WO2013156858A1 - Materials and methods for prevention and treatment of viral infections - Google Patents

Materials and methods for prevention and treatment of viral infections Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013156858A1
WO2013156858A1 PCT/IB2013/001074 IB2013001074W WO2013156858A1 WO 2013156858 A1 WO2013156858 A1 WO 2013156858A1 IB 2013001074 W IB2013001074 W IB 2013001074W WO 2013156858 A1 WO2013156858 A1 WO 2013156858A1
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Prior art keywords
compound
formula
alkyl
haloalkyl
amino
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PCT/IB2013/001074
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French (fr)
Inventor
Allan Sik Yin LAU
Lai Hung Cindy Yang
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Versitech Ltd
Purapharm Co Ltd
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Versitech Ltd
Purapharm Co Ltd
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Priority to CA2867257A priority Critical patent/CA2867257A1/en
Priority to AU2013250891A priority patent/AU2013250891B2/en
Priority to KR20147032375A priority patent/KR20150030643A/en
Priority to HK15107041.7A priority patent/HK1206594A1/en
Priority to CN201380020901.0A priority patent/CN104244943A/en
Priority to HK15105629.1A priority patent/HK1205676A1/en
Priority to EP13778767.7A priority patent/EP2838526A4/en
Priority to JP2015506320A priority patent/JP6195902B2/en
Publication of WO2013156858A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013156858A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
    • C07H15/18—Acyclic radicals, substituted by carbocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/351—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with another ring
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7012—Compounds having a free or esterified carboxyl group attached, directly or through a carbon chain, to a carbon atom of the saccharide radical, e.g. glucuronic acid, neuraminic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7024—Esters of saccharides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
    • A61K31/7032—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a polyol, i.e. compounds having two or more free or esterified hydroxy groups, including the hydroxy group involved in the glycosidic linkage, e.g. monoglucosyldiacylglycerides, lactobionic acid, gangliosides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7048—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin, digitoxin or digoxin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/16—Antivirals for RNA viruses for influenza or rhinoviruses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D309/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D309/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D309/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D309/10—Oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
    • C07H15/26—Acyclic or carbocyclic radicals, substituted by hetero rings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • Viral infections are responsible for many acute and chronic life-threatening diseases. It is estimated that about 33.4 million people are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. In addition, an estimated 2 billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus, and 600,000 people die each year due to the acute or chronic consequences of the infection. Influenza is one of the most widely spread viral infections worldwide.
  • Major influenza A pandemics include the Asian flu pandemic in 1957 (H2N2), the Hong Kong flu pandemic in 1968 (H3N2), the re-emergence of HlNl (Russian flu) in 1970, the H5N1 bird flu in 1997 and 2003, and the outbreak of the swine flu (HlNl) in April 2009.
  • the present invention provides novel and advantageous materials and methods for preventing and/or treating viral infection.
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula I, having the following structure:
  • Rj - Rj 3 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula II, having the following structure:
  • R] - R are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
  • the compound of formula II is:
  • the present invention provides compounds of fomiula III, having the following structure:
  • Ri - R ⁇ are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
  • the compound of formula III is:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula IV, having the following structure:
  • i - R 8 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
  • the compound of formula IV is:
  • the present invention also provides therapeutic compositions, comprising an isolated or substantially pure compound selected from formula I to formula IV, or a salt thereof, and optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also provided are uses of the compounds and compositions of the present invention for prevention and/or treatment of viral infection.
  • the present invention provides novel and advantageous materials and methods for preventing and/or treating viral infection in a subject.
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention are formulated for oral administration.
  • the present invention provides compounds having a chemical structure represented by formula I to formula IV.
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula I, having the following structure:
  • R - R 13 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
  • one or more of R] - Ri 3 of formula 1 are selected from -H, -OH, -CH 3 , or -OCH 3 .
  • the compound of formula I is:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula II, having the following structure:
  • R ⁇ - R 9 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
  • one or more of Ri - R 9 of formula II are selected from -H, -OH, -CH 3 , or -OCH 3 .
  • the compound of formula II is:
  • Ri - R are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
  • one or more of Ri - R9 of formula III are selected from -H, -OH, -CH 3 , or -OCH3.
