WO2014185162A1 - キャパシタおよびその充放電方法 - Google Patents
キャパシタおよびその充放電方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014185162A1 WO2014185162A1 PCT/JP2014/058803 JP2014058803W WO2014185162A1 WO 2014185162 A1 WO2014185162 A1 WO 2014185162A1 JP 2014058803 W JP2014058803 W JP 2014058803W WO 2014185162 A1 WO2014185162 A1 WO 2014185162A1
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- positive electrode
- porous carbon
- carbon material
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- active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/34—Carbon-based characterised by carbonisation or activation of carbon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a capacitor and a charging / discharging method thereof, and more specifically, to improvement of a positive electrode active material of a capacitor.
- ⁇ Amid the close-up of environmental issues, systems for converting clean energy such as sunlight and wind power into electric power and storing it as electric energy are being actively developed.
- a lithium ion secondary battery (LIB), an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), a lithium ion capacitor, and the like are known.
- capacitors such as EDLCs and lithium ion capacitors have been attracting attention from the viewpoints of being excellent in instantaneous charge / discharge characteristics, obtaining high output characteristics, and being easy to handle.
- the capacitor includes a first electrode and a second electrode each including an electrode active material, and an electrolytic solution.
- a carbon material or the like is used as the electrode active material.
- activated carbon is used as an electrode active material.
- a carbon material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions is used as a negative electrode active material (Patent Document 1).
- graphite in which a plurality of amorphous portions having an average area of 1.5 nm 2 or more are dispersed on the (002) plane as a positive electrode active material of a capacitor.
- Patent Document 3 The use of carbon particles having nanopores as an electrode active material for EDLC has also been studied (Patent Document 3).
- an organic solvent solution organic electrolytic solution containing a supporting salt is generally used, and as an organic solvent of the electrolytic solution, ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) are used. carbonate), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and the like are used (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
- the capacitor has a smaller capacity than LIB.
- the capacity can be increased.
- the potential of the positive electrode during charging increases, so that the organic electrolytic solution is oxidized and decomposed at the positive electrode. As a result, a large amount of gas is generated, making it difficult to perform stable charge and discharge.
- the conventional carbon materials used in Patent Documents 1 to 3 have a high content of organic impurities and include many active sites (functional groups and the like) on the surface.
- the decomposition of the electrolytic solution becomes more remarkable. Therefore, even if the above carbon material is used as a positive electrode active material, it is difficult to charge to a high upper limit voltage. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a capacitor that can suppress the decomposition of the electrolytic solution and can stably charge and discharge even when the upper limit voltage of charging is high.
- one aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte solution, and the positive electrode
- the active material includes a porous carbon material, and in the volume-based pore diameter distribution of the porous carbon material, the cumulative volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1 nm or less is 85% or more of the total pore volume,
- the porous carbon material has a crystallite size of 1 to 10 nm, the porous carbon material contains an oxygen-containing functional group, and the content of the oxygen-containing functional group is 3.3 mol% or less.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a method for charging and discharging a lithium ion capacitor, wherein the lithium ion capacitor is provided between a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode active material includes a porous carbon material, and has a pore diameter of 1 nm or less in a volume-based pore diameter distribution of the porous carbon material.
- the cumulative volume of the pores is 85% or more of the total pore volume, the crystallite size of the porous carbon material is 1 to 10 nm, the porous carbon material includes an oxygen-containing functional group,
- the present invention relates to a charge / discharge method including a step of charging and discharging the lithium ion capacitor at an upper limit voltage of 3.9 to 5.2 V, wherein the content of the oxygen-containing functional group is 3.3 mol% or less.
- Still another aspect of the present invention is an EDLC charge / discharge method, wherein the EDLC includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode active material contains a porous carbon material, and in the volume-based pore diameter distribution of the porous carbon material, the cumulative volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1 nm or less is 85% or more of the pore volume, the crystallite size of the porous carbon material is 1 to 10 nm, the porous carbon material contains an oxygen-containing functional group, and the content of the oxygen-containing functional group Relates to a charging / discharging method including a step of charging / discharging the EDLC at an upper limit voltage of 2.8 to 4.2 V.
- the decomposition of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed and the capacitor can be charged and discharged stably.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the pore size distribution of the porous carbon material used in Example 1 and the activated carbon of Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a cyclic voltammogram of the porous carbon material used in Example 1 and the activated carbon of Comparative Example 1.
- a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte solution are provided.
- the positive electrode active material includes a porous carbon material, and in the volume-based pore diameter distribution of the porous carbon material, the cumulative volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1 nm or less is 85% or more of the total pore volume.
- the crystallite size of the porous carbon material is 1 to 10 nm, the porous carbon material contains an oxygen-containing functional group, and the content of the oxygen-containing functional group is 3.3 mol% or less. It relates to a capacitor.
- a capacitor According to such a capacitor, charging and discharging can be performed stably even if the upper limit voltage for charging is increased.
- the electrolytic solution is likely to be decomposed.
- decomposition of the electrolytic solution and generation of gas accompanying this can be suppressed. Therefore, a high-capacity capacitor can be obtained.
- stable charging / discharging is possible even when charging to an upper limit voltage of 4.2 V or higher for lithium ion capacitors and 3 V or higher for EDLC. Therefore, a high-capacity capacitor can be obtained.
- the crystallite is a crystallite constituting a crystal similar to diamond.
- the porous carbon material has a monodisperse pore diameter peak in the volume-based pore diameter distribution, and the pore diameter peak is in the range of 0.5 to 0.7 nm. Is preferred. Such a porous carbon material can be stably charged up to a high upper limit voltage and can easily be increased in capacity.
- the negative electrode active material may include at least one selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, lithium titanium oxide, silicon-containing material, and tin-containing material.
- the capacitor can be charged to a high voltage, and therefore the capacitor can be further increased in capacity by combining with such a negative electrode active material.
- the lithium ion capacitor includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, the positive electrode, and the positive electrode A separator interposed between the negative electrode and a lithium ion conductive electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode active material includes a porous carbon material, and the volume-based pore size distribution of the porous carbon material is 1 nm or less.
- the cumulative volume of pores having a pore diameter is 85% or more of the total pore volume, the crystallite size of the porous carbon material is 1 to 10 nm, and the porous carbon material is an oxygen-containing functional group.
- a charge / discharge method including a step of charging and discharging the lithium ion capacitor at an upper limit voltage of 3.9 to 5.2 V, the content of the oxygen-containing functional group being 3.3 mol% or less. That.
- Still another embodiment of the present invention is (5) a charge / discharge method of EDLC, wherein the EDLC includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, and between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode active material includes a porous carbon material, and the integration of pores having a pore diameter of 1 nm or less in the volume-based pore size distribution of the porous carbon material is provided.
- the volume is 85% or more of the total pore volume, the crystallite size of the porous carbon material is 1 to 10 nm, the porous carbon material includes an oxygen-containing functional group, and the oxygen-containing functional group
- the present invention relates to a charge / discharge method having a step of charging / discharging the EDLC at an upper limit voltage of 2.8 to 4.2 V, wherein the group content is 3.3 mol% or less.
- the upper limit voltage of charging is 4.2 to 5.2 V (lithium ion capacitor) or 3 to 4 Even when the voltage is as high as 2 V (EDLC), decomposition of the electrolyte and gas generation associated therewith are suppressed, and charging and discharging of the lithium ion capacitor and EDLC can be performed stably. Therefore, a high-capacity capacitor can be obtained.
- a capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte solution. , Including a porous carbon material.
- the cumulative volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1 nm or less is 85% or more of the total pore volume, and the crystallite size of the porous carbon material is 1
- the porous carbon material contains an oxygen-containing functional group, and the content of the oxygen-containing functional group is 3.3 mol% or less.
- activated carbon is generally used as a positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode containing activated carbon as a positive electrode active material functions as a positive electrode by adsorbing the anion in the electrolyte solution on the surface of the positive electrode, rather than occluding (or inserting) an anion in the electrolyte solution.
- activated voltammetry (CV) measurement is performed using activated carbon as the positive electrode and Li as the counter and reference electrodes, no reversible Faraday capacity is observed. That is, even if activated carbon is used for the positive electrode, occlusion (or insertion) of anions in the electrolyte does not occur.
- activated carbon does not occlude (or insert) anions in the electrolyte
- the pore size distribution varies.
- activated carbon has a high content of organic impurities, various functional groups such as oxygen-containing functional groups exist on the surface. Such a functional group easily reacts with an organic solvent contained in the electrolytic solution and decomposes to generate a gas.
- the capacitor using activated carbon as the positive electrode active material cannot increase the upper limit voltage for charging.
- the upper limit voltage for charging a commercially available capacitor is about 2.7 V for EDLC and about 3.8 V for a lithium ion capacitor. Even if a high voltage exceeding these upper limit voltages is charged as a charge end voltage, the voltage does not increase at the end of charge or gas generation becomes significant.
