WO2014079298A1 - 超材料、超材料的制备方法及超材料的设计方法 - Google Patents

超材料、超材料的制备方法及超材料的设计方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014079298A1
WO2014079298A1 PCT/CN2013/085815 CN2013085815W WO2014079298A1 WO 2014079298 A1 WO2014079298 A1 WO 2014079298A1 CN 2013085815 W CN2013085815 W CN 2013085815W WO 2014079298 A1 WO2014079298 A1 WO 2014079298A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
metamaterial
electromagnetic
substrate
region
flexible
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Ceased
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PCT/CN2013/085815
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘若鹏
赵治亚
金晶
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Kuang Chi Innovative Technology Ltd
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Kuang Chi Innovative Technology Ltd
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Filing date
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Priority claimed from CN 201210470387 external-priority patent/CN102969573B/zh
Priority claimed from CN201210470377.4A external-priority patent/CN103001002B/zh
Priority claimed from CN 201210470406 external-priority patent/CN102983407B/zh
Application filed by Kuang Chi Innovative Technology Ltd filed Critical Kuang Chi Innovative Technology Ltd
Priority to EP13856505.6A priority Critical patent/EP2930788B1/en
Publication of WO2014079298A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014079298A1/zh
Priority to US14/716,891 priority patent/US9653815B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0086Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • H01Q1/425Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome comprising a metallic grid
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/40Radiating elements coated with or embedded in protective material
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • H01Q1/422Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome comprising two or more layers of dielectric material
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q17/00Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems
    • H01Q17/002Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems using short elongated elements as dissipative material, e.g. metallic threads or flake-like particles
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49016Antenna or wave energy "plumbing" making

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for preparing a metamaterial, a metamaterial, and a method for designing a metamaterial.
  • Metamaterials are a new type of artificial materials that have been developed to modulate electromagnetic waves in the past decade.
  • the basic principle is that the microstructures (or artificial "atoms") of artificially designed materials allow such microstructures to have specific electromagnetic properties. Characteristics, such that a material consisting of a large number of microstructures can macroscopically have the electromagnetic function that one desires.
  • metamaterial technology is based on the nature of materials and materials.
  • Metamaterials are typically attached to a substrate of a certain degree of mechanics and electromagnetism by a number of artificial microstructures. These microstructures with specific patterns and materials modulate the electromagnetic waves passing through a specific frequency band of their body.
  • the existing metamaterials such as the US patent “METAMATERIAL GRADIENT INDEX LENS”, which is published as “US7570432B1”, and the US patent “BROADBAND METAMATERIAL APPARTUS, METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER READABLE MEDIA", which has the publication number "US2010/0225562A1". ", all of which are formed by attaching microstructures to a substrate of a flat sheet.
  • the processing technology of attaching the microstructure to the substrate is relatively simple, and the processing technology in the field of the conventional PCB board, such as etching, drilling, ion etching, electronic engraving, etc., can be used.
  • the flat metamaterial brings the advantages of small size and thin thickness, it limits the application range of the super material.
  • the large part of the existing supermaterial's ability to respond to electromagnetic waves is determined by the microstructure.
  • the incident angle is 0 to 90°.
  • Electromagnetic waves have a wave-transparent effect, or polarization can be achieved for electromagnetic waves with a polarization angle of 0 to 90°.
  • a technical problem to be solved by the first aspect of the present invention is to provide a three-dimensional structure metamaterial having a simple processing technique and an excellent electromagnetic response effect in view of the above-mentioned deficiencies of the prior art.
  • the first aspect of the present invention solves the technical problem.
  • the technical solution adopted is to provide a three-dimensional structure metamaterial, comprising: at least one layer of formed substrate, at least one layer of flexible functional layer, and the flexible functional layer is disposed on the molding base
  • the surface of the material is disposed between the multilayered molding substrates; each of the flexible functional layers includes a flexible substrate composed of at least one flexible sub-substrate and a plurality of artificial microstructures responsive to electromagnetic waves disposed on each of the flexible sub-substrates
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial has an electromagnetic wave modulation function.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial comprises at least two layers of the flexible functional layer and at least two layers of the shaped substrate.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial comprises at least three layers of the flexible functional layer and at least three layers of the shaped substrate.
  • the shaped substrate is spaced apart from the flexible functional layer.
  • each flexible substrate is placed in close contact with each other, and the flexible functional layer is in close contact with the surface of the molded substrate.
  • the flexible substrate is a thermoplastic material or a thermoplastic composite to which flexible fibers are added.
  • the material of the flexible substrate is polyimide, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyarylate, PET film, PE film or PVC film.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can realize electromagnetic wave modulation function of wave-wave, absorbing, beam-forming, polarization-converting or pattern-modulating electromagnetic waves.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can achieve frequency selective transmission, frequency selective absorption, wide frequency transmission or wide frequency absorption of electromagnetic waves. Further, the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can realize vertical polarization to horizontal polarization, horizontal polarization to vertical polarization, horizontal polarization to circular polarization or circular polarization to horizontal polarization of electromagnetic waves. Further, the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can achieve beam divergence, beam convergence or beam deflection of electromagnetic waves. Further, the three-dimensional structure metamaterial surface is composed of at least two geometric regions that can be developed into a plane. Further, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region that can be expanded into a plane on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is less than 100.
  • the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region that can be expanded into a plane on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is less than 80. Further, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region that can be expanded into a plane on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is less than 50. Further, a ratio of a maximum Gaussian curvature to a minimum Gaussian curvature in a geometric region that can be expanded into a plane on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is less than 20.
  • a ratio of a maximum Gaussian curvature to a minimum Gaussian curvature in a geometric region that can be expanded into a plane on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is less than 10.
  • the flexible functional layer comprises a plurality of flexible sub-substrates, and one flexible sub-substrate corresponds to a plane after the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is unfolded.
  • the topologies of the artificial microstructures on different flexible sub-substrates are the same. Further, the topologies of the artificial microstructures on different flexible sub-substrates are different.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial includes a plurality of electromagnetic regions, and electromagnetic waves incident into each electromagnetic region have one or more electromagnetic parameter ranges; artificial microstructures in each electromagnetic region are incident on the electromagnetic region
  • the electromagnetic wave produces a preset electromagnetic response. Further, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of one or more electromagnetic parameters of the electromagnetic waves incident into each electromagnetic region is equal. Further, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of one or more electromagnetic parameters of the electromagnetic waves incident into each electromagnetic region is not equal.
  • each of the electromagnetic regions is located in a flexible sub-substrate, or each electromagnetic region spans a plurality of flexible sub-substrates.
  • the electromagnetic parameter ranges from an incident angle range, an axial ratio range, a phase value range, or an electromagnetic wave electric field incident angle range.
  • the artificial microstructures on at least one layer of the flexible functional layer in each electromagnetic region have the same topological shape and different sizes. Further, the artificial microstructure topography on the flexible functional layer in each electromagnetic region is the same. Further, the artificial microstructures on at least one layer of the flexible functional layer in each electromagnetic region are different from the artificial microstructure topologies of the other flexible functional layers.
  • the flexible substrate is further provided with a structure for enhancing its bonding force with the adjacent molding substrate layer. Further, the structure is a hole or a groove formed in a flexible substrate. Further, the artificial microstructure is a geometrically patterned structure of a conductive material.
  • the electrically conductive material is a metallic or non-metallic electrically conductive material.
  • the metal is gold, silver, copper, a gold alloy, a silver alloy, a copper alloy, a zinc alloy or an aluminum alloy.
  • the non-metallic conductive material is conductive graphite, indium tin oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide.
  • the geometric pattern of the artificial microstructure is square, snow, I-shaped, hexagonal, hexagonal, cross-shaped, cross-shaped, Y-shaped, Y-shaped, circular, or Round shape.
  • the thickness of each of the formed substrates is equal. Further, the thickness of each of the formed substrates is not equal.
  • the material of the shaped substrate is a fiber reinforced resin composite material or a fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composite material.
  • the fibers are glass fibers, quartz fibers, aramid fibers, polyethylene fibers, carbon fibers or polyester fibers.
  • the resin in the fiber-reinforced resin composite material is a thermosetting resin.
  • the thermosetting resin includes an epoxy type, a cyanate type, a bismaleimide resin, and a modified resin system or a mixed system thereof.
  • the resin in the fiber-reinforced resin composite material is a thermoplastic resin.
  • the thermoplastic resin includes polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, polyphenylene sulfide or polyester.
  • the ceramic comprises alumina, silica, cerium oxide, iron oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, cerium oxide, titanium oxide or a mixture of the above materials.
  • a first aspect of the invention also provides a radome, the radome being the three-dimensional structure metamaterial described above.
  • a first aspect of the invention also provides an absorbing material comprising the three-dimensional structural metamaterial described above.
  • the present invention also provides a filter comprising the above-described three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • the present invention also provides an antenna comprising the above-described three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • a first aspect of the invention also provides a polarizer comprising the three-dimensional structure metamaterial described above.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to the first aspect of the invention has simple preparation process, low processing cost, simple control of process precision, and can replace various structural parts having complex curved surfaces and requiring certain electromagnetic modulation functions, and can also be attached to The required electromagnetic modulation functions are implemented on various structural members with complex curved surfaces. Moreover, the three-dimensional structure metamaterial has better electromagnetic response and wider application range by means of surface expansion and electromagnetic division.
  • a technical problem to be solved by the second aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a three-dimensional structure metamaterial having a simple preparation process in view of the deficiencies of the prior art.
  • the technical solution adopted by the second aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a three-dimensional structure metamaterial, comprising the steps of: preparing a shaped substrate according to a three-dimensional structure metamaterial shape; and arranging the artificial microstructure on the flexible substrate Upper; attach the flexible substrate to the molding substrate; heat cure molding.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial comprises at least two layers of the flexible substrate and at least two layers of the shaped substrate.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial comprises at least a three-layer shaped substrate and a three-layer flexible substrate, and the flexible substrate is disposed between adjacent two-layer shaped substrates.
  • the molding substrate is spaced apart from the flexible substrate.
  • each flexible substrate is closely disposed, and the flexible functional layer is in close contact with the surface of the molded substrate.
  • the molding substrate is formed by laminating a plurality of prepreg layers composed of a resin and fibers.
  • the shaped substrate is made by coating a resin on a fiber cloth.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial surface is composed of at least two geometric regions that can be developed into a plane. Further, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region that can be expanded into a plane on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is less than 100.
  • the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region that can be expanded into a plane on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is less than 80. Further, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region that can be expanded into a plane on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is less than 50. Further, a ratio of a maximum Gaussian curvature to a minimum Gaussian curvature in a geometric region that can be expanded into a plane on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is less than 20.
  • a ratio of a maximum Gaussian curvature to a minimum Gaussian curvature in a geometric region that can be expanded into a plane on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is less than 10.
  • the flexible substrate is attached to the surface of the molding substrate by the following steps: expanding the three-dimensional structure metamaterial into a plurality of planes, and cutting the flexible substrate into a plurality of flexible sub-substrates corresponding to the plurality of planes, and attaching the flexible sub-substrate Attached to the corresponding surface area of the molded substrate.
  • the topologies of the artificial microstructures on different flexible sub-substrates are the same. Further, the topologies of the artificial microstructures on different flexible sub-substrates are different.
  • determining the artificial microstructure arrangement on the flexible substrate by: calculating one or more electromagnetic parameter values throughout the three-dimensional structure metamaterial; and dividing the three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to one or more electromagnetic parameter values a plurality of electromagnetic regions; each electromagnetic region corresponding to a parameter value range of one or more electromagnetic parameters; designing an artificial microstructure in each electromagnetic region such that a portion of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial corresponding to the electromagnetic region is relatively incident to the electromagnetic
  • the electromagnetic waves in the area generate a preset electromagnetic response. Further, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the electromagnetic wave parameter value range corresponding to each electromagnetic region is equal. Further, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the electromagnetic wave parameter value range corresponding to each electromagnetic region is not equal.
  • each of the electromagnetic regions is located in a flexible sub-substrate, or each electromagnetic region spans a plurality of flexible sub-substrates.
  • the electromagnetic parameter is an electromagnetic wave incident angle, an axial ratio, a phase value, or an electromagnetic wave electric field incident angle.
  • the artificial microstructures on at least one layer of the flexible functional layer in each electromagnetic region have the same topological shape and different sizes. Further, the artificial microstructure topography on the flexible functional layer in each electromagnetic region is the same. Further, the artificial microstructures on at least one layer of the flexible functional layer in each electromagnetic region are different from the artificial microstructure topologies of the other flexible functional layers. Further, the step of opening a hole or a groove in the flexible substrate is further included.
  • the artificial microstructure is a geometrically patterned structure of a conductive material. Further, the artificial microstructure is arranged on the flexible substrate by etching, drilling, electron etching or ion etching.
  • the conductive material is a metal or non-metal conductive material. Further, the metal is gold, silver, copper, a gold alloy, a silver alloy, a copper alloy, a zinc alloy or an aluminum alloy. Further, the non-metallic conductive material is conductive graphite, indium tin oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide.
  • the geometric pattern of the artificial microstructure is square, snowflake, I-shaped, hexagonal, hexagonal, cross-shaped, cross-shaped, Y-shaped, Y-shaped, circular-shaped Or a circular ring.
  • the flexible substrate material is polyimide, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyarylate, PET film, PE film or PVC film.
  • the fibers are glass fibers, quartz fibers, aramid fibers, polyethylene fibers, carbon fibers or polyester fibers.
  • the resin is a thermosetting resin.
  • the thermosetting resin includes an epoxy type, a cyanate type, a bismaleimide resin, and a modified resin system or a mixed system thereof.
  • the resin is a thermoplastic resin.
  • the thermoplastic resin includes polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, polyphenylene sulfide or polyester.
  • the second aspect of the present invention prepares a three-dimensional structure metamaterial by adopting a flexible substrate and a molding substrate, does not require three-dimensional engraving or etching steps, reduces process complexity, has low processing cost, and is simple in process precision control, and adopts the second aspect of the present invention.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial obtained by the preparation method can replace various structural parts having complex curved surfaces and requiring certain electromagnetic modulation functions, and can also be attached to various structural parts having complicated curved surfaces to realize the required electromagnetic modulation function.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial has better electromagnetic response and wider application range by means of surface expansion and electromagnetic division.
  • a technical problem to be solved by the third aspect of the present invention is to provide a metamaterial capable of widening the application range of the metamaterial in view of the deficiencies of the prior art.
  • the third aspect of the present invention solves the technical problem of the present invention by providing a metamaterial comprising: at least one substrate and a plurality of artificial microstructures disposed on a surface of each substrate; the metamaterial includes The plurality of electromagnetic regions, the electromagnetic waves incident into each of the electromagnetic regions have one or more ranges of electromagnetic parameters; the artificial microstructures in each of the electromagnetic regions generate a predetermined electromagnetic response to electromagnetic waves incident on the electromagnetic regions.
  • the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of one or more electromagnetic parameters of the electromagnetic waves incident into each electromagnetic region is equal. Further, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of one or more electromagnetic parameters of the electromagnetic waves incident into each electromagnetic region is not equal.
  • the electromagnetic parameter ranges from an incident angle range, an axial ratio range, a phase value range, or an electromagnetic wave electric field incident angle range.
  • the artificial microstructures on each electromagnetic region have the same topological shape and different sizes. Further, the topological shapes of the artificial microstructures on different electromagnetic regions are different.
  • the metamaterial comprises two or at least three layers of substrate. Further, the thickness of each layer of the substrate is different. Further, each layer of substrate has the same thickness.
  • each layer of the substrate is placed in close contact or each substrate is spaced apart.
  • the metamaterial can realize electromagnetic wave modulation function of wave-wave, absorbing, beam-forming, polarization-converting or pattern-modulating electromagnetic waves. Further, the metamaterial can achieve frequency selective transmission, frequency selective absorption, wide frequency transmission or wide frequency absorption of electromagnetic waves. Further, the metamaterial can realize vertical polarization to horizontal polarization, horizontal polarization to vertical polarization, horizontal polarization to circular polarization or circular polarization to horizontal polarization of electromagnetic waves. Further, the metamaterial can achieve beam divergence, beam convergence or beam deflection of electromagnetic waves. Further, the surface of the substrate is a flat surface.
  • the surface of the substrate is composed of at least two geometric regions that can be expanded into a plane.
  • the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region in which the surface of the substrate can be expanded into a plane is less than 100. Further, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region in which the surface of the substrate can be expanded into a plane is less than 80. Further, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region in which the surface of the substrate can be expanded into a plane is less than 50.
  • the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region in which the surface of the substrate can be expanded into a plane is less than 20. Further, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in the geometric region in which the surface of the substrate can be expanded into a plane is less than 10.
  • the artificial microstructure topography and size in each geometric region are not all the same.
  • the metamaterial further includes a plurality of flexible substrates, each flexible substrate corresponding to a geometric region of the surface of the substrate that can be developed into a plane, the artificial microstructure is attached to the flexible substrate, and the flexible substrate is attached On the surface of the substrate or between a plurality of substrates.
  • the substrate material is a ceramic material, a ferroelectric material, a ferrite material or a polymer material. Further, the substrate material is a prepreg composed of a resin and reinforcing fibers. Further, the reinforcing fibers are glass fibers, quartz fibers, aramid fibers, polyethylene fibers, carbon fibers or polyester fibers.
  • the resin is a thermosetting resin. Further, the thermosetting resin includes an epoxy type, a cyanate type, a bismaleimide resin, and a modified resin system or a mixed system thereof. Further, the resin is a thermoplastic resin. Further, the thermoplastic resin comprises polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, polyphenylene sulfide or polyester.