  • the compound of formula III is:
  • the compound of formula III is:
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula IV, having the following structure:
  • Ri - R 8 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
  • one or more of Ri - R 8 of formula IV are selected from -H, -OH, -CH 3 , or -OCH 3 .
  • the compound of formula IV is:
  • the compound of formula IV is:
  • Alkyl means linear saturated monovalent radicals of one to eight carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent of three to eight carbon atoms. It may include hydrocarbon radicals of one to four or one to three carbon atoms, which may be linear. Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and the like.
  • the alkyl group is a linear or branched chain C] to C 6 alkyl group, Q to C5 alkyl group, Q to C 4 alkyl group, Cj to C 3 alkyl group, ethyl, or methyl group.
  • hydrocarbon or “hydrocarbyl” refers to organic compounds or radicals consisting exclusively of the elements carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbyl includes alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl moieties.
  • acyl means a radical -C(0)R wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • R group of the radical -C(0)R is a Cj to C 4 alkyl.
  • acyl groups include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, and ethylcarbonyl.
  • halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
  • hydroxy means the radical -OH.
  • substituted refers to an embodiment wherein at least one hydrogen atom of a compound or chemical moiety is replaced with a second chemical moiety.
  • substituents are those found in the exemplary compounds and embodiments disclosed herein, as well as halogen; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; hydroxy; alkoxyl; amino; haloalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl); and -COOH. All chemical groups disclosed herein can be substituted, unless it is specified otherwise.
  • substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl moieties described herein are moieties that are substituted with a second chemical moiety such as a hydrocarbyl moiety, halo, alkoxy, and -COOH.
  • Substituted alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxylalkyl, and aminoalkyl.
  • haloalkyl means alkyl substituted with one or more same or different halo atoms.
  • Representative examples of haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, -CH 2 C1, -C3 ⁇ 4Br, -CF 3 , -CH2CH2CI, and -CH 2 CC1 3 .
  • amino refers to -NH 2 .
  • alkylamino means a radical -NHR or -NR 2 where each R is independently an alkyl group.
  • the alkyl group of alkylamino is a Ci to C 4 alkyl.
  • Representative examples of alkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, methylamino, (l-methylethyl)amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, methylethyl amino, and di(l-methyethyl)amino.
  • hydroxyalkyl means an alkyl radical as defined herein, substituted with one or more, preferably one, two or three hydroxy groups.
  • hydroxyalkyl is a C ⁇ to C 6 alkyl, or preferably a C ⁇ to C 4 alkyl, substituted with one or more hydroxy groups.
  • Representative examples of hydroxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, l -(hydroxymethy])-2-methylpropyl, 2 -hydroxy butyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl,
  • alkoxy refers to the radical -OR x , wherein R x is a Cj to C 6 alkyl group. In one embodiment, R x is a Ci to C 4 alkyl group. Exemplary alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, and propoxy.
  • the present invention pertains to isolated or substantially pure compounds represented by formula I to formula IV.
  • isolated refers to compounds that have been removed from any environment in which they may exist in nature. For example, an isolated compound would not refer to the compound as it exists in plants from which the compound can be isolated.
  • the compounds of the present invention are at least 75% pure, preferably at least 90% pure, more preferably are more than 95% pure, and most preferably are more than 99% pure (substantially pure).
  • the present invention further embodies stereoisomers of the compounds.
  • stereoisomer encompasses all enantiomerically/stereomerically pure and enantiomerically/stereomerically enriched compounds disclosed herein.
  • the present invention pertains to enantiomeric forms of the compounds.
  • the enantiomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are substantially free from one another (i.e., in enantiomeric excess).
  • the "R” forms of the compounds are substantially free from the “S” forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the "S” forms.
  • "S” forms of the compounds are substantially free of "R” forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the "R” forms.
  • the enantiomeric compounds are at least about in 80% enantiomeric excess. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 90% enantiomeric excess.
  • the compounds are in at least about 95% enantiomeric excess. In an even more preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 97.5% enantiomeric excess. In a most preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 99% enantiomeric excess.
  • the present invention also encompasses salts, solvates, hydrates, and polymorphs of the compounds of formula I to formula IV, and uses thereof.
