WO2013176620A1 - Method of recovering values from aluminium dross - Google Patents

Method of recovering values from aluminium dross Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013176620A1
WO2013176620A1 PCT/SE2013/050604 SE2013050604W WO2013176620A1 WO 2013176620 A1 WO2013176620 A1 WO 2013176620A1 SE 2013050604 W SE2013050604 W SE 2013050604W WO 2013176620 A1 WO2013176620 A1 WO 2013176620A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
water
dross
range
saturation
salt solution
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/SE2013/050604
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French (fr)
Inventor
Lidong Teng
Mai ZHAND
Seshadri Seetharaman
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SALT EXTRACTION AB
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SALT EXTRACTION AB
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Filing date
Publication date
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Priority to US14/403,621 priority Critical patent/US20150159237A1/en
Priority to EP13794267.8A priority patent/EP2855720A4/en
Publication of WO2013176620A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013176620A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
    • C22B7/006—Wet processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
    • C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
    • C01C1/26—Carbonates or bicarbonates of ammonium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B21/00—Obtaining aluminium
    • C22B21/0015—Obtaining aluminium by wet processes
    • C22B21/0023—Obtaining aluminium by wet processes from waste materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B21/00—Obtaining aluminium
    • C22B21/0038—Obtaining aluminium by other processes
    • C22B21/0069—Obtaining aluminium by other processes from scrap, skimmings or any secondary source aluminium, e.g. recovery of alloy constituents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
    • C22B7/04—Working-up slag
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/10—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions
    • Y02P10/122—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions by capturing or storing CO2
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of recovering values from aluminum dross.
  • Aluminum dross is a by-product from aluminum smelting. If the aluminum content in the dross is sufficiently high the dross can be melted to recover metallic aluminum. The residue from remelting the dross is sometime called a salt cake. In the present application the term aluminum dross also includes salt cakes from aluminum dross.
  • the common ingredients of aluminum dross are NaCl , KC1, A1 2 0 3 , A1N, MgO, Si0 2 and entrapped metallic aluminum, which could be as high as 5 wt % or more.
  • the dross contains some water-soluble compounds, which react with water or environmental humidity and release chlorides and/or generate toxic gases in particular NH 3 . Depositing the dross or using them as landfill can therefore have a negative environmental impact. Aluminum and other metals present in the dross may also leach to the environment.
  • Another object of the invention is to recover values from aluminum dross.
  • At least one of the objects is at least to some extent solved by the method as defined in the claims.
  • the method comprises the steps of: al) dissolving the aluminum dross in water thereby forming a salt solution, NH 3 containing gas, and solid residues;
  • ammonium carbonate and/or ammonium bicarbonate By reacting the NH 3 containing gas in C0 2 containing water ammonium carbonate and/or ammonium bicarbonate is formed.
  • the resulting aqueous solution will contain almost entirely the ammonium carbonates/bicarbonates, free of salt, and can be used as a fertilizer. Alternately, water can be evaporated to produce solid ammonium carbonate. However, it is preferred to maintain it as liquid fertilizers since, as known in the art, liquid fertilizers have several advantages over solid fertilizers.
  • the remaining salt solution including solid residues is less harmful to the environment than the original aluminum dross, and can be further treated to further reduce its environmental impact as well as to recover additional values therefrom. Furthermore, the method can be used to capture C0 2 gas to reduce emissions of C0 2 to air from a C0 2 emitting source.
  • the method additionally includes the step:
  • residues from the dross such as e.g. oxides of Al, Mg, Si and metallic aluminum can be handled separately.
  • the residues can be used to produce ceramic materials, preferably alumnium oxynitrides such as SiAlON, MgSiAlON. Nitrogen can be reinstated by heat treating the residues in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the residues may also be reused as slag formers in melting metallurgy.
