WO2014198155A1 - 单电极摩擦纳米发电机、发电方法和自驱动追踪装置 - Google Patents

单电极摩擦纳米发电机、发电方法和自驱动追踪装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014198155A1
WO2014198155A1 PCT/CN2014/075563 CN2014075563W WO2014198155A1 WO 2014198155 A1 WO2014198155 A1 WO 2014198155A1 CN 2014075563 W CN2014075563 W CN 2014075563W WO 2014198155 A1 WO2014198155 A1 WO 2014198155A1
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Prior art keywords
electrode layer
friction
layer
generator
friction layer
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PCT/CN2014/075563
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王中林
杨亚
张虎林
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National Center for Nanosccience and Technology China
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National Center for Nanosccience and Technology China
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Priority to JP2016518822A priority Critical patent/JP6298155B2/ja
Priority to EP14810297.3A priority patent/EP3010138B1/en
Priority to KR1020167000923A priority patent/KR20160019947A/ko
Priority to KR1020177032563A priority patent/KR101928088B1/ko
Publication of WO2014198155A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014198155A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N1/00—Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
    • H02N1/04—Friction generators
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to a friction nano-generator, in particular to a single-electrode friction nano-generator, a generator set, a power generation method and a self-driven tracking device based on the generator. Background technique
  • the working principle of a friction nanogenerator is based on mutual contact and separation between two materials with different triboelectric properties to generate electricity.
  • all of the frictional nanogenerators currently reported require two electrode layers, at least one of which needs to be formed by depositing a conductive metal on the surface of the friction film material, and external electrical energy is realized by the two electrode layers. Output.
  • such a generator has a high manufacturing cost due to the deposition of metal, and on the other hand, the thickness of the friction material must be within a certain range.
  • the tracking system has broad application prospects in security monitoring, human-machine interface and medical science.
  • the general tracking system provides tracking and positioning of object movement by providing information on time and location.
  • the existing tracking system is based on a number of optical, magnetic and mechanical sensor networks for tracking, and external power supply is essential for these sensors. A large amount of power consumption makes these existing tracking systems difficult to be widely used in the future energy crisis. Developing a self-driven tracking system is the key to fundamentally solving the long-term and stable operation of these devices. Summary of the invention
  • the present invention firstly provides a single-electrode friction nanogenerator characterized by comprising a friction layer and an electrode layer, the electrode layer having only one and being placed face to face with the friction layer, the electrode layer Electrically connected to the equipotential source, at least part of the surface of the friction layer and the electrode layer can be contacted and separated by an external force, and an electrical signal is output through the electrode layer and the equipotential source; preferably, the There is a difference in friction electrode sequence between the friction layer and the electrode layer;
  • the friction layer is selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride, and polychloroether. a combination of one or more of polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyester, polyisobutylene, polyurethane elastic sponge, polyvinyl butyral, nylon, polyacrylonitrile, and polybisphenol carbonate;
  • the surface of the electrode layer in contact with the friction layer is a conductive material
  • the electrode layer is a conductive material selected from the group consisting of metal, indium tin oxide, organic conductor or Doped semiconductor
  • the metal is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, nickel, copper, titanium, chromium or selenium, and an alloy formed of the above metal, the organic conductor being a conductive polymer, including self-polypyrrole, poly Phenyl sulfide, polyphthalocyanine compounds, polyaniline and polythiophene;
  • the electrode layer is a metal film or a bulk material, wherein the film has a thickness of 10 nm to 5 mm;
  • the friction layer faces the surface of the electrode layer, and/or the electrode layer faces the surface of the friction layer, and all or part of the microstructure is distributed on the order of micrometer or submicron;
  • the microstructure is selected from the group consisting of nanowires, nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoflowers, nanochannels, microchannels, nanocones, microcones, nanospheres, and microspheres, and is formed from the foregoing structures Array
  • the friction layer faces the surface of the electrode layer, and/or the electrode layer faces the surface of the friction layer, with an embellishment or coating of nano material;
  • the friction layer faces the surface of the electrode layer, and/or the electrode layer faces the surface of the friction layer, and is chemically modified, in which the friction electrode sequence is relatively negative and the surface is easily introduced to obtain electrons.
  • the friction layer and/or the electrode layer are hard materials
  • the friction layer and/or the electrode layer is a flexible material
  • the friction layer and the electrode layer are the same size and shape, and the two are placed directly opposite each other;
  • the maximum separation distance that the friction layer and the surface of the electrode layer are in contact with each other can be comparable or larger than the length and width dimensions of the contact faces of the two;
  • the ratio of the maximum separation pitch to the length of the contact surface, and the ratio of the maximum pitch to the width of the contact surface are between 1-100;
  • the equipotential source is provided by grounding
  • a load is further included, and the electrode layer is electrically connected to the equipotential source through the load;
  • the electrical connection is implemented by an external circuit that requires power supply;
  • the friction layer and at least part of the surface of the electrode layer are separated or contacted, and the friction layer and at least part of the surface of the electrode layer are in contact or separated by an external force; preferably And an elastic member, and the friction layer and at least a part of the surface of the electrode layer are kept separated or contacted by an external force by the elastic member;
  • the elastic member has tensile elasticity or bending deformation elasticity;
  • a first supporting member fixed on a surface of the friction layer facing away from the side of the electrode layer, and/or further comprising a second supporting member, the second The support member is fixed on a surface of the electrode layer facing away from the side of the friction layer;
  • one end of the elastic member is fixed on the first supporting member and disposed around the friction layer, and/or the other end of the elastic member is fixed on the second supporting member and surrounds the Electrode layer setting;
  • the first support element and / or the second support element are rigid materials
  • the first support element and/or the second support element are a flat plate structure
  • the first support element and/or the second support element are curved structures
  • first support element and the second support element are parallel to each other;
  • the first support element and the second support element intersect at one end;
  • the friction layer and the electrode layer face each other to form a cavity
  • the friction layer and/or the electrode layer is a curved surface that protrudes outwardly from the cavity, and when an external force is applied, the friction layer is At least part of the surface of the electrode layer can contact each other and return to the original state after the external force is withdrawn;
  • the electrode layer and the friction layer are connected by an edge;
  • the electrode layer and/or the friction layer have elastic bending deformation characteristics
  • the friction layer is attached with a first elastic substrate on the outer side of the convex direction, and/or the second elastic substrate is adhered to the outer side of the electrode layer in the convex direction;
  • the first elastic substrate and the second elastic substrate are selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene;
  • the first elastic substrate and the second elastic substrate have a thickness of between 50 ⁇ m and 10 mm; preferably, the first elastic substrate and the friction layer have different coefficients of thermal expansion, and the two are bonded together And then integrally protruding toward the first elastic substrate; and/or, the second elastic substrate and the electrode layer have different thermal expansion coefficients, and when the two are bonded together, the second elastic substrate is integrally
  • the friction layer is a curved surface that protrudes outward toward the cavity, the electrode layer is planar, and the size of the electrode layer is smaller than the size of the friction layer.
  • the invention also provides a single-electrode friction nano-generator set, characterized in that two or more of the foregoing single-electrode generators are formed in parallel, and the electrical signals output by the generators are separately monitored or uniformly monitored; preferably, the 2 More than one generator is formed by longitudinal superposition; preferably, two adjacent generators are fixedly connected by an insulating spacer; preferably, two adjacent generators share one Electrode layer
  • the electrode layer being shared has the same tendency to gain or lose electrons compared to the friction layers of the two generators;
  • the electrode layer that is shared is composed of the second supporting member and a conductive thin layer to which the outer surface is attached;
  • the two or more generators are formed side by side to form the generator set; preferably, all the generators share one electrode layer, and all the friction layers are located on the same side of the common electrode layer;
  • the two or more generators are at least partially different, or identical.