  • the compounds useful according to the present invention do not include the compounds disclosed in International Application No.: PCT/IB2010/003482, entitled “Materials and Methods for Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections.”
  • the compounds of formula I to formula IV have anti-viral activity.
  • the present invention provides uses of the compounds of formula I to formula IV, and salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs thereof, as well as compositions comprising these compounds, for preventing and/or treating viral infection.
  • the method comprises administering, to a subject in need of such prevention and/or a treatment, an effective amount of a composition comprising a compound selected from formula I or formula IV, or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or polymorph thereof.
  • subject describes an organism, including mammals such as primates, to which treatment with the compositions according to the present invention can be provided.
  • Mammalian species that can benefit from the disclosed methods of treatment include, but are not limited to, apes, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, monkeys; and other animals such as dogs, cats, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters.
  • antiviral includes but is not limited to, preventing, inhibiting, suppressing, reducing, adversely impacting, and/or interfering with the growth, survival, replication, function, and/or dissemination of a virus.
  • treatment includes but is not limited to, alleviating or ameliorating a symptom of a disease or condition, and/or reducing the severity of a disease or condition.
  • prevention or any grammatical variation thereof (e.g. , prevent, preventing, etc.), as used herein, includes but is not limited to, delaying the onset of symptoms, preventing relapse to a disease, decreasing the number or frequency of relapse episodes, increasing latency between symptomatic episodes, or a combination thereof.
  • an effective amount refers to an amount that is capable of treating, ameliorating, or preventing a disease or condition or otherwise capable of producing an intended therapeutic effect.
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention are useful for preventing and/or treating infections caused by influenza viruses, including but not limited to, any of the subtypes of influenza A, influenza B, or influenza C.
  • the subject compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and therapeutic methods are useful for preventing and/or treating infections caused by influenza A viruses, including but not limited to, any of the strains of H1N1 , H1N2, H1N3 , H1N4, H1N5, H1N6, H1N7, H1N8, H1N9, H2N1 , H2N2, H2N3, H2N4, H2N5, H2N6, H2N7, H2N8, H2N9, H3N1 , H3N2, H3N3, H3N4, H3N5, H3N6, H3N7, H3N8, H3N9, H4N 1 , H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6, H5N7, H5N8, H5N9, H6N1 , H6N2, H6N3, H6N4, H6N5, H6N6, H6N7, H6N8, H6N9, H7N1 , H6N2, H6N
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention are useful for preventing and/or treating infections caused by influenza A viruses, including but not limited to, H1N1 (A/HK/54/98, oseltamivir-sensitive strain), H1N1 (A/Vicotria/07159200/07, oseltamivir-resistant strain), H9N2 (A/Quail/HK Gl/97), H3N2 (A/H3N2/1174/99), H5Nl (A/H5Nl/97), H1N1 (A/54/98), H9N2/G1 , and H6N 1 (A/Teal/HK W312/97).
  • H1N1 A/HK/54/98, oseltamivir-sensitive strain
  • H1N1 A/Vicotria/07159200/07, oseltamivir-resistant strain
  • H9N2 A/Quail/HK Gl/97
  • H3N2 A/H3N2
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention are useful for preventing and/or treating infections caused by viruses, including but not limited to, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, HIV virus; hepatitis viruses including hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E virus, hepatitis F virus, and hepatitis G virus; oncoviruses; human papilloma virus (HPV); human T-lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-1); bovine leukemia virus (BIN); Epstein-Barr virus; herpes simplex virus 1 ; herpes simplex virus 2; coronavirus; and poliovirus.
  • viruses including but not limited to, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, HIV virus; hepatitis viruses including hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E virus
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention are useful for preventing and/or treating infections caused by pathogens, including but not limited to, bacteria, fungi, parasitic microorganisms, and protozoan.
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention are useful for treating fever in a subject.
  • the present invention also provides for a therapeutic method by administering therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions in a form that can be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compound may be, for example, isolated or substantially pure.
  • carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the compound is administered.
  • Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum oil such as mineral oil, vegetable oil such as peanut oil, soybean oil, and sesame oil, animal oil, or oil of synthetic origin. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
  • Suitable methods of administration include, but are not limited to, oral, inhalation, or parenteral administration including intravenous, subcutaneous, topical, transdermal, intradermal, transmucosal, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection, infusion, and electroporation, as well as co-administration as a component of any medical device or object to be inserted (temporarily or permanently) into a subject.