  • the method additionally includes the step:
  • Water is preferably evaporated after removing solid residues. After evaporation, salt components such as NaCl and KCl remain. Smaller amounts (typically less than 10 % by weight) of CaF 2 may also be present depending on the composition of the dross.
  • the recovered salt components can, for instance, be reused in aluminum smelting process
  • the C0 2 containing water is saturated to at least 40 % of maximum C0 2 saturation, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 80%, most preferably fully saturated. Higher saturation of C0 2 facilitates the formation of ammonium carbonate and/or ammonium bicarbonate.
  • step cl the C0 2 is bubbled through the water to maintain sufficient levels of C0 2 saturation. Thereby the desired state facilitating formation of ammonium carbonate and/or ammonium bicarbonate is maintained.
  • A1N reacts with water through hydrolysis forming NH 4+ /NH 3 .
  • the dross may additionally contain components such as NaCl, KCl, Al, A1 2 0 3 , Si0 2 , Si, CaF 2 , MgO, Fe 2 0 3 , CaO.
  • A1 2 0 3 is around 30-60 wt%, A1N 5-15 wt%, NaCl+KCl 20-50 wt%, MgO ⁇ 10 wt%, Si+Si0 2 ⁇ 10 wt%, Fe 2 0 3 ⁇ 5 wt%, Al ⁇ 10 wt%, CaO ⁇ 5 wt%.
  • the dross may contain traces of A1P, AI4C3 and CaF 2 . If A1P is present PH 3 gas may also evaporate and producing phosphate when reacting with H 2 0 and H 3 that will add value
  • the temperature, when dissolving the dross in water is held above 80 °C, preferably the water is boiling. Increasing temperatures facilitates the releasing of ammonia gas to gas phase. In C0 2 -free boiling water ammonia gas will be released to gas phase almost completely. The ammonia gas is accompanied by steam emission as well.
  • step al) the solution is stirred during dissolving.
  • the duration of the dissolving step al) is in the range of 0.5-10 hours, preferably 1-4 hours.
  • step cl the mole ratio between C0 2 /NH 3 is controlled to be > 0.53, preferably >0.6. Thereby formation of ammonium bicarbonate is facilitated.
  • the temperature of the C0 2 containing water is held in the range of 10- 50 °C, preferably in the range of 15-30° C.
  • the water in step al) may be deionized.
  • the solid-liquid ratio is in the range of 1 :4 to 1 : 100, preferably in the range of 1 : 10 to 1 :30.
  • the aluminum dross may be crushed and/or milled and/or ground before being dissolved in step al).
  • the method comprises the steps of: a2) dissolving the aluminum dross in C0 2 containing water saturated to at least 20 % of maximum C0 2 saturation, thereby forming a salt solution, and solid residues; and b2) separating the solid residues from the salt solution.
  • the C0 2 saturation prevents hydrolysis of A1N and thereby formation of H 3 gas.
  • H 3 produced can be effectively absorbed by the formation of H 4 HC0 3 species in the aqueous salt solution.
  • Dissolving in C0 2 - saturated water enables the selective dissolution removal of the chlorides by forming a salt solution without affecting A1N, which will remain in the solid residue.
  • This is an alternative way of using C0 2 -containing water to reduce the environmental impacts of aluminum dross and recover values therefrom. Both methods address the issue of H 3 .
  • the solid residues may include oxides of Al, Mg, Si, A1N and metallic aluminum.
  • the residues can be used to produce ceramic materials, preferably alumnium oxynitrides such as SiAlON, MgSiAlON, or they may also be reused as slag formers and/or as alloying additives in melting metallurgy.
  • the method additionally comprises the step:
  • the method additionally comprises the step:
  • the C0 2 containing water saturated to at least 40 % of maximum C0 2 saturation preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 80%, most preferably fully saturated.
  • Higher C0 2 saturation is better for preventing AIN to react with water as well as for capturing any formed NH 3 .
  • step a2) the C0 2 is bubbled through the water to maintain sufficient levels of C0 2 saturation. Thereby the C0 2 saturation can be maintained at desired levels.
  • the solid-liquid ratio is in the range of 1 :4 to 1 : 100, preferably in the range of 1 : 10 to 1 :30.
  • the temperature of the C0 2 containing water is held in the range of 10-80 °C, preferably in the range of 15-50 °C.
  • step a2) the solution is stirred during dissolving.
  • the duration of the dissolving step a2) is in the range of 0.5-10 hours, preferably 1-4 hours.
  • the aluminum dross may be crushed and/or milled and/or ground before being dissolved in step a2).