  • the present invention also provides a power generation method characterized by using any of the generators or generator sets disclosed in the present invention, comprising the steps of:
  • step (4) in the process of step (4), outputting an electrical signal through the electrode layer and the equipotential source; preferably, the friction layer and the electrode layer are completely in contact in step (4);
  • the step (4) applies a continuous external force in which the direction is periodically reversed or the magnitude is periodically changed.
  • the present invention also provides a tracking device based on the above single-electrode friction nanogenerator, which is characterized by comprising:
  • the friction layer or the electrode layer of each of the generators being disposed upward on a surface on which the object to be tracked travels, and the electrode layer and the friction layer are capable of At least part of the surface contact is under the pressure of the object being tracked, and after the object being tracked leaves, the electrical signal output by each generator is independently monitored.
  • the single electrode friction nanogenerator of the present invention has the following advantages:
  • a self-driven tracking system was first fabricated using a friction generator array.
  • the system enables efficient detection of the path of movement of an object based on the interaction of the object being detected with the environment.
  • the system does not require an external power supply unit, and relies mainly on the signal from the friction generator that is triggered by the object during the movement to detect the object.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a typical structure of a single-electrode friction generator of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a typical structure of a single-electrode friction generator of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4( a) ⁇ (b) are schematic structural diagrams of a single-electrode friction generator of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a typical structure of a single-electrode friction generator according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing a typical installation structure of an elastic member in a single-electrode friction generator according to the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing a typical installation structure of an elastic member of a single-electrode friction generator according to the present invention
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic view showing a typical structure including a supporting member in a single-electrode friction generator according to the present invention
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic view showing a typical structure of a single-electrode friction generator including a supporting member in the present invention.
  • a typical structure including a supporting member in the single-electrode friction generator of the present invention is shown in Fig. 12 (a) to (c), which is a typical structural diagram of the single-electrode friction generator of the present invention
  • a typical structural schematic diagram of a single-electrode friction generator set of the present invention
  • Figure 14 is a schematic view showing a typical structure of a single-electrode friction generator set according to the present invention.
  • Figure 15 is a schematic view showing a typical structure of a single-electrode friction generator set according to the present invention.
  • Figure 16 is a schematic view showing a typical structure of a single-electrode friction generator set according to the present invention.
  • 17 is a schematic view showing a typical structure of a single-electrode friction generator set according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 18 is a schematic structural diagram of a tracking system based on a single-electrode friction generator of the present invention
  • FIG. 19 is a short-circuit current output diagram of Embodiment 2 of the present invention
  • Figure 21 is a diagram showing signal acquisition during operation of Embodiment 3 of the present invention. detailed description
  • Ground means a ground or conductive substance whose electric potential is taken to zero at any point, such as a ship or a carrier.
  • the “friction electrode sequence” as used in the present invention refers to the degree of attraction of a material to a charge.
  • the ordering of the two materials at the moment of mutual friction, the negative charge on the friction surface is transferred from the surface of the material with the more polar polarity in the friction electrode sequence to the surface of the material with the more polar polarity in the friction electrode sequence.
  • the polymer material Teflon when the polymer material Teflon is in contact with the aluminum foil of the metal material, the aluminum foil is positively charged, that is, the electron power is weak, and the polymer material Teflon is negatively charged, so that the electron power is strong. . So far, there is no unified theory that can fully explain the mechanism of charge transfer.
  • this charge transfer is related to the surface work function of the material, and the charge transfer is realized by the transfer of electrons or ions on the contact surface.
  • the friction electrode sequence is only an empirically based statistical result, that is, the farther the difference between the two materials in the sequence, the greater the positive and negative charge generated after the contact and the probability of the sequence being coincident, and Actual results are affected by a variety of factors, such as material surface roughness, ambient humidity, and relative friction.
  • the "contact charge” as used in the present invention refers to the charge on the surface of a material having a difference in polarity between two kinds of friction electrode sequences after contact friction and separation, and it is generally considered that the charge is only distributed on the surface of the material. The maximum depth of distribution is only about 10 nanometers. It should be noted that the sign of the contact charge is a sign of the net charge, that is, there may be a concentrated region of negative charge in a local region of the surface of the material with a positive contact charge, but the sign of the net charge of the entire surface is positive.
  • the direction of the generator is longitudinal when the friction layer and the electrode layer are in a vertical relationship, that is, the friction layer is on the upper side, the electrode layer is on the bottom, or the friction layer is on the lower side, and the electrode layer is on the upper side.
  • the so-called vertical is longitudinal when the friction layer and the electrode layer are in a vertical relationship, that is, the friction layer is on the upper side, the electrode layer is on the bottom, or the friction layer is on the lower side, and the electrode layer is on the upper side.
  • Figure 1 shows a typical structure of a single-electrode friction nanogenerator of the present invention: comprising a friction layer 10 and an electrode layer 20, the electrode layer 20 being connected to the ground providing the equipotential by the external circuit 30, the friction layer 10 and the electrode
  • the layers 20 are placed face to face oppositely with a gap between the two by the elastic members 40, and at least part of the surface of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 can be subjected to contact and separation cycles by external force while power is supplied to the external circuit 30.
  • the working principle of the generator of the present invention will be described with reference to Fig. 2: Since the friction electrode sequence of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 is different, there is a difference in electron abilities between the two (here, the electron abilities of the friction layer 10 are weak). For example, when the compressive force F acts on the generator to bring the friction layer 10 into contact with certain surfaces of the electrode layer 20, the surface of the friction layer 10 is positively charged, and the surface of the electrode layer 20 is negatively charged; After the compressive stress is released, the elastic member 40 separates the friction layer 10 from the electrode layer 20, and breaks the surface charge balance between the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20. To restore the balance, electrons pass from the electrode layer 20 through the external circuit 30.
  • the difference in the friction electrode sequence between the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 is the key to generating an electrical signal
  • the following polymer materials can be used in the friction layer 10 of the present invention, and arranged in accordance with The order has an increasingly strong electronic ability: polymethyl methacrylate, nylon, polyvinyl alcohol, polyester, polyisobutylene, polyurethane elastic sponge, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl alcohol Butyraldehyde, polychloroprene, natural rubber, polyacrylonitrile, polybisphenol carbonate, polychloroether, polyvinylidene chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide, polyvinyl chloride , polydimethylsiloxane, polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the appropriate polymer material can be selected as the friction layer 10 according to the order listed above in combination with a simple comparison experiment to obtain an optimum electrical signal output performance.
  • the electrode layer 20 not only provides a friction surface for power generation in the generator, but also functions as an electrode, and it is necessary to transmit electrons through the external circuit 30 when the electric field constituted by the surface charges is unbalanced. Therefore, the surface of the electrode layer 20 in contact with the friction layer 10 needs to be composed of a conductive material, or the whole is made of a conductive material, and the conductive material may be selected from a metal, an indium tin oxide, an organic conductor or a doped semiconductor, and an electrode.
  • the layer 20 can be a flat sheet, sheet or film, wherein the thickness of the film can be selected from 10 nm to 5 mm, preferably from 50 nm to 1 mm, preferably from 100 nm to 500 ⁇ m.
  • Organic conductors are generally conductive polymers, including self-polypyrrole, polyphenylene sulfide, Polyphthalocyanine compounds, polyanilines and/or polythiophenes.
  • the friction layer 10 faces the surface of the electrode layer 20, and/or the electrode layer 20 faces the surface of the friction layer 10, and all or part of the micro or sub-micron amount is distributed.
  • the microstructure is increased to increase the effective contact area of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20, and to increase the surface charge density of both.
  • the microstructure is preferably a nanowire, a nanotube, a nanoparticle, a nanorod, a nanoflower, a nanogroove, a microgroove, a nanocone, a micron cone, a nanosphere, and a microspherical structure, and an array formed by the foregoing structure, in particular A nano-array composed of nanowires, nanotubes or nanorods, which may be a linear, cubic, or quadrangular pyramid-shaped array prepared by photolithography, plasma etching, etc., the size of each such unit in the array
  • the cell size and shape of a particular micro-nanostructure should not limit the scope of the invention on the order of nanometers to micrometers.