  • parenteral administration including intravenous, subcutaneous, topical, transdermal, intradermal, transmucosal, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection, infusion
  • the subject method further comprises administering to a subject a second anti-viral agent, including but not limited to, compounds such as adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors, zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, and seltamivir; interferons: nucleotides; siRNAs; or any of the combination thereof; and wherein the second antiviral agent can be administered prior to, subsequent to, or simultaneous with the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the subject invention.
  • a second anti-viral agent including but not limited to, compounds such as adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors, zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, and seltamivir; interferons: nucleotides; siRNAs; or any of the combination thereof.
  • the subject method further comprises administering to a subject a second anti-viral agent, selected from the group consisting of zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, seltamivir, and any of the combination thereof; wherein the second antiviral agent can be administered prior to, subsequent to, or simultaneous with the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the subject invention.
  • a second anti-viral agent selected from the group consisting of zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, seltamivir, and any of the combination thereof; wherein the second antiviral agent can be administered prior to, subsequent to, or simultaneous with the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the subject invention.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like.
  • the therapeutic composition if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like.
  • the composition can be formulated with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides.
  • compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic composition, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient.
  • suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin.
  • Such compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic composition, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient.
  • the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
  • the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for local injection administration to human beings.
  • compositions for local injection administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer.
  • the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lidocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection.
  • the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent.
  • an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
  • compositions of the invention can be formulated as neutral or salt forms.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, acetate, aspartate, citrate, fumarate, hippurate, hydrochloride, lactate salt, malate salt, phosphate, sulfate, hemi-sulfate, tartrate, gluconate, maleate, and succinate salt.
  • the present invention also provides for the modification of the compound such that it is more stable once administered to a subject, i.e., once administered it has a longer time period of effectiveness as compared to the unmodified compound.
  • modifications are well known to those of skill in the art, e.g., microencapsulation, etc.
  • the amount of the therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition of the invention which is effective in the treatment of a particular disease, condition or disorder will depend on the nature of the disease, condition or disorder and can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In general, the dosage ranges from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease, condition or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
  • the effective mg/kg dosage in rats is divided by six.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients, e.g., compound, carrier suitable for administration.

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Description

DESCRIPTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF VIRAL INFECTIONS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Viral infections are responsible for many acute and chronic life-threatening diseases. It is estimated that about 33.4 million people are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. In addition, an estimated 2 billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus, and 600,000 people die each year due to the acute or chronic consequences of the infection. Influenza is one of the most widely spread viral infections worldwide. Major influenza A pandemics include the Asian flu pandemic in 1957 (H2N2), the Hong Kong flu pandemic in 1968 (H3N2), the re-emergence of HlNl (Russian flu) in 1970, the H5N1 bird flu in 1997 and 2003, and the outbreak of the swine flu (HlNl) in April 2009.
Despite extensive efforts, the development of effective anti-viral drugs has largely been empirical. Further, as virus strains change over time, the emergence of resistant mutants further diminishes the efficacy of existing anti-viral agents. Therefore, the development of additional novel anti- viral therapeutics is needed.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides novel and advantageous materials and methods for preventing and/or treating viral infection.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of formula I, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000002_0001
wherein Rj - Rj3 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
Figure imgf000003_0001
(£)-(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenetho 3-
(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of formula II, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000003_0002
wherein R] - R are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
In a specific embodiment, the compound of formula II is:
Figure imgf000003_0003
(£)-(2R,3S,4R,5,S*)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyltetrahydro-2 /-pyran-3-yl 3-(3,4- dihydroxypheny])acrylate In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of fomiula III, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000004_0001
wherein Ri - R^ are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
In a specific embodiment, the compound of formula III is:
Figure imgf000004_0002
(2 ?,3 ?,45',6i?)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethoxy)-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of formula IV, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000004_0003
wherein i - R8 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
In a specific embodiment, the compound of formula IV is:
Figure imgf000005_0001
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-(((2S,4S,5S)-4,5-dity^
2N-pyran-3,4,5-triol
The present invention also provides therapeutic compositions, comprising an isolated or substantially pure compound selected from formula I to formula IV, or a salt thereof, and optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also provided are uses of the compounds and compositions of the present invention for prevention and/or treatment of viral infection.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides novel and advantageous materials and methods for preventing and/or treating viral infection in a subject. Preferably, the compounds and compositions of the present invention are formulated for oral administration.