- the porous carbon material used in the embodiment of the present invention is used for the positive electrode and CV measurement is performed in the same manner as described above, a reversible capacity is observed. That is, it is speculated that the porous carbon material can reversibly occlude and release anions in the electrolytic solution. Therefore, the porous carbon material is different from activated carbon in the mechanism of interaction with anions, and the positive electrode can exhibit a capacity even when the surface area is small. In addition, since the contact point with the electrolytic solution may be small, it is considered that the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is suppressed and the generation of gas can be reduced.
- a positive electrode active material including a porous carbon material having the above pore diameter distribution and crystallite size is used.
- porous carbon materials have a relatively uniform pore size distribution, and can efficiently store and absorb anions in the electrolyte. It is thought that it can be released. From such a point, even when charging to a voltage exceeding the upper limit voltage of general charging of a commercially available capacitor, decomposition of the electrolytic solution and generation of gas accompanying this can be suppressed.
- the porous carbon material has a lower content of organic impurities than conventional active materials such as activated carbon, the decomposition of the electrolytic solution and the generation of gas associated therewith are also suppressed from this point.
- charging / discharging can be stably performed even when charging is performed up to a voltage exceeding the upper limit voltage of general capacitor charging.
- the capacitor can be repeatedly charged and discharged with an upper limit voltage exceeding 2.7 V for EDLC and with an upper limit voltage exceeding 3.8 V for a lithium ion capacitor.
- capacitance of a positive electrode active material can be utilized effectively, and a capacitor can be increased in capacity significantly.
- the upper limit voltage of EDLC is preferably 2.8 V or higher, more preferably 3 V or higher, or 3.2 V or higher, particularly 3.4 V or higher.
- the upper limit voltage is, for example, 4.2 V or less, preferably 4 V or less. These lower limit value and upper limit value can be appropriately selected and combined.
- the upper limit voltage for charging the EDLC may be, for example, 2.8 to 4.2V, 3 to 4.2V, or 3.2 to 4V.
- the upper limit voltage of the lithium ion capacitor is preferably 3.9 V or more, more preferably 4.2 V or more, or more than 4.2 V, and even more preferably 4.4 V or more or 4.6 V or more.
- the upper limit voltage is preferably 5.2 V or less, more preferably 5 V or less. These lower limit value and upper limit value can be appropriately selected and combined.
- the upper limit voltage for charging the lithium ion capacitor may be, for example, more than 3.9 to 5.2V, 4.2 to 5.2V, or 4.2V to 5V or less.
- activated carbon is also used as a negative electrode active material.
- the porous carbon material is used as a negative electrode active material, the capacity tends to be insufficient because cations are less likely to be adsorbed or inserted as compared with the case of a conventional negative electrode active material.
- the porous carbon material as the positive electrode active material, the high capacity can be fully utilized.
- the porous carbon material is used as the positive electrode active material, even if the porous carbon material is used as the negative electrode active material, it can be charged to a high voltage and a certain amount of capacity can be secured.
- the porous carbon material is suitable as, for example, a positive electrode active material for EDLC or a lithium ion capacitor. Therefore, in the following description, an EDLC and a lithium ion capacitor will be described as examples, but the types of capacitors to which the porous carbon material can be applied are not particularly limited.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material includes the porous carbon material described above.
- the cumulative volume of pores having a pore size of 1 nm or less is 85% or more of the total pore volume, preferably 87% or more, preferably 90% or more. More preferably.
- the pore size distribution is relatively uniform and can be stably charged up to high voltages.
- the content of organic impurities and the content of surface functional groups are small, decomposition of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed and charging / discharging can be performed stably even when charged to a high voltage.
- most of the pores of the porous carbon material are micropores of 1 nm or less, and the proportion of mesopores (pore diameter 2 to 50 nm) and macropores (pore diameter greater than 50 nm) is small. Specific surface area is relatively small compared to activated carbon.
- electrolyte ions can be occluded and desorbed, a positive electrode having a large capacitance can be obtained.
- general activated carbon has a polydisperse pore size peak in a volume-based pore size distribution, or even if there is only one pore size peak, the pore size distribution is broad.
- the peak in the volume-based pore size distribution is greater than 0.9 nm (preferably 0.7 nm).
- the porous carbon material used in one embodiment of the present invention has a relatively uniform pore size distribution. Therefore, the porous carbon material can have a monodispersed pore diameter peak in the volume-based pore diameter distribution.
- the peak of the pore diameter in the volume-based pore diameter distribution is small, for example, 0.9 nm or less, preferably 0.7 nm or less, more preferably 0.65 nm or less.
- the peak of the pore diameter is, for example, 0.4 nm or more, preferably 0.45 nm or more, and more preferably 0.5 nm or more. These upper limit value and lower limit value can be appropriately selected and combined.
- the peak of the pore diameter may be, for example, 0.4 to 0.9 nm, or 0.5 to 0.7 nm. When the peak of the pore diameter is in such a range, it is easy to increase the integrated volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1 nm or less.
- the porous carbon material having Pd111 is considered to have at least a part of a crystal structure similar to diamond, but the original characteristics of the diamond crystal are suppressed. Therefore, while exhibiting excellent electron conductivity, it is more excellent in isotropy of electron conduction than, for example, graphite. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a capacitor that has a small difference in electrical resistance due to a difference in plane orientation and is more excellent in current collection.
- a porous carbon material having an X-ray diffraction image of Pd111 can maintain a mechanical strength for a long period of time even when the specific surface area is very large, so that a capacitor having high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained. It is easy to obtain.
- the porous carbon material comprises graphite component
- 2 ⁇ 40 ⁇ 50 degrees around, that is, a range that overlaps with P d111, peaks attributed to the (010) plane of the graphite: P G010 appears.
- a peak PG002 attributed to the (002) plane of graphite is simultaneously observed.
- I G002 / I k is preferably 3.0 or less, more preferably 2.5 or less.
- the intensity (I) of each peak is the height from the base line of the X-ray diffraction image.
- the crystallite size obtained from the half width of P k is 1 to 10 nm.
- the size of the crystallite is preferably 1 to 5 nm, and more preferably 1 to 3 nm.
- the structure of the crystallite can be confirmed by observing the cross section of the porous carbon material with an electron microscope.
- the porous carbon material does not have a highly developed crystal structure like graphite, but is not completely amorphous and contains crystallites (carbon microcrystals) having a size of 1 to 10 nm. ing.
- the peak P d111 attributed to the (111) plane of the diamond crystal is confirmed and that the porous carbon material contains the diamond crystal.
- the presence of the peak P d111 indicates at least the existence of a crystal structure similar to diamond.
- the surface functional group When the porous carbon material has a surface functional group, the surface functional group may become an active site and cause decomposition of the electrolytic solution.
- the surface functional group is a functional group that can exist on the surface of the porous carbon material. Although it is difficult to reduce the content of surface functional groups in the porous carbon material to 0, in one embodiment of the present invention, the content of functional groups that cause decomposition of the electrolytic solution in the porous carbon material is small. It is preferable.
- Examples of the surface functional group include oxygen-containing functional groups such as a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, and an ether group, and a hydrocarbon group such as an alkyl group. These functional groups are often contained in organic impurities.
- the oxygen-containing functional group tends to be a base point that causes a side reaction with the electrolytic solution.
- the porous carbon material has an oxygen-containing functional group content of 3.3 mol% or less.
- the content of the oxygen-containing functional group is preferably 3 mol% or less, and more preferably 2.5 mol% or less or 2 mol% or less.
- the content of the oxygen-containing functional group may be, for example, 0.1 mol% or more.
- Activated carbon may contain metal elements such as alkali metal elements (lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, etc.) and transition metal elements as impurities. Since such impurities cause internal short circuit of the capacitor, deterioration of cycle characteristics, increase of internal pressure due to gas generation, etc., it is desirable that the content of impurities is small.
- the alkali metal element causes a side reaction at the time of charging, which causes a reduction in the cycle characteristics of the capacitor. Transition metal elements can cause internal short circuits in capacitors.
- the content (mass) of the alkali metal element can be 400 ppm or less, and can be 100 ppm or less or 10 ppm or less. Therefore, it is possible to effectively suppress the deterioration of the cycle characteristics of the capacitor and the occurrence of an internal short circuit.
- the content (mass) of the transition metal element contained in the porous carbon material is preferably 100 ppm or less, and more preferably 10 ppm or less.
- the transition metal element can be contained in the raw material (for example, metal carbide) of the porous carbon material, but can be reduced to a sufficiently low concentration by controlling the conditions for generating the porous carbon material.
- BET specific surface area of the porous carbon material is, for example, 800 m 2 / g or more, from easily viewpoint positive electrode of high capacity can be obtained, preferably at least 1000 m 2 / g, more preferably at least 1100m 2 / g, 1200m 2 / G or more or 1300 m 2 / g or more is more preferable.
- BET specific surface area for example, but not more than 2500m 2 / g, 2000m 2 / g or less are common, not more than 1800 m 2 / g, it is easy to more production. These lower limit value and upper limit value can be appropriately selected and combined.