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Description

Method of recovering values from aluminium dross
TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention relates to a method of recovering values from aluminum dross. BACKGROUND
Aluminum dross is a by-product from aluminum smelting. If the aluminum content in the dross is sufficiently high the dross can be melted to recover metallic aluminum. The residue from remelting the dross is sometime called a salt cake. In the present application the term aluminum dross also includes salt cakes from aluminum dross. The common ingredients of aluminum dross are NaCl , KC1, A1203, A1N, MgO, Si02 and entrapped metallic aluminum, which could be as high as 5 wt % or more. The dross contains some water-soluble compounds, which react with water or environmental humidity and release chlorides and/or generate toxic gases in particular NH3. Depositing the dross or using them as landfill can therefore have a negative environmental impact. Aluminum and other metals present in the dross may also leach to the environment.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to reduce environmental impact from aluminum dross.
Another object of the invention is to recover values from aluminum dross.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
At least one of the objects is at least to some extent solved by the method as defined in the claims.
According to one embodiment of the invention the method comprises the steps of: al) dissolving the aluminum dross in water thereby forming a salt solution, NH3 containing gas, and solid residues;
bl) separating the NH3 containing gas; and
cl) reacting the NH3 containing gas with C02 in C02 containing water saturated to at least 20 % of maximum C02 saturation to form ammonium carbonate and/or ammonium bicarbonate.
By reacting the NH3 containing gas in C02 containing water ammonium carbonate and/or ammonium bicarbonate is formed. The resulting aqueous solution will contain almost entirely the ammonium carbonates/bicarbonates, free of salt, and can be used as a fertilizer. Alternately, water can be evaporated to produce solid ammonium carbonate. However, it is preferred to maintain it as liquid fertilizers since, as known in the art, liquid fertilizers have several advantages over solid fertilizers.
The remaining salt solution including solid residues is less harmful to the environment than the original aluminum dross, and can be further treated to further reduce its environmental impact as well as to recover additional values therefrom. Furthermore, the method can be used to capture C02 gas to reduce emissions of C02 to air from a C02 emitting source.
Preferably the method additionally includes the step:
dl) separating solid residues from the salt solution;
Thereby solid residues from the dross such as e.g. oxides of Al, Mg, Si and metallic aluminum can be handled separately. For instance the residues can be used to produce ceramic materials, preferably alumnium oxynitrides such as SiAlON, MgSiAlON. Nitrogen can be reinstated by heat treating the residues in a nitrogen atmosphere. The residues may also be reused as slag formers in melting metallurgy.
Preferably the method additionally includes the step:
el) Evaporating water from the salt solution and reclaiming the salt components.
Water is preferably evaporated after removing solid residues. After evaporation, salt components such as NaCl and KCl remain. Smaller amounts (typically less than 10 % by weight) of CaF2 may also be present depending on the composition of the dross. The recovered salt components can, for instance, be reused in aluminum smelting process
Preferably in step cl) the C02 containing water is saturated to at least 40 % of maximum C02 saturation, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 80%, most preferably fully saturated. Higher saturation of C02 facilitates the formation of ammonium carbonate and/or ammonium bicarbonate.
Preferably in step cl) the C02 is bubbled through the water to maintain sufficient levels of C02 saturation. Thereby the desired state facilitating formation of ammonium carbonate and/or ammonium bicarbonate is maintained.
