 根据实际岩层特点来确定。 同时， 还需要对各巷道 2、 3、 4喷涂尿醛塑料泡沫， 以防漏防火。
本发明中， 还在作为首采面下顺槽巷道 3的顶板 5上安装顶板离层仪与锚杆受力仪， 还可在下顺槽巷道 3的侧壁及底面相应位置上安装形状位置传感器。顶板离层仪安装在顶 板 5上， 可探知确定的近点相对于确定的远点的相对位移变化， 以监测顶板 5下落状态； 锚杆受力仪通过锚杆 6安装在顶板 5上， 可探知顶板 5对恒阻大变形锚杆 6的托盘 63顶 面的压力， 以监测顶板 5下落压力变化情况； 形状位置传感器分别安装在下顺槽巷道 3的 顶板 5、 底面及两个侧壁上， 对下顺槽巷道 3截面形状变化进行监测。 顶板离层仪、 锚杆 受力仪与形状位置传感器所监测得到的信号均通过线路传输到地面上，在地面上进行数据 转换， 并通过以太网等形式对转换后的数据进行远程传输， 工作人员可在远程监测和分析 该数据， 实现对下顺槽巷道 3状态进行远程实时监测。
完成上述工作后， 在该开采面逐步进行回采， 直至形成采空区。 如图 4所示， 形成 采空区后， 首采面 1的下顺槽巷道 3—侧侧壁消失， 与采空区连成一片， 巷道消失。
首采面 1形成采空区后， 在原下顺槽巷道 3的顶板 5上对应聚能孔 Ί的位置安装双 向聚能预裂爆破装置， 连接爆破引线， 对该处顶板 5进行爆破预裂， 在原下顺槽巷道 3的 顶板 5靠近采空区一侧形成一条预裂面，该预裂面为在顶板 5靠近开采面的一侧的沿原下 顺槽 3方向双向延伸的切缝， 也就是在原下顺槽巷道 3的顶板 5上实现了定向切缝。双向 聚能预裂爆破方法的专利号为 ZL200610113007X,该爆破方法可以实现对顶板 5围岩的预 裂作用， 同时又可以保护顶板 5不受爆破的破坏作用， 简单易用，爆破效果好， 成本低廉， 操作方便。 该爆破技术在预裂线上施工炮孔， 采用双向聚能装置装药， 并使聚能方向对应于岩体 预裂方向。 爆轰产物将在两个设定方向上形成聚能流， 并产生集中拉张应力， 使预裂炮孔 沿聚能方向贯穿， 形成预裂面。 由于钻孔间的岩石是拉断的， 爆破炸药单耗将大大下降， 同时由于聚能装置对围岩的保护， 钻孔周边岩体所受损伤也大大降低， 所以该技术可以达 到实现预裂的同时又可以保护沿空巷道顶板的目的。其中双向聚能装置是由一定强度（单 轴抗压强度为 1.6MPa〜2.0MPa) 的管材（包括 PVC管和金属管两种）经过加工而成； 聚 能装置直径依据炮孔直径而异， 其值的大小依据特定岩体的装药不耦合系数确定； 双向抗 拉聚能装置上的聚能孔形状多样， 可以是圆形、椭圆形、方形、矩形等， 其参数依据岩性、 炸药确定； 双向抗拉聚能装置上聚能孔孔径大小、 孔间距与岩性、 岩体结构以及施工岩体 的原岩应力状态等有关， 需要建立相应的函数关系式， 依据相关计算结果进行设计。
采空区在定向切缝影响下及采空区上方的深层岩层压力作用下， 采空区发生垮落， 如图 5所示。 由于原首采面下顺槽巷道 3的顶板 5实施了定向切缝， 采空区垮落时不会带 下原首采面下顺槽巷道 3的顶板 5， 垮落的采空区在下顺槽巷道 3预裂侧沿预裂面垮落后 形成了下顺槽巷道 3的侧帮（即图 5中 A区域）， 原下顺槽巷道 3位置重新成为巷道。对 新形成的上顺槽巷道 3的侧帮采用素混凝土进行喷浆密闭， 防止采空区内的瓦斯、 CO等 有害气体进入新形成的上顺槽巷道 3内，这样原首采面的下顺槽巷道 3就被保留下来作为 第二个工作面的上顺槽巷道进行重复利用。 同理， 进行第三个工作面的回采时， 利用本发 明的工艺方法将第二个工作面的下顺槽巷道作为第三个工作面的上顺槽巷道使用。