  • methods for forming nanoarrays include chemical methods such as photolithography, chemistry Etching, ion etching, etc., can also be achieved by means of embellishment or coating of nanomaterials.
  • chemically modify the surfaces of the friction layer 10 and/or the electrode layer 20 that are in contact with each other which can further increase the amount of charge transfer at the moment of contact, thereby increasing the contact charge density and the output power of the generator. Chemical modification is divided into the following two types:
  • One method is to introduce a more electron-releasing functional group (ie, a strong electron donating group) on the surface of the material having a relatively positive frictional electrode sequence for the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 that are in contact with each other, or a material that is relatively negative in the friction electrode sequence.
  • a more electron-releasing functional group ie, a strong electron donating group
  • the introduction of more electron-donating functional groups (strong electron-withdrawing groups) on the surface can further increase the amount of charge transfer when sliding across each other, thereby increasing the triboelectric charge density and the output power of the generator.
  • the strong electron donating group includes: an amino group, a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group and the like; a strong electron withdrawing group includes: an acyl group, a carboxyl group, a nitro group, a sulfonic acid group and the like.
  • the introduction of the functional group can be carried out by a conventional method such as plasma surface modification. For example, a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen can be used to generate a plasma at a certain power to introduce an amino group on the surface of the friction layer material.
  • Another method is to introduce a positive charge on the surface of the friction layer material having a positive polarity and a negative charge on the surface of the friction layer material having a negative polarity.
  • it can be achieved by chemical bonding.
  • ethyl methacrylate in English abbreviated as TEOS
  • sol-gel a sol-gel method
  • Gold nanoparticles containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the upper surface may also be modified on the metal gold thin film layer by gold-sulfur bonding, since cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a cation Therefore, the entire friction layer becomes positively charged.
  • CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
  • the invention does not limit that the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 must be a hard material, and a flexible material may also be selected, because the hardness of the material does not affect the contact friction effect between the two, and if the friction surface is required to maintain a plane, it may also pass Support of other components is achieved. Therefore, those skilled in the art can select the material hardness of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 according to actual conditions.
  • the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 shown in Fig. 1 are the same in size and shape, and are placed opposite each other, the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 can be completely contacted by an external force. However, this is only a preferred mode. In fact, as long as a part of the surface between the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 can undergo a contact-separation cycle, the generator can be operated normally. Therefore, the shape and size of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 do not need to be identical, and the relative positions of the two are not necessarily limited to being completely opposite, and those skilled in the art can freely select according to the actual use environment.
  • the inventors have found in experiments that the maximum separation pitch d that can be achieved when the surfaces of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 are in contact with each other can be even larger than the length and width D of the contact faces of both surfaces (see Fig. 3, the figure). Only the lengths of the contact faces are shown, the width is not shown, but the width is also comparable to d, and the output performance of the generator is better.
  • the ratio of the maximum separation distance d to the length and the width is between 1 and 100. Of course, the ratio can be larger, and the theoretical electrical signal output performance. It would be better, but you need to consider the ease of processing the device. Therefore, the size and relative position of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 can be adjusted according to the principle in actual use in order to achieve better power generation performance.
  • the electrical connection to the equipotential source is the key to the normal operation of the generator of the present invention, which may be provided by grounding or by an external compensation circuit.
  • the electrical connection can be realized either directly through the external circuit 30 that needs to be powered, or by providing a load inside the generator (not shown), that is, the electrode layer 20 is electrically connected to the equipotential source through the load.
  • the external circuit 30 requiring power supply receives an electrical signal by being connected in parallel or in series with the load.
  • the function of the elastic member 40 is to cooperate with an external force to achieve a contact and separation cycle of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20. Therefore, if the external force applied to the generator itself is periodically changed in direction, and the contact and separation cycles of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 can be achieved, the elastic member 40 is not necessarily required, for example, as shown in FIG. In the embodiment, the periodic external force F drives the friction layer 10 to reciprocate through the connecting member 401, so that the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 are periodically contacted and separated, and the generator can work normally. However, the cooperation of the elastic member 40 is required when the external force applied alone does not cause the generator to operate normally. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG.
  • the two ends of the elastic member 40 are respectively fixed on the opposite surfaces of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20, so that at least part of the surfaces of the two members are kept separated without external force, and The external force can be compressed and contacted by the bending deformation of the friction layer 10 or the electrode layer 20.
  • the fixing position of the elastic member 40 can also be adjusted. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, one end of the elastic member 40 is fixed on the surface of the friction layer 10 facing the electrode layer 20 side, and the other side is fixed on the support of the electrode layer 20, see FIG.
  • the support member 50 is used to support the electrode layer 20.
  • the elastic member 40 may be evenly distributed at the edges of the friction layer 10 and/or the electrode layer 20, or may be placed in the middle of the friction layer 10 and/or the electrode layer 20, such as the embodiment shown in Fig. 6, the elastic member 40 is located The middle of the electrode layer 20.
  • a plurality of such elastic members 40 may be distributed in the middle of the contact faces.
  • the elastic member 40 may be a member capable of providing elasticity in the art, and may be a member capable of providing longitudinal tensile elasticity, such as a spring, a rubber, a polyurethane elastomer, a sponge, or the like, or a member having elastic bending deformation.
  • a member capable of providing longitudinal tensile elasticity such as a spring, a rubber, a polyurethane elastomer, a sponge, or the like, or a member having elastic bending deformation.
  • metal foils and thermoplastic elastomer sheets and the like The implementation shown in Figure 7 In the embodiment, the elastic sheet 402 which is fixed to the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 at both ends is used as an elastic member, and the elastic sheet 402 has a property of being elastically bendable and deformed after being subjected to external pressure.
  • the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 are brought into contact with each other, and after the external force is removed, its own elasticity will cause the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 to be separated.
  • the thickness, shape and size of the elastic sheet 402 can be selected according to actual conditions, comprehensive mechanical strength and elasticity. This choice is a conventional choice that can be easily made by those skilled in the art.
  • the number of the elastic members 40 may be determined according to actual needs. If the size of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 is large, more elastic members 40 are required. On the contrary, if the sizes of the two are small, the number of the elastic members 40 is small. The demand will also decrease, and it is preferable to have two or more.
  • Fig. 8 shows another exemplary embodiment of the generator of the present invention comprising a friction layer 10 and an electrode layer 20, the electrode layer 20 being connected to the ground providing the equipotential by the external circuit 30, the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 is placed face to face oppositely, a certain gap is maintained between the two by the elastic member 40, and under the action of an external force, at least a portion of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 can undergo contact and separation cycles while passing through the electrode layer 20 and the equipotential source outward. Circuit 30 outputs an electrical signal.
  • the first support member 50 is fixed on the surface of the electrode layer 20 facing away from the friction layer 10
  • the second support member 60 is fixed on the surface of the friction layer 10 facing away from the electrode layer 20
  • the elastic member Both ends of the 40 are fixed to the lower surface of the first support member 50 and the upper surface of the second support member 60, respectively.
  • the first support member 50 and the second support member 60 may be rigid or elastic, as long as they can serve as a support, and the material may be selected from an insulating material or a semiconductor material such as a plastic plate or a silicon wafer.
  • the shape and size are freely selectable, preferably matching the shape and size of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20, and the thickness can be selected according to different materials and requirements.
  • the first supporting member 50 and the second supporting member 60 may be used at the same time or only one of them.
  • the electrode layer 20 is made of a thin metal plate having a certain mechanical strength, and the thickness is small.
  • the friction layer 10 is attached to the lower surface of the first supporting member 50.
  • the elastic member 40 surrounds the friction layer 10, one end is fixed to the lower surface of the first supporting member 50, and the other end is fixed to the upper surface of the electrode layer 20. .
  • the first support member 50 and the second support member 60 may be of a flat plate type or other shapes as long as they can serve as a support.