- the BET specific surface area may preferably be 1000 to 2000 m 2 / g or 1100 to 1800 m 2 / g.
- the porous carbon material can be produced, for example, by heating a metal carbide at a temperature of 1000 to 1500 ° C. in an atmosphere containing chlorine gas. When the metal carbide is reacted with chlorine gas, a porous carbon material and a metal chloride are generated. At this time, it is preferable to use a metal carbide having an average particle size of 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m, and more preferably an average particle size of 2 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size is a particle size (D50) at which the cumulative volume becomes 50% in the volume-based particle size distribution.
- D50 particle size at which the cumulative volume becomes 50% in the volume-based particle size distribution.
- a porous carbon material can be efficiently generated from the metal carbide. Further, the time required for producing the porous carbon material can be shortened.
- a porous body means the state which the particle
- the metal carbide used as a raw material itself is a material that hardly contains impurities, the generated porous carbon material has high purity, and the content of impurities can be extremely reduced.
- Al 4 C 3 or the like can be used as the metal carbide, but since it is difficult to obtain properties derived from a crystal structure similar to diamond, it is selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide (SiC) and titanium carbide (TiC). It is preferable to use at least one kind. When SiC and / or TiC is used, the generated porous carbon material tends to exhibit properties similar to diamond. Among these, the use of SiC makes it possible to obtain a porous carbon material that has smaller properties as graphite and is more excellent in isotropy of electron conduction.
- SiC and / or TiC and other metal carbides (Al 4 C 3 , ThC 2 , B 4 C, CaC 2 , Cr 3 C 2 , Fe 3 C, UC 2 , WC, MoC, etc.) May be used in combination.
- Heating can be performed at 1000 ° C. or higher, but it is easy to generate crystallites of an appropriate size, and since a porous carbon material having an X-ray diffraction image by Cuk ⁇ ray having P d111 is easily obtained, 1100 ° C. As described above, it is particularly preferable to carry out at 1200 ° C. or higher.
- the heating temperature is preferably 1500 ° C. or less, and more preferably 1400 ° C. or less.
- the heating can be performed in a circulation or atmosphere of a gas containing only chlorine gas, but in a circulation of a mixed gas of chlorine gas and an inert gas (N 2 , He, Ar, Ne, Xe, etc.) or It may be performed in an atmosphere.
- a gas containing only chlorine gas but in a circulation of a mixed gas of chlorine gas and an inert gas (N 2 , He, Ar, Ne, Xe, etc.) or It may be performed in an atmosphere.
- the porous carbon material thus obtained has a sharp pore size distribution in which the cumulative volume of pores having a pore size of 1 nm or less is 85% or more of the total pore volume. As a result, a large specific surface area can be obtained, which is advantageous for forming the space charge layer.
- the size of the crystallites contained in the porous carbon material can be in the range of 1 to 10 nm.
- a positive electrode can contain the electrical power collector which hold
- the current collector may be a metal foil or a metal porous body having a three-dimensional network structure from the viewpoint of obtaining a high-capacity capacitor.
- a material of the positive electrode current collector aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or the like is preferable.
- the current collector is coated or filled with a slurry containing the positive electrode active material, then the dispersion medium contained in the slurry is removed, and if necessary, the current collector holding the positive electrode active material is rolled. Can be obtained.
- the slurry may contain a binder, a conductive auxiliary agent, and the like in addition to the positive electrode active material.
- the dispersion medium for example, water or the like is used in addition to an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- the type of the binder is not particularly limited.
- a fluorine resin such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polytetrafluoroethylene
- a chlorine-containing vinyl resin such as polyvinyl chloride
- a polyolefin resin such as styrene butadiene rubber
- Pyrrolidone polyvinyl alcohol
- cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose (cellulose ether, etc.)
- the amount of the binder is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 0.5 to 10 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the electrode active material.
- the type of the conductive assistant is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include carbon black such as acetylene black and ketjen black; conductive fiber such as carbon fiber.
- the amount of the conductive aid is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 0.1 to 10 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the electrode active material.
- a negative electrode can contain the electrical power collector which hold
- a metal foil or a metal porous body having a three-dimensional network structure can be used in the same manner as the positive electrode current collector.
- the material of the negative electrode current collector include copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, and stainless steel.
- the negative electrode active material for example, selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, graphite, non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), lithium titanium oxide, silicon-containing material, and tin-containing material It is preferable to contain at least one of the above.
- a negative electrode active material can be suitably selected according to the kind of capacitor.
- a material that adsorbs cations in the electrolyte such as activated carbon
- the activated carbon known ones used for capacitors can be used. Examples of the raw material of activated carbon include wood; coconut shells; pulp waste liquid; coal or coal-based pitch obtained by thermal decomposition thereof; heavy oil or petroleum-based pitch obtained by thermal decomposition thereof; phenol resin and the like.
- the material obtained by carbonizing the above raw materials can then be activated to obtain activated carbon.
- the activation method include a gas activation method and a chemical activation method.
- the gas activation method is a method in which activated carbon is obtained by contact reaction with water vapor, carbon dioxide gas, oxygen or the like at a high temperature.
- the chemical activation method is a method in which activated carbon is obtained by impregnating a known activation chemical into the raw material and heating in an inert gas atmosphere to cause dehydration and oxidation reaction of the activation chemical.
- the activation chemical include zinc chloride, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like. Activated carbon is produced in this manner, and therefore contains many impurities, unlike the porous carbon material.
- the average particle diameter (D50) of the activated carbon is not particularly limited, but is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the specific surface area is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 800 to 3000 m 2 / g. By setting this range, the capacitance of the capacitor can be increased, and the internal resistance can be reduced.
- lithium ion capacitors materials that can occlude and release lithium ions, materials that can be alloyed with lithium ions, and the like can be used.
- the negative electrode active material used in the lithium ion capacitor include carbon materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions [soft carbon, hard carbon, graphite (artificial graphite, natural graphite, etc.)], and lithium titanium oxide.
- silicon-containing materials silicon oxide, silicon alloy, etc.
- tin-containing materials tin oxide, tin alloy, etc.
- a negative electrode active material may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the negative electrode active material of the lithium ion capacitor a carbon material is preferable, and graphite and / or hard carbon is particularly preferable.
- the negative electrode can be obtained in the same manner as the positive electrode.
- the binder, the conductive additive, the dispersion medium, and the amounts thereof can be appropriately selected from those exemplified in the positive electrode or the range.
- the lithium ion capacitor it is preferable to previously dope lithium into the negative electrode active material in order to lower the negative electrode potential. This increases the voltage of the capacitor, which is further advantageous for increasing the capacity of the lithium ion capacitor.
- the doping of lithium is performed when the capacitor is assembled. For example, lithium metal is accommodated in a capacitor container together with a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, and the assembled capacitor is kept warm in a constant temperature room at around 60 ° C., so that lithium ions are eluted from the lithium metal foil. Occluded by the active material.
- the amount of lithium doped to the negative electrode active material preferably negative electrode capacity (reversible capacity of the negative electrode): 5 to 90% of C n, it is preferable that the amount more preferably is 10 to 75% filled with lithium. As a result, the negative electrode potential becomes sufficiently low, and it becomes easy to obtain a high-voltage capacitor.
- the separator has ion permeability, is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and physically separates them to prevent a short circuit.
- the separator has a porous material structure and allows ions to permeate by holding the electrolytic solution in the pores.
- a material of the separator for example, polyolefin such as polyethylene and polypropylene; polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate; polyamide; polyimide; cellulose; glass fiber and the like can be used.
- the thickness of the separator is, for example, about 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited as long as it has ion conductivity, and can be appropriately selected according to the type of capacitor.
- the electrolytic solution contains a cation and an anion.
- cations include inorganic cations; organic cations such as organic onium cations.
- Inorganic cations include alkali metal cations (lithium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, rubidium ions, cesium ions, etc.), alkaline earth metal cations (magnesium ions, calcium ions, etc.), transition metal cations, and other metal cations; ammonium cations Etc. can be exemplified.
- Organic onium cations include cations derived from aliphatic amines, alicyclic amines, and aromatic amines (eg, quaternary ammonium cations), as well as cations having nitrogen-containing heterocycles (that is, derived from cyclic amines). Nitrogen-containing onium cations such as cations), sulfur-containing onium cations, and phosphorus-containing onium cations. The electrolytic solution may include one or more of these cations.
- quaternary ammonium cation examples include tetraalkylammonium cations such as tetraethylammonium cation (TEA + ) and triethylmethylammonium cation (TEMA + ).
- TEA + tetraethylammonium cation
- TEMA + triethylmethylammonium cation
- sulfur-containing onium cations include tertiary sulfonium cations such as trialkylsulfonium cations such as trimethylsulfonium cation, trihexylsulfonium cation, and dibutylethylsulfonium cation (for example, tri-C 1-10 alkylsulfonium cation). it can.