In one aspect, the present invention provides compounds having a chemical structure represented by formula I to formula IV.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of formula I, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000006_0001
wherein R - R13 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
In certain embodiments, one or more of R] - Ri3 of formula 1 are selected from -H, -OH, -CH3, or -OCH3.
In a specific embodiment, the compound of formula I is:
Figure imgf000006_0002
a further specific embodiment, the compound of formula I
Figure imgf000006_0003
(£)-(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethoxy)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-^ 3-
(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of formula II, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000007_0001
wherein R\ - R9 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
In certain embodiments, one or more of Ri - R9 of formula II are selected from -H, -OH, -CH3, or -OCH3.
In a specific embodiment, the compound of formula II is:
Figure imgf000007_0002
Figure imgf000007_0003
(E)-(2i?,35,4 ?,55)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl 3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of formula III, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000008_0001
wherein Ri - R are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
In certain embodiments, one or more of Ri - R9 of formula III are selected from -H, -OH, -CH3, or -OCH3.
In a specific embodiment, the compound of formula III is:
Figure imgf000008_0002
In a further specific embodiment, the compound of formula III is:
Figure imgf000008_0003
(2jl?,3jl?,4lS,,6y?)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethoxy)-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of formula IV, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000009_0001
wherein Ri - R8 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
In certain embodiments, one or more of Ri - R8 of formula IV are selected from -H, -OH, -CH3, or -OCH3.
In a specific embodiment, the compound of formula IV is:
Figure imgf000009_0002
In a further specific embodiment, the compound of formula IV is:
Figure imgf000010_0001
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-(((2S,4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methoxy)-6
2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
"Alkyl" means linear saturated monovalent radicals of one to eight carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent of three to eight carbon atoms. It may include hydrocarbon radicals of one to four or one to three carbon atoms, which may be linear. Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and the like. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is a linear or branched chain C] to C6 alkyl group, Q to C5 alkyl group, Q to C4 alkyl group, Cj to C3 alkyl group, ethyl, or methyl group.
The term "hydrocarbon" or "hydrocarbyl" refers to organic compounds or radicals consisting exclusively of the elements carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbyl includes alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl moieties.
The term "acyl" means a radical -C(0)R wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl. In one embodiment, the R group of the radical -C(0)R is a Cj to C4 alkyl. Examples of acyl groups include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, and ethylcarbonyl.
The term "halo" means fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
The term "hydroxy" means the radical -OH.
The term "substituted," as used herein, refers to an embodiment wherein at least one hydrogen atom of a compound or chemical moiety is replaced with a second chemical moiety. Non-limiting examples of substituents are those found in the exemplary compounds and embodiments disclosed herein, as well as halogen; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; hydroxy; alkoxyl; amino; haloalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl); and -COOH. All chemical groups disclosed herein can be substituted, unless it is specified otherwise. For example, "substituted" alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl moieties described herein are moieties that are substituted with a second chemical moiety such as a hydrocarbyl moiety, halo, alkoxy, and -COOH. Substituted alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxylalkyl, and aminoalkyl.
The term "haloalkyl" means alkyl substituted with one or more same or different halo atoms. Representative examples of haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, -CH2C1, -C¾Br, -CF3, -CH2CH2CI, and -CH2CC13.
The term "amino," as used herein, refers to -NH2 .
The term "alkylamino" means a radical -NHR or -NR2 where each R is independently an alkyl group. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group of alkylamino is a Ci to C4 alkyl. Representative examples of alkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, methylamino, (l-methylethyl)amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, methylethyl amino, and di(l-methyethyl)amino.