  • the artificial microstructure is a geometrically patterned structure of a conductive material.
  • the conductive material is a metal or non-metal conductive material.
  • the metal is gold, silver, copper, a gold alloy, a silver alloy, a copper alloy, a zinc alloy or an aluminum alloy.
  • the non-metallic conductive material is conductive graphite, indium tin oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide.
  • the geometric pattern of the artificial microstructure is square, snow, I-shaped, hexagonal, hexagonal, cross-shaped, cross-shaped, Y-shaped, Y-shaped, circular, or Round shape.
  • a third aspect of the present invention also provides a method for designing a metamaterial, comprising the steps of: calculating one or more electromagnetic parameter values throughout the metamaterial; dividing the metamaterial into a plurality of electromagnetic regions, each electromagnetic region corresponding One or more ranges of electromagnetic parameters; the artificial microstructure is designed for one or more ranges of electromagnetic parameters for each electromagnetic region such that each electromagnetic region is capable of producing a predetermined electromagnetic response. Further, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of one or more electromagnetic parameter ranges corresponding to each electromagnetic region is equal. Further, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of one or more electromagnetic parameter ranges corresponding to each electromagnetic region is equal.
  • the third aspect of the present invention further provides a radome, wherein the radome is the above-mentioned metamaterial, and the third aspect of the invention further provides an absorbing material.
  • the present invention further comprises a filter comprising the above-described metamaterial.
  • the third aspect of the invention further provides an antenna comprising the above-described metamaterial of the third aspect of the invention.
  • a polarization converter comprising the above-described metamaterial.
  • the third aspect of the invention divides the metamaterial into a plurality of electromagnetic regions, and the artificial microstructures in each electromagnetic region only need to respond to their corresponding electromagnetic parameter ranges. Electromagnetic waves, which simplifies the design of metamaterials and broadens the range of applications for metamaterials. Further, the third aspect of the present invention further attaches the artificial microstructure of each electromagnetic region to the surface of the curved substrate by means of curved surface expansion, so that the metamaterial of the third aspect of the present invention is not limited to the existing planar form. It can also replace various structural parts with complex curved surfaces and need certain electromagnetic modulation functions, and can also be attached to various structural parts with complex curved surfaces to realize the required electromagnetic modulation function. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.
  • FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • 3 is a schematic plan view of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial of FIG. 2 after being expanded according to a Gaussian curvature
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing an incident angle of an electromagnetic wave incident on a surface P of a three-dimensional structure supermaterial according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • 5 is a schematic structural view of a surface of a three-dimensional structure metamaterial divided into a plurality of electromagnetic regions according to an incident angle range according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • 3 is a schematic plan
  • 10 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
  • FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional view showing another preferred embodiment of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
  • Visual display is a schematic diagram of a cross-snow type artificial microstructure according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of another geometric figure of an artificial microstructure
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an artificial microstructure arrangement of a partial region on a flexible
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing geometrical division of a three-dimensional structure metamaterial simulation model according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 13 is a plan view showing a geometrical region of the division shown in FIG. 12
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic view showing an incident angle of an electromagnetic wave incident on a surface P of a three-dimensional structure supermaterial according to a second embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 16 is a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram showing the topological shape of an artificial microstructure in another embodiment of the second embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the second embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 19 is a perspective view of a super-material according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 20 is a perspective view of a super-material according to another embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 22 is a schematic view showing the incident angle of electromagnetic waves incident on a point P of the surface of the metamaterial shown in Figure 20
  • Figure 23 is a super-material according to a Gaussian curvature in a preferred embodiment of the third embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 24 is a schematic view showing a geometrical area of FIG. 23 expanded into a plane;
  • FIG. 25 is a schematic view showing a cross-snow type artificial microstructure according to a third embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 26 is a schematic view showing another topological shape of an artificial microstructure in a third embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 27 is a flow chart showing the steps of a method for designing a metamaterial according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1 , FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial comprises a multilayer molding substrate 10, a flexible functional layer 20 in close contact with the surface of the molding substrate 10, the flexible functional layer comprising a flexible substrate 21 composed of at least one flexible sub-substrate 210 and a setting A plurality of artificial microstructures 22 responsive to electromagnetic waves on each of the flexible sub-substrates 210; the three-dimensional structure metamaterials have an electromagnetic wave modulation function.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial may include at least two layers of flexible functional layers and at least two layers of shaped substrates. In a preferred embodiment, FIG.
  • the multilayer flexible functional layer 20 includes a three-layer shaped substrate 10 and a two-layer flexible functional layer 20 that maximizes the mechanical properties of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial, and that the multilayer flexible functional layer 20 Electromagnetic coupling is formed between adjacent flexible functional layers 20, and the response of the entire three-dimensional structural metamaterial to electromagnetic waves can be optimized by optimizing the distance between adjacent flexible functional layers 20.
  • the distance between the adjacent flexible functional layers 20 is the thickness of the molded substrate 10, so that the thickness of each of the molded substrates 10 can be adjusted as needed, that is, the thickness of the molded substrate 10 can be the same or different.
  • the flexible functional layer 20 is spaced apart from the molding substrate 10.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial two-layer molding substrate 10 includes a plurality of flexible functional layers 20, each flexible functional layer 20 is closely attached.
  • the adhesive functional layer is disposed on the surface of the molded substrate 10.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can be prepared by preparing an uncured molded substrate 10, attaching the flexible substrate to the uncured molded substrate 10, and then integrally curing.
  • the material of the molded substrate 10 may be a multilayer fiber reinforced resin composite material or a fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composite material.
  • the uncured shaped substrate 10 may be a multi-layered quartz fiber reinforced epoxy prepreg laid on the mold, or may be coated with a carbon fiber cloth on the mold and then coated with a polyester resin on the carbon fiber cloth and repeated.
  • the above process is formed.
  • the reinforcing fibers are not limited to the listed quartz fibers and carbon fibers, and may be glass fibers, aramid fibers, polyethylene fibers, polyester fibers, etc.; the above resins are not limited to the listed epoxy resins and polyester resins, and may also be used.
  • Other thermosetting resins or thermoplastic resins such as cyanate resins, bismaleimide resins, and modified resins or mixed systems thereof, may also be polyimide, polyetherether copper, polyether ether. Imine, polyphenylene sulfide or polyester;
  • the above ceramics include components such as alumina, silica, cerium oxide, iron oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, cerium oxide, titanium oxide, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
  • the flexible substrate may be a thermoplastic material or a thermoplastic composite material to which a flexible fiber is added.
  • the material of the flexible substrate may be polyimide, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyarylate, PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film, PE (Polyethylene) film or PVC (polyvinyl chloride) film.
  • the flexible fiber may be a polyester fiber, a polyethylene fiber or the like.
  • the flexible substrate 21 of the flexible functional layer 20 is provided with a structure for enhancing the bonding force between the flexible substrate and the adjacent molding substrate 10.
  • the structure may be a hook structure or a button structure or the like, and preferably one or more grooves or holes formed in the flexible substrate 21.
  • the structure is simple and no additional structure and process are required, and the structure for increasing the bonding force between the layers can be simultaneously formed when the molding substrate 10 is molded.
  • the flexible substrate 210 may form wrinkles in a part of the region, and the wrinkles may make the flexibility
  • the sub-substrate 210 is not closely attached and also affects the response of the artificial microstructure disposed on the flexible sub-substrate 210 to electromagnetic waves.
  • 2 is a schematic perspective view showing the three-dimensional structure metamaterial in a preferred embodiment.
  • the Gaussian curvature across the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial has a large difference and cannot be developed into a plane.
  • the embodiment divides the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial into a plurality of geometric regions, and each geometric region can be expanded into one plane, and each plane can correspond to one flexible sub-substrate 210.
  • the flexible sub-substrate 210 corresponding to each plane is attached to the surface area of the molding substrate, respectively.
  • each flexible sub-substrate 210 can be closely attached to the surface of the molding substrate without wrinkles, and the electromagnetic response of the flexible substrate formed by all the flexible sub-substrates 210 can meet the demand.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial surface is comprised of at least two geometric regions that are expandable into a plane.
  • the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is divided into a plurality of geometric regions as follows: The Gaussian curvature distribution of the three-dimensional structure supermaterial surface is analyzed, and the portion of the similar Gaussian curvature distribution is divided into a geometric region.
  • the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is generally divided into 5-15 geometric regions according to Gaussian curvature.
  • the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature is generally smaller than 100, or less than 80, less than 50 or less than 30, when the geometric region is divided.
  • the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in each geometric region is less than 20.
  • FIG. 2 shows a three-dimensional structure metamaterial divided into a plurality of geometric regions according to a Gaussian curvature.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is divided into five geometric regions Jl-J5 according to Gaussian curvature.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view showing a plurality of geometric regions in FIG. 2 after being unfolded.
  • the five geometric regions divided corresponding to Fig. 2 are correspondingly unfolded with five planes P1-P5.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic plan view showing a plurality of geometric regions in FIG. 2 after being unfolded.
  • the five geometric regions divided corresponding to Fig. 2 are correspondingly unfolded with five planes P1-P5.
  • the geometrical region with a longer length is cut into more Sub-plane.
  • Preparing a flexible sub-substrate according to the unfolded plane, and arranging the artificial microstructure on the flexible sub-substrate, and then affixing the plurality of flexible sub-substrates arranged with the artificial microstructure to the molding substrate according to the geometric region defined above The surface forms a three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • the artificial microstructure is formed on the flexible sub-substrate, so that the existing flat metamaterial preparation method can be used without using three-dimensional etching, engraving, etc., thereby saving cost, and the embodiment adopts the method of region division.
  • the plurality of flexible sub-substrates When a plurality of flexible sub-substrates are spliced to each other to form a flexible substrate, the plurality of flexible sub-substrates do not wrinkle, that is, the artificial microstructures are not twisted, thereby ensuring the process precision of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • the topological shape and size of the artificial microstructures on the plurality of flexible sub-substrates can be the same.
  • due to the irregular surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial there are differences in the values of the electromagnetic waves incident on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • the electromagnetic waves incident on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can be characterized by different electromagnetic parameters.
  • the electromagnetic waves incident on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can be characterized by the incident angle; and if the three-dimensional structure metamaterial needs to realize the beamforming function of converting electromagnetic waves into plane waves or concentrating and diverging electromagnetic waves, then incident
  • the electromagnetic wave to the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can be characterized by the phase value; if the three-dimensional structure metamaterial needs to realize the polarization mode of the electromagnetic wave, the electromagnetic wave incident on the surface of the three-dimensional structure supermaterial can be incident by the axial ratio or electric field. Characterized by angles.
  • multiple electromagnetic parameters can be used to characterize electromagnetic waves incident on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial. If the same artificial microstructure topology is used on the flexible substrate such that the artificial microstructure topology has an expected response to different parameter values of a certain electromagnetic parameter, the artificial microstructure design is too difficult or even impossible to implement.
  • three-dimensional structure metamaterials usually need to satisfy a variety of electromagnetic parameters in order to achieve a certain function. At this time, an electromagnetic response that meets different parameter values of a certain electromagnetic parameter can be designed to meet different electromagnetic parameters. The electromagnetic response of the artificial microstructure topology is the same as the difficulty.
  • the first embodiment of the present invention divides a three-dimensional structure metamaterial into a plurality of electromagnetic regions according to different electromagnetic parameter values of electromagnetic waves incident on different regions of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • Each electromagnetic region can correspond to a parameter value range of an electromagnetic parameter, and the topology of the artificial microstructure in the electromagnetic region is designed according to the parameter value range, thereby simplifying the design and making the three-dimensional structure super-materials have different pre-materials.
  • Set the electromagnetic response capability In the following, the three-dimensional structure metamaterial needs to have the same electromagnetic response to electromagnetic waves with different incident angles to introduce the electromagnetic region design method of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave incident on a point P of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can be defined by the manner shown in FIG. 4, that is, the electromagnetic wave incident at the point P is calculated from the information of the electromagnetic wave vector K and the normal of the tangent plane corresponding to the point P. Angle ⁇ .
  • the information of the wave is not limited to a certain angle value, but it can also be a range of angle values. According to the above manner, the incident angle values of all points on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial are obtained, and the three-dimensional structure supermaterial surface is divided into a plurality of electromagnetic regions according to the incident angle values of different points.
  • Figure 5 illustrates the manner in which the electromagnetic regions are divided in a particular embodiment. In Fig.
  • the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is divided into eight electromagnetic regions Ql-Q8 according to the division angle of the incident angle by 11°, that is, the electromagnetic region Q1 corresponds to an electromagnetic wave with an incident angle of 0°-11°, and the electromagnetic region Q2 corresponds to the incident.
  • the difference between the maximum and minimum incident angles of the electromagnetic regions is the same to simplify the design.
  • a topology of an artificial microstructure is known to have a good electromagnetic response to electromagnetic waves having an incident angle of 0°-30°, and may be divided into 0°-30° when dividing the electromagnetic region. 31°-40°, 41°-50°, and so on.
  • the specific division manner can be set according to specific requirements, and the present invention does not limit this.
  • the artificial microstructure shape of each electromagnetic region is designed for the incident angle range information of each electromagnetic region so that it satisfies the demand, such as absorbing electromagnetic waves, transmitting electromagnetic waves, and the like. Since the range of incident angles of each electromagnetic region is small, it is simple to design an artificial microstructure for the electromagnetic region.
  • the artificial microstructures of each of the electromagnetic regions have the same topology and different sizes. By gradually sizing the artificial microstructure of the same topology, it can meet the electromagnetic response requirements of an electromagnetic region, which can simplify the process and reduce the design cost. It is of course conceivable that the topology and size of the artificial microstructures in each electromagnetic region may be different as long as they satisfy the electromagnetic response required for the range of incident angles corresponding to the electromagnetic regions.
  • the electromagnetic region is a three-dimensional concept, that is, the boundary of each electromagnetic region shown in FIG. 5 is the boundary of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to the electromagnetic partition.
  • the boundaries of the electromagnetic zones on the multilayer flexible functional layer inside the three-dimensional structure metamaterial coincide.
  • the boundary of an electromagnetic region on the flexible functional layer ie, the electromagnetic field of an electromagnetic region mapped on the flexible functional layer
  • the boundary of the partition may be in a flexible sub-substrate or may span multiple flexible sub-substrates. That is to say, the geometric area and the electromagnetic area are two different ways of division, and the two are not necessarily related.
  • the artificial microstructures on at least one layer of the flexible functional layer in each electromagnetic region have the same topological shape and different sizes; or, artificial micros on the flexible functional layer in each electromagnetic region
  • the structural topological shapes are the same; or, the artificial microstructures on at least one layer of the flexible functional layer in each electromagnetic region are different from the artificial microstructure topologies of the other flexible functional layers.
  • the artificial microstructure can be a geometric pattern structure composed of a conductive material, and the artificial microstructure topological shape can be obtained by computer simulation, and different artificial microstructure topologies can be designed for different electromagnetic response requirements.
  • the geometric pattern may be a cross-snow type as shown in FIG. 6.
  • the cross-snow type microstructure includes a first metal line P1 and a second metal line P2 that are vertically halved from each other, and the first metal line P1 is connected to the same length at both ends.
  • Two first metal branches F1 the two ends of the first metal line PI are connected at a midpoint of the two first metal branches F1
  • the two ends of the second metal line P2 are connected with two second metals of the same length.
  • the branch F2 the two ends of the second metal line P2 are connected to the midpoints of the two second metal branches F2, and the lengths of the first metal branch F1 and the second metal branch F2 are equal.
  • the geometric pattern may also be the geometry shown in FIG. 7. In FIG.
  • the geometric pattern has a first main line Z1 and a second main line Z2 that are vertically bisected with each other.
  • the first main line Z1 and the second main line Z2 have the same shape and shape.
  • Two identical first right angled corner lines ZJ1 are connected to both ends of the main line Z1.
  • the first main line Z1 is connected at two ends of the two first right angled corner lines ZJ1, and the second main line Z2 is connected with two second right angles at both ends.
  • the angle line ZJ2 the two ends of the second main line Z2 are connected at the corners of the two second right angled corner lines ZJ2, the first right angle line ZJ1 and the second right angle line ZJ2 have the same shape, the first angle line ZJ1, the second The two corners of the right-angled corner line ZJ2 are respectively parallel to the horizontal line, and the first main line Z1 and the second main line Z2 are angle bisectors of the first right-angled corner line ZJ1 and the second right-angled corner line ZJ2.
  • the geometric pattern can also be other shapes, such as open circular, cross, I-shaped, square, hexagonal, hexagonal, cross-shaped, cross-shaped, Y-shaped, Y-shaped, circular-shaped , circular, etc.
  • the artificial microstructure material may be a metal conductive material or a non-metal conductive material, wherein the metal conductive material may be gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, or the like, or various gold alloys, aluminum alloys, zinc alloys, etc., and the non-metal conductive material may be Conductive graphite, indium tin oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide.
  • the artificial microstructure can be attached to the flexible sub-substrate by etching, drilling or engraving. When the three-dimensional structure metamaterial needs to realize the beamforming function, the electromagnetic waves incident on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial are characterized by phase values.
  • the phase values of the three-dimensional structure super-material surface are not all the same, and the appropriate phase value range is selected to divide the three-dimensional structure meta-material into a plurality of electromagnetic regions.