- tertiary sulfonium cations such as trialkylsulfonium cations such as trimethylsulfonium cation, trihexylsulfonium cation, and dibutylethylsulfonium cation (for example, tri-C 1-10 alkylsulfonium cation).
- Phosphorus-containing onium cations include quaternary phosphonium cations, for example, tetraalkylphosphonium cations such as tetramethylphosphonium cation, tetraethylphosphonium cation, tetraoctylphosphonium cation (for example, tetra C 1-10 alkylphosphonium cation); triethyl (methoxy) Alkyl (alkoxyalkyl) phosphonium cations (eg, tri-C 1-10 alkyl (C 1-5 alkoxy C 1-5 alkyl) such as methyl) phosphonium cation, diethylmethyl (methoxymethyl) phosphonium cation, trihexyl (methoxyethyl) phosphonium cation And phosphonium cations).
- tetraalkylphosphonium cations such as tetramethylphosphonium cation, tetra
- the total number of alkyl groups and alkoxyalkyl groups bonded to the phosphorus atom is 4, and the number of alkoxyalkyl groups is preferably 1 or 2.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen atom of the quaternary ammonium cation, the sulfur atom of the tertiary sulfonium cation, or the phosphorus atom of the quaternary phosphonium cation is preferably 1 to 8, more preferably 1 to 4.
- 1, 2, or 3 is particularly preferable.
- Examples of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic skeleton of the organic onium cation include pyrrolidine, imidazoline, imidazole, pyridine, piperidine, and the like, 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic rings having 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms as ring constituent atoms; rings such as morpholine Examples of the constituent atoms of 5 to 8 membered heterocycles having 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms and other heteroatoms (oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, etc.).
- the nitrogen atom which is a constituent atom of the ring may have an organic group such as an alkyl group as a substituent.
- alkyl group examples include alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and an isopropyl group.
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably 1, 2, or 3.
- nitrogen-containing organic onium cations those having pyrrolidine or imidazoline as the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic skeleton are particularly preferable.
- the organic onium cation having a pyrrolidine skeleton preferably has two alkyl groups on one nitrogen atom constituting the pyrrolidine ring.
- the organic onium cation having an imidazoline skeleton preferably has one of the above alkyl groups on each of two nitrogen atoms constituting the imidazoline ring.
- organic onium cation having a pyrrolidine skeleton examples include N, N-dimethylpyrrolidinium cation, N, N-diethylpyrrolidinium cation, N-methyl-N-ethylpyrrolidinium cation, and N-methyl-N.
- -Propylpyrrolidinium cation MPPY + : N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium cation
- N-ethyl-N-butyl-pyrrolidinium cation MMPY + : N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium cation
- MPPY + N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium cation
- pyrrolidinium cations having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms are preferable because of particularly high electrochemical stability.
- organic onium cation having an imidazoline skeleton examples include 1,3-dimethylimidazolium cation, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (EMI + : 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation), 1-methyl- 3-propylimidazolium cation, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (BMI + ), 1-ethyl-3-propylimidazolium cation, 1-butyl-3-ethylimidazole Examples include a lithium cation. Of these, imidazolium cations having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as EMI + and BMI + are preferable.
- anions contained in the electrolyte include hydroxide ions, anions of fluorine-containing acids [anions of fluorine-containing phosphates such as hexafluorophosphate ions (PF 6 ⁇ ), tetrafluoroborate ions (BF 4 ⁇ ), etc.
- the electrolytic solution may include one or more of these anions.
- the type of cation and anion can be appropriately selected according to the type of capacitor.
- the EDLC electrolyte an alkaline electrolyte or a non-aqueous electrolyte can be used. Since the non-aqueous solvent contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is easily decomposed at the positive electrode when charged to a high voltage, particularly in the case of EDLC using the non-aqueous electrolyte, the effect of using the porous carbon material is obtained. It is easy to be done. Further, a lithium ion conductive non-aqueous electrolyte is used as the electrolyte of the lithium ion capacitor.
- alkaline electrolyte used for EDLC alkaline aqueous solution containing alkalis (alkali metal hydroxide etc.), such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, is mentioned, for example.
- alkalis alkali metal hydroxide etc.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution for example, a solution in which a salt of the above cation and the above anion is dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent (organic solvent) is preferably used.
- the concentration of the salt in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution may be, for example, 0.3 to 3 mol / L.
- an organic onium cation is preferable, and among them, a tetraalkylammonium cation and a tetraalkylphosphonium cation are preferable. From the viewpoint of enhancing ionic conductivity, tetra C 1-4 alkyl ammonium cation, tetra C 1-4 alkyl phosphonium cation and the like are preferable, and TEMA + is particularly preferable.
- an anion of fluorine-containing acid such as anion of fluorine-containing boric acid is preferable, and among them, BF 4 ⁇ is preferable.
- a specific example of a preferable salt is a salt of TEMA + and BF 4 ⁇ (TEMABF 4 ).
- the non-aqueous solvent (organic solvent) used in EDLC is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of ion conductivity, for example, cyclic carbonates such as EC, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate; chains such as dimethyl carbonate, DEC, and EMC Carbonates; aliphatic carboxylic acid esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate and ethyl propionate; lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone; trimethoxymethane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1, Chain ethers such as 2-diethoxyethane, ethoxymethoxyethane, and ethyl monoglyme; cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane; dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, methylsulfolane, etc.
- Sulfoxides such as formamide, acetamide, dimethylformamide; nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; nitroalkanes such as nitromethane; sultone such as 1,3-propane sultone, and the like can be used.
- These non-aqueous solvents can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- Electrolytic solution for lithium ion capacitor As the nonaqueous electrolytic solution used for the lithium ion capacitor, a solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent is preferably used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution may be, for example, 0.3 to 3 mol / L.
- the lithium salt is a salt of Li + as the cation and the anion.
- the anion constituting the lithium salt is preferably a fluorine-containing acid anion, a chlorine-containing acid anion, a bissulfonylimide anion, or the like.
- a lithium salt can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- bissulfonylimide anion examples include bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide anion [bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide anion (N (SO 2 F) 2 ⁇ ) and the like], (fluorosulfonyl) (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide anion [ (Fluorosulfonyl) (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion ((FSO 2 ) (CF 3 SO 2 ) N ⁇ ) and the like], bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide anion [bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide anion (N ( SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ⁇ ), bis (pentafluoroethanesulfonyl) imide anion (N (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 ⁇ ) and the like].
- the carbon number of the perfluoroalkyl group is
- bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide anion FSI ⁇
- bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion TFSI ⁇
- bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide anion bis (fluorosulfonyl) (trifluoro Bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide anions (PFSI ⁇ ) such as methylsulfonyl) imide anion ((FSO 2 ) (CF 3 SO 2 ) N ⁇ ) and the like
- the lithium salt is not particularly limited, for example, LiClO 4, LiBF 4, LiPF 6, LiFSI, LiTFSI, etc. LiPFSI are preferable.
- the non-aqueous solvent used for the lithium ion capacitor is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of ion conductivity, for example, those exemplified as the organic solvent used for the EDLC can be used.
- an ionic liquid can also be used as a non-aqueous solvent used for a lithium ion capacitor, and an ionic liquid and the said organic solvent may be used together.
- An ionic liquid is a salt having fluidity in a molten state composed of a cation and an anion, and has ionic conductivity at least in a molten state.
- the ionic liquid preferably has fluidity at room temperature.
- the cation constituting the ionic liquid can be selected from the above cations, and is preferably an organic onium cation. Among them, a nitrogen-containing organic onium cation (particularly, an organic onium cation having a nitrogen-containing heterocycle) is preferable. When the electrolytic solution contains such an organic onium cation, the viscosity of the salt can be lowered, so that the ionic conductivity is easily improved.
- the ionic liquid may contain one of the above cations or a combination of two or more.
- nitrogen-containing organic onium cations those having a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle having 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms as ring constituent atoms (particularly pyrrolidine, imidazoline, etc.) are preferred.
- a pyrrolidinium cation having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as MPPY + and MBPY + ; a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as EMI + and BMI + Preferred is an imidazolium cation. From the viewpoint of ion conductivity, EMI + is preferable.
- the anion constituting the ionic liquid can be selected from the above anions, and among them, an anion of fluoroalkanesulfonic acid (CF 3 SO 3 — etc.), a bissulfonylimide anion, and the like are preferable.
- Specific examples of the bissulfonylimide anion include those exemplified as the anion constituting the lithium salt, and FSI ⁇ , TFSI ⁇ , PFSI ⁇ and the like are preferable.
- the ionic liquid may contain one kind of the above anions or may contain two or more kinds in combination. Specific examples of the ionic liquid include EMIFSI, EMITFSI, EMIPFSI, MPPYFSI, MPPYTFSI, MPPYPFSI, and the like.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows an example of the configuration of a capacitor.
- the electrode plate group is configured by laminating a plurality of first electrodes (positive electrodes) 41 and second electrodes (negative electrodes) 42 via separators 43.