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 10 wherein the first supporting member 50 has an umbrella-like structure, the supporting surface provided for the friction layer 10 is a curved surface, and at the same time, functions to transmit an external force; the second supporting member 60 is A component having the same curved structure and placed in parallel with the first support member 50. It can be seen that the first supporting element 50 and the second supporting element 60 cooperate to form two curved contact friction surfaces, such a friction surface does not affect the normal operation of the generator, and the curved surface structure enables it to be used for more More work environment.
  • the first support member 50 and the second support member 60 can be placed not only parallel to each other but also at an angle, such as the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, because the first support member and the first support member in this embodiment
  • the second support element intersects at one end, preferably in one piece, and thus can be viewed as a single component, so here the first support element 50 is collectively referred to.
  • the first supporting member 50 itself has a certain elasticity, and can maintain a V-shaped structure without external force, and the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 are respectively attached to the first support.
  • electrode layer 20 is electrically coupled to ground via circuit 30.
  • the first supporting member 50 When an external force is applied, the first supporting member 50 is compressed such that the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 adhered thereto are in surface contact, and when the external force is removed, the elasticity of the first supporting member 50 itself causes the entire power generation.
  • the machine restores the V-shaped structure, and the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 are separated to form a power generation cycle.
  • the elastic member 40 may be attached to the open end of the V-shaped structure, see Fig. 11 (b), so that the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 can be quickly separated after the external force is removed. This configuration also extends the life of the generator and reduces the material flexibility of the first support member 50 itself.
  • Figure 12 shows another exemplary embodiment of the generator of the present invention, comprising a friction layer 10 and an electrode layer 20 placed face to face, which are joined by edges to form a cavity, a friction layer 10 and an electrode in the middle.
  • the layer 20 is a curved surface which protrudes outward from the cavity.
  • An electrical signal is output through the electrode layer 20 and the ground-out circuit 30 that supplies the equipotential.
  • the friction layer 10 and/or the electrode layer 20 are required to have elastic bending deformation characteristics so that the external force can be removed after the external force is removed. Quickly restore the original condition and make the generator work normally.
  • This kind of elasticity can be achieved by the choice of materials, such as the use of rubber or polyurethane elastomers which are inherently elastic, and can also be achieved by structural adjustment, such as the use of metal foils instead of metal slabs in the electrode layer. The conventional selection in the art will not be repeated here.
  • the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 do not have the characteristics of elastic bending deformation, it is necessary to ensure the normal operation of the generator by using the elastic substrate, for example, the embodiment shown in Fig. 12(b), the friction layer 10 and the electrode.
  • the outer side surfaces of the layer 20 in the convex direction are respectively fitted with the first elastic substrate 70 and the second elastic substrate 80.
  • the two substrates are composed of a material having elastic bending property, and may be an insulator or a semiconductor.
  • the first elastic substrate 70 and the second elastic substrate 80 are selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene.
  • the thickness of the elastic substrate is such as to satisfy the requirement of the elasticity of the substrate, and may be 50 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ , preferably ⁇ -5 mm, more preferably 127 ⁇ -1 ⁇ .
  • the first elastic substrate 70 and the second elastic substrate 80 may also be materials having different thermal expansion coefficients from the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20, such as silicon dioxide, etc., because the two coefficients of thermal expansion are different, especially the materials having a large difference Together, the entire elastic substrate 70 and the friction layer 10 are bonded together, and the whole elastic substrate 70 is convex toward the first elastic substrate 70.
  • the second elastic substrate 80 is bonded to the electrode layer 20. When they are together, the whole body is convex toward the side of the second elastic substrate 80.
  • the connection of the friction layer 10 and the edge of the electrode layer 20 can be by conventional means of attachment in the art, such as bonding with insulating glue, double-sided adhesive bonding, fixing with a clamping member, and the like.
  • the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 may be curved at the same time, preferably the two curved surfaces have the same size and shape; or only one of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 may be a curved surface, as shown in FIG. (c) It is preferable that the size of the electrode layer 20 is smaller than the size of the friction layer 10.
  • two or more of the above-described single-electrode friction nano-generators disclosed in the present invention may be combined to form a generator set, and the connection mode of each generator may be adjusted.
  • the electrical signals output by each parallel generator are separately monitored or uniformly monitored to meet different needs.
  • Figure 13 is a typical embodiment of the generator set of the present invention, comprising two nanogenerators as shown in Figure 9, which are simply superposed vertically and with an insulating spacer 60 interposed between the two electrode layers 20, each generating The electrical signals of the unit are collected separately.
  • the insulating spacer 60 may be any material which can provide insulation isolation, for example, a plastic plate or a rubber sheet, and the size and shape thereof can be selected as needed.
  • the two generators when the applied pressure F acts on the generator set, the two generators can be driven at the same time, which significantly improves the utilization of mechanical energy.
  • the superposed generator units may be the same or different, especially for the case where the external circuit 30 connected to each generator unit has different power supply requirements, and different generator units can better solve the problem: If the output electrical signal is stronger, the separation distance between the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 of the generator unit can be increased; for the higher sensitivity, the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 of the corresponding generator unit can be The contact surface is processed, for example to form a nanostructure to increase the contact surface and the like.
  • the assembly method shown in Fig. 14 can also be employed.
  • the insulating isolation layer 60 is omitted, and the upper and lower two generators share a first supporting member 50, which is more efficient in terms of force transmission and more cost-effective, but the flexibility of structural combination adjustment is slightly inferior.
  • Figure 15 shows a generator set connected in parallel, each generator unit having a friction layer 10, an electrode layer 20 disposed face to face with the friction layer 10, and a first support member 50 attached to the upper surface of the friction layer 10. And an elastic member 40 located between the first support member 50 and the electrode layer 20, wherein One end of the elastic member 40 is fixed to the surface of the first supporting member 50, and the other end is fixed to the surface of the electrode layer 20.
  • the plurality of elastic members 40 are uniformly arranged around the friction layer 10; one upper and lower two adjacent generator units share one The electrode layer 20, and an electrical signal is output through the electrode layer 20 and the ground-out circuit 30 that supplies the equipotential.
  • the common electrode layer 20 has the same tendency to gain or lose electrons compared to the two friction layers 10. That is, the shared electrode layer 20 is more likely to lose electrons than the friction layer 10 in one generator, and tends to lose electrons more easily than the friction layer in the other generator. Thus, the surface charges formed by the electrode layer 20 during the friction with the two friction layers 10, respectively, do not cancel each other out. However, if the two generator units in the generator set do not work at the same time, but are stacked together at the time of manufacture, the electrode layer 20 is shared. There is no such restriction on the material selection of the friction layer 10 and the electrode layer 20 in the generator unit.
  • Fig. 15 can also be modified as follows: A lightweight plate-like material is used as the second supporting member 20, and a conductive thin layer is attached to the outer surface thereof as a common electrode layer 20 See Figure 16 for the specific structure.
  • Figure 13-16 shows the combination of longitudinal superposition.
  • the generator set formed in this way is easier to achieve synchronous operation, but because of the limited area of the external force, the stability of the external force is stronger.
  • the position where the external force is applied often changes, which affects the power generation effect.
  • the generator set may be formed by side-by-side placement.
  • the generator set is formed by a plurality of generator units arranged on the same plane.
  • the friction layer 10 of each generator unit is arched by a material having elastic bending deformation characteristics, and is fixed to the surface of the electrode layer 20 by both ends, and all the generator units share one electrode layer 20, all friction layers 10 is located on the same side of the common electrode layer 20, and the electrode layer 20 is formed by a wire and an external circuit 30 whose one end is grounded.
  • the friction layer 10 in this embodiment is an arch shape capable of elastically bending deformation
  • the friction layers 10 in the respective generator units constituting the generator set may be the same or different.
  • any one of the generator units in the generator set will be subjected to the same external force, and the same electrical signal will be output.
  • the output electrical signal will be Accumulate. From this, the range of action of the external force or the contact area of the external force source with the generator can be inferred.