最后， 以原首采面下顺槽巷道位置自动形成的巷道 3作为下一开采面的上顺槽巷道， 并挖掘相对该上顺槽巷道 3的下顺槽巷道， 并形成新的开采面。 同时， 还需要对各巷道喷 涂尿醛塑料泡沫， 以防漏防火。
重复上述开采步骤， 连续开采煤炭， 直至该煤层开采完毕。 就实现了长壁工作面无煤 柱开采。
本发明中在下顺槽巷道 3的工作面一侧的顶板 5上钻设用来预裂爆破的聚能孔 7， 并 在对应聚能孔位置进行爆破，在顶板 5靠近开采面的一侧形成沿原下顺槽巷道 3方向延伸 的切缝， 采空区沿该切缝垮落， 使得原下顺槽巷道 3位置自动成巷， 且该巷道 3的顶板 5 不会受采空区垮落影响， 可保持较好的状态， 然后以该巷道 3为下一开采面的上顺槽巷道 继续下一轮开采， 每两个开采面之间是连续的， 无煤柱支撑， 这与现有技术相比， 具有突 出的实质性特点。 工业实用性
本发明实现无煤柱支撑， 开采率高， 且成巷过程无须长时间等待， 在安全的前提下又 降低了连续开采煤层的时间。

Claims

权利要求
1. 一种长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法， 其特征在于， 包括如下步骤：
( 1 ) 在煤层上挖掘连通的两个巷道作为首采面的上顺槽巷道与下顺槽巷道；
(2)对下顺槽巷道顶板进行加固， 并在该下顺槽巷道顶板工作面一侧向上钻设用来 预裂爆破的多个聚能孔；
(3) 进行回采， 直至形成采空区， 巷道消失；
(4)在采空区原下顺槽位置的顶板的对应聚能孔位置进行爆破， 在顶板靠近开采面 的一侧形成沿整个原下顺槽巷道且上下延伸的定向切缝；
(5)来自采空区上部深层岩层的压力使开采面顶板断裂下沉， 原下顺槽巷道位置重 新成为巷道；
(6) 以原下顺槽巷道位置自动形成的巷道作为下一开采面的上顺槽巷道， 并挖掘相 对该上顺槽巷道的下顺槽巷道， 形成新的开采面；
(7) 重复所述步骤 （2) - (6) ， 连续开采煤炭， 直至该煤层开采完毕。
2.如权利要求 1所述的长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法， 其特征在于， 所述步骤（2)中还 包括如下步骤： 在下顺槽巷道的顶板上安装传感器， 并有线传输到地面， 对下顺槽巷道状 态进行远程实时监测。
3.如权利要求 1所述的长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法， 其特征在于， 所述步骤（2)中采 用恒阻大变形锚杆对作为下顺槽的巷道顶板进行加固。
4.如权利要求 1所述的长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法， 其特征在于， 所述步骤（4)中采 用双向聚能预裂爆破方法进行定向切缝。
5.如权利要求 1所述的长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法， 其特征在于， 所述步骤（1 )与步 骤 （6) 中， 还需要对巷道进行防漏防火处理。
6.如权利要求 2所述的长壁工作面无煤柱开采方法， 其特征在于， 所述步骤（2)中传 感器包括顶板离层仪与锚杆受力仪。
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