- the positive electrode 41 includes a positive electrode current collector 41a having a three-dimensional network structure, and a particulate positive electrode active material 41b filled in a communication hole of the positive electrode current collector 41a.
- the negative electrode 42 includes a negative electrode current collector 42a having a three-dimensional network structure, and a particulate negative electrode active material 42b filled in a communication hole of the negative electrode current collector 42a.
- the electrode plate group is not limited to the laminated type, and may be configured by winding the positive electrode 41 and the negative electrode 42 via the separator 43.
- the capacitor is a lithium ion capacitor
- the positive electrode active material includes a porous carbon material, In the volume-based pore diameter distribution of the porous carbon material, the cumulative volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1 nm or less is 85% or more of the total pore volume, The crystallite size of the porous carbon material is 1 to 10 nm, The porous carbon material includes an oxygen-containing functional group, and the content of the oxygen-containing functional group is 3.3 mol% or less. According to such a capacitor, even when the upper limit voltage for charging is increased, decomposition of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed and charging / discharging can be performed stably.
- the BET specific surface area of the porous carbon material is preferably 1000 m 2 / g or more.
- the capacity of the positive electrode can be further increased, which is advantageous for increasing the capacity of the capacitor.
- the peak attributed to the plane may include a component of Pd111 .
- Such a porous carbon material is advantageous in obtaining a capacitor having more excellent current collecting property because it exhibits excellent electron conductivity while being excellent in isotropy of electron conduction.
- Example 1 An EDLC was prepared by the following procedure. (1) Production of positive electrode A porous carbon material (average particle diameter of about 10 ⁇ m), acetylene black as a conductive additive, PVDF as a binder (NMP solution containing PVDF at a concentration of 12% by mass), and NMP as a dispersion medium The positive electrode mixture slurry was prepared by mixing and stirring at. The content of each component in the slurry was 28.6% by mass of the porous carbon material, 1.0% by mass of acetylene black, and 27.4% by mass of PVDF.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry is applied to one surface (roughened surface) of an aluminum foil (thickness: 20 ⁇ m) as a current collector using a doctor blade to form a coating film having a thickness of 150 ⁇ m. It dried at 100 degreeC for 30 minutes. The dried product was rolled using a pair of rolls to produce a positive electrode having a thickness of 80 ⁇ m.
- the porous carbon material used for the production of the positive electrode was produced by the following procedure. Nitrogen gas atmosphere in a reaction furnace set at 900 ° C. with a mixture of activated carbon (average particle size 20 ⁇ m, specific surface area 80 m 2 / g) and silicon particles (average particle size 100 ⁇ m) placed on a carbon mounting shelf A mounting shelf was inserted inside. Thereafter, the temperature in the reaction furnace was raised to 1450 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 10 ° C./min to melt silicon, and in this state, activated carbon and silicon were reacted for 5 hours. The product obtained was beta-type SiC. The obtained SiC was pulverized until the average particle size became 10 ⁇ m.
- SiC having an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m was placed on a carbon mounting shelf of an electric furnace having a quartz glass core tube. Then, chlorine gas was circulated at a flow rate of 1000 ml / min and Ar gas was flowed at a flow rate of 5000 ml / min in the electric furnace, and SiC and chlorine gas were reacted at 1100 ° C. for 4 hours. At this time, a cooling trap set at ⁇ 20 ° C. was provided at the exhaust port of the core tube, and SiCl 4 was liquefied and collected by the cooling trap. Further, chlorine gas that did not react with SiC in the core tube was refluxed to the core tube by a three-way valve installed on the outlet side of the cooling trap.
- the chlorine gas in the furnace core tube was removed by Ar gas, the temperature of the carbon mounting shelf was lowered to 400 ° C., and the porous carbon material remaining on the mounting shelf was taken out into the atmosphere. The obtained porous carbon material was used for production of the positive electrode.
- the obtained porous carbon material was subjected to the following evaluations (a) to (e).
- the pore distribution was also determined for commercially available activated carbon for EDLC (Comparative Example 1, Kansai Thermochemical Co., Ltd., MSP-20S) in the same manner as described above. As shown in FIG. 2, in Comparative Example 1, the pore size distribution was broad, and the pore size peak was around 0.8 nm. The cumulative volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1 nm or less was 84% of the total pore volume.
- (C) BET specific surface area The BET specific surface area of the porous carbon material was measured by isothermal adsorption of N 2 using BELSORP-mini II manufactured by BelJapan, and it was 1599 m 2 / g.
- (D) Content of oxygen-containing functional group The content of the oxygen-containing functional group contained in the porous carbon material was determined using a fully automatic temperature programmed desorption spectrometer (manufactured by BelJapan, TPD-1-ATw). It was measured. A predetermined amount of porous carbon material was used as a sample, and the sample was heated to 150 ° C. and then degassed for 120 minutes. Continuously heated under the flow of helium gas (supply rate: 50 ml / min) at a heating rate of 5 ° C./min, and analyzed the gas components discharged from the sample using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. .
- the porous carbon material contained oxygen-containing functional groups such as a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, and a hydroxyl group, and the content of the oxygen-containing functional group was 1.5 mol% per 1 g of the porous carbon material.
- the activated carbon of Comparative Example 1 was also measured for the oxygen-containing functional group content to be 3.3 mol%.
- FIG. 3 shows these CV measurement results.
- no reversible Faraday capacity was observed in Comparative Example 1 using activated carbon as the positive electrode active material.
- Example 1 using the porous carbon material a reversible Faraday capacity was observed at around 3.5V. From this, it is considered that the porous carbon material exhibits a behavior of reversibly occluding and releasing an anion instead of an EDLC behavior in the interaction with the anion.
- a negative electrode mixture slurry is applied to one surface (roughened surface) of an aluminum foil (thickness: 20 ⁇ m) as a current collector using a doctor blade to form a coating film having a thickness of 150 ⁇ m. It dried at 100 degreeC for 30 minutes. The dried product was rolled using a pair of rolls to produce a negative electrode having a thickness of 95 ⁇ m.
- a single-cell electrode plate group was formed by laminating a positive electrode and a negative electrode with a cellulose non-woven fabric (thickness: 60 ⁇ m) interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the obtained electrode plate group was accommodated in a cell case made of an aluminum laminate sheet.
- the electrolytic solution was injected into the cell case, and the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator were impregnated.
- a PC solution containing TEMABF 4 as a supporting salt at a concentration of 1.5 mol / L was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the cell case was sealed while reducing the pressure with a vacuum sealer. Thus, EDLC was produced.
- Comparative Example 2 An EDLC was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the same electrode as that produced in Example 1 was used as the positive electrode. The results of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 are shown in Table 1. In Table 1, the ratio (%) of the cumulative volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1 nm or less to the total pore volume is represented by Vsi .
- Example 1 in which the porous carbon material was used as the positive electrode active material, even when charged to 4.0 V, the increase in voltage at the end of charging was not slowed, and no cell swelling was observed. From this, it can be seen that in the EDLC of the example, the decomposition of the electrolytic solution is greatly suppressed. Moreover, in Example 1, the capacity
- Example 2 A lithium ion capacitor was produced according to the following procedure.
- (1) Production of negative electrode By mixing and stirring hard carbon powder, acetylene black as a conductive auxiliary agent, PVDF as a binder (NMP solution containing PVDF at a concentration of 12% by mass), and NMP as a dispersion medium, A negative electrode mixture slurry was prepared. The content of each component in the slurry was 28.0% by mass of hard carbon, 2.7% by mass of acetylene black, and 13.3% by mass of PVDF.
- the obtained negative electrode mixture slurry is applied to one surface of a punching copper foil (thickness: 20 ⁇ m, opening diameter: 50 ⁇ m, opening ratio 50%) as a current collector using a doctor blade to have a thickness of 150 ⁇ m.
- a coating film was formed and dried at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes. The dried product was rolled using a pair of rolls to produce a negative electrode having a thickness of 95 ⁇ m.
- a lithium foil (thickness: 50 ⁇ m) is pressure-bonded to one surface of a punching copper foil (thickness: 20 ⁇ m, opening diameter: 50 ⁇ m, opening ratio 50%, 2 cm ⁇ 2 cm) as a current collector.
- a lithium electrode was produced.
- a nickel lead was welded to the other surface of the current collector.
- a single-cell electrode plate group was formed by laminating a positive electrode and a negative electrode with a cellulose separator (thickness: 60 ⁇ m) interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Further, the lithium electrode obtained in the above (2) is disposed by interposing a polyolefin separator (a laminate of a polyethylene microporous membrane and a polypropylene microporous membrane) on the negative electrode side of the electrode plate group. The laminated product was accommodated in a cell case made of an aluminum laminate sheet.
- the electrolytic solution was injected into the cell case, and the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator were impregnated.
- a solution in which LiPF 6 as a lithium salt was dissolved at a concentration of 1.0 mol / L in a mixed solvent containing EC and DEC at a volume ratio of 1: 1 was used.