  • the generator set can be used to detect the contact area.
  • the same external force acting on different generator units alone will output different electrical signals, that is, the electrical signals output by the genset can reflect the coordinate information of the external force. Based on this characteristic, the action route of the external force can be tracked.
  • the value of the electrical signal output by the same generator may vary. The inventors have found that the magnitude of the pressure applied to the generator has a positive correlation with the output of the electrical signal, so the generator of the present invention Groups can also be used to monitor pressure distribution.
  • the area detection and route tracking functions can also be realized, but each generator unit needs to be separately monitored, and the route tracking function is required for each monitoring.
  • the route information reflected by the instrument is associated in advance.
  • the present invention also discloses a novel power generation method characterized by using any of the generators or generator sets disclosed in the present invention, including the following steps:
  • step (4) in the process of step (4), outputting an electrical signal through the electrode layer and the equipotential source; preferably, the friction layer and the electrode layer are completely in contact in step (4);
  • the step (4) applies a continuous external force in which the direction is periodically reversed or the magnitude is periodically changed.
  • a plexiglass plate having a length of 3 cm x 3 cm X and a thickness of 1.59 mm was cut by laser as a second supporting member, and an A1 foil was used to completely cover the entire plexiglass plate.
  • a 7 cm long, 3 cm thick, 25 ⁇ m nylon film and a piece of polyimide 7 cm thick and 3 cm thick 127 ⁇ m thick were bonded together with a tape.
  • the surface of the nylon is oriented toward the A1 foil, and both ends are fixed to the plexiglass with a tape.
  • the nylon film and the A1 foil are completely separated without pressure.
  • the two layers of film can be brought into contact.
  • an external force to the flexible outer membrane of the generator, such as a light press the voltmeter has a corresponding electrical signal output, indicating that mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy for power generation.
  • Figure 19 is a current output diagram of the generator set.
  • the left and middle are the current output when only one generator in the generator set applies an external force.
  • the far right is when two generators are working at the same time. Current output. It can be seen that the power generation efficiency can be significantly improved by forming a generator set.
  • Example 3 Preparation of a single electrode friction generator tracking system

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Abstract

本发明利用聚合物材料和金属材料具有不同的摩擦电性质而构建出单电极的摩擦发电机，制作了基于该发电机的追踪系统。该追踪系统由多个发电机单元构成阵列矩阵，当物体在追踪系统上面移动时，压力作用在发电机上，将会导致构成发电机的两层摩擦电材料接触，从而对外输出电信号。当物体离开该发电机时，构成发电机的两层摩擦电材料由于弹性材料的作用，并会分离，也同样会对外输出电信号。本发明的基于摩擦发电机的追踪系统可以对一些物体的移动路线进行追踪，具有成本低、自驱动和结构简单等特点。

Description

单电极摩擦纳米发电机、 发电方法和自驱动追踪装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种摩擦纳米发电机， 特别涉及一种单电极摩擦纳米发电机、 发电机组、 发电方法以及基于该发电机的自驱动追踪装置。 背景技术
摩擦纳米发电机的工作原理是基于两种具有不同摩擦电特性的材料之间的 相互接触和分离来发电。但是， 目前见诸于报道的所有摩擦纳米发电机都需要两 个电极层，其中至少一个电极层需要通过导电金属沉积在摩擦薄膜材料的表面而 形成， 并通过这两个电极层实现对外的电能输出。这种发电机一方面由于金属的 沉积导致器件制作成本较高，另外一方面还要求摩擦材料的厚度必须在一定范围 内。 这些限制因素极大的妨碍了摩擦纳米发电机的推广应用。
追踪系统在安全监控、人机界面和医疗科学方面有着广泛的应用前景， 一般 的追踪系统是通过提供时间和位置的信息来实现对物体移动的追踪和定位。现有 的追踪系统主要是基于一些光学、磁学和力学的传感器网络来实现追踪，外部供 电对于这些传感器是必不可少的。大量的电力消耗使现有的这些追踪系统很难在 未来的能源危机中得到广泛的应用，发展一种自驱动的追踪系统是从根本上解决 这些器件长期而稳定工作的关键。 发明内容