  • Functions that need to be implemented according to the final beamforming such as converging electromagnetic waves, diverging electromagnetic waves, and deflection
  • the electromagnetic wave, the spherical wave is converted into a plane wave, etc., and the final required phase of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is calculated.
  • the artificial microstructure is arranged in each electromagnetic region so that the electromagnetic region can satisfy the phase difference corresponding to the electromagnetic region.
  • the electromagnetic wave incident on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is characterized by the axial ratio or the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave electric field.
  • the polarization mode of electromagnetic waves is the direction of the electromagnetic wave electric field, and the effect of polarization is represented by the axial ratio.
  • the method of determining the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave electric field is similar to the method of determining the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave in FIG. 4, and it is only necessary to change the direction of the wave vector K in FIG. 4 to the direction of the electric field E.
  • the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is divided into a plurality of electromagnetic regions according to the incident angle information of the electromagnetic wave electric field.
  • the functions required to achieve the final polarization conversion such as conversion to vertical polarization, conversion to horizontal polarization, conversion to circular polarization, etc., determine the angle of the electric field direction ultimately required for each of the three-dimensional structure metamaterials, in each electromagnetic region row
  • the artificial microstructure of the cloth enables the electromagnetic region to satisfy the angular difference of the electric field direction of the corresponding electromagnetic region. If the three-dimensional structure metamaterial needs to satisfy two or more kinds of electromagnetic parameters, for example, if the three-dimensional structure supermaterial response electromagnetic wave angle is large and the beam forming property is required, the three-dimensional structure super material surface can be divided into multiple to meet the above requirements. Electromagnetic region of two electromagnetic parameters. 5 and FIG.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing the arrangement of artificial microstructures of a partial region on a flexible sub-substrate.
  • the geometric region of a three-dimensional structure metamaterial coincides with the electromagnetic region, the artificial microstructures on the flexible sub-substrates corresponding to each geometric region may be the same, so that the complexity of design and processing is much reduced.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial For some three-dimensional structure metamaterials whose surface is not complicated, different microstructures can be attached to a flexible substrate by electromagnetic partitioning only, so that the three-dimensional structure metamaterial has better electromagnetic response.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial When the above three-dimensional structure metamaterial is applied to a product in a specific field, the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can be set according to the shape of a specific product, so that the three-dimensional structure metamaterial becomes an accessory of the product; and the three-dimensional structure metamaterial has a molding substrate If a molded substrate material that meets the application requirements of the product is selected, the three-dimensional structure metamaterial itself may constitute a major component of the product.
  • FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can be directly prepared into a radome body, and the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can be disposed on the surface of the radome body made of the original common material to enhance the original antenna.
  • the electromagnetic properties of the cover body According to the different functions of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial, the three-dimensional structure metamaterial can also be made into antennas, filters, polarizers, etc., to meet different application requirements.
  • FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a three-dimensional structure metamaterial according to a second embodiment of the present invention. In FIG.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial comprises a multilayer molding substrate 10, a flexible functional layer 20 in close contact with the surface of the molding substrate 10, the flexible functional layer comprising a flexible substrate 21 composed of at least one flexible sub-substrate 210 and a setting A plurality of artificial microstructures 22 responsive to electromagnetic waves on the surface of each flexible sub-substrate 210; the three-dimensional structure metamaterial has an electromagnetic wave modulation function.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial may include at least two layers of flexible functional layers and at least two layers of shaped substrates. In a preferred embodiment, FIG.
  • the 10 includes a three-layer shaped substrate 10 and a two-layer flexible functional layer 20 that maximizes the mechanical properties of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial, and that the multilayer flexible functional layer 20 Electromagnetic coupling is formed between adjacent flexible functional layers 20, and the response of the entire three-dimensional structural metamaterial to electromagnetic waves can be optimized by optimizing the distance between adjacent flexible functional layers 20.
  • the distance between the adjacent flexible functional layers 20 is the thickness of the molded substrate 10, so that the thickness of each of the molded substrates 10 can be adjusted as needed, that is, the thickness of the molded substrate 10 can be the same or different.
  • the flexible functional layer 20 is spaced apart from the molding substrate 10.
  • Embodiment 1 A three-dimensional structure metamaterial is prepared by analyzing a Gaussian curvature change of a three-dimensional structure hypermaterial simulation model surface, and dividing the three-dimensional structure hypermaterial simulation model into a plurality of geometric regions according to a Gaussian curvature.
  • FIG. 12 is a geometrical area division diagram of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial simulation model of the present embodiment.
  • the geometric regions of the same fill pattern represent regions of similar curvature.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial simulation model is divided into five geometric regions of J1-J5 according to a division manner in which the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in each geometric region is less than 20.
  • the surface is expanded.
  • Surface expansion refers to expanding the surface geometry of the surface divided by Figure 12 into a plane and obtaining the dimensions of the expanded plane. There are many ways to expand a surface into a plane and get the expanded plane. Multiple design software can achieve the above functions, such as solidworks software, Pro/Engineer software, and so on.
  • the expanded plan view of the curved geometric region of Fig. 12 is shown in Fig. 13. 3.
  • the artificial microstructure is arranged on the flexible substrate and the flexible substrate is cut into a plurality of flexible sub-substrates according to the planar dimension after the curved surface is unfolded.
  • the artificial microstructure is arranged on the flexible substrate by means of exposure and development etching.
  • the material of the flexible substrate may be polyimide, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyarylate, PET film, PE film or PVC film.
  • the topological shape of the artificial microstructure is designed according to the function finally realized by the three-dimensional structure metamaterial. In this embodiment, the topological shape of the artificial microstructure is as shown in FIG.
  • first metal line P1 and a second metal line P2 that are vertically halved, and two ends of the first metal line PI are connected to the same length.
  • a first metal branch F1 the first metal line P1 is connected at two ends of the two first metal branches F1
  • the second metal line P2 is connected with two second metal branches of the same length F2
  • the two ends of the second metal line P2 are connected at a midpoint of the two second metal branches F2
  • the lengths of the first metal branch F1 and the second metal branch F2 are equal.
  • a plurality of quartz fiber reinforced epoxy prepreg layers are laid in a mold to form a layer of formed substrate, and the mold is processed according to a three-dimensional structure metamaterial simulation model.
  • a flexible sub-substrate is attached to a corresponding region of the surface of the molded substrate.
  • a plurality of quartz fiber reinforced epoxy resin prepregs are layered again on the flexible sub-substrate and the above steps are repeated until a three-dimensional structure metamaterial having a multilayer molded substrate and a multilayer flexible substrate is obtained.
  • the mold is demolded at a temperature of 100-200 ° C and a vacuum of 0.5-1.0 MPa for 3 hours to obtain a three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • the multilayer molded substrate has the same thickness.
  • Example 2 A three-dimensional structure metamaterial was prepared by calculating one or more electromagnetic parameter values throughout a three-dimensional structure metamaterial simulation model.
  • the electromagnetic parameter may be an incident angle of an electromagnetic wave, an axial ratio, a phase value, or an incident angle of an electromagnetic wave electric field. Which electromagnetic parameter value is selected is determined by the function of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial needs to have the same electromagnetic response to electromagnetic waves of different incident angles.
  • the electromagnetic response may be absorption of electromagnetic waves, transmission of electromagnetic waves, polarization conversion, etc., in this embodiment, the electromagnetic response is transmitted through electromagnetic waves.
  • Fig. 15 shows the calculation of the wave vector incident angle at a point P on the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial by electromagnetic waves.
  • the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave is the angle ⁇ between the direction of the electromagnetic wave vector K and the normal to the tangent plane corresponding to the point P.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is divided into a plurality of electromagnetic regions according to the incident angle value.
  • Fig. 16 shows the manner of dividing the three-dimensional structure metamaterial electromagnetic region in the present embodiment.
  • the surface of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is divided into eight electromagnetic regions Q1-Q8 according to the division method of the incident angle by 11°, that is, the electromagnetic region Q1 corresponds to an electromagnetic wave whose incident angle is 0°-11°, and the electromagnetic region Q2 corresponds to incidence.
  • the electromagnetic region Q4 corresponds to an electromagnetic wave with an incident angle of 24°-35°, and so on.
  • the artificial microstructure shape of each electromagnetic region is designed for the electromagnetic wave incident angle range information of each electromagnetic region.
  • the electromagnetic wave incident angle range spans each electromagnetic region is small, it is simple to design an artificial microstructure for the electromagnetic region.
  • the electromagnetic region is not divided, it is necessary to find an artificial microstructure such that it has an electromagnetic response to electromagnetic waves in the range of 0°-88° incident angle, which obviously makes the design difficulty of the artificial microstructure greatly increased, or even impossible. achieve.
  • After dividing the electromagnetic region it is only necessary to design an artificial microstructure for the first electromagnetic region Q1 such that it satisfies 0°-11° with electromagnetic response, and for the second electromagnetic region, only another artificial microstructure needs to be designed such that Meets 12°-23° with electromagnetic response, and so on.
  • each electromagnetic region corresponds to an artificial microstructure topological shape, and the topological shapes of the artificial microstructures in each electromagnetic region are the same, and only the dimensions are different. Different sizes of artificial microstructures can meet the electromagnetic response requirements of the electromagnetic region and reduce the process difficulty.
  • the topological shape of the artificial microstructure corresponding to each electromagnetic region may be as shown in FIG. In FIG. 17, the geometric pattern has a first main line Z1 and a second main line Z2 which are perpendicularly divided from each other.
  • the first main line Z1 and the second main line Z2 have the same shape and the first main line Z1 is connected with two identical first right angles.
  • the angle line ZJ1 the first main line Z1 is connected at two ends of the two right angled corner lines ZJ1
  • the second main line Z2 is connected with two second right angle lines ZJ2
  • the second main line Z2 is connected at two ends.
  • the first right angle line ZJ1 and the second right angle line ZJ2 have the same shape, and the two corners of the first right angle line ZJ1 and the second right angle line ZJ2 are parallel to the horizontal line, respectively.
  • the first main line Z1 and the second main line Z2 are angle bisectors of the first right angled line ZJ1 and the second right angled line ZJ2.
  • the geometric pattern can also be other shapes, such as open circular, cross, I-shaped, square, hexagonal, hexagonal, cross-shaped, cross-shaped, Y-shaped, Y-shaped, circular-shaped , circular, etc. 4. Analyze the Gaussian curvature of the surface of the three-dimensional structure hypermaterial simulation model, and divide the three-dimensional structure hypermaterial simulation model into multiple geometric regions according to Gaussian curvature. The division manner of the geometric region in this embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment.
  • the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in each geometric region is generally less than 100, and may be less than 80, less than 50, or less than 30. Excellent Optionally, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in each geometric region is less than 20. More preferably, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in each geometric region is less than ten.
  • Fifth, the surface is expanded. The manner in which the curved surface is expanded is the same as in the first embodiment. 3.
  • the artificial microstructure is arranged on the flexible substrate and the flexible substrate is cut into a plurality of flexible sub-substrates according to the planar dimension after the curved surface is unfolded.
  • the arrangement of the artificial microstructures on the flexible substrate is obtained according to the third step, so that the artificial microstructures on the flexible substrate are not all the same.
  • the flexible substrate is cut into a plurality of flexible sub-substrates, if an electromagnetic region covers exactly one flexible sub-substrate, the artificial microstructures on the flexible sub-substrate have the same shape and different sizes; For the flexible sub-substrate, the shape and size of the artificial microstructure on each flexible sub-substrate are not all the same.
  • Figure 18 is a schematic view showing the arrangement of artificial microstructures of a partial region on a flexible sub-substrate.
  • the artificial microstructure is arranged on the flexible substrate by laser engraving.
  • the carbon fiber cloth is laid in a mold which is processed according to a three-dimensional structure metamaterial simulation model.
  • a carbon fiber cloth is coated with a polyester resin and repeatedly coated with a carbon fiber cloth and a polyester resin, and then a carbon fiber cloth coated with a polyester resin in a plurality of layers is placed in an oven and cured at a temperature of 100 ° C for 10 minutes.
  • Substrate. A flexible sub-substrate is attached to a corresponding region of the surface of the molded substrate.
  • a flexible sub-substrate is attached to a corresponding region of the surface of the molded substrate.
  • the shaped substrate is again covered on the flexible submount. In this embodiment, the thickness of the molded substrate is different.
  • Example 3 A three-dimensional structure metamaterial was prepared by calculating one or more electromagnetic parameter values throughout a three-dimensional structure metamaterial simulation model.
  • the electromagnetic parameter may be an incident angle of an electromagnetic wave, an axial ratio, a phase value, or an incident angle of an electromagnetic wave electric field. Which electromagnetic parameter value is selected is determined by the function of the three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • the three-dimensional structure of the super material needs Polarization conversion is realized, that is, electromagnetic waves that are incident angles of different electric fields can be converted into a desired polarization mode, that is, an electric field exit angle.
  • the method for determining the incident angle of the electric field is similar to the method for determining the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave in the second embodiment. The difference is that the incident angle is changed to the incident angle of the electric field.
  • the three-dimensional structure metamaterial is divided into a plurality of electromagnetic regions according to the incident angle value of the electric field.
  • the span of the electric field incident angle of each electromagnetic region may be different. For example, when a certain microstructure is known to have a good electromagnetic response to an electromagnetic wave having an incident angle of 0°-30°, the electric field incident angle of 0°-30° can be divided into an electromagnetic region, and other electromagnetic regions can still be Divided according to the electric field incident angle of 10 ° span.
  • the artificial microstructure shape of each electromagnetic region is designed for the electromagnetic wave electric field incident angle range information of each electromagnetic region.
  • the artificial microstructure needs to change the angle of the electric field exit, so that the artificial microstructure of the different electromagnetic regions needs to be such that the electromagnetic region can satisfy the angular difference of the electric field direction of the corresponding electromagnetic region.
  • the design of the artificial microstructure capable of individually satisfying the angular difference of the electric field direction of an electromagnetic region becomes feasible and simple. 4.
  • a plurality of aramid fiber reinforced cyanate prepreg layers are laid in a mold to form a layered shaped substrate, and the mold is processed according to a three-dimensional structure metamaterial simulation model.
  • the flexible substrate to which the artificial microstructure is attached prepared in the fourth step is opened and grooved, and then attached to the surface of the molded substrate.
  • the aramid fiber reinforced cyanate prepreg is layered again on the flexible substrate and the above steps are repeated until a three-dimensional structure metamaterial having a multilayer molded substrate and a multilayer flexible substrate is obtained.
  • the mold was solidified at a temperature of 300 ° C and a vacuum of 2.0 MPa for 5 hours to obtain a three-dimensional structure metamaterial.
  • the fibers are mainly used to reinforce the mechanical strength of the formed three-dimensional structure metamaterial, and thus the fibers are not limited to the quartz fibers, carbon fibers, and aramid fibers exemplified in Examples 1 to 3, and may be glass. Fiber, polyethylene fiber, polyester fiber, etc.
  • the resin is also not limited to the epoxy trees listed in Examples 1 to 3.
  • polyester resin and cyanate ester can also be various types of thermosetting resins, such as epoxy type, cyanate type, bismaleimide resin and their modified resin system or mixed system, or Various types of thermoplastic resins, such as polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, polyphenylene sulfide or polyester.
  • the artificial microstructure material may be a metal conductive material or a non-metal conductive material, wherein the metal conductive material may be gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, or the like, or various gold alloys, aluminum alloys, zinc alloys, etc., and the non-metal conductive material may be Conductive graphite, indium tin oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide.
  • FIG. 19 is a perspective view showing a three-dimensional structure of a super material according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
  • the metamaterial includes a substrate 10, and a plurality of artificial microstructures 11 arranged on the surface of the substrate 10.
  • the super material includes a plurality of electromagnetic regions D1, D2, D3, D4, D5.
  • a plurality of artificial microstructures 11 are arranged on the electromagnetic region D1, and other electromagnetic regions are filled with different filling patterns to distinguish them.
  • a plurality of artificial microstructures are also provided in other electromagnetic regions.
  • Each electromagnetic region corresponds to one or more electromagnetic parameter ranges of electromagnetic waves incident into the electromagnetic region.
  • the surface of the substrate 10 is a flat surface.
  • FIG. 20 is a schematic perspective structural view of another embodiment of the third embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 21 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the metamaterial shown in Figure 20. 20 and 21, in the present embodiment, the surface of the metamaterial substrate 10 is a curved surface.
  • the metamaterial divides 8 electromagnetic regions of Q1-Q8 according to the incident angle range information. The incident angle of the electromagnetic wave incident on a point P of the surface of the metamaterial of the embodiment can be obtained by the method shown in FIG. In Fig.
  • the electromagnetic wave incident angle ⁇ at the point P is calculated from the information of the electromagnetic wave vector K and the normal N of the tangent plane corresponding to the point P. According to the incident angle calculation method shown in Fig. 22, the incident angle values are obtained everywhere.
  • the eight electromagnetic regions are divided according to the incident angle by 11°, that is, the incident angle is 0°-11°, which is divided into the electromagnetic region Q1, and the incident angle is 12°-23°, which is divided into the electromagnetic region Q2, and the incident angle is 24°-35° is divided into electromagnetic zone Q3, and so on.
  • the difference between the maximum and minimum incident angles of the electromagnetic regions is the same to simplify the design.
  • a topology of an artificial microstructure is known to have a good electromagnetic response to electromagnetic waves having an incident angle of 0°-30°, and may be divided into 0°-30° when dividing the electromagnetic region. 31°-40°, 41°-50°, and so on.