- the cell case was sealed while reducing the pressure with a vacuum sealer.
- the negative electrode and the lithium electrode were connected to each other with a lead wire outside the cell case, and charged to 0 V with a current of 0.2 mA / cm 2 , so that the negative electrode active material was predoped with lithium. Thereafter, discharging was performed at a current of 0.2 mA / cm 2 until the voltage reached 1V. In this way, a lithium ion capacitor was produced.
- Comparative Example 3 A lithium ion capacitor was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the same electrode as that produced in Example 1 was used as the positive electrode. The results of Example 2 and Comparative Example 3 are shown in Table 2.
- Example 2 using the above porous carbon material as the positive electrode active material, even when charged to 5.0 V, the increase in voltage at the end of charging was not slowed, and no cell swelling was observed. From this, it can be seen that in the lithium ion capacitor of the example, the decomposition of the electrolytic solution is greatly suppressed. In Example 2, the capacity of the lithium ion capacitor could be increased as compared with Comparative Example 3.
- the capacitor according to the embodiment of the present invention can stably charge and discharge even when the upper limit voltage of charging is increased, the capacity can be increased. Therefore, the present invention can be applied to various power storage devices that require high capacity.
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Abstract
Description
そこで、本発明の目的は、充電の上限電圧が高い場合でも、電解液の分解を抑制できるとともに、安定して充放電を行うことができるキャパシタを提供することにある。
最初に、本発明の実施形態の内容を列記して説明する。
本発明の一実施形態によれば、(1)正極活物質を含む正極と、負極活物質を含む負極と、前記正極および前記負極の間に介在するセパレータと、電解液と、を具備し、前記正極活物質は多孔質炭素材料を含み、前記多孔質炭素材料の体積基準の細孔径分布において、1nm以下の細孔径を有する細孔の積算容積は、全細孔容積の85%以上であり、前記多孔質炭素材料の結晶子の大きさは1~10nmであり、前記多孔質炭素材料は、酸素含有官能基を含み、前記酸素含有官能基の含有量は3.3mol%以下である、キャパシタに関する。
なお、結晶子とは、ダイヤモンドに類似する結晶を構成する結晶子のことである。
本発明の実施形態に係る溶融塩電池の具体例を、適宜図面を参照しつつ以下に説明する。なお、本発明はこれらの例示に限定されるものではなく、添付の請求の範囲によって示され、請求の範囲と均等の意味および範囲内での全ての変更が含まれることが意図される。
また、キャパシタの容量を高めるために、充電の上限電圧を高めると、充電時の正極の電位が高くなるため、活性炭表面の官能基が活性点となって、電解液の酸化分解が顕著になる。このような観点からも、活性炭を正極活物質として用いたキャパシタでは、充電の上限電圧を高めることができない。例えば、市販のキャパシタの充電の上限電圧は、EDLCで2.7V程度であり、リチウムイオンキャパシタで3.8V程度である。これらの上限電圧を超える高い電圧を充電終止電圧として充電しても、充電末期に電圧が上昇しなくなったり、ガス発生が顕著になったりする。
そのため、上記の多孔質炭素材料は、活性炭とは、アニオンとの相互作用の機構が異なり、正極において、表面積が小さくても容量を発現できる。また、電解液との接点が小さくて済むため、電解液の分解反応が抑制され、ガスの発生を低減できると考えられる。
このような点から、市販のキャパシタの一般的な充電の上限電圧を超える電圧まで充電しても、電解液の分解およびこれに伴うガスの発生を抑制できる。また、多孔質炭素材料は、活性炭などの従来の活物質と比べて有機不純物の含有量が低いため、この点からも、電解液の分解およびこれに伴うガスの発生が抑制される。
EDLCの充電の上限電圧は、例えば、2.8~4.2V、3~4.2V、または3.2~4Vであってもよい。
正極は、正極活物質を含み、正極活物質は、上記の多孔質炭素材料を含む。
(多孔質炭素材料)
多孔質炭素材料の体積基準の細孔径分布において、1nm以下の細孔径を有する細孔の積算容積は、全細孔容積の85%以上であり、87%以上であることが好ましく、90%以上であることがさらに好ましい。
本発明の一実施形態において、多孔質炭素材料は、酸素含有官能基の含有量が3.3mol%以下である。酸素含有官能基の含有量は、3mol%以下であることが好ましく、2.5mol%以下または2mol%以下であることがさらに好ましい。酸素含有官能基の含有量は、例えば、0.1mol%以上であってもよい。酸素含有官能基の含有量が3.3mol%を超えると、電解液の分解が顕著になり易い。特に、充電の上限電圧が高くなるほど、電解液の分解およびこれに伴うガスの発生が顕著になる。
結晶子のサイズを調節して、静電容量を高め易くするためには、金属炭化物の種類を選択したり、加熱温度を調節したりすることが好ましい。
正極は、正極活物質とともに、これを保持する集電体を含むことができる。
集電体は、金属箔でもよく、高容量なキャパシタを得る観点から、三次元網目状の構造を有する金属多孔体を用いてもよい。正極集電体の材質としては、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金などが好ましい。
負極は、負極活物質とともに、これを保持する集電体を含むことができる。負極集電体は、正極集電体と同様に、金属箔、または三次元網目状の構造を有する金属多孔質体などが使用できる。負極集電体の材質としては、銅、銅合金、ニッケル、ニッケル合金、ステンレス鋼などが例示できる。
EDLCでは、電解液中のカチオンを吸着するような材料、例えば、活性炭などが使用できる。
活性炭としては、キャパシタに使用される公知のものを使用できる。活性炭の原料としては、例えば、木材;ヤシ殻;パルプ廃液;石炭またはその熱分解により得られる石炭系ピッチ;重質油またはその熱分解により得られる石油系ピッチ;フェノール樹脂などが挙げられる。
負極は、正極と同様にして得ることができる。バインダ、導電助剤、分散媒、およびこれらの量は、正極で例示したものまたは範囲から適宜選択できる。
セパレータは、イオン透過性を有し、正極と負極との間に介在して、これらを物理的に離間させて短絡を防止する。セパレータは、多孔質材構造を有し、細孔内に電解液を保持することで、イオンを透過させる。セパレータの材質としては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィン;ポリエチレンテレフタレートなどのポリエステル;ポリアミド;ポリイミド;セルロース;ガラス繊維などを用いることができる。
セパレータの厚みは、例えば10~100μm程度である。
電解液は、イオン伝導性を有する限り特に制限されず、キャパシタの種類に応じて、適宜選択できる。電解液は、カチオンとアニオンとを含む。
カチオンとしては、無機カチオン;有機オニウムカチオンなどの有機カチオンなどが例示できる。無機カチオンとしては、アルカリ金属カチオン(リチウムイオン、ナトリウムイオン、カリウムイオン、ルビジウムイオン、セシウムイオンなど)、アルカリ土類金属カチオン(マグネシウムイオン、カルシウムイオンなど)、遷移金属カチオンなどの金属カチオン;アンモニウムカチオンなどが例示できる。有機オニウムカチオンとしては、脂肪族アミン、脂環族アミンや芳香族アミンに由来するカチオン(例えば、第4級アンモニウムカチオンなど)の他、窒素含有へテロ環を有するカチオン(つまり、環状アミンに由来するカチオン)などの窒素含有オニウムカチオン;イオウ含有オニウムカチオン;リン含有オニウムカチオンなどが例示できる。電解液は、これらのカチオンのうち一種を含んでもよく、二種以上を含んでもよい。
電解液に含まれるアニオンとしては、水酸化物イオン、フッ素含有酸のアニオン[ヘキサフルオロリン酸イオン(PF6 -)などのフッ素含有リン酸のアニオン;テトラフルオロホウ酸イオン(BF4 -)などのフッ素含有ホウ酸のアニオンなど]、塩素含有酸のアニオン[過塩素酸イオン(ClO4 -)など]、オキサレート基を有する酸素酸のアニオン[リチウムビス(オキサラト)ボレートイオン(B(C2O4)2 -)などのオキサラトボレートイオン;リチウムトリス(オキサラト)ホスフェートイオン(P(C2O4)3 -)などのオキサラトホスフェートイオンなど]、フルオロアルカンスルホン酸のアニオン[トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸イオン(CF3SO3 -)など]、ビススルホニルイミドアニオン(フッ素原子を含むビススルホニルイミドアニオンなど)などが例示できる。電解液は、これらのアニオンのうち一種を含んでもよく、二種以上を含んでもよい。
EDLCの電解液としては、アルカリ電解液、または非水電解液が使用できる。非水電解液に含まれる非水溶媒は、高い電圧まで充電したときに正極で分解され易いため、特に、非水電解液を用いるEDLCの場合に、多孔質炭素材料を用いることによる効果が得られ易い。
また、リチウムイオンキャパシタの電解液としては、リチウムイオン伝導性の非水電解液が使用される。