为了克服现有技术中的上述技术缺陷， 本发明的目的在于提供一种结构简 单、成本低廉的单电极摩擦纳米发电机、发电机组、发电方法以及基于该发电机 的自驱动追踪装置。
为了达到上述目的， 本发明首先提供一种单电极摩擦纳米发电机， 其特征 在于包括摩擦层和电极层，所述电极层的数量仅有一个并与所述摩擦层面对面放 置，所述电极层与等电位源电连接，所述摩擦层和电极层的至少部分表面在外力 的作用下能够发生接触和分离，同时通过所述电极层和所述等电位源输出电信号; 优选地， 所述摩擦层和所述电极层之间存在摩擦电极序差异；
优选地， 所述摩擦层选自聚酰亚胺、 聚氯乙烯、 聚四氟乙烯、 聚二甲基硅 氧烷、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚偏二氯乙烯、聚氯醚、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、 聚乙烯醇、 聚酯、 聚异丁烯、 聚氨酯弹性海绵、 聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、 尼龙、 聚丙烯 腈和聚双苯酚碳酸酯中的一种或几种的组合；
优选地， 所述电极层与所述摩擦层接触的表面为导电材料；
优选地， 所述电极层为导电材料， 选自金属、 铟锡氧化物、 有机物导体或 掺杂的半导体；
优选地， 其所述金属选自金、 银、 铂、 铝、 镍、 铜、 钛、 铬或硒， 以及由 上述金属形成的合金，所述有机物导体为导电高分子，包括自聚吡咯、聚苯硫醚、 聚酞菁类化合物、 聚苯胺和聚噻吩；
优选地， 所述电极层为金属薄膜或体相材料， 其中薄膜的厚度为 10 nm-5 mm;
优选地， 所述摩擦层面向所述电极层的表面， 和 /或， 所述电极层面向摩擦 层的表面上， 全部或部分分布有微米或次微米量级的微结构；
优选地， 所述微结构选自纳米线、 纳米管、 纳米颗粒、 纳米棒、 纳米花、 纳米沟槽、 微米沟槽、 纳米锥、 微米锥、 纳米球和微米球状结构， 以及由前述结 构形成的阵列；
优选地， 所述摩擦层面向所述电极层的表面， 和 /或， 所述电极层面向摩擦 层的表面上， 有纳米材料的点缀或涂层；
优选地， 所述摩擦层面向所述电极层的表面， 和 /或， 所述电极层面向摩擦 层的表面， 经过化学改性，在二者中摩擦电极序相对为负的表面引入容易得到电 子的官能团， 和 /或， 在二者中摩擦电极序相对为正的表面引入容易失去电子的 官能团；
优选地， 所述摩擦层和 /或电极层为硬质材料；
优选地， 所述摩擦层和 /或电极层为柔性材料；
优选地， 所述的摩擦层和电极层的尺寸和形状相同， 并且二者呈正对面放 置；
优选地， 在所述分离的过程中， 所述摩擦层和电极层表面相互接触的部分 能够达到的最大分离间距与二者接触面的长度和宽度尺寸可比或更大；
优选地， 所述最大分离间距与所述接触面的长度的比值， 以及， 所述最大 间距与所述接触面的宽度的比值均在 1-100之间；
优选地， 所述等电位源通过接地提供；
优选地， 还包括负载， 并且所述电极层通过所述负载与所述等电位源电连 接；
优选地， 所述电连接通过需要供电的外电路实现；
优选地， 在没有外力作用时， 所述摩擦层和所述电极层的至少部分表面分 离或接触，在外力作用下，所述摩擦层和所述电极层的至少部分表面接触或分离； 优选地， 还包括弹性部件， 并通过所述弹性部件使所述摩擦层和所述电极 层的至少部分表面在没有外力的作用下保持分离或接触状态；
优选地， 有 2个以上所述弹性部件；
优选地， 所述弹性部件具有拉伸弹性或弯曲形变弹性； 优选地， 还包括一个第一支撑元件， 所述第一支撑元件固定在所述摩擦层 背离所述电极层一侧的表面上， 和 /或， 还包括一个第二支撑元件， 所述第二支 撑元件固定在所述电极层背离所述摩擦层一侧的表面上；
优选地， 所述弹性部件的一端固定在所述第一支撑元件上并围绕所述摩擦 层设置， 和 /或， 所述弹性部件的另一端固定在所述第二支撑元件上并围绕所述 电极层设置；
优选地， 所述第一支撑元件和 /或第二支撑元件为刚性材料；
优选地， 所述第一支撑元件和 /或第二支撑元件为平板结构；
优选地， 所述第一支撑元件和 /或第二支撑元件为曲面结构；
优选地， 所述第一支撑元件和第二支撑元件互相平行；
优选地， 所述第一支撑元件和第二支撑元件一端相交；
优选地， 所述摩擦层和电极层面对面形成一个空腔， 所述摩擦层和 /或电极 层为背向空腔向外凸出的曲面，在有外力施加时，所述摩擦层与所述电极层至少 部分表面能够相互接触， 并在撤销外力后恢复原状；
优选地， 所述电极层和所述摩擦层通过边缘连接；
优选地， 所述电极层和 /或所述摩擦层具有弹性弯曲形变特性；
优选地， 所述摩擦层在凸起方向的外侧面贴合有第一弹性基底， 和 /或， 所 述电极层在凸起方向的外侧面贴合有第二弹性基底；
优选地， 所述第一弹性基底和第二弹性基底选自聚酰亚胺、 聚对苯二甲酸 乙二醇酯和聚苯乙稀；
优选地，所述第一弹性基底和第二弹性基底的厚度为 50 μιη 到 10 mm之间； 优选地， 所述第一弹性基底与所述摩擦层的热膨胀系数不同， 二者贴合在 一起后整体向所述第一弹性基底一侧凸起； 和 /或， 所述第二弹性基底与所述电 极层的热膨胀系数不同， 二者贴合在一起后整体向所述第二弹性基底一侧凸起； 优选地， 所述摩擦层为背向空腔向外凸起的曲面， 所述电极层为平面， 并 且所述电极层的尺寸小于所述摩擦层的尺寸。
本发明还提供一种单电极摩擦纳米发电机组， 其特征在于由 2个以上前述 任一款单电极发电机并联形成， 各发电机输出的电信号单独监控或统一监控； 优选地， 所述 2个以上发电机通过纵向叠加形成所述发电机组； 优选地， 相邻的 2个所述发电机之间通过绝缘隔离层固定连接； 优选地， 相邻的 2个所述发电机共用一个所述电极层；
优选地， 被共用的所述电极层与这两个发电机中的所述摩擦层相比， 具有 相同的电子得失倾向；
优选地， 被共用的所述电极层由所述第二支撑元件和其外表贴合的导电薄 层构成； 优选地， 所述 2个以上发电机通过并排放置形成所述发电机组； 优选地， 所有发电机共用一个电极层， 并且所有所述摩擦层均位于所述共 用电极层的同一侧；
优选地， 所述 2个以上发电机至少部分不同， 或完全相同。
本发明还提供一种发电方法， 其特征在于使用本发明中公开的任何发电机 或发电机组， 包括如下步骤：
( 1 ) 提供所述摩擦层，
(2) 提供所述电极层，
(3 ) 将所述电极层与等电位源形成电连接；
(4)施加外力使所述摩擦层和所述电极层的至少部分表面之间形成至少一 个接触 -分离周期；
( 5 )在步骤（4)的过程中， 通过所述电极层和所述等电位源输出电信号； 优选地， 步骤 （4) 中所述摩擦层和所述电极层完全接触；
优选地， 步骤（4) 中施加的是方向周期性翻转或大小周期性变化的持续外 力。
本发明还提供一种基于上述单电极摩擦纳米发电机的追踪设备， 其特征在 于包括：
2 个以上前述任一种发电机， 每个所述发电机的所述摩擦层或所述电极层 朝上设置于被追踪物体行进的表面上，并且所述电极层和所述摩擦层能够在被追 踪物体的压力下至少部分表面接触， 而在被追踪物体离开后恢复原状， 每个发电 机输出的电信号被独立监控。
与现有技术相比， 本发明的单电极摩擦纳米发电机具有下列优点：
1、 首次制作了基于单电极的摩擦纳米发电机， 只需要用一个摩擦电聚合物 材料和一个导电材料，便可以制作成纳米发电机， 不再需要在摩擦电聚合物材料 的表面镀金属电极层， 极大的降低了制作成本。
2、 首次通过单端接地的方式实现了摩擦纳米发电机的电信号输出， 极大地 简化了在使用过程中的电路连接， 使其应用范围得到了明显扩展。
3、 首次使用摩擦发电机阵列制作了自驱动的追踪系统。 该系统基于被探测 物体与环境的交互来实现对物体移动路径的有效探测。该系统不需要外部的供电 单元， 主要依靠物体在移动过程中， 所触发的摩擦发电机发出的信号， 来实现对 物体的探测。 附图说明
通过附图所示， 本发明的上述及其它目的、 特征和优势将更加清晰。 在全 部附图中相同的附图标记指示相同的部分。并未刻意按实际尺寸等比例缩放绘制 附图， 重点在于显示出本发明的主旨。
图 1为本发明单电极摩擦发电机的一种典型结构示意图；
图 2为本发明单电极摩擦发电机的工作原理图；