  • the specific division manner can be set according to specific requirements, and the present invention does not limit this.
  • the artificial microstructure shape of each electromagnetic region is designed for the incident angle range information of each electromagnetic region so that it satisfies the demand, such as absorbing electromagnetic waves, transmitting electromagnetic waves, and the like. Since the angle of incidence of each electromagnetic region spans The degree is small, so it is simple to design an artificial microstructure for the electromagnetic region.
  • the artificial microstructures of each of the electromagnetic regions have the same topology and different sizes. By gradually sizing the artificial microstructure of the same topology, it can meet the electromagnetic response requirements of an electromagnetic region, which can simplify the process and reduce the design cost. It is of course conceivable that the topology and size of the artificial microstructures in each electromagnetic region may be different as long as they satisfy the electromagnetic response required for the range of incident angles corresponding to the electromagnetic regions.
  • the above describes the manner in which the metamaterial of the curved substrate divides the electromagnetic region according to the angle of incidence. Conceivably, when the surface of the substrate is flat, it is simpler to divide the electromagnetic region according to the angle of incidence.
  • the function of the metamaterials is to enable electromagnetic waves incident at large angles to have the same electromagnetic response, such as large-angle absorbing waves, large-angle absorbing waves, etc. .
  • the electromagnetic wave is characterized as other electromagnetic parameters, and the electromagnetic region is divided according to the electromagnetic parameter.
  • electromagnetic waves incident on the surface of the metamaterial are characterized by phase values. The appropriate phase value range is selected to divide the metamaterial into multiple electromagnetic regions.
  • the final required phase of the metamaterial is calculated, and the artificial microstructure is arranged in each electromagnetic region so that the The electromagnetic region can satisfy the phase difference corresponding to the electromagnetic region.
  • the electromagnetic wave incident on the surface of the metamaterial is characterized by the axial ratio or the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave electric field. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the polarization mode of electromagnetic waves is the direction of the electromagnetic wave electric field, and the effect of polarization is represented by the axial ratio.
  • the manner of determining the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave electric field is similar to the manner of determining the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave in FIG. 22, and it is only necessary to change the direction of the wave vector K in FIG. 22 to the direction of the electric field E.
  • the surface of the metamaterial is divided into a plurality of electromagnetic regions according to the incident angle information of the electromagnetic wave electric field.
  • the functions required to achieve the final polarization conversion such as conversion to vertical polarization, conversion to horizontal polarization, conversion to circular polarization, etc., determine the angle of the electric field direction ultimately required in the metamaterial, and arrange artificial in each electromagnetic region.
  • the microstructure allows the electromagnetic region to satisfy the angular difference in the direction of the electric field of the corresponding electromagnetic region.
  • the super material surface may be divided into a plurality of electromagnetic materials capable of satisfying the above two electromagnetic parameters. region.
  • the method of processing the artificial microstructure on each electromagnetic region of the curved metamaterial can adopt a conventional three-dimensional laser engraving, three-dimensional etching or the like. However, the equipment cost of three-dimensional processing is high and the process precision control is not good.
  • Third invention The embodiment solves the problem of processing the artificial microstructure of each electromagnetic region of the curved metamaterial, and expands the curved metamaterial into a plurality of geometric regions, and then processes the artificial microstructure of the corresponding electromagnetic region on each geometric region. Referring to FIG.
  • the artificial microstructure corresponding to the electromagnetic region when the artificial microstructure corresponding to the electromagnetic region is arranged in the geometric region, the artificial microstructure can be arranged on the flexible substrate 12 first, and each flexible substrate corresponds to a plane in which a geometric region is unfolded.
  • the block flexible substrate is attached to the substrate to achieve the effect of arranging the artificial microstructure on the substrate.
  • the surface of the metamaterial is divided into a plurality of geometric regions as follows: The Gaussian curvature distribution on the surface of the metamaterial is analyzed, and the portion of the similar Gaussian curvature distribution is divided into a geometric region.
  • the surface of the metamaterial is generally divided into 5-15 geometric regions according to Gaussian curvature.
  • the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature of the metamaterial when the geometric region is divided, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in each geometric region is generally less than 100, and may be less than 80, less than 50 or less than 30. Wait.
  • the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in each geometric region is less than 20. More preferably, the ratio of the maximum Gaussian curvature to the minimum Gaussian curvature in each geometric region is less than ten.
  • Figure 23 illustrates a schematic diagram of the division of metamaterial into a plurality of geometric regions in accordance with a Gaussian curvature in a preferred embodiment. In Fig. 23, the metamaterial is divided into five geometric regions J1-J5 according to the Gaussian curvature.
  • Figure 24 is a schematic illustration of five planes P1-P5 of the five geometric regions of Figure 23, preferably, in Figure 24, to make the longer length geometric region cut into a plurality of sub-planes for ease of fabrication.
  • the flexible substrate of the corresponding size is cut according to the unfolded plane, and the artificial microstructure is processed on the flexible substrate, and then the plurality of flexible substrates arranged with the artificial microstructure are attached to the corresponding surface of the substrate according to the geometric region defined above.
  • Forming metamaterials the artificial microstructure is formed on the flexible substrate, so that the existing flat metamaterial preparation method can be used without using three-dimensional etching, engraving, etc., thereby saving cost, and the embodiment adopts the method of region division to ensure When a plurality of flexible substrates are spliced to each other, the plurality of flexible substrates are not wrinkled, that is, the artificial microstructures are not twisted, thereby ensuring the process precision of the metamaterial.
  • the artificial microstructure can be a geometric pattern structure composed of a conductive material, and the artificial microstructure topological shape can be obtained by computer simulation, and different artificial microstructure topologies can be designed for different electromagnetic response requirements.
  • the geometric pattern may be a cross-snow type as shown in FIG. 25.
  • the cross-snow type microstructure includes a first metal line P1 and a second metal line P2 that are vertically halved from each other, and the first metal line P1 is connected to the same length at both ends.
  • Two first metal branches F1 the two ends of the first metal line PI are connected at a midpoint of the two first metal branches F1
  • the two ends of the second metal line P2 are connected with two second metals of the same length.
  • the geometric pattern can also be the geometry shown in FIG. 26.
  • the geometric pattern has a first main line Z1 and a second main line Z2 which are perpendicularly divided from each other, and the first main line Z1 and the second main line Z2 have the same shape and shape.
  • Two identical first right angled corner lines ZJ1 are connected to both ends of the main line Z1.
  • the first main line Z1 is connected at two ends of the two first right angled corner lines ZJ1
  • the second main line Z2 is connected with two second right angles at both ends.
  • the angle line ZJ2 the two ends of the second main line Z2 are connected at the corners of the two second right angled corner lines ZJ2, the first right angle line ZJ1 and the second right angle line ZJ2 have the same shape, the first angle line ZJ1, the second The two corners of the right-angled corner line ZJ2 are respectively parallel to the horizontal line, and the first main line Z1 and the second main line Z2 are angle bisectors of the first right-angled corner line ZJ1 and the second right-angled corner line ZJ2.
  • the geometric pattern can also be other shapes, such as open circular, cross, I-shaped, square, hexagonal, hexagonal, cross-shaped, cross-shaped, Y-shaped, Y-shaped, circular-shaped , circular, etc.
