WO2014177980A1 - Nouveau materiau a base d'uranium, de gadolinium et d'oxygene et son utilisation comme poison neutronique consommable - Google Patents
Nouveau materiau a base d'uranium, de gadolinium et d'oxygene et son utilisation comme poison neutronique consommable Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014177980A1 WO2014177980A1 PCT/IB2014/060971 IB2014060971W WO2014177980A1 WO 2014177980 A1 WO2014177980 A1 WO 2014177980A1 IB 2014060971 W IB2014060971 W IB 2014060971W WO 2014177980 A1 WO2014177980 A1 WO 2014177980A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C7/00—Control of nuclear reaction
- G21C7/02—Control of nuclear reaction by using self-regulating properties of reactor materials, e.g. Doppler effect
- G21C7/04—Control of nuclear reaction by using self-regulating properties of reactor materials, e.g. Doppler effect of burnable poisons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G43/00—Compounds of uranium
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/30—Assemblies of a number of fuel elements in the form of a rigid unit
- G21C3/32—Bundles of parallel pin-, rod-, or tube-shaped fuel elements
- G21C3/326—Bundles of parallel pin-, rod-, or tube-shaped fuel elements comprising fuel elements of different composition; comprising, in addition to the fuel elements, other pin-, rod-, or tube-shaped elements, e.g. control rods, grid support rods, fertile rods, poison rods or dummy rods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/76—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by a space-group or by other symmetry indications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/77—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by unit-cell parameters, atom positions or structure diagrams
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
- C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/88—Isotope composition differing from the natural occurrence
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a new material based on uranium, gadolinium and oxygen, having a crystalline phase enriched with gadolinium.
- Such a material is particularly advantageous in the context of its use as a consumable neutron poison in a nuclear fuel element, used for example in light water nuclear reactors.
- the increase of the solubilized boron content in the primary circuit is likely to generate certain problems, in particular in terms of degradation of the coefficient of moderator reactivity, corrosion and safety of the installation, as explained in the document FR 2 789 404, and increasing the production of tritium.
- solubilized boron is likely to expand during an increase in temperature, thus inducing a positive contribution to the reactivity coefficient of the reactor (a m ).
- the amount of dissolved boron must therefore be kept below a maximum limit, to meet the criterion of a negative moderator reactivity coefficient (a m ⁇ 0) under all operating conditions of the reactor.
- boric acid H 3 BO 3 can induce problems of direct corrosion, but also, as explained in document FR 2 789 404, indirect corrosion induced for example by lithium, introduced as pH control agent to compensate for the amount of boric acid.
- the risk of inadvertent boron dilution is considered to be one of the main initiators of the reactivity insertion type (RIA) accident in reactor safety studies.
- the neutron activation reactions on boron constitute the main source of production, in the primary circuit, of tritium (B 10 + n ⁇ H 3 + 2He 4 ), an undesirable radionuclide element, whose release is sought to be reduced. in the environment for reasons of safety and radiation protection.
- Neutron poison means an element with high neutron capture power and used to compensate, at least in part, for the excess reactivity of fissile media.
- neutron poison also called “absorbent or temporary neutron capturing” to designate a poison which disappears progressively during the operation of the nuclear reactor.
- These poisons are generally based on gadolinium, erbium, samarium, europium or other isotope which, following a neutron capture, produces an isotope of low absorption cross section.
- gadolinium in the solid state is the most used.
- the density of gadolinium varies only slightly with temperature, it does not induce a positive contribution to the coefficient of reactivity moderator m .
- the isotopes from 142 Gd to 164 Gd
- the most absorbing are 155 Gd and 157 Gd, these two isotopes representing almost 100% of the natural gadolinium-related absorption.
- isotopes 155 and 157 of gadolinium are transmuted into isotopes 156 and 158 respectively, these two isotopes being on the other hand very small cross sections. This property makes gadolinium a consumable poison of choice.
- the concentration of gadolinium in the solid state in the fuel can not be controlled by an external system. Gadolinium shrinks and disappears with fuel consumption.
- gadolinium is generally used in oxide form, GdiC, mixed in adequate proportion with uranium oxide UO2, or a mixture of fissile materials, to form fuel pellets of a number of pencils in a nuclear fuel assembly.