The term "hydroxyalkyl" means an alkyl radical as defined herein, substituted with one or more, preferably one, two or three hydroxy groups. In certain embodiments, hydroxyalkyl is a C\ to C6 alkyl, or preferably a C\ to C4 alkyl, substituted with one or more hydroxy groups. Representative examples of hydroxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, l -(hydroxymethy])-2-methylpropyl, 2 -hydroxy butyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl,
2.3- dihydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxy- l - hydroxymethylethyl, 2,3-dihydroxybutyl,
3.4- dihydroxybutyl and 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3 -hydroxy-propyl, preferably 2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3- dihydroxypropyl, and l -(hydroxymethyl)2-hydroxyethyl.
The term "alkoxy," as used herein, refers to the radical -ORx , wherein Rx is a Cj to C6 alkyl group. In one embodiment, Rx is a Ci to C4 alkyl group. Exemplary alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, and propoxy.
In certain embodiments, the present invention pertains to isolated or substantially pure compounds represented by formula I to formula IV. The term "substantially pure," as used herein, refers to more than 99% pure.
As used herein, "isolated" refers to compounds that have been removed from any environment in which they may exist in nature. For example, an isolated compound would not refer to the compound as it exists in plants from which the compound can be isolated. In preferred embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are at least 75% pure, preferably at least 90% pure, more preferably are more than 95% pure, and most preferably are more than 99% pure (substantially pure).
The present invention further embodies stereoisomers of the compounds. The term
"stereoisomer" encompasses all enantiomerically/stereomerically pure and enantiomerically/stereomerically enriched compounds disclosed herein.
In one embodiment, the present invention pertains to enantiomeric forms of the compounds. The enantiomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are substantially free from one another (i.e., in enantiomeric excess). In other words, the "R" forms of the compounds are substantially free from the "S" forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the "S" forms. Conversely, "S" forms of the compounds are substantially free of "R" forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the "R" forms. In one embodiment of the invention, the enantiomeric compounds are at least about in 80% enantiomeric excess. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 90% enantiomeric excess. In a more preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 95% enantiomeric excess. In an even more preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 97.5% enantiomeric excess. In a most preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 99% enantiomeric excess.
The present invention also encompasses salts, solvates, hydrates, and polymorphs of the compounds of formula I to formula IV, and uses thereof.
In one embodiment, the compounds useful according to the present invention do not include the compounds disclosed in International Application No.: PCT/IB2010/003482, entitled "Materials and Methods for Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections."
In one embodiment, the compounds of formula I to formula IV have anti-viral activity.
In another aspect, the present invention provides uses of the compounds of formula I to formula IV, and salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs thereof, as well as compositions comprising these compounds, for preventing and/or treating viral infection. In one embodiment, the method comprises administering, to a subject in need of such prevention and/or a treatment, an effective amount of a composition comprising a compound selected from formula I or formula IV, or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or polymorph thereof. The term "subject," as used herein, describes an organism, including mammals such as primates, to which treatment with the compositions according to the present invention can be provided. Mammalian species that can benefit from the disclosed methods of treatment include, but are not limited to, apes, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, monkeys; and other animals such as dogs, cats, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters.
The term "antiviral," as used herein, includes but is not limited to, preventing, inhibiting, suppressing, reducing, adversely impacting, and/or interfering with the growth, survival, replication, function, and/or dissemination of a virus.
The term "treatment" or any grammatical variation thereof (e.g. , treat, treating, etc.), as used herein, includes but is not limited to, alleviating or ameliorating a symptom of a disease or condition, and/or reducing the severity of a disease or condition.
The term "prevention" or any grammatical variation thereof (e.g. , prevent, preventing, etc.), as used herein, includes but is not limited to, delaying the onset of symptoms, preventing relapse to a disease, decreasing the number or frequency of relapse episodes, increasing latency between symptomatic episodes, or a combination thereof.
The term "effective amount," as used herein, refers to an amount that is capable of treating, ameliorating, or preventing a disease or condition or otherwise capable of producing an intended therapeutic effect.
In one embodiment, the compounds and compositions of the present invention are useful for preventing and/or treating infections caused by influenza viruses, including but not limited to, any of the subtypes of influenza A, influenza B, or influenza C.