  • the artificial microstructure material may be a metal conductive material or a non-metal conductive material, wherein the metal conductive material may be gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, or the like, or various gold alloys, aluminum alloys, zinc alloys, etc., and the non-metal conductive material may be Conductive graphite, indium tin oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide.
  • the substrate material may be a ceramic material, a ferroelectric material, a ferrite material or a polymer material.
  • the polymer material is preferably a F4B material, an FR4 material or a PS material.
  • the substrate material is preferably a prepreg composed of a resin and reinforcing fibers.
  • the prepreg has a certain degree of softness and viscosity during uncured molding, which facilitates the adjustment of the shape when the curved surface metamaterial is processed and facilitates adhesion of the flexible substrate to the surface thereof, and the mechanical strength of the prepreg after solidification molding is good.
  • the resin may be a thermosetting resin such as various epoxy type, cyanate type, bismaleimide resin and modified resin system or mixed system thereof; or may be a thermoplastic resin, for example Polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, polyphenylene sulfide or polyester.
  • the reinforcing fibers may be selected from glass fibers, quartz fibers, aramid fibers, polyethylene fibers, carbon fibers or polyester fibers.
  • a third embodiment of the present invention further provides a method for designing a metamaterial, the design steps of which are shown in FIG. 27, comprising: S1: calculating one or more electromagnetic parameter values throughout the metamaterial; the electromagnetic parameters are selected according to requirements Incident angle, phase, axial ratio, electromagnetic wave electric field incident angle, etc.;
  • the artificial microstructure is designed for one or more electromagnetic parameter ranges of each electromagnetic region such that each electromagnetic region can generate a predetermined electromagnetic response.
  • the artificial microstructures on each electromagnetic region have the same topological shape and different sizes.
  • the artificial microstructures on different electromagnetic regions have different topological shapes.

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Abstract

本发明公开一种超材料、超材料的制备方法及超材料的设计方法。超材料包括:至少一层基材和多个人造微结构,所述超材料包括电磁区域,所述电磁区域内的人造微结构对入射至该电磁区域的电磁波产生预设的电磁响应。根据本发明的超材料,其制备工艺简单,加工成本低、工艺精度控制简单,可以替代各种具有复杂曲面且需要有一定电磁调制功能的结构件,也可以贴附于各种具有复杂曲面的结构件上实现需要的电磁调制功能。而且通过曲面展开和电磁分区的方式使得三维结构超材料具有较好的电磁响应和较宽的应用范围。

Description

超材料、 超材料的制备方法及超材料的设计方法 技术领域 本发明涉及一种超材料、 超材料的制备方法及超材料的设计方法。 背景技术 超材料是近十年来发展起来的对电磁波起调制作用的一种新型人工材料, 基本原 理是人为设计材料的微结构(或称人造"原子"),让这样的微结构具有特定的电磁特性, 从而由海量数目的微结构组成的材料宏观上可具有人们所需要的电磁功能。 与传统材 料技术根据自然界中已有材料的天然性质来开发电磁利用途径的传统材料技术不同, 超材料技术是根据需要来人为设计材料的性质并制造材料。 超材料一般是由一定数量 的人造微结构附在具有一定力学、 电磁学的基板上, 这些具有特定图案和材质的微结 构会对经过其身的特定频段的电磁波产生调制作用。 现有的超材料, 例如公开号为 "US7570432B 1"的美国专利 "METAMATERIAL GRADIENT INDEX LENS", 又如公开号为 "US2010/0225562A1"的美国专利 "BROADBAND METAMATERIAL APPARTUS, METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER READABLE MEDIA", 其都是通过将微结构附着于平板的基材上形成。 制备平板的超材料时, 微结构附着于基板的加工工艺较为简单, 可采用常规的 PCB板 领域的加工工艺, 例如蚀刻、 钻刻、 离子刻、 电子刻等。 平板状的超材料虽然带来了 体积小、 厚度薄的优点, 但是又限制了超材料的应用范围。 现有超材料对电磁波的响应能力很大一部分是由微结构决定, 然而当超材料需要 对某些电磁参数范围跨度较大的电磁波响应以实现特定功能, 例如对入射角度为 0至 90°的电磁波均具有透波效果, 或者对极化角度为 0至 90°的电磁波均能实现极化转换 等时, 此时若采用常规的超材料设计方法, 例如仿真某种微结构, 改变其拓扑结构或 尺寸等以获得符合需要的超材料则变得相当困难, 甚至是不可实现, 因为微结构对电 磁波的响应能力也存在极限值。 当超材料需制成曲面时, 曲面的微结构加工工艺难度较大且精确度不高, 如采用 常规的 PCB 板领域的加工工艺时其制备难度变得很大, 例如现有的申请号为 "EP0575848A2"的欧洲专利, 其公开了一种在三维曲面加工金属微结构的方法, 具体 实现方式为: 采用激光探头曝光成像的方式一个一个地逐一蚀刻出微结构。 此种方式 加工成本和工艺精度控制成本均较高且不能快速、 大批量生产。 发明内容 本发明的第一方面所要解决的技术问题在于, 针对现有技术的上述不足, 提出一 种加工工艺简单、 电磁响应效果优良的三维结构超材料。 本发明的第一方面解决其技术问题采用的技术方案为,提出一种三维结构超材料, 其包括: 至少一层成型基材、 至少一层柔性功能层, 所述柔性功能层设置于成型基材 表面或者设置于多层成型基材之间; 所述每层柔性功能层包括由至少一个柔性子基板 构成的柔性基板以及设置于每个柔性子基板上的多个能响应电磁波的人造微结构; 所 述三维结构超材料具有电磁波调制功能。 进— -步地, 所述三维结构超材料包括至少两层所述柔性功能层和至少两层所述成 型基材。 进— -步地, 所述三维结构超材料包括至少三层所述柔性功能层和至少三层所述成 型基材。 进— -步地, 所述成型基材与所述柔性功能层间隔设置。 进— -步地, 每一柔性基板紧贴设置, 柔性功能层紧贴于成型基材的表面。 进— -步地, 所述柔性基板是热塑性材料或加入柔性纤维的热塑性复合材料。 进— -步地, 所述柔性基板的材料为聚酰亚胺、 聚酯、 聚四氟乙烯、 聚氨酯、 聚芳 酯、 PET膜、 PE膜或 PVC膜。 进一 -步地, 所述三维结构超材料可实现对电磁波进行透波、 吸波、 波束赋形、 极 化转化或方向图调制的电磁波调制功能。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料可实现对电磁波进行频选透波、 频选吸波、 宽频 透波或宽频吸波。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料可实现对电磁波进行垂直极化转水平极化、 水平 极化转垂直极化、 水平极化转圆极化或圆极化转水平极化。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料可实现对电磁波进行波束发散、 波束汇聚或波束 偏折。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面由至少两个可展开为平面的几何区域组成。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率 与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 100。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率 与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 80。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率 与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 50。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率 与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 20。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率 与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 10。 进一步地, 所述柔性功能层包括多个柔性子基板, 一个柔性子基板对应所述三维 结构超材料表面展开后的一个平面。 进一步地, 不同柔性子基板上的人造微结构的拓扑结构相同。 进一步地, 不同柔性子基板上的人造微结构的拓扑结构不同。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料包括多个电磁区域, 入射至每一电磁区域内的电 磁波具有一种或多种电磁参数范围; 每一电磁区域内的人造微结构对入射至该电磁区 域的电磁波产生预设的电磁响应。 进一步地, 入射至每一电磁区域内的电磁波的一种或多种电磁参数的最大值与最 小值的差值相等。 进一步地, 入射至每一电磁区域内的电磁波的一种或多种电磁参数的最大值与最 小值的差值不等。 进一步地, 所述每一电磁区域位于一柔性子基板中, 或者每一电磁区域横跨多个 柔性子基板。 进一步地, 所述电磁参数范围为入射角度范围、 轴比值范围、 相位值范围或电磁 波电场入射角度范围。 进一步地,每一电磁区域内的至少一层柔性功能层上的人造微结构拓扑形状相同, 尺寸不同。 进一步地, 每一电磁区域内的柔性功能层上的人造微结构拓扑形状相同。 进一步地, 每一电磁区域内的至少一层柔性功能层上的人造微结构与其它柔性功 能层的人造微结构拓扑形状不同。 进 -步地, 所述柔性基板上还设置有用于增强其与相邻成型基材层间结合力的结 构。 进—步地, 所述结构为开设于柔性基板上的孔或槽。 进—步地, 所述人造微结构为导电材料构成的具有几何图案的结构。 进 步地, 所述导电材料为金属或非金属导电材料。 进—步地, 所述金属为金、 银、 铜、 金合金、 银合金、 铜合金、 锌合金或铝合金。 进—步地, 所述非金属导电材料为导电石墨、 铟锡氧化物或掺铝氧化锌。 进 -步地, 所述人造微结构的几何图案为方片形、 雪花形、 工字形、 六边形、 六 边环形、 十字孔形、 十字环形、 Y孔形、 Y环形、 圆孔形或圆环形。 进—步地, 所述每层成型基材的厚度相等。 进—步地, 所述每层成型基材的厚度不相等。 进 -步地, 所述成型基材的材料为纤维增强树脂复合材料或纤维增强陶瓷基复合 材料。 进— -步地, 所述纤维为玻璃纤维、 石英纤维、 芳纶纤维、 聚乙烯纤维、 碳纤维或 聚酯纤维。 进一步地, 所述纤维增强树脂复合材料中的树脂为热固性树脂。 进一步地, 所述热固性树脂包括环氧类型、 氰酸酯类型、 双马来酰亚胺树脂及它 们的改性树脂体系或混合体系。 进一步地, 所述纤维增强树脂复合材料中的树脂为热塑性树脂。 进一步地, 所述热塑性树脂包括聚酰亚胺、 聚醚醚酮、 聚醚酰亚胺、 聚苯硫醚或 聚酯。 进一步地, 所述陶瓷包括氧化铝、 氧化硅、 氧化钡、 氧化铁、 氧化镁、 氧化锌、 氧化钙、 氧化锶、 氧化钛或上述材料的混合物。 本发明的第一方面还提供一种天线罩, 所述天线罩为上述的三维结构超材料。 本发明的第一方面还提供一种吸波材料, 其包括上述的三维结构超材料。 本发明还提供一种滤波器, 其包括上述的三维结构超材料。 本发明还提供一种天线, 其包括上述的三维结构超材料。 本发明的第一方面还提供一种极化器, 其包括上述的三维结构超材料。 根据本发明的第一方面的三维结构超材料, 其制备工艺简单, 加工成本低、 工艺 精度控制简单, 可以替代各种具有复杂曲面且需要有一定电磁调制功能的结构件, 也 可以贴附于各种具有复杂曲面的结构件上实现需要的电磁调制功能。 而且通过曲面展 开和电磁分区的方式使得三维结构超材料具有较好的电磁响应和较宽的应用范围。 本发明的第二方面所要解决的技术问题在于, 针对现有技术的不足, 提出一种制 备工艺简单的三维结构超材料的制备方法。 本发明第二方面解决其技术问题采用的技术方案是, 提出一种三维结构超材料的 制备方法, 其包括步骤: 根据三维结构超材料形状制备成型基材; 将人造微结构排布 于柔性基板上; 将柔性基板贴附于成型基材上; 加热固化成型。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料包括至少两层所述柔性基板和至少两层所述成型 基材。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料至少包括三层成型基材和三层柔性基板, 所述柔 性基板设置于相邻两层成型基材之间。 进一步地, 所述成型基材与所述柔性基板间隔设置。 进一步地, 每一柔性基板紧贴设置, 柔性功能层紧贴于成型基材的表面。 进一步地, 所述成型基材由多片树脂和纤维构成的预浸料层铺而成。 进一步地, 所述成型基材为在纤维布上涂覆树脂制成。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面由至少两个可展开为平面的几何区域组成。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率 与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 100。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率 与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 80。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率 与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 50。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率 与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 20。 进一步地, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率 与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 10。 进一步地, 通过如下步骤将柔性基板贴附于成型基材表面: 将三维结构超材料展 开为多个平面, 将柔性基板对应该多个平面剪切成多个柔性子基板, 将柔性子基板贴 附于成型基材对应表面区域。 进一步地, 不同柔性子基板上的人造微结构的拓扑结构相同。 进一步地, 不同柔性子基板上的人造微结构的拓扑结构不同。 进一步地, 通过如下步骤确定柔性基板上的人造微结构排布: 计算三维结构超材 料各处的一种或多种电磁参数值; 根据其中一种或多种电磁参数值将三维结构超材料 划分为多个电磁区域; 每一电磁区域对应一种或多种电磁参数的一参数值范围; 设计 每一电磁区域内的人造微结构使三维结构超材料对应该电磁区域的部分相对入射至该 电磁区域的电磁波能产生预设的电磁响应。 进一步地,各个电磁区域对应的电磁波参数值范围的最大值与最小值的差值相等。 进一步地,各个电磁区域对应的电磁波参数值范围的最大值与最小值的差值不等。 进一步地, 所述每一电磁区域位于一柔性子基板中, 或每一电磁区域横跨多个柔 性子基板。 进一步地, 所述电磁参数为电磁波入射角度、 轴比值、 相位值或电磁波电场入射 角度。 进一步地,每一电磁区域内的至少一层柔性功能层上的人造微结构拓扑形状相同, 尺寸不同。 进一步地, 每一电磁区域内的柔性功能层上的人造微结构拓扑形状相同。 进一步地, 每一电磁区域内的至少一层柔性功能层上的人造微结构与其它柔性功 能层的人造微结构拓扑形状不同。 进—步地, 还包括在柔性基板上开设孔或槽的步骤。 进—步地, 所述人造微结构为导电材料构成的具有几何图案的结构。 进—步地, 所述人造微结构通过蚀刻、钻刻、 电子刻或离子刻排布于柔性基板上。 进—步地, 所述导电材料为金属或非金属导电材料。 进—步地, 所述金属为金、 银、 铜、 金合金、 银合金、 铜合金、 锌合金或铝合金。 进—步地, 所述非金属导电材料为导电石墨、 铟锡氧化物或掺铝氧化锌。 进— -步地, 所述人造微结构的几何图案为方片形、 雪花形、 工字形、 六边形、 六 边环形、 十字孔形、 十字环形、 Y孔形、 Y环形、 圆孔形或圆环形。 进一步地, 所述柔性基板材料为聚酰亚胺、 聚酯、 聚四氟乙烯、 聚氨酯、 聚芳酯、 PET膜、 PE膜或 PVC膜。 进一步地, 所述纤维为玻璃纤维、 石英纤维、 芳纶纤维、 聚乙烯纤维、 碳纤维或 聚酯纤维。 进一步地, 所述树脂为热固性树脂。 进一步地, 所述热固性树脂包括环氧类型、 氰酸酯类型、 双马来酰亚胺树脂及它 们的改性树脂体系或混合体系。 进一步地, 所述树脂为热塑性树脂。 进一步地, 所述热塑性树脂包括聚酰亚胺、 聚醚醚酮、 聚醚酰亚胺、 聚苯硫醚或 聚酯。 本发明的第二方面通过采用柔性基板和成型基材的方式制备三维结构超材料, 无 需三维雕刻或蚀刻步骤, 减少了工艺复杂度, 加工成本低, 工艺精度控制简单, 采用 本发明的第二方面的制备方法得到的三维结构超材料可以替代各种具有复杂曲面且需 要有一定电磁调制功能的结构件, 也可以贴附于各种具有复杂曲面的结构件上实现需 要的电磁调制功能。 而且通过曲面展开和电磁分区的方式使得三维结构超材料具有较 好的电磁响应和较宽的应用范围。 本发明的第三方面所要解决的技术问题在于, 针对现有技术的不足, 提出一种能 扩宽超材料适用范围的超材料。 本发明的第三方面解决其技术问题采用的技术方案是,提出一种超材料,其包括: 至少一层基材以及设置于每层基材表面的多个人造微结构; 所述超材料包括多个电磁 区域, 入射至每一电磁区域内的电磁波具有一种或多种电磁参数范围; 每一电磁区域 内的人造微结构对入射至该电磁区域的电磁波产生预设的电磁响应。 进一步地, 入射至每一电磁区域内的电磁波的一种或多种电磁参数的最大值与最 小值的差值相等。 进一步地, 入射至每一电磁区域内的电磁波的一种或多种电磁参数的最大值与最 小值的差值不等。 进一步地, 所述电磁参数范围为入射角度范围、 轴比值范围、 相位值范围或电磁 波电场入射角度范围。 进—步地, 每一电磁区域上的人造微结构拓扑形状相同, 尺寸不同。 进—步地, 不同电磁区域上的人造微结构拓扑形状不同。 进—步地, 所述超材料包括两层或至少三层基材。 进—步地, 每层基材厚度不同。 进—步地, 每层基材厚度相同。 进—步地, 每层基材紧贴设置或者每层基材间隔设置。 进— -步地, 所述超材料可实现对电磁波进行透波、 吸波、 波束赋形、 极化转化或 方向图调制的电磁波调制功能。 进一步地, 所述超材料可实现对电磁波进行频选透波、 频选吸波、 宽频透波或宽 频吸波。 进一步地, 所述超材料可实现对电磁波进行垂直极化转水平极化、 水平极化转垂 直极化、 水平极化转圆极化或圆极化转水平极化。 进一步地, 所述超材料可实现对电磁波进行波束发散、 波束汇聚或波束偏折。 进一步地, 所述基材表面为平面。 