- homogeneous pellets consisting of a solid solution of (U, Gd) O 2 .
- the Gd 2 0 3 contents of these pellets do not exceed 20% by weight, to remain in the area of the FCC (face centered cubic) solid solution of the U0 2 -Gd 2 0 3 system .
- the document FR 2 536 571 describes the use, in uranium oxide pellets, of gadolinium oxide Gd 2 C> 3 as a neutron absorber, in a weight percentage of less than 12%.
- gadolinium can be distributed in the nuclear fuel pellets as macro-masses or may be present in a specific radial distribution.
- a macro-mass distribution of Gd 2 ⁇ 3 has the advantage of a higher thermal conductivity than that obtained with a solid solution U0 2 -Gd203 mentioned above.
- gadolinium oxide Gd 2 ⁇ 3 is likely to pose problems of incompatibility with UC> 2 (in particular in terms of anisotropic expansion) and solubility in water (under typical conditions of operation of a pressurized water reactor for example), which hinders its use in CPU pellets> 2.
- UC> 2 in particular in terms of anisotropic expansion
- solubility in water under typical conditions of operation of a pressurized water reactor for example
- CPU pellets> 2 under typical conditions of operation of a pressurized water reactor for example
- US 4,671,927 describes the use, in nuclear fuel rod pencils, of a hybrid mixture of Gd 2 C> 3 (from 1 to 20% by weight) and boron carbide particles.
- US Pat. No. 4,587,087 proposes nuclear fuel pellets comprising a core of fissile material, for example uranium oxide, coated with a first layer mainly comprising boron, optionally in combination with other consumable poisons, and a second layer of hydrophobic material formed mainly of niobium.
- US 4,668,468 proposes the implementation, in some pencils of the assembly, pellets having radial poisoning according to different distribution variants, so as to minimize the amount of neutron poison necessary to control the reactivity. It more particularly describes pellets comprising, either at their inner zone or at their outer zone, a homogeneous mixture of gadolinium and enriched uranium.
- US Pat. No. 4,678,629 proposes pellets having a cylindrical inner part comprising from 4 to 8% by weight of Gd 2 0 3 mixed with natural or depleted uranium, and an annular outer part formed of UO 2 enriched in 235 U.
- Gd 2 C> 3 without chemical combination with U0 2 (Gd 2 03 macro-masses, for example), or a mixture of U0 2 and Gd 2 03 position in which gadolinium oxide Gd 2 0 3 does not exceed 20% by weight of the mixture.
- phase Gd ⁇ UO ⁇ is of rhombohedral type crystallographic structure and belongs to symmetry group R3 (it can also be indexed in a hexagonal structure).
- Two types of methods for obtaining the laboratory phase are reported in the literature: from co - milled powders of UC> 2 and Gd2O 3 [2], or from U 3 0 8 [3].
- the Delta phase is unstable under high temperature sintering conditions, typically implemented for the production of UOi pellets. It is therefore not possible to envisage its implementation as a consumable poison of nuclear fuel pellets.
- the present invention aims precisely to propose a novel material U-O-Gd having a crystalline phase enriched in gadolinium and compatible with its implementation as a consumable neutron poison of a nuclear fuel element, for example for pellets.
- the present invention relates, according to a first aspect, to a material based on uranium (U), gadolinium (Gd) and oxygen (O) having a crystalline phase of crystallographic structure of cubic type, with a Atomic ratio Gd / [Gd + U] ranging from 0.6 to 0.93, the uranium being present at oxidation degree + IV and / or + V.
- U uranium
- Gd gadolinium
- O oxygen
- phase C 1 phase C 1
- phase C2 phase C2
- the present invention aims at the use of a material as defined above, as a consumable neutron poison of a nuclear fuel element, for example for a light water or heavy water nuclear reactor.
- the material according to the invention can thus be used in pellets used for nuclear fuel assembly rods, or in plate-type nuclear fuels.
- the evolution of the reactivity of the reactor can be better controlled with the implementation of pellets according to the invention than with conventional homogeneous pellets consisting of a solid solution of (U, Gd) O 2.
- the implementation of the material according to the invention makes it possible to reduce, or even to completely get rid of the use of other absorbent / neutron poisons.
