WO2014072575A1

WO2014072575A1 - Cooling arrangement for a gas turbine

Info

Publication number: WO2014072575A1
Application number: PCT/FI2013/051040
Authority: WO
Inventors: Esa SAARI; Jaakko Larjola; Juha Honkatukia
Original assignee: Lappeenranta University of Technology
Current assignee: Lappeenranta University of Technology
Priority date: 2012-11-12
Filing date: 2013-11-05
Publication date: 2014-05-15
Anticipated expiration: 2015-05-12
Also published as: EP2917507A4; FI20120378L; HK1213034A1; CN105189936B; EP2917507A1; US20150285146A1; CN105189936A; FI127043B; US9765695B2

Abstract

A gas turbine arrangement, comprising a gas generator section (A), a power turbine section (B), and a generator section (C) coupled on a common shaft (10). The power turbine has its bearing block (12) provided with a copper cooling cup (9), which possesses a high thermal conductivity and conveys heat flux away from the side and block of the bearing and which has a design that enables the effect of a penetrating airflow.

Description

Cooling arrangement for a gas turbine

The invention relates to a micro gas turbine, including a so-called gas genera- tor which produces a hot exhaust gas under pressure, and a power turbine which drives an actual output-producing generator. The gas generator draws in large amounts of ambient air.

Making up a gas turbine from a gas generator and a power turbine involves technology known as such. Hence, the starting point is usually a so-called pure jet engine (i.e. an aircraft engine without a bypass fan), wherein the combustion gas pressure prior to a jet nozzle is an overpressure of 0,3-0,9 bar. The jet nozzle is removed and the combustion gas under pressure is allowed to expand in a separate power turbine which drives a generator. Thereby, a jet en- gine producing just propulsion has been successfully converted into an electric power-producing gas turbine. Such a gas turbine is commonly referred to as an aeroderivative gas turbine with plenty of these in service i.a. as backup power plants. What is typical for such aeroderivative gas turbines is that the manufacturer of a power turbine and a generator is a relatively small business, while the manufacturer of a jet engine used as a gas generator is a major company making thousands of such articles a year. The reason for this is that, because of extremely high temperatures, the gas generator is very difficult to manufacture, whereas the power turbine, as a result of distinctly lower temperatures, is clearly easier to both design and manufacture. The benefit of aeroderivative gas turbines is an attractive price by virtue of the gas generator being produced in large series, the downside being more maintenance demand and a shorter technical service life than those of so-called industrial gas turbines.

The design solution presented by the invention pertains to a so-called micro gas turbine operating on this principle. The micro gas turbines generally refer to a low capacity gas turbine with a typical output of less than 100 kW in distinc- tion to traditional gas turbines with an output typically in the order of 5000- 20000 kW. The smallest commercially manufactured micro gas turbine is probably the smallest model of a company called Capstone, which has an output of about 30 kW. The gas turbine contemplated in this invention has an output as low as 6 kW, which represents a breakthrough. Subsequently, it will be referred to as an ultra-micro gas turbine.

An advantage offered by the very small gas turbine or ultra-micro gas turbine over the combustion engine of equal capacity is its light weight (as much as five times lighter) and omnivorousness in terms of fuel (suitable fuels include e.g. fuel oil, bio-oil, and alcohol). A downside is the efficiency clearly poorer than in the combustion engine, especially in the absence of a recuperator. Hence, the ultra-micro gas turbine is appropriate for duties, wherein quite a high output is required over a relatively short time and it is desirable that this particular power unit be portable by a single person even in difficult terrain. Such applications can be found i.a. in fire and rescue service, disaster relief efforts, music festivals, air force, guerilla warfare units, and miscellaneous repair jobs regarding e.g. railways. Because of its low output, the ultra-micro gas turbine must be simple and inexpensive, yet reliable in operation. For example, the lubrication of power turbine generator bearings cannot be performed by way of traditional circulating oil lubrication, but grease-lubricated bearings will have to do. Thus, in a power turbine, the turbine-side generator bearing must be cooled with special ar- rangements as the turbine disc is hot (500 ). Beca use of grease lubrication, the temperature of this particular bearing may not be higher than about 110 . Likewise, the cooling of a generator and the entire unit must be conducted in a manner as simple, inexpensive and reliable as possible. A particular object of this invention is to raise the available prior art by presenting such an ultra-micro gas turbine cooling arrangement which fulfills the requirements set out in the preceding paragraph. - The available prior art can be found e.g. in patent publications EP 0187486 A1 , US 3418485 A, GB 529799 A, US 3287907 A, and US 3605441 A.

The turbocharger arrangement according to the invention is primarily character- ized in that a bearing block 12 of the power turbine is provided with a copper cooling cup 9, which possesses a high thermal conductivity and removes heat flux from the bearing side and block, and the design of which enables the effect of a penetrating airflow. In addition, the turbine disc is mounted on a generator shaft by means of a thin-walled cup 6 (figs. 1 and 2) made from stainless steel (poor thermal conductor), which also functions as a cooling air blower. Thus, as little heat as possible is conducted to the shaft from a turbine disc 7.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the generator is cooled by using a suitable channeling for conducting an intake air 19 for the gas generator 1 by way of air inlets 2 through a generator section C, on the one hand along channels 3 outside the stator, on the other hand through an air gap 4. The area ratio of these channels is selected in such a way that the resulting pressure drop in intake air is as insignificant as possible, yet in such a way that the cooling for surfaces defining the air gap is sufficient. At the same time, the intake air pro- vides cooling for electronics 14 (a frequency converter or a rectifier, because the generator produces high frequency current) present at a cold end of the generator.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a turbine-side end 13 of the generator shaft (fig. 3) can be made from stainless steel (poor thermal conductor) and connected with a tight interference fit to the rest of a rotor 10 (which must be made of a magnetic material).