进一步地, 所述基材表面由至少两个可展开为平面的几何区域组成。 进一步地, 所述基材表面可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲 率的比值小于 100。 进一步地, 所述基材表面可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲 率的比值小于 80。 进一步地, 所述基材表面可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲 率的比值小于 50。 进一步地, 所述基材表面可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲 率的比值小于 20。 进一步地, 所述基材表面可展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲 率的比值小于 10。 进一步地, 每一几何区域内的人造微结构拓扑形状和尺寸不全相同。 进一步地, 所述超材料还包括多个柔性基板, 每一柔性基板对应所述基材表面可 展开为平面的一个几何区域, 所述人造微结构附着于柔性基板上, 所述柔性基板贴附 于基材表面或设置于多个基材之间。 进一步地, 所述基材材料为陶瓷材料、 铁电材料、 铁氧材料或高分子材料。 进一步地, 所述基材材料为由树脂和增强纤维构成的预浸料。 进一步地, 所述增强纤维为玻璃纤维、 石英纤维、 芳纶纤维、 聚乙烯纤维、 碳纤 维或聚酯纤维。 步地, 所述树脂为热固性树脂。 进一步地, 所述热固性树脂包括环氧类型、 氰酸酯类型、 双马来酰亚胺树脂及它 们的改性树脂体系或混合体系。 进—步地, 所述树脂为热塑性树脂。 进 -步地, 所述热塑性树脂包括聚酰亚胺、 聚醚醚酮、 聚醚酰亚胺、 聚苯硫醚或 聚酯。 进—步地, 所述人造微结构为导电材料构成的具有几何图案的结构。 进—步地, 所述导电材料为金属或非金属导电材料。 进—步地, 所述金属为金、 银、 铜、 金合金、 银合金、 铜合金、 锌合金或铝合金。 进—步地, 所述非金属导电材料为导电石墨、 铟锡氧化物或掺铝氧化锌。 进 -步地, 所述人造微结构的几何图案为方片形、 雪花形、 工字形、 六边形、 六 边环形、 十字孔形、 十字环形、 Y孔形、 Y环形、 圆孔形或圆环形。 本发明的第三方面还提供一种超材料的设计方法, 其包括步骤: 计算超材料各处的一种或多种电磁参数值; 将超材料划分为多个电磁区域, 每一电磁区域对应一种或多种电磁参数范围; 针对每一电磁区域的一种或多种电磁参数范围设计人造微结构使得每一电磁区域 能产生预设的电磁响应。 进一步地, 每一电磁区域对应的一种或多种电磁参数范围的最大值和最小值的差 值相等。 进一步地, 每一电磁区域对应的一种或多种电磁参数范围的最大值和最小值的差 值相等。 进一步地, 所述电磁参数范围为入射角度范围、 轴比值范围、 相位值范围或电磁 波电场入射角度范围。 进一步地, 每一电磁区域上的人造微结构拓扑形状相同, 尺寸不同。 步地, 不同电磁区域上的人造微结构拓扑形状不同, 本发明的第三方面还提供一种天线罩, 所述天线罩为上述的超材料 本发明的第三方面还提供一种吸波材料, 其包括上述的超材料 本发明的第三方面还提供一种滤波器, 其包括上述的超材料 本发明的第三方面还提供一种天线, 其包括上述的超材料 本发明的第三方面还提供一种极化转换器, 其包括上述的超材料 本发明的第三方面将超材料划分为多个电磁区域, 每一电磁区域内的人造微结构 仅需响应其对应的电磁参数范围的电磁波, 从而能够简化超材料设计并能扩宽超材料 适用范围。 进一步地, 本发明的第三方面还通过曲面展开的方式将各电磁区域的人造 微结构贴附于曲面的基材表面, 使得本发明的第三方面的超材料不局限于现有的平面 形态, 还可以替代各种具有复杂曲面且需要有一定电磁调制功能的结构件, 也可以贴 附于各种具有复杂曲面的结构件上实现需要的电磁调制功能。 附图说明 图 1 为本发明第一实施例中三维结构超材料一较佳实施方式中的部分剖视示意 图; 图 2 为本发明第一实施例中一较佳实施方式中三维结构超材料的立体结构示意 图; 图 3为图 2中的三维结构超材料依照高斯曲率展开后的平面示意图; 图 4为本发明第一实施例中电磁波入射至三维结构超材料表面某点 P的入射角度 示意图; 图 5为本发明第一实施例中三维结构超材料表面按照入射角度范围划分为多个电 磁区域的结构示意图; 图 6为本发明第一实施例中十字雪花型人造微结构示意图; 图 7为人造微结构另一几何图形示意图; 图 8为某一柔性子基板上部分区域的人造微结构排布示意图; 图 9为本发明第一实施例中本发明三维结构超材料另一较佳实施方式中的部分剖 视示意图。 图 10 为本发明第二实施例中三维结构超材料一较佳实施方式中的部分剖视示意 图; 图 11 为本发明第二实施例中三维结构超材料另一较佳实施方式中的部分剖视示
图 12 为本发明第二实施例中一实施例中三维结构超材料仿真模型几何区域划分 示意图; 图 13为图 12所示划分的几何区域展开后的平面图; 图 14为本发明第二实施例中一实施例中人造微结构拓扑形状示意图; 图 15为本发明第二实施例中电磁波入射至三维结构超材料表面某点 P的入射角度 示意图; 图 16为本发明第二实施例中一实施例中三维结构超材料电磁区域的划分示意图; 图 17为本发明第二实施例中另一实施例中人造微结构拓扑形状示意图; 图 18 为本发明第二实施例中一实施例中某一柔性子基板上部分区域的人造微结 构排布示意图。 图 19为本发明超材料一较佳实施方式中的立体结构示意图; 图 20为本发明第三实施例中超材料另一较佳实施方式中的立体结构示意图; 图 21为图 20所示超材料的部分剖视示意图; 图 22为电磁波入射至图 20所示超材料表面某点 P的入射角度示意图; 图 23为本发明第三实施例中一较佳实施例中,依据高斯曲率将超材料划分为多个 几何区域的示意图; 图 24为图 23中几何区域展开为平面的示意图; 图 25为本发明第三实施例中十字雪花型人造微结构示意图; 图 26为本发明第三实施例中另一人造微结构拓扑形状示意图; 图 27为本发明第三实施例中本发明超材料设计方法的步骤流程图。 具体实施方式 第一实施例 请参照图 1, 图 1为本发明第一实施例三维结构超材料一较佳实施方式中的部分 剖视示意图。 图 1中, 三维结构超材料包括多层成型基材 10, 紧贴于成型基材 10表 面的柔性功能层 20, 所述柔性功能层包括由至少一个柔性子基板 210构成的柔性基板 21以及设置于每个柔性子基板 210上的多个能响应电磁波的人造微结构 22;所述三维 结构超材料具有电磁波调制功能。 在本发明第一实施例的一实施例中, 三维结构超材料可以包括至少两层柔性功能 层和至少两层成型基材。一优选实施例中, 图 1中包括了三层成型基材 10以及二层柔 性功能层 20, 多层成型基材 10使得三维结构超材料的机械性能更强, 另外多层柔性 功能层 20使得相邻的柔性功能层 20之间形成电磁耦合, 通过优化相邻柔性功能层 20 之间的距离可以优化整个三维结构超材料对电磁波的响应。相邻柔性功能层 20之间的 距离即为成型基材 10的厚度, 因此可根据需要调整每一成型基材 10的厚度, 即成型 基材 10厚度可相同也可不同。 如图 1所示, 当三维结构超材料包括多个柔性功能层 20时, 柔性功能层 20与成 型基材 10间隔设置。在本发明第一实施例的另一实施例中, 如图 9所示, 当三维结构 超材料二层成型基材 10之间包括多层柔性功能层 20时,每一柔性功能层 20紧贴设置, 而紧贴的柔性功能层再设置于成型基材 10的表面。 三维结构超材料可通过如下方式制备: 制备未固化的成型基材 10, 将柔性基板贴 附于未固化的成型基材 10上, 而后一体固化成型。 成型基材 10的材料可为多层纤维 增强树脂复合材料或纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料。未固化的成型基材 10可为在模具上层 铺的多层石英纤维增强环氧树脂预浸布, 也可通过在模具上铺覆碳纤维布而后在碳纤 维布上均勾涂覆聚酯树脂并重复上述过程形成。 上述增强纤维并不限于已列举的石英纤维和碳纤维,还可为玻璃纤维、芳纶纤维、 聚乙烯纤维、 聚酯纤维等; 上述树脂不限于已列举的环氧树脂和聚酯树脂, 还可为其 他热固性树脂或热塑性树脂, 例如可为氰酸酯类树脂、 双马来酰亚胺树脂以及它们的 改性树脂或混合体系, 还可为聚酰亚胺、 聚醚醚铜、 聚醚醚亚胺、聚苯硫醚或聚酯等; 上述陶瓷包括氧化铝、 氧化硅、 氧化钡、 氧化铁、 氧化镁、 氧化锌、 氧化钙、 氧化锶、 氧化钛等成分及其混合物。 柔性基板可为热塑性材料或加入柔性纤维的热塑性复合材料, 优选地, 柔性基板 的材料可为聚酰亚胺、 聚酯、 聚四氟乙烯、 聚氨酯、 聚芳酯、 PET ( Polyethylene terephthalate) 膜、 PE (Polyethylene) 膜或 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 膜等。 柔性纤维 可为聚酯纤维、 聚乙烯纤维等。 优选地, 所述柔性功能层 20的柔性基板 21上设置用于增强柔性基板与相邻成型 基材 10层间结合力的结构。该结构可为钩状结构或扣状结构等,其中优选为开设于柔 性基板 21上的一个或多个的槽或孔。 在柔性基材 21上开设槽或孔后, 在制备三维结 构超材料时, 相邻的成型基材 10的部分原料填充于槽或孔中, 成型基材 10固化时, 槽或孔之间的原料也固化使得相邻成型基材 10紧密连接。此种方式结构简单且无需额 外设置其他结构和工序, 在成型基材 10 成型时即可同时形成该增大层间结合力的结 构。 当三维结构超材料表面较复杂时, 若仅采用一个柔性子基板 210并将其贴附于成 型基材 10上时, 该柔性基板 210在部分区域会形成皱褶, 该皱褶既会使得柔性子基板 210贴合不够紧密同时还会影响设置在柔性子基板 210上的人造微结构对电磁波的响 应。 图 2示出了一较佳实施方式中三维结构超材料的立体结构示意图。 该三维结构超 材料表面各处的高斯曲率相差较大, 不能展开为一个平面, 即当制备三维结构超材料 时, 若仅采用一个柔性子基板则会出现上述的皱褶现象。 为解决上述问题,本实施例在设计时将三维结构超材料表面划分为多个几何区域, 每一几何区域可展开为一个平面, 每一平面可对应一个柔性子基板 210。 在制备时, 将每一平面对应的柔性子基板 210相应地贴附于成型基材表面区域。 三维结构超材料 固化成型时, 每一柔性子基板 210既能紧密贴附于成型基材表面又不会产生皱褶, 同 时所有的柔性子基板 210构成的柔性基板的电磁响应能满足需求。 在一实施例中, 三 维结构超材料表面由至少两个可展开为平面的几何区域组成。 本实施例中采用如下方式将三维结构超材料表面划分为多个几何区域: 分析三维 结构超材料表面的高斯曲率分布, 将相近高斯曲率分布的部分划分为一个几何区域。 几何区域划分越多, 对应几何区域的每一柔性子基板 210在贴附于成型基材表面时产 生皱褶的概率越小、 工艺精度越高, 但是工艺成形难度越大。 为平衡二者的关系, 一 般根据高斯曲率将三维结构超材料表面划分为 5-15个几何区域。根据三维结构超材料 整体最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值, 在划分几何区域时, 每一几何区域内的最 大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值一般小于 100, 也可为小于 80, 小于 50或小于 30 等。 优选地, 每一几何区域内的最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 20。 更优选 地, 每一几何区域内的最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 10。 请继续参照图 2、 图 3, 图 2中示出了依据高斯曲率划分为多个几何区域的三维结 构超材料。 图 2中, 三维结构超材料依据高斯曲率划分为 5个几何区域 Jl-J5。 图 3为 图 2中多个几何区域展开后形成的平面示意图。 图 3中, 对应图 2划分的 5个几何区 域相应地展开有 5个平面 P1-P5, 优选地, 在图 3中, 为使得制作更为方便, 将长度 较长的几何区域切开成多个子平面。 依据展开后的平面制备柔性子基板, 并在柔性子基板上排布人造微结构, 而后将 排布了人造微结构的多个柔性子基板按照上述划分的几何区域对应贴附于成型基材对 应表面形成三维结构超材料。 在该实施例中, 人造微结构是在柔性子基板上形成, 因 此可采用现有的平板超材料制备方法而无需采用三维蚀刻、雕刻等方法从而节省成本, 同时本实施例采用区域划分的方式保证多个柔性子基板相互拼接构成柔性基板时, 多 个柔性子基板不会发生皱褶也即人造微结构不会发生扭曲从而保证了三维结构超材料 的工艺精度。 多个柔性子基板上的人造微结构的拓扑形状和尺寸可均相同。 但是由于三维结构 超材料的表面不规则, 因此入射到三维结构超材料表面各处的电磁波的参数值存在差 异。 入射到三维结构超材料表面各处的电磁波可由不同的电磁参数表征, 选用何种电 磁参数表征电磁波取决于该三维结构超材料的功能, 例如若三维结构超材料需实现对 不同入射角度的电磁波具有相同的电磁响应, 则入射到三维结构超材料表面各处的电 磁波可用入射角度来表征; 又如若三维结构超材料需实现将电磁波转换为平面波或将 电磁波汇聚、 发散等波束赋形功能, 则入射到三维结构超材料表面各处的电磁波可用 相位值来表征; 再若三维结构超材料需实现将电磁波的极化方式转变, 则入射到三维 结构超材料表面各处的电磁波可用轴比值或电场入射角度来表征。 可以想象地, 当三 维结构超材料需要同时实现多个功能时, 则可用多个电磁参数来表征入射到三维结构 超材料表面的电磁波。 若柔性基板上采用相同的人造微结构拓扑结构使得该人造微结构拓扑结构对某一 电磁参数不同的参数值具有预期的响应, 则该人造微结构设计难度太大甚至是不可实 现。 另外, 在实际应用中, 三维结构超材料为达到某种功能通常需要同时满足多种电 磁参数, 此时设计一种既能满足某一电磁参数不同的参数值的电磁响应又能满足不同 电磁参数的电磁响应的人造微结构拓扑相同的难度则更大。 为解决上述问题, 本发明第一实施例根据入射到三维结构超材料不同区域的电磁 波的不同电磁参数值将三维结构超材料划分为多个电磁区域。 每一电磁区域可对应一 个电磁参数的一个参数值范围, 针对该参数值范围来设计该电磁区域内的人造微结构 的拓扑结构从而既能简化设计又能使得三维结构超材料不同区域均具有预设的电磁响 应能力。 下面以三维结构超材料需对不同入射角度的电磁波具有相同的电磁响应来介绍三 维结构超材料的电磁区域设计方式。 电磁波入射至三维结构超材料表面某点 P的入射角度可由图 4所示的方式定义, 即由电磁波波矢 K的信息与该点 P对应的切面的法线计算出该点 P上的电磁波入射角 θ。 波矢 Κ的信息不局限于某个特定角度值, 其也可为某一角度值范围。 依据上述方 式得出三维结构超材料表面所有点的入射角度值, 并依据不同点的入射角度值将三维 结构超材料表面划分为多个电磁区域。 图 5示出了一具体实施例中电磁区域的划分方 式。 图 5 中, 按照入射角度相差 11°的划分方式将三维结构超材料表面划分为八个电 磁区域 Ql-Q8, 即电磁区域 Q1对应入射角度为 0°-11°的电磁波, 电磁区域 Q2对应入 射角度为 12°-23°的电磁波,电磁区域 Q4对应入射角度为 24°-35°的电磁波,依此类推。 本实施例中, 各电磁区域的入射角度最大值与最小值的差值相同以简化设计。 但是某 些时候, 例如已知某种人造微结构的拓扑结构对入射角度为 0°-30°的电磁波均具有良 好的电磁响应, 则在划分电磁区域时, 可划分为 0°-30°, 31°-40°, 41°-50°, 等等。 具 体的划分方式可依据具体的需求来进行设置, 本发明对此不做限制。 针对每一电磁区域的入射角度范围信息设计每一电磁区域的人造微结构形状使得 其满足需求, 例如吸收电磁波、 透过电磁波等。 由于每一电磁区域的入射角度范围跨 度较小, 因此针对该电磁区域设计人造微结构变得简单。 在一优选实施例中, 每一电 磁区域的人造微结构的拓扑结构相同, 尺寸不同。 通过将相同拓扑结构的人造微结构 尺寸渐变的方式使得其能满足一电磁区域的电磁响应要求, 此种设计方式能简化工艺 难度, 降低设计成本。 当然可以想象地, 也可以使得每一电磁区域内的人造微结构的 拓扑结构和尺寸均不同, 只要其满足该电磁区域对应的入射角度范围所需的电磁响应 即可。 当三维结构超材料包含多层柔性功能层时, 电磁区域就是一个立体的概念, 即图 5 所示的每一电磁区域的边界是三维结构超材料按照电磁分区的边界。 在一优选实施 例中, 为了简化设计, 三维结构超材料内部的多层柔性功能层上的电磁分区的边界重 合。 柔性功能层上的某电磁区域的边界 (即某电磁区域映射在该柔性功能层上的电磁 分区的边界) 可能位于一柔性子基板中, 也可能是横跨多个柔性子基板。 也就是说几 何区域与电磁区域是两种不同的划分方式, 二者没有必然联系。 通常, 根据需要以及设计的复杂度, 每一电磁区域内的至少一层柔性功能层上的 人造微结构拓扑形状相同, 尺寸不同; 亦或, 每一电磁区域内的柔性功能层上的人造 微结构拓扑形状相同; 亦或, 每一电磁区域内的至少一层柔性功能层上的人造微结构 与其它柔性功能层的人造微结构拓扑形状不同。 人造微结构可为由导电材料构成的具有几何图案的结构, 人造微结构拓扑形状可 采用计算机仿真得到,针对不同的电磁响应需求设计不同的人造微结构拓扑结构即可。 该几何图案可为图 6所示的十字雪花型, 十字雪花型微结构包括相互垂直平分的第一 金属线 P1和第二金属线 P2,所述第一金属线 P1两端连接有相同长度的两个第一金属 分支 Fl, 所述第一金属线 PI两端连接在两个第一金属分支 F1的中点上, 所述第二金 属线 P2两端连接有相同长度的两个第二金属分支 F2,所述第二金属线 P2两端连接在 两个第二金属分支 F2的中点上, 所述第一金属分支 F1与第二金属分支 F2的长度相 等。 该几何图案也可为图 7所示几何图形, 图 7中, 该几何图案具有相互垂直平分的 第一主线 Z1及第二主线 Z2,第一主线 Z1与第二主线 Z2形状尺寸相同,第一主线 Z1 两端连接有两个相同的第一直角折角线 ZJ1,第一主线 Z1两端连接在两个第一直角折 角线 ZJ1的拐角处, 第二主线 Z2两端连接有两个第二直角折角线 ZJ2, 第二主线 Z2 两端连接在两个第二直角折角线 ZJ2的拐角处, 第一直角折角线 ZJ1与第二直角折角 线 ZJ2形状尺寸相同, 第一直角折角线 ZJ1、 第二直角折角线 ZJ2的两个角边分别平 行于水平线, 第一主线 Zl、第二主线 Z2为第一直角折角线 ZJ1、第二直角折角线 ZJ2 的角平分线。 该几何图案还可为其他形状, 例如开口圆环形、 十字形、 工字形、 方片 形、 六边形、 六边环形、 十字孔形、 十字环形、 Y孔形、 Y环形、 圆孔形、 圆环形等。 人造微结构材料可为金属导电材料或非金属导电材料,其中金属导电材料可为金、 银、 铜、 铝、 锌等或者各种金合金、 铝合金、 锌合金等, 非金属导电材料可为导电石 墨、 铟锡氧化物或掺铝氧化锌等。 人造微结构可通过蚀刻、 钻刻或雕刻等方式附着于 柔性子基板上。 当三维结构超材料需要实现波束赋形功能时, 对入射至三维结构超材料表面的电 磁波则用相位值表征。 由于三维结构超材料表面为形状复杂的表面, 则三维结构超材 料表面各处的相位值不全相同, 选取合适的相位值范围将三维结构超材料划分为多个 电磁区域。 根据最终波束赋形需要实现的功能, 例如汇聚电磁波、 发散电磁波、 偏折 电磁波、 球面波转为平面波等计算出三维结构超材料各处最终需要的相位, 在每个电 磁区域排布人造微结构使得该电磁区域能满足对应该电磁区域的相位差。 当三维结构超材料需要实现极化转化时, 对入射至三维结构超材料表面的电磁波 则用轴比值或电磁波电场入射角度表征。 本领域技术人员可知, 电磁波的极化方式即 为电磁波电场方向, 极化的效果以轴比表示。 电磁波电场入射角度的确定方式与图 4 中电磁波入射角度的确定方式相似,仅需要将图 4中的波矢 K方向变化为电场 E方向 即可。 根据电磁波电场入射角度信息将三维结构超材料表面划分为多个电磁区域。 根 据最终极化转化需要实现的功能, 例如转化为垂直极化、 转化为水平极化、 转化为圆 极化等确定出三维结构超材料各处最终需要的电场方向角度, 在每个电磁区域排布人 造微结构使得该电磁区域能满足对应电磁区域的电场方向角度差。 若三维结构超材料需要满足两种或两种以上的电磁参数, 例如既需要三维结构超 材料响应电磁波角度较大, 又需要满足波束赋性, 则可将三维结构超材料表面划分多 个能满足上述两种电磁参数的电磁区域。 对比图 5和图 2可知, 针对相同形状的三维结构超材料, 可具有不同的几何区域 和电磁区域, 因此每一几何区域对应的柔性子基板上可存在多种不同的人造微结构, 例如如图 8所示的某一柔性子基板上部分区域的人造微结构排布示意图。 当然, 若某 一三维结构超材料的几何区域与电磁区域重合时, 则每一几何区域对应的柔性子基板 上的人造微结构可均相同, 这样设计和加工的复杂度就会降低很多。 对于某些表面并不复杂的三维结构超材料, 则可以仅采用电磁分区的方式, 将不 同的微结构附着于一个柔性基板上, 使得三维结构超材料具有较好的电磁响应。 将上述三维结构超材料应用于特定领域的产品时, 该三维结构超材料可根据特定 产品的形状而设置, 使得三维结构超材料成为该产品的配件; 同时该三维结构超材料 由于具有成型基材, 若选择能满足产品应用要求的成型基材材料, 则三维结构超材料 自身可构成产品的主要构成部分。 例如当采用三维结构超材料制备天线罩时, 可直接 将该三维结构超材料制备成天线罩本体, 还可在原有的普通材料制成的天线罩本体表 面设置该三维结构超材料以增强原天线罩本体的电磁性能。 根据三维结构超材料的不同功能, 三维结构超材料还可制成天线、 滤波器、 极化 器等, 从而满足不同的应用需求。 第二实施例 请参照图 10, 图 10为本发明第二实施例三维结构超材料一较佳实施方式中的部 分剖视示意图。 图 10中, 三维结构超材料包括多层成型基材 10, 紧贴于成型基材 10 表面的柔性功能层 20, 所述柔性功能层包括由至少一个柔性子基板 210构成的柔性基 板 21 以及设置于每个柔性子基板 210表面的多个能响应电磁波的人造微结构 22; 所 述三维结构超材料具有电磁波调制功能。 在本发明第二实施例一实施例中, 三维结构超材料可以包括至少两层柔性功能层 和至少两层成型基材。 