- it makes it possible to reduce or totally eliminate the use of dissolved boron in the reactor coolant circuit and / or dissolved in the moderator.
- the use of the material according to the invention as a consumable neutron poison thus makes it possible to overcome the disadvantages, discussed above, induced by the use of large quantities of boron, in particular to reduce the problems of corrosion, tritium production and the risk of accident of reactivity.
- the material based on uranium (U), gadolinium (Gd) and oxygen (O) according to the invention is characterized by a crystalline phase of crystallographic structure of cubic type, with an atomic ratio Gd / [Gd + U] ranging from 0.6 to 0.93, the uranium being present at oxidation state + IV and / or + V.
- the material according to the invention has a crystalline phase, hereinafter referred to as "cubic 1" or "Cl” phase, whose atomic ratio Gd / [Gd + U] is between 0.79 and 0.93.
- This phase C1 more particularly has a crystallographic structure of cubic type of mesh parameter (ai), close to that of c-Gd 2 C> 3 (mesh size of about 10.83 ⁇ ), of between 10.8 and 10.9 ⁇
- the material according to the invention has a crystalline phase, hereinafter referred to as "cubic phase 2" or "C2", whose atomic ratio Gd / [Gd + U] is between 0.6 and 0.71.
- This phase C2 more particularly has a crystallographic structure of cubic type of mesh parameter (a 2 ), close to that of ⁇ 2 (mesh parameter of approximately 5.47 ⁇ ), of between 5.3 and 5.5 ⁇ . .
- the material according to the invention is of two-phase type, having both a cubic phase 1 and a cubic phase 2 as defined above.
- the material according to this third variant has a crystalline phase with an overall Gd / [Gd + U] atomic ratio strictly greater than 0.71 and strictly less than 0.79.
- the uranium present in a material of the invention may be natural uranium (mixture of U, U and U). According to another particular embodiment, it may be uranium whose natural isotopic composition is modified, in particular uranium isotopically
- the gadolinium present in a material according to the invention may be natural gadolinium (a mixture of 152 Gd / 154 Gd / 15 Gd / 156 Gd / 157 Gd / 18 Gd / 160 Gd).
- it may be gadolinium whose natural isotopic composition is modified in its ratio 155 Gd / Gd tota i and / or in its ratio 1 7 Gd / Gd tota i, in particular with a content at 155 Gd and / or 157 Gd increased compared to natural gadolinium.
- the gadolinium of the material according to the invention may have the following isotopic vectors: 100% 155 Gd; 50% 1 5 Gd + 50% 157 Gd.
- Example 4 which follows and in FIGS. and 8, it is possible, by varying the isotopic vector to gadolinium, more precisely the isotopic ratios 155 Gd / Gd to t a i and / or 157 Gd / Gd to tai, to obtain controlled gadolinium depletion kinetics. .
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a material as defined above, comprising a sintering step at a temperature ranging from 1,200 to 2,200 ° C. and under a reducing atmosphere, of a powder formed of a mixture of uranium oxide and gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 0 3 ), in proportions such that gadolinium is present in the final powder in a Gd / [Gd + U] atomic ratio ranging from 0.6 to 0.93.
- the uranium oxide may be more particularly uranium dioxide (U0 2 ) or a higher oxide such as U3O8 (triuranium octaoxide).
- the powder is formed by mixing a first powder of uranium dioxide UO 2 and a second gadolinium oxide powder GdiC, in a weight ratio Gd 2 O 3 (UO 2 + Gd 2 O 3) greater than or equal to 40% by weight.
- the sintering step can be performed on the powder, prior to its implementation in a nuclear fuel element, for example for a pellet.
- this sintering step can be performed during the development of the nuclear fuel element.
- the sintering may be performed at the level of the powder deposited in the form of a slip on the surface of a pellet comprising at least one fissile material, or even fertile (green pellet simply pressed by compaction, or pre-sintered), by total sintering of the pellet.
- the material of the invention is then formed directly on the pellet, after sintering.
- the sintering step under a reducing atmosphere can be carried out by any technique known to those skilled in the art.
- It can be operated by heating the powder at a temperature ranging from 1200 to 2200 ° C, in particular from 1600 to 1800 ° C.
- reducing atmosphere an atmosphere having an oxygen potential, p0 2 , of less than -300 kJ / mol, in particular between -550 kJ / mol and -300 kJ / mol during sintering.