Further characterizing features of the invention become apparent from the appended claims.

The structural solution according to the invention provides numerous benefits. The bearing assembly for a power turbine-generator shaft can be established by using inexpensive grease-lubricated bearings with no need for an expensive and heavy-duty circulating oil lubrication system. Furthermore, it enables the generator to be cooled in an effective and functionally reliable manner without a separate fan. This also provides a saving in the weight and enables the use of a very high power density in the generator, making the structures lighter and less expensive.

The invention and its operation will now be described with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings, wherein fig. 1 shows a generator cooling system according to one embodiment of the invention, fig. 2 shows a practice according to one embodiment of the invention to obstruct the transfer of heat from a turbine wheel to a bearing, fig. 3 shows a practice according to one embodiment of the invention to make a turbine-side end of the generator shaft from stainless steel. In fig. 1 , the gas turbine section has been defined with a dashed line and marked with letter A and the gas generator within that section has been marked with numeral 1. The power turbine section has been defined with a dashed line and marked with letter B. The generator section has been defined with a dashed line and marked with letter C. The ultra-micro gas turbine casing shown in fig. 1 is channeled in view of enabling the large amount of air (white arrows) drawn in by a gas generator to be conducted with pressure losses as insignificant as possible through the generator section C, thus subjecting the generator and electronics associated therewith to effective cooling. Some of the air is used for the cooling of a turbine-side bearing 8 (fig. 2). In addition to what is depicted in the figure, there is used insulation wool in a traditional way for impeding the conduction of heat, e.g. the space between a bearing block 12 and an exit channel cone being filled with insulation wool 16, Fig. 2 shows a structural solution, wherein the rotating turbine disc 7 generates a suction which draws in some of the intake air by way of holes 20 in the bearing block. This flow is further enhanced by vanes 6a present in the attachment cup 6. The discussed attachment cup is constructed from thin-walled stainless steel (poor thermal conductor) for the amount of heat conducted to the shaft from the turbine disc to be as insignificant as possible. The flow of air is visualized by white arrows. Fig. 3 shows a structural solution, wherein the generator shaft has its turbine- side end 13 made from stainless steel or other metal of poor thermal conduction and connected with a tight interference fit 21 to the rest of a rotor 10.

It should be appreciated that what is described above are just a few most pre- ferred embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, it is obvious that the invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiments but has a wide range of applications within the scope defined by the appended claims in connection with various micro gas turbines. Although the primary topic of discussion with regard to the invention has involved ultra-micro gas turbines, the invention is naturally applicable for larger gas turbines as well. Likewise, the features presented in connection with various embodiments can just as well be used within the basic concept of the invention in connection with other embodiments and/or the described features can be put together for various combinations in case this is desirable and technical possibilities are available.

Claims

1. A gas turbine arrangement (Fig. 1 ), comprising a gas generator section (A), a power turbine section (B), and a generator section (C) coupled on a common shaft (10) with the power turbine (B), characterized in that a bearing block (12) on the side towards the power turbine (B) is provided with a copper cooling cup (9), which possesses a high thermal conductivity and conveys heat flux away from the side and block of the bearing, and which has a design (i.a. an opena- ble mantle portion and perforation) that enables the effect of a penetrating airflow.

2. A gas turbine arrangement as set forth in claim 1 , characterized in that the power turbine has its turbine disc (7) mounted on the generator shaft (10) with a thin-walled cup (6) constructed from stainless steel or some other metal with a thermal conductivity substantially poorer than that of iron.

3. A gas turbine arrangement as set forth in claim 2, characterized in that said cup member (6) also functions as a cooling blower.

4. A gas turbine arrangement as set forth in claims 2 and 3, characterized in that said cooling blower effect has been achieved with vanes (6a) and holes (11 )·

5. A gas turbine arrangement as set forth in claim 1 , characterized in that the power turbine section (B) has its exhaust gas channels isolated from the bearing block (12) with a thermal insulation (16) and isolated from air ducts with a thermal insulation in a space (15).

6. A gas turbine arrangement as set forth in claim 1 , characterized in that the generator section (C) is cooled by using a suitable channeling (2-5, 17-19) for conducting the gas generator's intake air through the generator, on the one hand along channels (3) outside the stator, on the other hand through an air gap (4).

7. A gas turbine arrangement as set forth in claims 1 and 6, characterized in that the area ratio of the channels (3, 4) is selected in such a way that the resulting pressure drop in intake air (2) is as insignificant as possible, yet in such a way that the cooling for surfaces defining the air gap (4) is sufficient.

8. A gas turbine arrangement as set forth in claim 1 , characterized in that the electrical machine is provided with a permanent magnet rotor (10).

9. A gas turbine arrangement as set forth in claim 1 , characterized in that the generator rotor (10) has its turbine-side end (13) made from stainless steel or other metal with a thermal conductivity substantially poorer than that of iron and connected with a tight interference fit (21 ) to the generator rotor (10).