In one embodiment, the subject compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and therapeutic methods are useful for preventing and/or treating infections caused by influenza A viruses, including but not limited to, any of the strains of H1N1 , H1N2, H1N3 , H1N4, H1N5, H1N6, H1N7, H1N8, H1N9, H2N1 , H2N2, H2N3, H2N4, H2N5, H2N6, H2N7, H2N8, H2N9, H3N1 , H3N2, H3N3, H3N4, H3N5, H3N6, H3N7, H3N8, H3N9, H4N 1 , H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6, H5N7, H5N8, H5N9, H6N1 , H6N2, H6N3, H6N4, H6N5, H6N6, H6N7, H6N8, H6N9, H7N1 , H7N2, H7N3, H7N4, H7N5, H7N6, H7N7, H7N8, H7N9, H8N1 , H8N2, H8N3, H8N4, H8N5, H8N6, H8N7, H8N8, H8N9, H9N1 , H9N2, H9N3, H9N4, H9N5, H9N6, H9N7, H9N8, H9N9, H10N1 , H10N2, H10N3, H10N4, H10N5, H10N6, H10N7, H10N8, H10N9, H11N1 , H11N2, H11N3, H11N4, H 1 1N5, H1 1N6, H1 1N7, H11N8, H11N9, H12N1 , H12N2, H12N3, H12N4, H12N5, H12N6, H12N7, H12N8, H12N9, H13N1 , H13N2, H13N3, H13N4, H13N5, H13N6, H13N7, H13N8, H13N9, H14N1 , H14N2, H 14N3, H14N4, H14N5, H14N6, H14N7, H14N8, H14N9, H15N1 , H15N2, H15N3, H 15N4, II15N5, H15N6, H1N7, H15N8, and H15N9.
In another specific embodiment, the compounds and compositions of the present invention are useful for preventing and/or treating infections caused by influenza A viruses, including but not limited to, H1N1 (A/HK/54/98, oseltamivir-sensitive strain), H1N1 (A/Vicotria/07159200/07, oseltamivir-resistant strain), H9N2 (A/Quail/HK Gl/97), H3N2 (A/H3N2/1174/99), H5Nl (A/H5Nl/97), H1N1 (A/54/98), H9N2/G1 , and H6N 1 (A/Teal/HK W312/97).
In another specific embodiment, the compounds and compositions of the present invention are useful for preventing and/or treating infections caused by viruses, including but not limited to, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, HIV virus; hepatitis viruses including hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E virus, hepatitis F virus, and hepatitis G virus; oncoviruses; human papilloma virus (HPV); human T-lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-1); bovine leukemia virus (BIN); Epstein-Barr virus; herpes simplex virus 1 ; herpes simplex virus 2; coronavirus; and poliovirus.
In addition, the compounds and compositions of the present invention are useful for preventing and/or treating infections caused by pathogens, including but not limited to, bacteria, fungi, parasitic microorganisms, and protozoan.
In one embodiment, the compounds and compositions of the present invention are useful for treating fever in a subject.
The present invention also provides for a therapeutic method by administering therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions in a form that can be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In this context, the compound may be, for example, isolated or substantially pure. The term "carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the compound is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum oil such as mineral oil, vegetable oil such as peanut oil, soybean oil, and sesame oil, animal oil, or oil of synthetic origin. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable methods of administration include, but are not limited to, oral, inhalation, or parenteral administration including intravenous, subcutaneous, topical, transdermal, intradermal, transmucosal, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection, infusion, and electroporation, as well as co-administration as a component of any medical device or object to be inserted (temporarily or permanently) into a subject.
In one embodiment, the subject method further comprises administering to a subject a second anti-viral agent, including but not limited to, compounds such as adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors, zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, and seltamivir; interferons: nucleotides; siRNAs; or any of the combination thereof; and wherein the second antiviral agent can be administered prior to, subsequent to, or simultaneous with the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the subject invention.
In a specific embodiment, the subject method further comprises administering to a subject a second anti-viral agent, selected from the group consisting of zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, seltamivir, and any of the combination thereof; wherein the second antiviral agent can be administered prior to, subsequent to, or simultaneous with the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the subject invention.
Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The therapeutic composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. The composition can be formulated with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences" by E. W. Martin. Such compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic composition, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode of administration.
In one embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for local injection administration to human beings. Typically, compositions for local injection administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lidocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
The therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be formulated as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, acetate, aspartate, citrate, fumarate, hippurate, hydrochloride, lactate salt, malate salt, phosphate, sulfate, hemi-sulfate, tartrate, gluconate, maleate, and succinate salt.