- the reducing atmosphere may be more particularly an atmosphere incorporating hydrogen, for example an argon atmosphere (with potentially a few ppm of 0 2 impurity) added to 5 mol% of hydrogen.
- an atmosphere incorporating hydrogen for example an argon atmosphere (with potentially a few ppm of 0 2 impurity) added to 5 mol% of hydrogen.
- the sintering time may be greater than or equal to 1 hour, in particular ranging from 3 to 8 hours.
- the material according to the invention finds a particularly advantageous application as consumable neutron poison of a nuclear fuel element.
- nuclear reactor is understood to mean the usual meaning of the term to this day, that is to say power generation plants from nuclear fission reactions using fuel elements in which the fissions that release the heat output, the latter being extracted from the elements by heat exchange with a heat transfer fluid which ensures their cooling.
- the material can thus be used in nuclear fuel elements, conventionally encountered in nuclear installations, such as pencils formed of a plurality of pellets stacked on one another, or plates, as described more specifically in FIG. following text.
- the present invention relates, in another of its aspects, to a nuclear fuel pellet comprising a material as defined above.
- the pellets designate ceramic fuel elements of cylindrical shape, and whose stack in a cladding tube constitutes a pencil of a nuclear assembly.
- a pellet according to the invention is a heterogeneous pellet, as represented in FIG. 1, formed of at least one inner part, in particular a cylindrical part (1), comprising at least one fissile material, even fertile ; and coated with an annular outer portion (2) formed wholly or partly of a material according to the invention.
- the tablet of the invention is cylindrical in shape, like the pellets conventionally encountered in nuclear fuel rods.
- Other forms may of course be envisaged, for example a generally elliptical shape, as described in the application FR 2 953 637.
- a tablet of the invention may have the dimensions of conventional pellets. For example, it may have a radius of between 3.8 mm and 4.4 mm (for example: 4.05 to 4.25 mm); and height of between 3 and 20 mm, typically between 12 and 16 mm.
- the annular outer portion (2) has a thickness (e) ranging from 0.05 to 7.5% of the total radius (R) of said wafer, in particular ranging from 1 to 3.5% .
- the annular outer portion may thus have a thickness (e), measured along the axis of the radius of the pellet, of between 2 and 300 ⁇ , in particular between 30 and 250 ⁇ .
- the thickness of the annular outer portion (2), and therefore the proportion of consumable neutron poison according to the invention of the pellet can be advantageously adjusted to better control the evolution of the reactivity of the reactor, and approach an optimal evolution.
- fertile material is meant a material consisting of fertile atoms, that is, atoms whose nucleus can be converted, directly or indirectly, into a fissile nucleus by neutron capture.
- a fertile material may be for example U 238 .
- fisile material is meant a material whose nuclei are susceptible to fission by neutron absorption, such as, for example, U 235 .
- pellets according to the invention may be formed in whole or in part of uranium oxide (UO 2 ), plutonium oxide (PuO 2 ), thorium oxide (Th0 2 ) or a mixture of these fissile materials, for example (U, Pu) C> 2 .
- the heart of the pellets is formed of uranium oxide.
- the uranium may be natural uranium or uranium whose isotopic vector is modified, for example uranium isotopically enriched in U 235 .
- a heterogeneous pellet according to the invention may be formed by pressing the powders. More particularly, a pellet according to the invention can be molded according to the structure shown in FIG. 1, by compressing a first powder comprising at least one fissile material and dedicated to forming the core of the pellet, and a second powder formed. in all or part of a material according to the invention and dedicated to form the annular outer portion.
- the pellet thus molded is then sintered according to techniques known to those skilled in the art, under reducing conditions, for example under an argon (or nitrogen) atmosphere supplemented with hydrogen.
- the sintering is more preferably carried out at a temperature ranging from 1200 to 2200 ° C., in particular from 1600 to 1800 ° C.
- annular outer portion (2) may be formed by depositing a slip on the surface of a pellet dedicated to form the core of the final pellet according to the invention.
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a heterogeneous pellet (10) of nuclear fuel according to the invention, comprising at least the steps consisting in:
- step (ii) making a slip from the powder of step (i);
- a pellet (10) according to the invention may be prepared from a powder of material according to the invention, formed prior to its implementation in step (i) of the process of the invention.