一优选实施例中, 图 10中包括了三层成型基材 10以及二层柔 性功能层 20, 多层成型基材 10使得三维结构超材料的机械性能更强, 另外多层柔性 功能层 20使得相邻的柔性功能层 20之间形成电磁耦合, 通过优化相邻柔性功能层 20 之间的距离可以优化整个三维结构超材料对电磁波的响应。相邻柔性功能层 20之间的 距离即为成型基材 10的厚度, 因此可根据需要调整每一成型基材 10的厚度, 即成型 基材 10厚度可相同也可不同。 如图 10所示, 当三维结构超材料包括多个柔性功能层 20时,柔性功能层 20与成 型基材 10间隔设置。 在本发明第二实施例的另一实施例中, 如图 11所示, 当三维结 构超材料二层成型基材 10之间包括多层柔性功能层 20时,每一柔性功能层 20紧贴设 置, 而紧贴的柔性功能层再设置于成型基材 10的表面。 实施例 1 通过如下方式制备三维结构超材料 一、 分析三维结构超材料仿真模型曲面的高斯曲率变化, 按照高斯曲率将三维结 构超材料仿真模型划分为多个几何区域。 如图 12所示, 图 12为本实施例的三维结构超材料仿真模型几何区域划分图。 图 12中, 相同填充图案的几何区域表示曲率相近的区域。 在本实施例中, 按照每一几何 区域内的最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 20 的划分方式将三维结构超材料 仿真模型划分为 J1-J5五个几何区域。 二、 曲面展开。 曲面展开是指将图 12 划分的曲面几何区域展开为平面并得到展开后的平面的尺 寸。 将曲面展开为平面并得到展开后的平面的方式有多种, 多个设计软件均能实现上 述功能, 例如 solidworks软件、 Pro/Engineer软件等。 图 12划分的曲面几何区域展开 后的平面图如图 13所示。 三、 在柔性基板上排布人造微结构并将柔性基板按照曲面展开后的平面尺寸剪切 为多个柔性子基板。 本实施例中, 通过曝光显影蚀刻的方式将人造微结构排布于柔性基板上。 柔性基 板的材料可为聚酰亚胺、 聚酯、 聚四氟乙烯、 聚氨酯、 聚芳酯、 PET膜、 PE膜或 PVC 膜等。人造微结构的拓扑形状根据三维结构超材料最终实现的功能设计。本实施例中, 人造微结构的拓扑形状如图 14所示, 其包括相互垂直平分的第一金属线 P1和第二金 属线 P2, 所述第一金属线 PI两端连接有相同长度的两个第一金属分支 Fl, 所述第一 金属线 P1两端连接在两个第一金属分支 F1的中点上, 所述第二金属线 P2两端连接 有相同长度的两个第二金属分支 F2, 所述第二金属线 P2两端连接在两个第二金属分 支 F2的中点上, 所述第一金属分支 F1与第二金属分支 F2的长度相等。 四、 制备三维结构超材料。 将多片石英纤维增强环氧树脂预浸料层铺于模具中形成一层的成型基材, 该模具 根据三维结构超材料仿真模型加工而成。在该成型基材表面对应区域贴附柔性子基板。 在柔性子基板上再次层铺多片石英纤维增强环氧树脂预浸料并重复上述步骤直至得到 具有多层成型基材和多层柔性基板的三维结构超材料。合模后在温度为 100-200°C,真 空度为 0.5-l.OMPa条件下固化 3小时后脱模得到三维结构超材料。 在本实施例中, 多 层成型基材的厚度相同。 实施例 2 通过如下方式制备三维结构超材料 —、 计算三维结构超材料仿真模型各处的一种或多种电磁参数值。 电磁参数可为电磁波入射角度、 轴比值、 相位值或电磁波电场入射角度等。 选用 何种电磁参数值由三维结构超材料需实现功能决定。 本实施例中, 三维结构超材料需 实现对不同入射角度的电磁波均具有相同的电磁响应。 该电磁响应可为吸收电磁波、 透过电磁波、 极化转换等, 本实施例中, 该电磁响应为透过电磁波。 图 15示出了电磁波入射至三维结构超材料表面某点 P的波矢入射角度的计算方 式。 图 15中, 电磁波入射角度为电磁波波矢 K的方向与该点 P对应的切面的法线的 夹角 θ。
二、 根据入射角度值将三维结构超材料划分为多个电磁区域。 图 16示出了本实施例中三维结构超材料电磁区域的划分方式。 图 16中, 按照入 射角度相差 11°的划分方法将三维结构超材料表面划分为八个电磁区域 Q1-Q8, 即电 磁区域 Q1对应入射角度为 0°-11°的电磁波, 电磁区域 Q2对应入射角度为 12°-23°的 电磁波, 电磁区域 Q4对应入射角度为 24°-35°的电磁波, 依此类推。 三、 针对每一电磁区域的电磁波入射角度范围信息设计每一电磁区域的人造微结 构形状。 由于每一电磁区域的电磁波入射角度范围跨度较小, 因此针对该电磁区域设计人 造微结构变得简单。 例如当没有划分电磁区域时, 则需要找出某种人造微结构使得其 对 0°-88°入射角度范围的电磁波均有电磁响应, 这样显然使得人造微结构的设计难度 大大增加, 甚至是不可实现。 在划分电磁区域后, 针对第一电磁区域 Q1 则仅需设计 某种人造微结构使得其满足 0°-11°具有电磁响应,针对第二电磁区域 则仅需设计另 外一种人造微结构使得其满足 12°-23°具有电磁响应, 依此类推。此种设计方式降低了 人造微结构的设计难度并使得三维结构超材料对超大入射角度范围的电磁波均具有电 磁响应的需求具有实现的可能性。 在本实施例中, 每一电磁区域对应一种人造微结构拓扑形状, 每一电磁区域内的 人造微结构的拓扑形状相同, 仅尺寸不同。 不同尺寸的人造微结构即可满足该电磁区 域的电磁响应需求从而降低工艺难度。 本实施例中, 每一电磁区域对应的人造微结构的拓扑形状可为图 17所示。 图 17 中,该几何图案具有相互垂直平分的第一主线 Z1及第二主线 Z2,第一主线 Z1与第二 主线 Z2形状尺寸相同, 第一主线 Z1两端连接有两个相同的第一直角折角线 ZJ1, 第 一主线 Z1两端连接在两个第一直角折角线 ZJ1的拐角处, 第二主线 Z2两端连接有两 个第二直角折角线 ZJ2, 第二主线 Z2两端连接在两个第二直角折角线 ZJ2的拐角处, 第一直角折角线 ZJ1与第二直角折角线 ZJ2形状尺寸相同, 第一直角折角线 ZJ1、 第 二直角折角线 ZJ2的两个角边分别平行于水平线, 第一主线 Zl、 第二主线 Z2为第一 直角折角线 ZJ1、 第二直角折角线 ZJ2的角平分线。 该几何图案还可为其他形状, 例 如开口圆环形、 十字形、 工字形、 方片形、 六边形、 六边环形、 十字孔形、 十字环形、 Y孔形、 Y环形、 圆孔形、 圆环形等。 四、 分析三维结构超材料仿真模型曲面的高斯曲率变化, 按照高斯曲率将三维结 构超材料仿真模型划分为多个几何区域。 本实施例中几何区域的划分方式与实施例 1相同。 每一几何区域内的最大高斯曲 率与最小高斯曲率的比值一般小于 100, 也可为可小于 80, 小于 50或小于 30等。 优 选地, 每一几何区域内的最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 20。 更优选地, 每 一几何区域内的最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 10。 五、 曲面展开。 曲面展开的方式与实施例 1相同。 三、 在柔性基板上排布人造微结构并将柔性基板按照曲面展开后的平面尺寸剪切 为多个柔性子基板。 本实施例中, 柔性基板上的人造微结构的排布依照步骤三得到, 因此柔性基板上 各处的人造微结构不全相同。 当柔性基板被剪切为多个柔性子基板时, 若某一电磁区 域恰好覆盖某一柔性子基板, 则该柔性子基板上的人造微结构形状相同、 尺寸不同; 若某一电磁区域覆盖多个柔性子基板, 则每一柔性子基板上的人造微结构形状和尺寸 都不全相同。 图 18示出了某一柔性子基板上部分区域的人造微结构排布示意图。 本实施例中, 通过激光雕刻的方式将人造微结构排布于柔性基板上。 四、 制备三维结构超材料。 将碳纤维布铺覆于模具中, 该模具根据三维结构超材料仿真模型加工而成。 在碳 纤维布上均勾涂覆聚酯树脂并重复铺覆碳纤维布和聚酯树脂而后将多层涂覆有聚酯树 脂的碳纤维布放入烘箱中在 100°C温度下固化 10分钟得到的成型基材。 在该成型基材表面对应区域贴附柔性子基板。 在该成型基材表面对应区域贴附柔性子基板。 在柔性子基板上再次覆盖成型基材。 本实施例中, 成型基材的厚度不同。 在温度为 200°C条件下抽真空固化 5小时后脱模得到三维结构超材料。 实施例 3 通过如下方式制备三维结构超材料 一、 计算三维结构超材料仿真模型各处的一种或多种电磁参数值。 电磁参数可为电磁波入射角度、 轴比值、 相位值或电磁波电场入射角度等。 选用 何种电磁参数值由三维结构超材料需实现功能决定。 本实施例中, 三维结构超材料需 实现极化转换, 即对不同电场入射角度的电磁波均能转换为所需的极化方式也即电场 出射角度。 电场入射角度的确定方式与实施例 2中电磁波入射角度的确定方式相似, 不同点 为将入射角度改为电场入射角度即可。 二、 根据电场入射角度值将三维结构超材料划分为多个电磁区域。 本实施例中, 每一电磁区域的电场入射角度的跨度范围可不同。 例如当已知某种 微结构对 0°-30°电场入射角度的电磁波均有较好的电磁响应时, 则可将电场入射角度 0°-30°划分为一个电磁区域, 其他电磁区域依然可按照电场入射角度 10°跨度来划分。 三、 针对每一电磁区域的电磁波电场入射角度范围信息设计每一电磁区域的人造 微结构形状。 在本实施例中, 人造微结构需改变电场出射角度, 因此不同的电磁区域的人造微 结构需使得该电磁区域能满足对应电磁区域的电场方向角度差。 与实施例 2相似, 由于划分了电磁区域, 使得能单独满足一电磁区域电场方向角 度差的人造微结构的设计变得可行和简单。 四、 在柔性基板上排布步骤三中设计好的人造微结构。 五、 制备三维结构超材料。 将多片芳纶纤维增强氰酸酯预浸料层铺于模具中形成一层成型基材, 该模具根据 三维结构超材料仿真模型加工而成。 将步骤四中制得的附着有人造微结构的柔性基板 开设孔或槽后贴附于成型基材表面。 在柔性基板上再次层铺片芳纶纤维增强氰酸酯预 浸料并重复上述步骤直至得到具有多层成型基材和多层柔性基板的三维结构超材料。 合模后在温度为 300°C,真空度为 2.0MPa条件下固化 5小时后脱模得到三维结构超材 料。 柔性基板开设孔或槽后, 三维结构超材料固化成型时, 槽或孔之间填充的部分成 型基材原料也固化成型使得相邻成型基材紧密连接。 此种方式结构简单且无需额外设 置其他结构和工序, 在成型基材成型时即可同时形成增大层间结合力的结构。 在上述各实施方式中, 纤维主要用于增强制成的三维结构超材料的机械强度, 因 此纤维并不限于实施例 1至实施例 3列举的石英纤维、 碳纤维和芳纶纤维, 还可为玻 璃纤维、 聚乙烯纤维、 聚酯纤维等。 树脂也不限于实施例 1至实施例 3列举的环氧树 月旨、 聚酯树脂和氰酸酯, 还可为各类热固性树脂, 例如环氧类型、 氰酸酯类型、 双马 来酰亚胺树脂及它们的改性树脂体系或混合体系, 也可为各类热塑性树脂, 例如聚酰 亚胺、 聚醚醚酮、 聚醚酰亚胺、 聚苯硫醚或聚酯等。 人造微结构材料可为金属导电材料或非金属导电材料,其中金属导电材料可为金、 银、 铜、 铝、 锌等或者各种金合金、 铝合金、 锌合金等, 非金属导电材料可为导电石 墨、 铟锡氧化物或掺铝氧化锌等。 第三实施例 请参照图 19, 图 19为本发明第三实施例超材料一较佳实施方式中的立体结构示 意图。 图 19中, 超材料包括基材 10, 排布于基材 10表面的多个人造微结构 11。 超材 料上包括多个电磁区域 Dl、 D2、 D3、 D4、 D5。 图 19中, 电磁区域 Dl上排布有多个 人造微结构 11, 其他电磁区域用不同的填充图案填充以示区分, 但可知的, 其他电磁 区域内也设置有多个人造微结构。 每一电磁区域对应入射至该电磁区域内的电磁波的 一种或多种电磁参数范围。 图 19中, 基材 10表面为平面。 在基材 10表面设置人造微结构的方法可为蚀刻、 钻刻、 雕刻、 电子刻或离子刻等。 请参照图 20、 图 21, 图 20为本发明第三实施例另一较佳实施方式中的立体结构 示意图。 图 21为图 20所示超材料的部分剖视示意图。 由图 20、 图 21可知, 本实施 例中超材料基材 10 表面为曲面, 本实施例中超材料根据入射角度范围信息划分了 Q1-Q8共 8个电磁区域。 其中, 电磁波入射至本实施例超材料表面某点 P的入射角度 可由图 22所示方式得出。 图 22中, 由电磁波波矢 K的信息与该点 P对应的切面的法 线 N计算出该点 P上的电磁波入射角度 θ。 依据图 22所示入射角度计算方式得到各 处的入射角度值。 本实施例中, 八个电磁区域是按照入射角度相差 11°划分, 即入射 角度为 0°-11°划分为电磁区域 Ql, 入射角度为 12°-23°划分为电磁区域 Q2, 入射角度 为 24°-35°划分为电磁区域 Q3, 依此类推。 本实施例中, 各电磁区域的入射角度最大 值与最小值的差值相同以简化设计。 但是某些时候, 例如已知某种人造微结构的拓扑 结构对入射角度为 0°-30°的电磁波均具有良好的电磁响应, 则在划分电磁区域时, 可 划分为 0°-30°, 31°-40°, 41°-50°, 等等。 具体的划分方式可依据具体的需求来进行设 置, 本发明对此不做限制。 针对每一电磁区域的入射角度范围信息设计每一电磁区域的人造微结构形状使得 其满足需求, 例如吸收电磁波、 透过电磁波等。 由于每一电磁区域的入射角度范围跨 度较小, 因此针对该电磁区域设计人造微结构变得简单。 在一优选实施例中, 每一电 磁区域的人造微结构的拓扑结构相同, 尺寸不同。 通过将相同拓扑结构的人造微结构 尺寸渐变的方式使得其能满足一电磁区域的电磁响应要求, 此种设计方式能简化工艺 难度, 降低设计成本。 当然可以想象地, 也可以使得每一电磁区域内的人造微结构的 拓扑结构和尺寸均不同, 只要其满足该电磁区域对应的入射角度范围所需的电磁响应 即可。 上面描述了曲面基材的超材料按照入射角度划分电磁区域的方式, 可以想象地, 当基材表面为平面时, 按照入射角度划分电磁区域更为简单。 由于可以表征电磁波的电磁参数多种多样, 图 20至图 22中, 超材料需实现的功 能为使得大角度入射的电磁波均能具有相同的电磁响应, 例如大角度吸波、 大角度透 波等。 当超材料需要实现其他功能时, 则将电磁波表征为其他电磁参数, 并根据该电 磁参数划分电磁区域。 例如当超材料需要实现波束赋形功能时, 对入射至超材料表面的电磁波则用相位 值表征。 选取合适的相位值范围将超材料划分为多个电磁区域。 根据最终波束赋形需 要实现的功能, 例如汇聚电磁波、 发散电磁波、 偏折电磁波、 球面波转为平面波等计 算出超材料各处最终需要的相位, 在每个电磁区域排布人造微结构使得该电磁区域能 满足对应该电磁区域的相位差。 又如当超材料需要实现极化转化时, 对入射至超材料表面的电磁波则用轴比值或 电磁波电场入射角度表征。 本领域技术人员可知, 电磁波的极化方式即为电磁波电场 方向, 极化的效果以轴比表示。 电磁波电场入射角度的确定方式与图 22中电磁波入射 角度的确定方式相似, 仅需要将图 22中的波矢 K方向变化为电场 E方向即可。 根据 电磁波电场入射角度信息将超材料表面划分为多个电磁区域。 根据最终极化转化需要 实现的功能, 例如转化为垂直极化、 转化为水平极化、 转化为圆极化等确定出超材料 各处最终需要的电场方向角度, 在每个电磁区域排布人造微结构使得该电磁区域能满 足对应电磁区域的电场方向角度差。 若超材料需要满足两种或两种以上的电磁参数, 例如既需要超材料响应电磁波角 度较大, 又需要满足波束赋性, 则可将超材料表面划分多个能满足上述两种电磁参数 的电磁区域。 在曲面超材料各电磁区域上加工人造微结构的方式可采用常规的三维激光雕刻、 三维蚀刻等方式。 但是三维加工的设备成本较高且工艺精度控制也不佳。 本发明第三 实施例为解决曲面超材料各电磁区域人造微结构的加工问题, 将曲面超材料展开为多 个几何区域, 而后在各几何区域上加工对应的电磁区域的人造微结构。 请再次参照图 21, 在几何区域排布对应电磁区域的人造微结构时, 可通过先将人 造微结构排布于柔性基板 12上,每一柔性基板对应一几何区域展开的平面,后将多块 柔性基板贴附于基材上以达到将人造微结构排布于基材上的效果。 本实施例中采用如下方式将超材料表面划分为多个几何区域: 分析超材料表面的 高斯曲率分布,将相近高斯曲率分布的部分划分为一个几何区域。几何区域划分越多, 对应几何区域的柔性基板在贴附于基材表面时产生皱褶的概率越小、 工艺精度越高, 但是工艺成形难度越大。 为平衡二者的关系, 一般根据高斯曲率将超材料表面划分为 5-15个几何区域。 根据超材料整体最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值, 在划分几何 区域时, 每一几何区域内的最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值一般小于 100, 也可 为小于 80, 小于 50或小于 30等。 优选地, 每一几何区域内的最大高斯曲率与最小高 斯曲率的比值小于 20。 更优选地, 每一几何区域内的最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的 比值小于 10。 图 23示出了一较佳实施例中,依据高斯曲率将超材料划分为多个几何区域的示意 图。 图 23中, 超材料依据高斯曲率划分为 5个几何区域 Jl-J5。 图 24为图 23中 5个 几何区域展开的 5个平面 P1-P5的示意图, 优选地, 图 24中, 为使得制作更为方便, 将长度较长的几何区域切开成多个子平面。 依据展开后的平面剪切相应尺寸的柔性基板, 并在柔性基板上加工人造微结构, 而后将排布了人造微结构的多个柔性基板按照上述划分的几何区域对应贴附于基材对 应表面形成超材料。 在该实施例中, 人造微结构是在柔性基板上形成, 因此可采用现 有的平板超材料制备方法而无需采用三维蚀刻、 雕刻等方法从而节省成本, 同时本实 施例采用区域划分的方式保证多个柔性基板相互拼接时, 多个柔性基板不会发生皱褶 也即人造微结构不会发生扭曲从而保证了超材料的工艺精度。 人造微结构可为由导电材料构成的具有几何图案的结构, 人造微结构拓扑形状可 采用计算机仿真得到,针对不同的电磁响应需求设计不同的人造微结构拓扑结构即可。 该几何图案可为图 25所示的十字雪花型,十字雪花型微结构包括相互垂直平分的 第一金属线 P1和第二金属线 P2,所述第一金属线 P1两端连接有相同长度的两个第一 金属分支 Fl, 所述第一金属线 PI两端连接在两个第一金属分支 F1的中点上, 所述第 二金属线 P2两端连接有相同长度的两个第二金属分支 F2,所述第二金属线 P2两端连 接在两个第二金属分支 F2的中点上, 所述第一金属分支 F1与第二金属分支 F2的长 度相等。 该几何图案也可为图 26所示几何图形, 图 25中, 该几何图案具有相互垂直平分 的第一主线 Z1及第二主线 Z2, 第一主线 Z1与第二主线 Z2形状尺寸相同, 第一主线 Z1两端连接有两个相同的第一直角折角线 ZJ1, 第一主线 Z1两端连接在两个第一直 角折角线 ZJ1的拐角处, 第二主线 Z2两端连接有两个第二直角折角线 ZJ2, 第二主线 Z2两端连接在两个第二直角折角线 ZJ2的拐角处,第一直角折角线 ZJ1与第二直角折 角线 ZJ2形状尺寸相同, 第一直角折角线 ZJ1、 第二直角折角线 ZJ2的两个角边分别 平行于水平线, 第一主线 Zl、 第二主线 Z2为第一直角折角线 ZJ1、 第二直角折角线 ZJ2 的角平分线。 该几何图案还可为其他形状, 例如开口圆环形、 十字形、 工字形、 方片形、 六边形、 六边环形、 十字孔形、 十字环形、 Y孔形、 Y环形、 圆孔形、 圆环 形等。 人造微结构材料可为金属导电材料或非金属导电材料,其中金属导电材料可为金、 银、 铜、 铝、 锌等或者各种金合金、 铝合金、 锌合金等, 非金属导电材料可为导电石 墨、 铟锡氧化物或掺铝氧化锌等。 基材材料可为陶瓷材料、 铁电材料、 铁氧材料或者高分子材料。 其中高分子材料 优选为 F4B材料、 FR4材料或者 PS材料。 当本发明第三实施例的超材料基材为曲面材料或者需要在基材表面贴附柔性基板 时, 基材材料优选为由树脂和增强纤维构成的预浸料。 预浸料在未固化成型时具有一 定的柔软度和粘性, 便于在加工曲面超材料时调整形状以及便于将柔性基板粘附于其 表面, 并且预浸料在固化成型后机械强度较好。 在预浸料材料中, 树脂可为热固性树脂, 例如各类环氧类型、 氰酸酯类型、 双马 来酰亚胺树脂及它们的改性树脂体系或混合体系; 也可为热塑性树脂,例如聚酰亚胺、 聚醚醚酮、 聚醚酰亚胺、 聚苯硫醚或聚酯等。 增强纤维可选取为玻璃纤维、石英纤维、 芳纶纤维、 聚乙烯纤维、 碳纤维或聚酯纤维等。 将上述超材料应用于特定领域的产品时,该超材料可根据特定产品的形状而设置, 使得超材料成为该产品的配件; 同时该超材料自身也可构成产品的主要构成部分。 例 如当采用超材料制备天线罩时, 可直接将该超材料制备成天线罩本体, 还可在原有的 普通材料制成的天线罩本体表面设置该超材料以增强原天线罩本体的电磁性能。 根据超材料的不同功能, 超材料还可制成天线、 滤波器、 极化转换器等, 从而满 足不同的应用需求。 本发明第三实施例还提供一种超材料的设计方法,其设计步骤如图 27所示,包括: S1 : 计算超材料各处的一种或多种电磁参数值; 该电磁参数根据需要选取入射角度、 相位、 轴比、 电磁波电场入射角度等;
S2:将超材料划分为多个电磁区域,每一电磁区域对应一种或多种电磁参数范围; 每一电磁区域对应的一种或多种电磁参数范围的最大值和最小值的差值相等或不 等。