The present invention also provides for the modification of the compound such that it is more stable once administered to a subject, i.e., once administered it has a longer time period of effectiveness as compared to the unmodified compound. Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art, e.g., microencapsulation, etc.
The amount of the therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition of the invention which is effective in the treatment of a particular disease, condition or disorder will depend on the nature of the disease, condition or disorder and can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In general, the dosage ranges from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease, condition or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. For example, in order to obtain an effective mg/kg dose for humans based on data generated from rat studies, the effective mg/kg dosage in rats is divided by six. The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients, e.g., compound, carrier suitable for administration.
All references, including publications, patent applications and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference was individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and was set forth in its entirety herein.
The terms "a" and "an" and "the" and similar referents as used in the context of describing the invention are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.
Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. Unless otherwise stated, all exact values provided herein are representative of corresponding approximate values (e.g., all exact exemplary values provided with respect to a particular factor or measurement can be considered to also provide a corresponding approximate measurement, modified by "about," where appropriate).
The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise indicated. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any element is essential to the practice of the invention unless as much is explicitly stated.
The description herein of any aspect or embodiment of the invention using terms such as "comprising", "having", "including" or "containing" with reference to an element or elements is intended to provide support for a similar aspect or embodiment of the invention that "consists of, "consists essentially of, or "substantially comprises" that particular element or elements, unless otherwise stated or clearly contradicted by context (e.g. , a composition described herein as comprising a particular element should be understood as also describing a composition consisting of that element, unless otherwise stated or clearly contradicted by context). It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application.

Claims

CLAIMS We claim:
1. A compound, including salts thereof, wherein the compound has a structure selected from formula I to formula IV:
a) formula I:
Figure imgf000019_0001
(I)wherein Ri - R] 3 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH;
b) formula II:
Figure imgf000019_0002
wherein Ri - Rg are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH;
c) formula III:
Figure imgf000020_0001
wherein R] - Rg are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH;
d) formula IV:
Figure imgf000020_0002
wherein R] - R8 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
2. The compound of claim 1, having a structure of formula I:
Figure imgf000021_0001
wherein Rj - R13 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
3. The compound of claim 2, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000021_0002
4. The compound of claim 3, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000022_0001
5. The compound of claim 1 , having a structure of formula II:
Figure imgf000022_0002
wherein Ri - R9 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
6. The compound of claim 5, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000022_0003
7. The compound of claim 6, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000023_0001
(E)-(2JR,3iS,4i?,5,S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl 3-(3!4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate
8. The compound of claim 1, having a structure of formula III:
Figure imgf000023_0002
wherein Ri - R9 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
9. The compound of claim 8, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000024_0001
10. The compound of claim 9, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000024_0002
(2i?,3i?,4,S',6i?)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethoxy)-6-methyltetrahydro-2 /-pyran-3,4-diol
11. The compound of claim 1 , having a structure of formula IV:
Figure imgf000024_0003
wherein R] - R8 are, independently -H, -OH, acyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, thiol, cyano or -COOH.
12. The compound of claim 11, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000025_0001
13. The compound of claim 12, having the following structure:
Figure imgf000025_0002
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-(((2S,4S,5S)-4,5-dihydro
2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
14. A therapeutic composition, comprising a compound of claim 1 , including salts thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
15. A method for preventing and/or treating a viral infection, comprising administering, to a subject in need of such prevention and/or treatment, an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 , including salts thereof.
16. The method of claim 15, used to prevent or treat an influenza virus infection.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the compound is selected from:
Figure imgf000026_0001
Figure imgf000026_0002
Figure imgf000026_0003
Figure imgf000027_0001
18. The method of claim 15, wherein the compound is selected from:
Figure imgf000027_0002
(£ (2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethoxy)-4,^^ 3-
(3 ,4-d ihy droxypheny l)acry late
Figure imgf000028_0001
Figure imgf000028_0002
(2i?,3i?,4iS,6 ?)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethoxy
Figure imgf000028_0003
(27? «,4«,5i?,6S)-2-(((2S,4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxytetrahydro-2H^yran-2-yl)methoxy)-6-methyltetrahydro-
2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
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