- the material according to the invention can be produced directly at the pellet, during the overall sintering in step (iv) of the pellet under reducing conditions.
- the slip in step (ii) can be formed, conventionally, by mixing the powder of step (i) with a liquid medium that can easily be removed by heating or natural evaporation, in particular ethanol.
- the pellet (1), on the surface of which the slip is deposited and dedicated to form the core of the heterogeneous pellet (10) of the invention, is preferably a pressed pellet. It can be carried out by any conventional method known to those skilled in the art for the preparation of nuclear fuel pellets.
- the pellet (1) can be formed via the following steps:
- the pellet (1) may be unsintered, sintered or pre-sintered.
- the sintering may be more particularly carried out by heating the pressed pellet at high temperature, especially at a temperature above 1200 ° C., in particular under a reducing atmosphere.
- pre-sintered pellet means a pellet which has been subjected to a heat treatment below the sintering conditions, for example at a temperature ranging from 1000 to 1500 ° C., in particular of approximately 1200 ° C., especially under reducing atmosphere. Pre-sintering advantageously makes it possible to improve the cohesion of the pellet, without achieving complete densification.
- the slip obtained at the end of step (ii) may be deposited on the surface of the pellet (1) of the core, by immersing the pellet in the slip.
- Step (iii) may include drying the slip layer deposited on the surface of the wafer, for example by leaving the wafer on the surface of which is deposited the slip, in the open air, for a period of from 5 to 30 minutes and, optionally, by heating between 40 and 90 ° C, typically between 50 and 60 ° C.
- the sintering in step (iv) can be carried out under argon atmosphere added with hydrogen, for example under an argon atmosphere added to 5 mol% hydrogen.
- this sintering step is carried out at a temperature ranging from 1200 ° C to 2200 ° C, in particular from 1600 to 1800 ° C.
- this sintering step is carried out for a duration greater than or equal to 1 hour, in particular ranging from 3 to 8 hours.
- pellets according to the invention can be implemented in nuclear fuel rods.
- nuclear fuel rod is meant conventionally, a tubular fuel element, small diameter, closed at both ends, constituting the core of a nuclear reactor, and containing a fissile or fertile material.
- a pencil is more particularly formed of a plurality of fuel pellets stacked on each other, and a sheath surrounding the stack of pellets.
- the sheath of a pencil provided for a pressurized water reactor may be made of zirconium alloy or M5 alloy (ZrNbO).
- Several pencils form an assemblage; and several assemblies form the heart of a nuclear reactor.
- the invention thus relates, in another of its aspects, to a nuclear fuel rod comprising fuel pellets as defined above.
- a pencil according to the invention may consist exclusively of pellets according to the invention, identical or different.
- the invention may comprise, in addition to pellets according to the invention, other non-poisoned pellets by the material of the invention, for example homogeneous pellets of U0 2 .
- the invention also relates to a nuclear fuel assembly, for example used for a light water reactor, comprising fuel rods according to the invention, as defined above.
- the number and the positioning of the rods according to the invention, in a conventional assembly formed of a network of rods, can be adjusted so as to lead to an optimal control of the reactor, as illustrated in Example 4 which follows and in FIGS. 7. a. and 8.
- the gadolinium enriched rods according to the invention are regularly distributed in the fuel assembly.
- An appropriate distribution of the gadolinium-containing fuel assemblies according to the invention in the nuclear reactor core makes it possible to achieve a more even radial distribution of the power, and this during a whole cycle of operation of the core before recharging.
- a conventional assembly formed of a 17x17 network may incorporate from 4 to 64 rods according to the invention, the other rods may be formed of conventional non-poisoned pellets, for example U-enriched homogeneous pellets U 235 .
- FIG. 3 represents, by way of example, schematically, a fuel assembly formed of a 17x17 array composed of 265 fuel rods, including 25 rods (GD) formed of pellets according to the invention, the other rods ( U) being formed of homogeneous pellets of UC> 2.
- the fuel rods are held by a structure comprising 24 guide tubes (TG).
- the material according to the invention can be used as consumable neutron poison in nuclear fuel elements, other than pencils.