EDLCに用いるアルカリ電解液としては、例えば、水酸化カリウム、水酸化ナトリウムなどのアルカリ(アルカリ金属水酸化物など)を含むアルカリ性水溶液が挙げられる。
非水電解液としては、例えば、非水溶媒(有機溶媒)に、上記のカチオンと上記のアニオンとの塩を溶解させた溶液が好ましく用いられる。
非水電解液における塩の濃度は、例えば、0.3~3mol/Lであればよい。
好ましい塩の具体例として、TEMA+とBF4 -との塩(TEMABF4)が挙げられる。
リチウムイオンキャパシタに用いる非水電解液としては、非水溶媒にリチウム塩を溶解させた溶液が好ましく用いられる。非水電解液におけるリチウム塩の濃度は、例えば0.3~3mol/Lであればよい。
リチウム塩としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiPF6、LiFSI、LiTFSI、LiPFSIなどが好ましい。
また、リチウムイオンキャパシタに用いる非水溶媒として、イオン性液体を用いることもでき、イオン性液体と上記有機溶媒とを併用してもよい。イオン性液体とは、カチオンとアニオンとで構成される、溶融状態において流動性を有する塩であり、少なくとも溶融状態において、イオン伝導性を有する。イオン性液体は、常温で流動性を有することが好ましい。
イオン性液体の具体例としては、EMIFSI、EMITFSI、EMIPFSI、MPPYFSI、MPPYTFSI、MPPYPFSIなどが挙げられる。
以上の実施形態に関し、さらに以下の付記を開示する。
(付記1)
正極活物質を含む正極と、負極活物質を含む負極と、前記正極および前記負極の間に介在するセパレータと、電解液と、を具備し、
前記正極活物質は多孔質炭素材料を含み、
前記多孔質炭素材料の体積基準の細孔径分布において、1nm以下の細孔径を有する細孔の積算容積は、全細孔容積の85%以上であり、
前記多孔質炭素材料の結晶子の大きさは1~10nmであり、
前記多孔質炭素材料は、酸素含有官能基を含み、前記酸素含有官能基の含有量は3.3mol%以下であるキャパシタ。
このようなキャパシタによれば、充電の上限電圧を高くしても、電解液の分解を抑制できるとともに、充放電を安定に行うことができる。
前記付記1において、前記多孔質炭素材料のBET比表面積は、1000m2/g以上であることが好ましい。このような多孔質炭素材料を用いたキャパシタでは、正極をさらに高容量化できるため、キャパシタの高容量化に有利である。
前記付記1または付記2において、前記多孔質炭素材料のCukα線によるX線回折像は、2θ=40~50度の範囲にピーク:Pkを有し、Pkは、ダイヤモンド結晶の(111)面に帰属されるピーク:Pd111の成分を含んでもよい。このような多孔質炭素材料は、優れた電子伝導性を発現する一方で、電子伝導の等方性に優れているため、より集電性に優れたキャパシタを得る上で有利である。
前記付記1~付記3のいずれか1つにおいて、前記多孔質炭素材料のCukα線によるX線回折像が、グラファイトの(002)面に帰属されるピーク:PG002を有する場合、PG002の強度:IG002のPkの強度:Ikに対する比:IG002/Ikは3.0以下であることが好ましい。このような多孔質炭素材料では、IG002に対してIkが非常に大きくなるため、Pkは少なくともPd111の成分を含むことができる。よって、キャパシタの集電性をより効果的に高めることができる。
実施例1
下記の手順でEDLCを作製した。
(1)正極の作製
多孔質炭素材料(平均粒径約10μm)、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック、バインダとしてPVDF(濃度12質量%でPVDFを含むNMP溶液)、および分散媒としてNMPを、混合機にて混合、攪拌することにより、正極合剤スラリーを調製した。スラリー中の各成分の含有量は、多孔質炭素材料28.6質量%、アセチレンブラック1.0質量%、PVDF27.4質量%であった。
活性炭(平均粒径20μm、比表面積80m2/g)と、ケイ素粒子(平均粒径100μm)との混合物をカーボン製の載置棚に設置し、900℃に設定した反応炉内の窒素ガス雰囲気中に載置棚を挿入した。その後、昇温速度10℃/分で1450℃まで反応炉内を昇温して、ケイ素を溶融させ、その状態で、活性炭とケイ素を5時間にわたり反応させた。得られた生成物はベータ型SiCであった。得られたSiCを、その平均粒径が10μmとなるまで粉砕した。
(a)XRD
多孔質炭素材料のCukα線によるX線回折像を測定した。
回折像においては、2θ=20~30度付近にグラファイトの(002)面に帰属されるピークは全く観測されなかった(IG002/Ik=0)。一方、2θ=40~50度付近には、ダイヤモンドの(111)面に帰属されるブロードなピーク:Pd111が観測された。Pd111の半価幅からScherrerの式を用いて求められる結晶子の大きさは、2.0nmであった。
BelJapan社製のBELSORP-miniIIを用いて、-196℃におけるN2の等温吸着量測定を行い、細孔径dpに対して、細孔容積Vpをdpで微分した値dVp/ddpをプロットすることにより、多孔質炭素材料の細孔径分布を求めた。その結果、図2に示すように、0.6nmに単分散のシャープなピークを有する分布が得られた。1nm以下の細孔径を有する細孔の積算容積は、全細孔容積の90%以上であった。
BelJapan社製のBELSORP-miniIIを用いて、N2の等温吸着量測定により、多孔質炭素材料のBET比表面積を測定したところ、1599m2/gであった。
多孔質炭素材料中に含まれる酸素含有官能基の含有量を、全自動昇温脱離スペクトル装置(BelJapan社製、TPD-1-ATw)を使用して測定した。所定量の多孔質炭素材料を試料として用い、試料を150℃まで昇温した後、120分脱気処理した。連続して、ヘリウムガスの流通下(供給速度:50ml/分)で、昇温速度5℃/分で加熱し、試料から排出されるガス成分を、4重極質量分析装置を用いて分析した。ここで、分析は、試料から排出されるガス成分中のH2O(m=18)、CO(m=28)、CO2(m=44)の3つのフラグメントについて行った。その結果、多孔質炭素材料は、カルボニル基、カルボキシル基、ヒドロキシル基などの酸素含有官能基を含み、酸素含有官能基の含有量は、多孔質炭素材料1g当たり、1.5mol%であった。
なお、比較のため、比較例1の活性炭についても、同様に酸素含有官能基の含有量を測定したところ、3.3mol%であった。
リチウムを対極および参照極に用いて、作製した正極のCV測定を行った。電解液としては、ECとDECとを体積比1:1で含む混合溶媒に、1mol/Lの濃度でLiPF6を溶解させた溶液を用いた。CV測定は、掃引速度5mV/sで行った。
比較のために、多孔質炭素材料に代えて、比較例1の活性炭を用いる以外は、上記と同様にして作製した正極を用い、CV測定を行った。
活性炭(関西熱化学(株)、MSP-20S)、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック、バインダとしてPVDF(濃度12質量%でPVDFを含むNMP溶液)、分散媒としてNMPを、混合機にて混合、攪拌することにより、負極合剤スラリーを調製した。スラリー中の各成分の含有量は、活性炭21.5質量%、アセチレンブラック0.76質量%、PVDF20.6質量%であった。
上記(1)および(2)で得られた正極および負極を、それぞれ、1.5cm×1.5cmのサイズに切り出し、1辺に沿って幅0.5mmの部分の合剤を取り除いて集電体露出部を形成した。正極および負極の集電体露出部には、それぞれ、アルミニウム製のリードを溶接した。
このようにして、EDLCを作製した。
上記(3)で得られたEDLCを、0.4mA/cm2の電流で、電圧が2.6Vになるまで充電し、電圧が0Vになるまで放電した。このときの充電末期の電圧の変化およびセルの膨れの有無を確認した。
次いで、充電の上限電圧を、0.1Vずつ4.0Vまで上げる以外は、上記と同様にして充放電を行い、充電末期の電圧上昇が鈍らず、セルの膨れが見られない充電電圧の上限(充電の上限電圧)を調べた。
また、0.4mA/cm2の電流で、上限電圧まで充電し、充電末期の電圧上昇を調べるとともに、電圧が0Vになるまで放電したときの容量(mAh)を求めた。
正極として、実施例1で負極として作製したものと同じ電極を用いる以外は、実施例1と同様にして、EDLCを作製し、評価を行った。
実施例1および比較例2の結果を表1に示す。なお、表1中、全細孔容積に対する1nm以下の細孔径を有する細孔の積算容積の割合(%)をVsiで表す。
下記の手順でリチウムイオンキャパシタを作製した。
(1)負極の作製
ハードカーボン粉末、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック、バインダとしてPVDF(濃度12質量%でPVDFを含むNMP溶液)、分散媒としてNMPを、混合機にて混合、攪拌することにより、負極合剤スラリーを調製した。スラリー中の各成分の含有量は、ハードカーボン28.0質量%、アセチレンブラック2.7質量%、PVDF13.3質量%であった。
集電体としてのパンチング銅箔(厚み:20μm、開口径:50μm、開口率50%、2cm×2cm)の一方の表面に、リチウム箔(厚み:50μm)を圧着することにより、リチウム極を作製した。集電体の他方の表面には、ニッケル製のリードを溶接した。
正極としては、実施例1の(1)と同様にして作製したものを用いた。正極と、上記(1)で得られた負極とを、それぞれ、1.5cm×1.5cmのサイズに切り出し、1辺に沿って幅0.5mmの部分の合剤を取り除いて集電体露出部を形成した。正極の集電体露出部には、アルミニウム製のリードを、負極集電体露出部には、ニッケル製のリードを、それぞれ溶接した。
このようにして、リチウムイオンキャパシタを作製した。
上記(3)で得られたリチウムイオンキャパシタを、0.4mA/cm2の電流で、電圧が3.8Vになるまで充電し、電圧が3.0Vになるまで放電した。このときの充電末期の電圧の変化およびセルの膨れの有無を確認した。
次いで、充電の上限電圧を、0.1Vずつ5.0Vまで上げる以外は、上記と同様にして充放電を行い、充電末期の電圧上昇が鈍らず、セルの膨れが見られない充電電圧の上限(充電の上限電圧)を調べた。
また、0.4mA/cm2の電流で、上記で調べた上限電圧まで充電し、充電末期の電圧上昇を調べるとともに、電圧が3.0Vになるまで放電したときの容量(mAh)を求めた。
正極として、実施例1で負極として作製したものと同じ電極を用いる以外は、実施例2と同様にして、リチウムイオンキャパシタを作製し、評価を行った。
実施例2および比較例3の結果を表2に示す。
Claims (5)
- 正極活物質を含む正極と、負極活物質を含む負極と、前記正極および前記負極の間に介在するセパレータと、電解液と、を具備し、
前記正極活物質は多孔質炭素材料を含み、
前記多孔質炭素材料の体積基準の細孔径分布において、1nm以下の細孔径を有する細孔の積算容積は、全細孔容積の85%以上であり、
前記多孔質炭素材料の結晶子の大きさは1~10nmであり、
前記多孔質炭素材料は、酸素含有官能基を含み、前記酸素含有官能基の含有量は3.3mol%以下であるキャパシタ。 - 前記多孔質炭素材料は、前記体積基準の細孔径分布において、単分散の細孔径のピークを有し、