The dross and contains nitrogen containing components, in particular A1N. A1N reacts with water through hydrolysis forming NH4+/NH3.The dross may additionally contain components such as NaCl, KCl, Al, A1203, Si02, Si, CaF2, MgO, Fe203, CaO. Typically A1203 is around 30-60 wt%, A1N 5-15 wt%, NaCl+KCl 20-50 wt%, MgO < 10 wt%, Si+Si02 < 10 wt%, Fe203 < 5 wt%, Al < 10 wt%, CaO < 5 wt%. The dross may contain traces of A1P, AI4C3 and CaF2. If A1P is present PH3 gas may also evaporate and producing phosphate when reacting with H20 and H3 that will add value to the fertilizer.
The temperature, when dissolving the dross in water is held above 80 °C, preferably the water is boiling. Increasing temperatures facilitates the releasing of ammonia gas to gas phase. In C02-free boiling water ammonia gas will be released to gas phase almost completely. The ammonia gas is accompanied by steam emission as well.
Preferably in step al) the solution is stirred during dissolving. Preferably the duration of the dissolving step al) is in the range of 0.5-10 hours, preferably 1-4 hours.
Preferably in step cl) the mole ratio between C02/NH3 is controlled to be > 0.53, preferably >0.6. Thereby formation of ammonium bicarbonate is facilitated.
Preferably in step cl) the temperature of the C02 containing water is held in the range of 10- 50 °C, preferably in the range of 15-30° C.
The water in step al) may be deionized.
Preferably, in step al) the solid-liquid ratio is in the range of 1 :4 to 1 : 100, preferably in the range of 1 : 10 to 1 :30.
Of course, the aluminum dross may be crushed and/or milled and/or ground before being dissolved in step al).
According to another embodiment of the invention the method comprises the steps of: a2) dissolving the aluminum dross in C02 containing water saturated to at least 20 % of maximum C02 saturation, thereby forming a salt solution, and solid residues; and b2) separating the solid residues from the salt solution. The C02 saturation prevents hydrolysis of A1N and thereby formation of H3 gas.
Additionally small amount of H3 produced can be effectively absorbed by the formation of H4HC03 species in the aqueous salt solution. Dissolving in C02- saturated water enables the selective dissolution removal of the chlorides by forming a salt solution without affecting A1N, which will remain in the solid residue. In other words, this is an alternative way of using C02-containing water to reduce the environmental impacts of aluminum dross and recover values therefrom. Both methods address the issue of H3. The solid residues may include oxides of Al, Mg, Si, A1N and metallic aluminum. The residues can be used to produce ceramic materials, preferably alumnium oxynitrides such as SiAlON, MgSiAlON, or they may also be reused as slag formers and/or as alloying additives in melting metallurgy.
Preferably the method additionally comprises the step:
c2) evaporating water from the salt solution and reclaiming the salt components;
Water is preferably evaporated after removing solid residues. After evaporating salt components such as NaCl and KC1 remain. Smaller amounts (typically less than 10 % by weight) of CaF2 may also be present depending on the composition of the dross. The recovered salt components can for instance be reused in aluminum smelting process Preferably the method additionally comprises the step:
d2) forming aluminum oxynitride from the solid residues, in particular silicon aluminum oxynitride or magnesium silicon aluminum oxynitride.
Preferably in step a2), the C02 containing water saturated to at least 40 % of maximum C02 saturation, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 80%, most preferably fully saturated. Higher C02 saturation is better for preventing AIN to react with water as well as for capturing any formed NH3.
Preferably in step a2), the C02 is bubbled through the water to maintain sufficient levels of C02 saturation. Thereby the C02 saturation can be maintained at desired levels.
Preferably, in step a2) the solid-liquid ratio is in the range of 1 :4 to 1 : 100, preferably in the range of 1 : 10 to 1 :30.
Preferably in step a2) the temperature of the C02 containing water is held in the range of 10-80 °C, preferably in the range of 15-50 °C.
Preferably in step a2) the solution is stirred during dissolving.
Preferably the duration of the dissolving step a2) is in the range of 0.5-10 hours, preferably 1-4 hours.
Of course, the aluminum dross may be crushed and/or milled and/or ground before being dissolved in step a2).