- the invention relates to a nuclear fuel element of plate-type geometry, comprising one or more fissile zones, even fertile, coated (s), at least in part, a material according to the invention.
- Figure 9.a schematically shows an overview of such a nuclear fuel assembly (100) comprising a stack of sheathed plates ( Figure 9b), containing a fissile material.
- the sheath is generally made of an aluminum alloy.
- the assembly may comprise one or more plates (103) comprising a fissile zone (101), for example of U0 2 , coated at least in part with a layer (102) of material enriched in gadolinium according to the invention.
- the other plates (104) may be standard non-poisoned plates.
- a plate (103) may more particularly consist of a network of pellets (1 1 1) of nuclear fuel, for example pellets of U0 2 , located in a network of cells (6), interposed between two plates (7,8).
- a plate-type fuel element structure is described in more detail in document FR 2 889 765.
- some or all of the pellets (1 1 1) incorporated in the plate-type fuel element may be coated, at least in part, with a layer (112) formed of a material according to the invention, as visualized, in sectional view, in FIG.
- Figure 1 Schematic representation of a heterogeneous pellet according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 Optical microscope slides of the observation in section of a heterogeneous pellet having a fissile core (1) of UC> 2, coated with a peripheral layer (2) rich in gadolinium of phase C1, obtained according to FIG. Example 4;
- FIG. 3 Schematic representation of a model 17x17 assembly section rods, incorporating 52 rods (denoted “GD”) formed of pellets according to the invention; the pencils designated “U” consisting of homogeneous pellets of U02 enriched 4.9% U 235 , and "TG” designating guide tubes
- GD rods
- U consisting of homogeneous pellets of U02 enriched 4.9% U 235
- TG designating guide tubes
- the image on the left is simply an illustrative example of such an assembly.
- FIG. 4 Evolution of the infinite multiplication factor (Kinf) of a reactor as a function of the average combustion rate (modeling using the calculation code APOLL02), for:
- Figure 5 Evolution of the multiplication factor Kinf of a hypothetical assembly 17x17 as a function of the average fuel rate for an assembly consisting of homogeneous pellets of UCh enriched to 4.9% in U 235 (modeling with the aid of the code of calculation APOLL02);
- Figure 7 Evolution of the multiplication factor Kinf of hypothetical assemblies as a function of the average fuel rate (modeling using the calculation code APOLL02) for: Figure 7. a: different assemblies employing 40 or 52 pencils formed of heterogeneous pellets according to the invention and whose annular coating has a thickness of 50, 60 or 150 ⁇ , and different isotopic vectors of Gd; and
- Figure 7.b different assemblies employing from 8 to 40 pencils formed of homogeneous pellets consisting of a solid solution of Gd2C> 3, UO2, 8% by weight of Gd 2 0 3 ;
- FIG. 8 Evolution of the infinite multiplication factor of a hypothetical reactor employing a quarter management and the assemblies illustrated in FIG. 7a and comparison (modeling using the calculation code APOLL02);
- Figure 9 Schematic representation of a plate-type fuel assembly (Figure 9.a), and views according to different sections ( Figures 9.b and 9.c), the plates being slightly curved, and the number of plates n being an example;
- Figure 10 Schematic representation of a nuclear fuel element type plate (Figure 10. a), and sectional view ( Figure 10. b).
- Crystalline phases of crystallographic structure of cubic type are detected in the pellets thus obtained, and more particularly:
- a powder of material according to the invention is prepared, as described in Example 1, by sintering a mixture of UC and Gd 2 0 3 , in a mass ratio Gd 2 O 3 / (UO 2 + Gd 2 O 3 ). 80%, at 1700 ° C and under a reducing atmosphere of Ar, H 2 5% for 4 hours.
- a pellet is molded according to the structure shown in Figure 1 with a cylindrical inner portion formed from a uranium oxide powder and an annular outer portion formed from the Gd-enriched powder obtained above.
- a thin partition made with two concentric crowns. The finished filling, the thin partition is removed and the pressing done.
- the cylindrical core has a radius (Ri) of about 4 mm; the annular outer portion has a thickness (e) of about 50 to 250 ⁇ depending on the desired anti-reactivity supply.
- the pellet is then sintered under reducing conditions with an Ar 3 ⁇ 4 5% atmosphere for 4 hours.