前記細孔径のピークは、0.5~0.7nmの範囲内にある請求項1に記載のキャパシタ。 - 前記負極活物質は、活性炭、黒鉛、ハードカーボン、ソフトカーボン、リチウムチタン酸化物、ケイ素含有材料、およびスズ含有材料からなる群より選択される少なくとも一種を含む請求項1または請求項2に記載のキャパシタ。
- リチウムイオンキャパシタの充放電方法であって、
前記リチウムイオンキャパシタは、正極活物質を含む正極と、負極活物質を含む負極と、前記正極および前記負極の間に介在するセパレータと、リチウムイオン伝導性の電解液とを具備し、
前記正極活物質は多孔質炭素材料を含み、
前記多孔質炭素材料の体積基準の細孔径分布において、1nm以下の細孔径を有する細孔の積算容積は、全細孔容積の85%以上であり、
前記多孔質炭素材料の結晶子の大きさは1~10nmであり、
前記多孔質炭素材料は、酸素含有官能基を含み、前記酸素含有官能基の含有量は3.3mol%以下であり、
前記リチウムイオンキャパシタを、3.9~5.2Vの上限電圧で、充放電する工程を有する充放電方法。 - 電気二重層キャパシタの充放電方法であって、
前記電気二重層キャパシタは、正極活物質を含む正極と、負極活物質を含む負極と、前記正極および前記負極の間に介在するセパレータと、電解液とを具備し、
前記正極活物質は多孔質炭素材料を含み、
前記多孔質炭素材料の体積基準の細孔径分布において、1nm以下の細孔径を有する細孔の積算容積は、全細孔容積の85%以上であり、
前記多孔質炭素材料の結晶子の大きさは1~10nmであり、
前記多孔質炭素材料は、酸素含有官能基を含み、前記酸素含有官能基の含有量は3.3mol%以下であり、
前記電気二重層キャパシタを、2.8~4.2Vの上限電圧で、充放電する工程を有する充放電方法。
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP14797840.7A EP2998973B1 (en) | 2013-05-16 | 2014-03-27 | Capacitor and method for charging and discharging the same |
| CN201480027053.0A CN105229765B (zh) | 2013-05-16 | 2014-03-27 | 电容器以及充电和放电电容器的方法 |
| US14/890,350 US9786443B2 (en) | 2013-05-16 | 2014-03-27 | Capacitor and method for charging and discharging the same |
| KR1020157030466A KR20160007507A (ko) | 2013-05-16 | 2014-03-27 | 커패시터 및 그 충방전 방법 |
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| JP2013-104289 | 2013-05-16 | ||
| JP2013104289A JP2014225574A (ja) | 2013-05-16 | 2013-05-16 | キャパシタおよびその充放電方法 |
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| WO2014185162A1 true WO2014185162A1 (ja) | 2014-11-20 |
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| PCT/JP2014/058803 Ceased WO2014185162A1 (ja) | 2013-05-16 | 2014-03-27 | キャパシタおよびその充放電方法 |
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| US (1) | US9786443B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2998973B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP2014225574A (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20160007507A (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN105229765B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2014185162A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20170069434A1 (en) * | 2015-09-04 | 2017-03-09 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Hybrid Supercapacitor |
| US20170250032A1 (en) * | 2016-02-25 | 2017-08-31 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Hybrid Supercapacitor |
| WO2018190392A1 (ja) * | 2017-04-14 | 2018-10-18 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 多孔質炭素材料の製造方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5792390B2 (ja) * | 2012-07-30 | 2015-10-14 | 株式会社日立国際電気 | 基板処理装置、半導体装置の製造方法及びプログラム |
| JP2015154039A (ja) * | 2014-02-19 | 2015-08-24 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | キャパシタおよびその充放電方法 |
| JP2016164948A (ja) * | 2015-03-06 | 2016-09-08 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | キャパシタ用正極およびキャパシタの製造方法ならびにキャパシタ |
| JP2017088443A (ja) * | 2015-11-09 | 2017-05-25 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 多孔質炭素材料、その製造方法、それを用いた電極及びキャパシタ |
| KR101810625B1 (ko) * | 2016-03-18 | 2018-01-25 | 삼화전기 주식회사 | 전기 이중층 커패시터의 전극 제조방법 |
| KR101849645B1 (ko) * | 2016-03-18 | 2018-05-30 | 삼화전기 주식회사 | 전기 이중층 커패시터 |
| WO2017183805A1 (ko) * | 2016-04-21 | 2017-10-26 | 엘에스엠트론 주식회사 | 저저항 울트라 커패시터 |
| KR102519740B1 (ko) * | 2016-09-13 | 2023-04-10 | 엘지이노텍 주식회사 | 전극 재료 및 이를 이용한 전기 화학 소자 |
| KR20190055019A (ko) * | 2016-09-30 | 2019-05-22 | 세키스이가가쿠 고교가부시키가이샤 | 탄소 재료, 캐패시터용 전극 시트 및 캐패시터 |
| KR102342893B1 (ko) * | 2017-05-15 | 2021-12-24 | 엘지이노텍 주식회사 | 전극 재료, 전극 재료를 이용한 전기 화학 소자 및 이의 제조 방법 |
| KR101885781B1 (ko) * | 2017-07-05 | 2018-08-06 | (주)다오코리아 | 온열 매트 |
| WO2019013052A1 (ja) | 2017-07-13 | 2019-01-17 | 日清紡ホールディングス株式会社 | 炭素触媒、電池電極及び電池 |
| WO2020004173A1 (ja) * | 2018-06-28 | 2020-01-02 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 電気化学キャパシタ |
| KR20230118564A (ko) * | 2020-12-16 | 2023-08-11 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 이온 액체, 이차 전지, 전자 기기, 및 차량 |
| CA3210664A1 (en) * | 2021-02-17 | 2022-08-25 | Carbonip Technologies Inc. | Sweeping gas process for production of activated carbon-based electrode materials |
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- 2014-03-27 US US14/890,350 patent/US9786443B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-03-27 WO PCT/JP2014/058803 patent/WO2014185162A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2014-03-27 EP EP14797840.7A patent/EP2998973B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2014-03-27 KR KR1020157030466A patent/KR20160007507A/ko not_active Withdrawn
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2998973B1 (en) | 2019-01-02 |
| US9786443B2 (en) | 2017-10-10 |
| CN105229765B (zh) | 2017-10-31 |
| KR20160007507A (ko) | 2016-01-20 |
| EP2998973A4 (en) | 2016-07-20 |
| JP2014225574A (ja) | 2014-12-04 |
| CN105229765A (zh) | 2016-01-06 |
| US20160118199A1 (en) | 2016-04-28 |
| EP2998973A1 (en) | 2016-03-23 |
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