图 3为本发明单电极摩擦发电机的一种典型结构示意图；
图 4 ( a) ~ (b) 为本发明单电极摩擦发电机的典型结构示意图； 图 5为本发明单电极摩擦发电机的一种典型结构示意图；
图 6为本发明单电极摩擦发电机中弹性部件的一种典型安装结构示意图； 图 7为本发明单电极摩擦发电机弹性部件的一种典型安装结构示意图； 图 8为本发明单电极摩擦发电机中包含支撑元件的典型结构示意图； 图 9为本发明单电极摩擦发电机中包含支撑元件的典型结构示意图； 图 10为本发明单电极摩擦发电机中包含支撑元件的典型结构示意图； 图 11 ( a) 〜 (b)为本发明单电极摩擦发电机中包含支撑元件的典型结构示 图 12 ( a) 〜 ( c) 为本发明单电极摩擦发电机的一种典型结构示意图; 图 13为本发明单电极摩擦发电机组的一种典型结构示意图；
图 14为本发明单电极摩擦发电机组的一种典型结构示意图；
图 15为本发明单电极摩擦发电机组的一种典型结构示意图；
图 16为本发明单电极摩擦发电机组的一种典型结构示意图；
图 17为本发明单电极摩擦发电机组的一种典型结构示意图；
图 18为本发明基于单电极摩擦发电机的追踪系统的典型结构示意图; 图 19为本发明实施例 2的短路电流输出图；
图 20为本发明实施例 3追踪系统的电路连接图；
图 21为本发明实施例 3在工作时的信号采集图。 具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图， 对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清 楚、 完整地描述。 显然， 所描述的实施例仅是本发明一部分实施例， 而不是全部 的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动 前提下所获得的所有其他实施例， 都属于本发明保护的范围。
其次， 本发明结合示意图进行详细描述， 在详述本发明实施例时， 为便于 说明， 所述示意图只是示例， 其在此不应限制本发明保护的范围。
本发明中所称的 "接地"是指连接到能提供或接受大量电荷的物体上， 其 中的 "地"是指任何一点的电位按惯例取为零的大地或导电物质， 例如舰船或运 载工具的金属外壳等。
本发明中所述的 "摩擦电极序"， 是指根据材料对电荷的吸引程度将其进行 的排序，两种材料在相互摩擦的瞬间，在摩擦面上负电荷从摩擦电极序中极性较 正的材料表面转移至摩擦电极序中极性较负的材料表面。例如， 高分子材料聚四 氟乙烯 （Teflon) 与金属材料铝箔接触时， 铝箔带正电， 即得电子能力较弱， 高 分子材料聚四氟乙烯 （Teflon) 带负电， 即得电子能力较强。 迄今为止， 还没有 一种统一的理论能够完整的解释电荷转移的机制， 一般认为，这种电荷转移和材 料的表面功函数相关，通过电子或者离子在接触面上的转移而实现电荷转移。需 要说明的是，摩擦电极序只是一种基于经验的统计结果， 即两种材料在该序列中 相差越远，接触后所产生电荷的正负性和该序列相符合的几率就越大， 而且实际 的结果受到多种因素的影响， 比如材料表面粗糙度、环境湿度和是否有相对摩擦 等。
本发明中所述的 "接触电荷"， 是指在两种摩擦电极序极性存在差异的材料 在接触摩擦并分离后其表面所带有的电荷， 一般认为， 该电荷只分布在材料的表 面， 分布最大深度不过约为 10纳米。 需要说明的是， 接触电荷的符号是净电荷 的符号，即在带有正接触电荷的材料表面的局部地区可能存在负电荷的聚集区域， 但整个表面净电荷的符号为正。
本发明中发电机的方向以摩擦层和电极层呈上下关系时为纵向， 即摩擦层 在上、 电极层在下， 或者摩擦层在下、 电极层在上， 这两种摆放状态都属于本发 明所称的纵向。
图 1所示的是本发明单电极摩擦纳米发电机一种典型结构： 包括一个摩擦 层 10和一个电极层 20， 电极层 20通过外电路 30与提供等电位的地相连， 摩擦 层 10和电极层 20面对面相对放置， 二者之间通过弹性部件 40保持一定间隙， 并且在外力的作用下摩擦层 10和电极层 20的至少部分表面能够发生接触和分离 循环， 同时对外电路 30进行供电。
为了方便说明， 以下将结合图 1 的典型结构来描述本发明的原理、 各部件 的选择原则以及材料范围，但是很显然这些内容并不仅局限于图 1所示的实施例， 而是可以用于本发明所公开的所有技术方案。
本发明的发电机工作原理参见图 2进行说明： 由于摩擦层 10与电极层 20 的摩擦电极序不同， 二者之间存在得电子能力的差异 （此处以摩擦层 10的得电 子能力较弱为例）， 因此当压缩力 F作用在发电机上带动摩擦层 10和电极层 20 的某些表面相接触时，会使摩擦层 10表面带有正电荷， 而电极层 20表面则带负 电荷； 当压缩应力释放后， 弹性部件 40会使摩擦层 10和电极层 20分离， 破坏 摩擦层 10和电极层 20之间的表面电荷平衡， 为恢复该平衡， 电子会通过外电路 30从电极层 20向地流动， 从而对外输出电信号； 当摩擦层 10和电极层 20的间 距达到最大时， 二者之间的表面电荷重新达到平衡， 电子不发生流动； 当压缩应 力 F再次作用到发电机上时， 弹性部件 40被压缩， 摩擦层 10表面和电极层 20 表面将靠近， 二者表面电荷的平衡又被破坏， 将导致电子通过外电路 30从地向 电极层 20流动， 对外输出电流。 当摩擦层 10和电极层 20完全接触后， 表面接 触电荷达到平衡， 电子停止定向流动， 在外电路 30观察不到电流输出。
根据上述的发电原理可以看出， 摩擦层 10和电极层 20之间摩擦电极序的 差异是产生可输出电信号的关键， 以下聚合物材料均可用于本发明的摩擦层 10 中，并且按照排列的顺序具有越来越强的得电子能力：聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、尼龙、 聚乙烯醇、 聚酯、 聚异丁烯、、 聚氨酯弹性海绵、 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、 聚乙 烯醇缩丁醛、 聚氯丁二烯、 天然橡胶、 聚丙烯腈、 聚双苯酚碳酸酯、 聚氯醚、 聚 偏二氯乙烯、 聚苯乙烯、 聚乙烯、 聚丙烯、 聚酰亚胺、 聚氯乙烯、 聚二甲基硅氧 烷、 聚四氟乙烯。 限于篇幅的原因， 并不能对所有可能的材料进行穷举， 此处仅 列出几种具体的聚合物材料供人们参考，但是显然这些具体的材料并不能成为本 发明保护范围的限制性因素， 因为在发明的启示下，本领域的技术人员根据这些 材料所具有的摩擦电特性很容易选择其他类似的材料。
通过实验发现， 当摩擦层 10的材料与电极层 20的材料之间得电子能力相 差越大， 纳米发电机输出的电信号越强。所以， 可以根据上面列出的顺序并结合 简单的对比实验， 选择合适的聚合物材料作为摩擦层 10， 以获得最佳的电信号 输出性能。
电极层 20在发电机中不仅要提供用于发电的一个摩擦表面，而且还起到电 极的作用，需要在表面电荷所构成的电场不平衡时，能通过外电路 30传输电子。 因此， 电极层 20与摩擦层 10接触的表面需要由导电材料构成， 或者整体均为导 电材料构成， 所述的导电材料可选自金属、铟锡氧化物、有机物导体或掺杂的半 导体， 电极层 20可以为平板、薄片或薄膜， 其中薄膜厚度的可选范围为 10 nm-5 mm,优选为 50nm-lmm，优选为 100ηιη-500μιη。本领域常用的金属包括金、银、 铂、 铝、 镍、 铜、 钛、 铬或硒， 以及由上述金属形成的合金； 有机物导体一般为 导电高分子， 包括自聚吡咯、聚苯硫醚、聚酞菁类化合物、聚苯胺和 /或聚噻吩。
为了提高本发明发电机的输出性能， 优选在所述摩擦层 10面向电极层 20 的表面， 和 /或， 所述电极层 20面向摩擦层 10的表面， 全部或部分分布有微米 或次微米量级的微结构， 以增加摩擦层 10和电极层 20的有效接触面积，提高二 者的表面电荷密度。 该微结构优选为纳米线、 纳米管、 纳米颗粒、 纳米棒、 纳米 花、 纳米沟槽、 微米沟槽、 纳米锥、 微米锥、 纳米球和微米球状结构， 以及由前 述结构形成的阵列， 特别是由纳米线、纳米管或纳米棒组成的纳米阵列， 可以是 通过光刻蚀、 等离子刻蚀等方法制备的线状、 立方体、 或者四棱锥形状的阵列， 阵列中每个这种单元的尺寸在纳米到微米量级， 具体微纳米结构的单元尺寸、形 状不应该限制本发明的范围。