- a - A powder of material according to the invention is prepared, as described in Example 1, by sintering a mixture of UC (or even I ⁇ Os) and Gd 2 O 3 , in a mass ratio 80%.
- a powder is prepared by mixing UA (even I'U Î OS) and Gd 2 U 3, in a weight ratio Gd 2 CV (U0 2 + Gd 2 C> 3) 80%.
- a pellet consisting of fissile material (1) is shaped by compaction with a cylindrical geometry.
- pre-sintering of this pellet can be carried out.
- An annular outer portion formed from the gadolinium-enriched powder obtained in step (i) according to the A- or B- mode, is deposited, for example in the form of a slip (formed from the powder and ethanol), on the cylindrical surface, then the slip is dried.
- the pellet is then sintered under reducing conditions with an Ar 3 ⁇ 4 5% (molar) atmosphere for 4 hours.
- the cylindrical core, with fissile / fertile elements has a radius of about 4 mm; the annular outer portion, with gadolinium, has a thickness of about 30 to 250 ⁇ depending on the desired anti-reactivity intake.
- Figure 2 shows the pellet observed in section by light microscopy.
- Equation 1 can be expressed as:
- FIG. 4 represents the evolution of the multiplication factor ⁇ K in fi m ) of a fictitious reactor, for an assembly consisting of homogeneous pellets of UC> 2 enriched to 4.9% in U 235 , with 1 ⁇ 4 management (4 operating cycles, in other words, at each cycle, a quarter of the assemblies [most used] are changed by fresh assemblies), modeled using the calculation code (curve 1) .
- Curve 2 on the graph of FIG. 4 represents the evolution of the infinite multiplication factor of an "ideal” reactor.
- an "ideal" reactor in the sense of the modelizations carried out, is a reactor that has a real reactivity, of +2 000 cfm up to the operating point (3). This over-reactivity makes it possible to maneuver the reactor (for example, to increase power). Multiplication factor of an ideal assembly
- Figure 5 shows the evolution of the multiplication factor in infinite medium, Kmfini in hot condition (that is, considering the effect of temperature), of a fictitious CPU based fuel assembly based on the average combustion rate of the assembly, for 17x17 assemblies.
- N the total number of cycles that the assemblies are used in the reactor.
- L cyde the length of a cycle (in units of rate of combustion).
- FIG. 7 shows the evolution K in fl ni for various 17x17 assemblies:
- assemblies employing 40 or 52 pencils formed of heterogeneous pellets according to the invention and whose annular coating has a thickness of 50, 60 or 150 ⁇ and various isotopic vectors of Gd.
- the other rods of the assembly are formed of homogeneous pellets of UC> 2 enriched to 4.9% in U 235 (curves 2 to 5);
- FIG. 7.b shows the neutron effect obtained for assemblies incorporating conventional homogeneous pellet rods consisting of a solid solution of (U, Gd) 02 at 8% by weight of Gd 2 0 3
- FIG. 7a It can be seen from FIG. 7a that it is possible, by adjusting the number of rods according to the invention, the thickness of the consumable poison layer of the pellets constituting them and the isotopic vector of gadolinium, to control the evolution of the reactivity of the reactor so as to approach an optimal evolution.