Claims

1. Method of recovering values from aluminum dross comprising the steps of: al) dissolving the aluminum dross in water thereby forming a salt solution, H3 containing gas, and solid residues;
bl) separating the H3 containing gas; and
cl) reacting the H3 containing gas with C02 in C02 containing water saturated to at least 20 % of maximum C02 saturation to form ammonium carbonate and/or ammonium bicarbonate.
2. Method according to claim 1 wherein the method additionally comprises one ore more of the following steps:
dl) separating solid residues from the salt solution;
el) evaporating water from the salt solution and reclaiming the salt components, and;
fl) forming aluminum oxynitride from the solid residues such as silicon aluminum oxynitride ands/or magnesium silicon aluminum oxynitride.
3. Method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein in step cl) the C02 containing water is saturated to at least 40 % of maximum C02 saturation, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 80%, most preferably fully saturated.
4. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein in step cl) C02 is bubbled through the water to maintain sufficient levels of C02 saturation.
Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dross contains at least one nitrogen containing component, in particular A1N.
6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the temperature in step al) when dissolving the dross in water is held above 80 °C, preferably the water is boiling.
7. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the in step cl) the mole ratio between C02/NH3 is controlled to be > 0.53, preferably >0.6.
8. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the in step cl) the temperature of the C02 containing water is held in the range of 10-50 °C, preferably in the range of 15-30 °C.
9. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein in step al) the solid-liquid ratio is in the range of 1 :4 to 1 : 100, preferably in the range of 1 : 10 to 1 :30.
10. Method of recovering values from aluminum dross comprising the steps of: a2) dissolving the aluminum dross in C02 containing water saturated to at least
20 % of maximum C02 saturation, thereby forming a salt solution, and solid residues; and
b2) separating the solid residues from the salt solution.
11. Method according to claim 10, wherein the method additionally comprises one ore more of the following steps:
c2) evaporating water from the salt solution and reclaiming the salt components; d2) forming aluminum oxynitride from the solid residues.
12. Method according to claim 10 or 11 wherein the aluminum oxynitride is silicon aluminum oxynitride or magnesium silicon aluminum oxynitride.
13. Method according to any one of claims 10 -12, wherein the C02 containing water saturated to at least 40 % of maximum C02 saturation, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 80%, most preferably fully saturated.
14. Method according to any one of claims 10-13, wherein the C02 is bubbled
through the water to maintain sufficient levels of C02 saturation.
15. Method according to any one of claims 10 -14, wherein in step a2) the
temperature of the C02 containing water is held in the range of 10-80 °C, preferably in the range of 15-50 °C.
16. Method according to any one of claims 10 -16, wherein in step a2) the solid- liquid ratio is in the range of 1 :4 to 1 : 100, preferably in the range of 1 : 10 to 1 :30.
PCT/SE2013/050604 2012-05-25 2013-05-27 Method of recovering values from aluminium dross Ceased WO2013176620A1 (en)

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US14/403,621 US20150159237A1 (en) 2012-05-25 2013-05-27 Method of recovering values from aluminium dross
EP13794267.8A EP2855720A4 (en) 2012-05-25 2013-05-27 Method of recovering values from aluminium dross

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SE1250535 2012-05-25
SE1250535-0 2012-05-25

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JP7076736B2 (en) * 2019-03-06 2022-05-30 株式会社スズムラ Aluminum dross treatment equipment and aluminum dross treatment method
CN113999078A (en) * 2021-12-07 2022-02-01 马鞍山市绿科环保科技有限公司 Method for preparing nitrogen fertilizer by using cast solid waste
JP7728052B1 (en) * 2025-03-07 2025-08-22 三神工業有限会社 Aluminum dross processing machine

Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS62278120A (en) * 1986-05-27 1987-12-03 Hiroshi Matsuno Treatment of aluminum dross

Family Cites Families (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5554532A (en) * 1978-10-17 1980-04-21 Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd Ammonia recovering method

Patent Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS62278120A (en) * 1986-05-27 1987-12-03 Hiroshi Matsuno Treatment of aluminum dross

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
LI, P.: "Leaching Process Investigation of Secondary Aluminum Dross: The Effect of C02 on Leaching Process of Salt Cake from Aluminum Remelting Process", METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B, vol. 43, no. 5, October 2012 (2012-10-01), pages 1220 - 1230, XP035112278 *
LI, P.: "Recycling of Aluminum Salt Cake: Utilization of Evolved Ammonia", METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B, vol. 44, no. 1, February 2013 (2013-02-01), pages 16 - 19, XP055163243 *
MIYAMOTO, Y.: "Ecomaterials synthesis and recycling by nitriding combustion", CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 7, no. 3, June 2003 (2003-06-01), pages 241 - 245, XP055163244 *
PENG LI ET AL.: "METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B", vol. 43, 17 May 2012, SPRINGERVERLAG, article "Leaching Process Investigation of Secondary Aluminum Dross: The Effect of CO on Leaching Process of Salt Cake from Aluminum Remelting Process", pages: 1220 - 1230
See also references of EP2855720A4 *

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US20150159237A1 (en) 2015-06-11
EP2855720A1 (en) 2015-04-08

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