S3: 针对每一电磁区域的一种或多种电磁参数范围设计人造微结构使得每一电磁 区域能产生预设的电磁响应。 优选地, 每一电磁区域上的人造微结构拓扑形状相同, 尺寸不同。 不同电磁区域 上的人造微结构拓扑形状不同。 上面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行了描述, 但是本发明并不局限于上述的具体 实施方式, 上述的具体实施方式仅仅是示意性的, 而不是限制性的, 本领域的普通技 术人员在本发明的启示下, 在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保护的范围情况下, 还 可做出很多形式, 这些均属于本发明的保护之内。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书 、 一种超材料, 其特征在于, 包括: 至少一层基材和多个人造微结构, 所述超材 料包括电磁区域, 所述电磁区域内的人造微结构对入射至该电磁区域的电磁波 产生预设的电磁响应。 、 根据权利要求 1所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述超材料为三维结构超材料, 所述基材为成型基材, 所述三维结构超材料包括: 至少一层成型基材、 至少一 层柔性功能层, 所述柔性功能层设置于成型基材表面或者设置于多层成型基材 之间; 所述每层柔性功能层包括由至少一个柔性子基板构成的柔性基板以及设 置于每个柔性子基板上的多个能响应电磁波的人造微结构; 所述三维结构超材 料具有电磁波调制功能。 、 根据权利要求 2所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述三维结构超材料包括至少两 层所述柔性功能层和至少两层所述成型基材。 、 根据权利要求 2所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述三维结构超材料包括至少三 层所述柔性功能层和至少三层所述成型基材。 、 根据权利要求 3或 4所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述成型基材与所述柔性功 能层间隔设置。 、 根据权利要求 3或 4所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 每一柔性基板紧贴设置, 柔 性功能层紧贴于成型基材的表面。 、 根据权利要求 2所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述柔性基板是热塑性材料或加 入柔性纤维的热塑性复合材料。 、 根据权利要求 7所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述柔性基板的材料为聚酰亚胺、 聚酯、 聚四氟乙烯、 聚氨酯、 聚芳酯、 PET膜、 PE膜或 PVC膜。 、 根据权利要求 2所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述三维结构超材料表面由至少 两个可展开为平面的几何区域组成。 、 根据权利要求 9所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述三维结构超材料表面上可展 开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 100。 、 根据权利要求 10所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料表面上可展 开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 80。 、 根据权利要求 10所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料表面上可展 开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 50。 、 根据权利要求 10所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料表面上可展 开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 20。 、 根据权利要求 10所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料表面上可展 开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 10。 、 根据权利要求 9所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述柔性功能层包括多个柔性子 基板, 一个柔性子基板对应所述三维结构超材料表面展开后的一个平面。 、 根据权利要求 15所述的超材料,其特征在于,不同柔性子基板上的人造微结构 的拓扑结构相同。 、 根据权利要求 15所述的超材料,其特征在于,不同柔性子基板上的人造微结构 的拓扑结构不同。 、 根据权利要求 2或 9所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述三维结构超材料包括多 个电磁区域, 入射至每一电磁区域内的电磁波具有一种或多种电磁参数范围; 每一电磁区域内的人造微结构对入射至该电磁区域的电磁波产生预设的电磁响 应。 、 根据权利要求 18所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述每一电磁区域位于一柔性子 基板中, 或者每一电磁区域横跨多个柔性子基板。 、 根据权利要求 18所述的超材料,其特征在于,每一电磁区域内的至少一层柔性 功能层上的人造微结构拓扑形状相同, 尺寸不同。 、 根据权利要求 18所述的超材料,其特征在于,每一电磁区域内的柔性功能层上 的人造微结构拓扑形状相同。 、 根据权利要求 18所述的超材料,其特征在于,每一电磁区域内的至少一层柔性 功能层上的人造微结构与其它柔性功能层的人造微结构拓扑形状不同。 、 根据权利要求 2所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述柔性基板上还设置有用于增 强其与相邻成型基材层间结合力的结构。 、 根据权利要求 23所述的三维结构超材料,其特征在于,所述结构为开设于柔性 基板上的孔或槽。 、 根据权利要求 2所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述成型基材的材料为纤维增强 树脂复合材料或纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料。 、 根据权利要求 32所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述陶瓷包括氧化铝、 氧化硅、 氧化钡、 氧化铁、 氧化镁、 氧化锌、 氧化钙、 氧化锶、 氧化钛或上述材料的混 合物。 、 根据权利要求 1所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述超材料包括: 至少一层基材 以及设置于每层基材表面的多个人造微结构; 所述超材料包括多个电磁区域, 入射至每一电磁区域内的电磁波具有一种或多种电磁参数范围; 每一电磁区域 内的人造微结构对入射至该电磁区域的电磁波产生预设的电磁响应。 、 根据权利要求 34所述的超材料,其特征在于,每一电磁区域上的人造微结构拓 扑形状相同, 尺寸不同。 、 根据权利要求 34或 35所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 不同电磁区域上的人造微 结构拓扑形状不同。 、 根据权利要求 34所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述超材料包括两层或至少三层 基材。 、 根据权利要求 34或 37所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 每层基材紧贴设置或者每 层基材间隔设置。 、 根据权利要求 34所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述基材表面为平面。 、 根据权利要求 34所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述基材表面由至少两个可展开 为平面的几何区域组成。 根据权利要求 40所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述基材表面可展开为平面的几 何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 100。 、 根据权利要求 40所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述基材表面可展开为平面的几 何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 80。 、 根据权利要求 40所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述基材表面可展开为平面的几 何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 50。 、 根据权利要求 40所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述基材表面可展开为平面的几 何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 20。 、 根据权利要求 40所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述基材表面可展开为平面的几 何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 10。 、 根据权利要求 40所述的超材料,其特征在于,每一几何区域内的人造微结构拓 扑形状和尺寸不全相同。 、 根据权利要求 40所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述超材料还包括多个柔性基板, 每一柔性基板对应所述基材表面可展开为平面的一个几何区域, 所述人造微结 构附着于柔性基板上,所述柔性基板贴附于基材表面或者设置于多个基材之间。 、 根据权利要求 34所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述基材材料为陶瓷材料、铁电 材料、 铁氧材料或高分子材料。 、 根据权利要求 34所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述基材材料为由树脂和增强纤 维构成的预浸料。 、 根据权利要求 2或 34所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述超材料可实现对电磁波 进行透波、 吸波、 波束赋形、 极化转化或方向图调制的电磁波调制功能。 、 根据权利要求 50所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述超材料可实现对电磁波进行 频选透波、 频选吸波、 宽频透波或宽频吸波。 、 根据权利要求 50所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述超材料可实现对电磁波进行 垂直极化转水平极化、 水平极化转垂直极化、 水平极化转圆极化或圆极化转水 平极化。 根据权利要求 50所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述超材料可实现对电磁波进行 波束发散、 波束汇聚或波束偏折。 、 根据权利要求 18或 34所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 入射至每一电磁区域内的 电磁波的一种或多种电磁参数的最大值与最小值的差值相等。 、 根据权利要求 18或 34所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 入射至每一电磁区域内的 电磁波的一种或多种电磁参数的最大值与最小值的差值不等。 、 根据权利要求 18或 34所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述电磁参数范围为入射 角度范围、 轴比值范围、 相位值范围或电磁波电场入射角度范围。 、 根据权利要求 1或 2或 34所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述人造微结构为导电 材料构成的具有几何图案的结构。 、 根据权利要求 57所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述导电材料为金属或非金属导 电材料。 、 根据权利要求 58所述的超材料,其特征在于, 所述金属为金、银、铜、金合金、 银合金、 铜合金、 锌合金或铝合金。 、 根据权利要求 58所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述非金属导电材料为导电石墨、 铟锡氧化物或掺铝氧化锌。 、 根据权利要求 57所述的超材料,其特征在于,所述人造微结构的几何图案为方 片形、 雪花形、 工字形、 六边形、 六边环形、 十字孔形、 十字环形、 Y孔形、 Y环形、 圆孔形或圆环形。 、 根据权利要求 3或 4或 34或 37所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述每层基材的 厚度相等。 、 根据权利要求 3或 4或 34或 37所述的超材料, 其特征在于, 所述每层基材的 厚度不相等。 、 一种天线罩,其特征在于,所述天线罩为权利要求 1至 63任一项所述的超材料。 、 一种吸波材料, 其特征在于, 包括权利要求 1至 63任一项所述的超材料。 、 一种滤波器, 其特征在于, 包括权利要求 1至 63任一项所述的超材料。 、 一种天线, 其特征在于, 包括权利要求 1至 44任一项所述的三维结构超材料。 、 一种极化器,其特征在于,包括权利要求 1至 44任一项所述的三维结构超材料。 69、 一种三维结构超材料的制备方法, 其特征在于, 包括步骤:
根据三维结构超材料形状制备成型基材;
将人造微结构排布于柔性基板上;
将柔性基板贴附于成型基材上;
加热固化成型。
70、 根据权利要求 69所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料包括至少 两层所述柔性基板和至少两层所述成型基材。
71、 根据权利要求 69所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料至少包括 三层成型基材和三层柔性基板, 所述柔性基板设置于相邻两层成型基材之间。
72、 根据权利要求 70或 71所述的制备方法, 其特征在于, 所述成型基材与所述柔 性基板间隔设置。
73、 根据权利要求 70或 71所述的制备方法,其特征在于,每一柔性基板紧贴设置, 柔性功能层紧贴于成型基材的表面。
74、 根据权利要求 69所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述成型基材由多片树脂和纤 维构成的预浸料层铺而成。
75、根据权利要求 69所述的制备方法, 其特征在于, 所述成型基材为在纤维布上涂覆 树脂制成。
76、 根据权利要求 69所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料表面由至 少两个可展开为平面的几何区域组成。
77、 根据权利要求 76所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料表面上可 展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 100。
78、 根据权利要求 76所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料表面上可 展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 80。
79、 根据权利要求 76所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料表面上可 展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 50。 80、 根据权利要求 76所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料表面上可 展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 20。
81、 根据权利要求 76所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述三维结构超材料表面上可 展开为平面的几何区域内最大高斯曲率与最小高斯曲率的比值小于 10。
82、 根据权利要求 76至 81任一项所述的制备方法, 其特征在于, 通过如下步骤将 柔性基板贴附于成型基材表面: 将三维结构超材料展开为多个平面, 将柔性基 板对应该多个平面剪切成多个柔性子基板, 将柔性子基板贴附于成型基材对应 表面区域。
83、 根据权利要求 82所述的制备方法,其特征在于,不同柔性子基板上的人造微结 构的拓扑结构相同。
84、 根据权利要求 82所述的制备方法,其特征在于,不同柔性子基板上的人造微结 构的拓扑结构不同。
85、 根据权利要求 69或 76所述的制备方法, 其特征在于, 通过如下步骤确定柔性 基板上的人造微结构排布:计算三维结构超材料各处的一种或多种电磁参数值; 根据其中一种或多种电磁参数值将三维结构超材料划分为多个电磁区域; 每一 电磁区域对应一种或多种电磁参数的一参数值范围; 设计每一电磁区域内的人 造微结构使三维结构超材料对应该电磁区域的部分相对入射至该电磁区域的电 磁波能产生预设的电磁响应。
86、 根据权利要求 85所述的制备方法,其特征在于,各个电磁区域对应的电磁波参 数值范围的最大值与最小值的差值相等。
87、 根据权利要求 85所述的制备方法,其特征在于,各个电磁区域对应的电磁波参 数值范围的最大值与最小值的差值不等。
88、 根据权利要求 85所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述每一电磁区域位于一柔性 子基板中, 或每一电磁区域横跨多个柔性子基板。
89、 根据权利要求 85所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述电磁参数为电磁波入射角 度、 轴比值、 相位值或电磁波电场入射角度。
90、 根据权利要求 85所述的制备方法,其特征在于,每一电磁区域内的至少一层柔 性功能层上的人造微结构拓扑形状相同, 尺寸不同。 91、 根据权利要求 85所述的制备方法,其特征在于,每一电磁区域内的柔性功能层 上的人造微结构拓扑形状相同。
92、 根据权利要求 85所述的制备方法,其特征在于,每一电磁区域内的至少一层柔 性功能层上的人造微结构与其它柔性功能层的人造微结构拓扑形状不同。
93、 根据权利要求 69所述的制备方法,其特征在于,还包括在柔性基板上开设孔或 槽的步骤。
94、 根据权利要求 69所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述人造微结构为导电材料构 成的具有几何图案的结构。
95、 根据权利要求 94所述的制备方法, 其特征在于, 所述人造微结构通过蚀刻、钻 亥 |J、 电子刻或离子刻排布于柔性基板上。
96、 根据权利要求 94所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述导电材料为金属或非金属 导电材料。
97、 根据权利要求 96所述的制备方法, 其特征在于, 所述金属为金、 银、 铜、 金合 金、 银合金、 铜合金、 锌合金或铝合金。
98、 根据权利要求 96所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述非金属导电材料为导电石 墨、 铟锡氧化物或掺铝氧化锌。
99、 根据权利要求 96所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述人造微结构的几何图案为 方片形、 雪花形、 工字形、 六边形、 六边环形、 十字孔形、 十字环形、 Y孔形、 Y环形、 圆孔形或圆环形。
100、 根据权利要求 69所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述柔性基板材料为聚酰亚胺、 聚酯、 聚四氟乙烯、 聚氨酯、 聚芳酯、 PET膜、 PE膜或 PVC膜。
101、 根据权利要求 74或 75所述的制备方法, 其特征在于, 所述纤维为玻璃纤维、 石英纤维、 芳纶纤维、 聚乙烯纤维、 碳纤维或聚酯纤维。
102、 根据权利要求 74或 75所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述树脂为热固性树脂。
102、 根据权利要求 102所述的制备方法, 其特征在于, 所述热固性树脂包括环氧类 型、 氰酸酯类型、 双马来酰亚胺树脂及它们的改性树脂体系或混合体系。 103、 根据权利要求 74或 75所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述树脂为热塑性树脂。
104、 根据权利要求 103所述的制备方法, 其特征在于, 所述热塑性树脂包括聚酰亚 胺、 聚醚醚酮、 聚醚酰亚胺、 聚苯硫醚或聚酯。
105、 一种超材料的设计方法, 其特征在于, 包括步骤:
计算入射至超材料各处的电磁波的一种或多种电磁参数值;
将超材料划分为多个电磁区域, 每一电磁区域对应一种或多种电磁参数范 围;
针对每一电磁区域的一种或多种电磁参数范围设计人造微结构使得每一电 磁区域能产生预设的电磁响应。
106、 根据权利要求 105所述的设计方法, 其特征在于, 每一电磁区域对应的一种或 多种电磁参数范围的最大值和最小值的差值相等。
107、 根据权利要求 105所述的设计方法, 其特征在于, 每一电磁区域对应的一种或 多种电磁参数范围的最大值和最小值的差值相等。
108、 根据权利要求 105所述的设计方法, 其特征在于, 所述电磁参数范围为入射角 度范围、 轴比值范围、 相位值范围或电磁波电场入射角度范围。
109、 根据权利要求 105所述的设计方法, 其特征在于, 每一电磁区域上的人造微结 构拓扑形状相同, 尺寸不同。
110、 根据权利要求 105所述的设计方法, 其特征在于, 不同电磁区域上的人造微结 构拓扑形状不同。
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