- FIGS. 7a and 7b show that the evolution of the reactivity of the assembly can be better controlled with pellets in accordance with the invention than with conventional homogeneous pellets, since the reactivity curve for an assembly according to the invention is closer to the so-called "ideal" curve at the end of the cycle. iii. Reactivity of the reactor
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES14722782.1T ES2626990T3 (es) | 2013-04-29 | 2014-04-24 | Nuevo material a base de uranio, de gadolinio y de oxígeno, y su utilización como veneno neutrónico consumible |
| US14/787,986 US10062459B2 (en) | 2013-04-29 | 2014-04-24 | Material made of uranium, gadolinium and oxygen and use thereof as consumable neutron poison |
| JP2016511151A JP6409051B2 (ja) | 2013-04-29 | 2014-04-24 | ウラン、ガドリニウム及び酸素で作られた新規物質及びその消耗性の中性子毒としての使用 |
| EP14722782.1A EP2991932B1 (fr) | 2013-04-29 | 2014-04-24 | Nouveau materiau a base d'uranium, de gadolinium et d'oxygene et son utilisation comme poison neutronique consommable |
| CN201480037507.2A CN105377763B (zh) | 2013-04-29 | 2014-04-24 | 由铀、钆和氧形成的新型材料及其作为可消耗的中子毒物的用途 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1353910 | 2013-04-29 | ||
| FR1353910A FR3005046B1 (fr) | 2013-04-29 | 2013-04-29 | Nouveau materiau a base d'uranium, de gadolinium et d'oxygene et son utilisation comme poison neutronique consommable |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2014177980A1 true WO2014177980A1 (fr) | 2014-11-06 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| PCT/IB2014/060971 Ceased WO2014177980A1 (fr) | 2013-04-29 | 2014-04-24 | Nouveau materiau a base d'uranium, de gadolinium et d'oxygene et son utilisation comme poison neutronique consommable |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10062459B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2991932B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP6409051B2 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN105377763B (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2626990T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3005046B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2014177980A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3257050B1 (fr) * | 2015-02-11 | 2021-05-26 | Candu Energy Inc. | Combustible nucléaire contenant un mélange absorbeur de neutrons |
| CA3017939A1 (fr) * | 2016-03-29 | 2017-10-05 | Ultra Safe Nuclear Corporation | Combustible microencapsule entierement ceramique fabrique a l'aide d'un poison brulable utilise comme aide au frittage |
| CN110164573B (zh) * | 2018-02-13 | 2023-12-12 | 韩国原子力研究院 | 导热率提高的核燃料粒料及其制备方法 |
| US11403315B2 (en) * | 2019-11-21 | 2022-08-02 | Bank Of America Corporation | Reporting and knowledge discovery for databases |
| CN113921150A (zh) * | 2021-09-24 | 2022-01-11 | 中国核电工程有限公司 | 用于固体钆中子毒物棒泄漏的检测方法 |
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| JPH0854484A (ja) * | 1994-08-10 | 1996-02-27 | Toshiba Corp | 原子炉の燃料集合体 |
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| CN101169983A (zh) * | 2006-10-25 | 2008-04-30 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | 溶胶凝胶法制备Gd2O3-UO2微球的工艺 |
| CN101572127B (zh) * | 2008-04-28 | 2012-10-03 | 中科华核电技术研究院有限公司 | 一种核燃料棒、核燃料组件及核反应堆堆芯 |
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| KR101165452B1 (ko) * | 2010-10-20 | 2012-07-12 | 한국수력원자력 주식회사 | 이종 첨가 원소의 결정립계 및 결정립계 주변의 고용 농도 조절 방법 및 이를 이용한 결정립이 큰 핵연료 소결체의 제조방법. |
-
2013
- 2013-04-29 FR FR1353910A patent/FR3005046B1/fr active Active
-
2014
- 2014-04-24 JP JP2016511151A patent/JP6409051B2/ja active Active
- 2014-04-24 CN CN201480037507.2A patent/CN105377763B/zh active Active
- 2014-04-24 US US14/787,986 patent/US10062459B2/en active Active
- 2014-04-24 ES ES14722782.1T patent/ES2626990T3/es active Active
- 2014-04-24 EP EP14722782.1A patent/EP2991932B1/fr active Active
- 2014-04-24 WO PCT/IB2014/060971 patent/WO2014177980A1/fr not_active Ceased
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| FR2536571A1 (fr) | 1982-11-19 | 1984-05-25 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de fabrication de pastilles de combustible nucleaire contenant un absorbant neutronique temporaire |
| US4587087A (en) | 1983-02-22 | 1986-05-06 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Burnable absorber coated nuclear fuel |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2991932B1 (fr) | 2017-03-29 |
| CN105377763B (zh) | 2017-06-27 |
| FR3005046B1 (fr) | 2015-05-15 |
| JP6409051B2 (ja) | 2018-10-17 |
| JP2016522780A (ja) | 2016-08-04 |
| US10062459B2 (en) | 2018-08-28 |
| US20160104548A1 (en) | 2016-04-14 |
| FR3005046A1 (fr) | 2014-10-31 |
| ES2626990T3 (es) | 2017-07-26 |
| EP2991932A1 (fr) | 2016-03-09 |
| CN105377763A (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
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