形成纳米阵列的方法除了物理方法， 还包括化学方法， 例如光刻蚀、 化学 刻蚀和离子体刻蚀等， 还可以通过纳米材料的点缀或涂层的方式来实现该目的。 除此之外，也可以对相互接触的摩擦层 10和 /或电极层 20的表面进行化学改性， 能够进一步提高电荷在接触瞬间的转移量，从而提高接触电荷密度和发电机的输 出功率。 化学改性又分为如下两种类型：
一种方法是对于相互接触的摩擦层 10和电极层 20， 在摩擦电极序相对为 正的材料表面引入更易失电子的官能团 （即强给电子团）， 或者在摩擦电极序相 对为负的材料表面引入更易得电子的官能团 （强吸电子团）， 都能够进一步提高 电荷在相互滑动时的转移量， 从而提高摩擦电荷密度和发电机的输出功率。强给 电子团包括： 氨基、 羟基、 烷氧基等； 强吸电子团包括： 酰基、 羧基、 硝基、 磺 酸基等。官能团的引入可以采用等离子体表面改性等常规方法。例如可以使氧气 和氮气的混合气在一定功率下产生等离子体， 从而在摩擦层材料表面引入氨基。
另外一种方法是在极性为正的摩擦层材料表面引入正电荷， 而在极性为负 的摩擦层材料表面引入负电荷。具体可以通过化学键合的方式实现。例如， 可以 在聚二甲基硅氧烷 PDMS摩擦层表面利用溶胶 -凝胶 （英文简写为 sol-gel) 的方 法修饰上正硅酸乙酯 （英文简写为 TEOS), 而使其带负电。 也可以在金属金薄 膜层上利用金 -硫的键结修饰上表面含十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB )的金纳米 粒子,由于十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为阳离子， 故会使整个摩擦层变成带正电性。 本领域的技术人员可以根据摩擦层材料的得失电子性质和表面化学键的种类，选 择合适的修饰材料与其键合， 以达到本发明的目的， 因此这样的变形都在本发明 的保护范围之内。
本发明并不限定摩擦层 10和电极层 20必须是硬质材料， 也可以选择柔性 材料，因为材料的硬度并不影响二者之间的接触摩擦效果，如需摩擦面维持平面， 还可以通过其他部件的支撑来实现。因此，本领域的技术人员可以根据实际情况 来选择摩擦层 10和电极层 20的材料硬度。
虽然图 1中示出的摩擦层 10和电极层 20的尺寸和形状相同， 并且二者呈 正对面放置， 使得在外力的作用下摩擦层 10和电极层 20可以完全接触。但是这 仅仅是一个比较优选的方式，事实上只要摩擦层 10和电极层 20之间有部分表面 能够发生接触-分离的循环， 就能够使发电机正常工作。 因此， 摩擦层 10和电极 层 20的形状和尺寸并不需要完全相同， 二者的相对位置也不必限定为完全正对 面， 本领域的技术人员可以根据实际的使用环境来自由选择。
发明人在实验中发现， 当摩擦层 10和电极层 20表面相互接触的部分能够 达到的最大分离间距 d与二者接触面的长度和宽度 D尺寸可比甚至更大时 （参 见图 3， 该图中仅示出二者接触面的长度， 宽度没有显示， 但是宽度的尺寸也是 与 d可比的）， 发电机的输出性能比较好。 优选该最大分离间距 d与所述长度和 宽度的比值均在 1-100之间， 当然该比值还可以更大， 理论上的电信号输出性能 会更好， 但是需要考虑器件加工的难易程度。 因此， 在实际使用的时候可以依据 该原则来调整摩擦层 10和电极层 20的尺寸和相对位置，以便达到更好的发电性 能。
与等电位源形成电连接是本发明发电机正常工作的关键， 该等电位源可以 通过接地提供， 也可以由外部的补偿电路来提供。所述的电连接既可以直接通过 需要供电的外电路 30实现， 也可以通过在发电机内部设置负载来实现 （图中未 画出）， 即电极层 20 通过该负载与等电位源实现电连接， 需要供电的外部电路 30通过与该负载并联或串联来接受电信号。
弹性部件 40的作用是与外力配合实现摩擦层 10和电极层 20的接触和分离 循环。 因此， 如果施加到发电机上的外力本身就是方向呈周期性变化的， 并且能 够实现摩擦层 10和电极层 20的接触和分离循环， 那么弹性部件 40并不是必须 具备的部件，例如图 3所示的实施方式，周期性外力 F通过连接件 401带动摩擦 层 10做往复运动， 使摩擦层 10与电极层 20发生周期性的接触和分离， 发电机 即可正常工作。但是当仅仅依靠施加的外力本身并不能使发电机正常工作时， 则 需要弹性部件 40的配合。例如图 1所示的实施方式， 该弹性部件 40的两端被分 别固定于摩擦层 10和电极层 20相对的表面上，使二者至少部分表面在没有外力 的作用下保持分离状态， 并且在外力的作用下能够被压缩并通过摩擦层 10或电 极层 20的弯曲形变而发生接触。 为了进一步改善摩擦层 10和电极层 20的接触 效果， 弹性部件 40的固定位置还可以进行调整。 例如图 4所示的实施方式， 弹 性部件 40的一端被固定在摩擦层 10面向电极层 20—侧的表面上， 另一侧则被 固定在电极层 20的支撑物上， 参见图 4 ( a); 或者一端被固定在电极层 20面向 摩擦层 10—侧的表面上，另一端被固定在摩擦层 10的支撑物上，参见图 4 (b)。 这两种固定方式都能实现在压力的作用下， 弹性部件 40被压缩、摩擦层 10和电 极层 20实现表面的完全接触， 而在压力撤销后摩擦层 10和电极层 20被分开， 同时避免了由于弹性部件 40本身的厚度而影响摩擦层 10和电极层 20接触效果 的问题。 当施加的外力为拉力而非压力时， 还可以采用图 5所示的实施方式， 这 种方式中弹性部件 40的存在保证了在拉力撤销后摩擦层 10和电极层 20能够重 新接触， 完成摩擦层 10和电极层 20的接触 -分离循环。 其中， 支撑部件 50用于 支撑电极层 20。弹性部件 40既可以在摩擦层 10和 /或电极层 20的边缘均匀分布， 也可以被放置在摩擦层 10和 /或电极层 20的中间， 例如图 6所示的实施方式， 弹性部件 40位于电极层 20的中间。 当然， 如果电极层 20和 /或摩擦层 10的尺 寸较大时， 还可以有多个这样的弹性部件 40分布在接触面的中间。
弹性部件 40可以为本领域常规的能够提供弹性的部件，既可以是能够提供 纵向拉伸弹性的部件， 例如弹簧、 橡胶、 聚氨酯弹性体、 海绵等等， 也可以是具 有弹性弯曲形变的部件，例如金属薄片和热塑弹性体薄片等等。 图 7所示的实施 方式中，即使用两端分别固定在摩擦层 10和电极层 20上的弹性薄片 402来作为 弹性部件使用， 该弹性薄片 402具有能够发生弹性弯曲形变的特性，在受到外部 压力的作用后发生形变，使得摩擦层 10和电极层 20相互接触，而在外力撤去后， 其自身的弹性将促使摩擦层 10和电极层 20分离。该弹性薄片 402的厚度、形状 和尺寸可以根据实际情况、综合机械强度和弹性来选择。这种选择都是本领域的 技术人员可以很容易做出的常规选择。
弹性部件 40的数量可以视实际需要而定，如果摩擦层 10和电极层 20的尺 寸较大， 则需要的弹性部件 40也较多， 相反， 如果二者的尺寸较少， 对弹性部 件 40数量的需求也会随之降低， 优选具有 2个以上。
图 8所示的为本发明发电机的另一种典型实施方式，包括一个摩擦层 10和 一个电极层 20， 电极层 20通过外电路 30与提供等电位的地相连， 摩擦层 10和 电极层 20面对面相对放置， 二者之间通过弹性部件 40保持一定间隙， 并且在外 力的作用下至少部分摩擦层 10和电极层 20能够发生接触和分离循环，同时通过 电极层 20和等电位源向外电路 30输出电信号。为了保证发电机的机械强度，在 电极层 20背离摩擦层 10—侧的表面上固定第一支撑元件 50， 在摩擦层 10背离 电极层 20—侧的表面上固定第二支撑元件 60， 弹性部件 40的两端分别固定在 第一支撑元件 50的下表面和第二支撑元件 60的上表面。
第一支撑元件 50和第二支撑元件 60可以是刚性的， 也可以具有弹性， 只 要能起到支撑作用即可，材料可以选择绝缘材料或半导体材料，例如塑料板或硅 片等。其形状和尺寸可以自由选择，优选与摩擦层 10和电极层 20的形状和尺寸 相匹配， 厚度可以根据不同材料和要求进行选择。
第一支撑元件 50和第二支撑元件 60既可以同时使用， 也可以仅用其中的 一个，如图 9所示的实施方式中，电极层 20采用具有一定机械强度的金属薄板， 而厚度较小的摩擦层 10则贴合在第一支撑元件 50的下表面， 弹性部件 40围绕 在摩擦层 10的周围， 一端固定于第一支撑元件 50的下表面， 另一端固定于电极 层 20的上表面。
第一支撑元件 50和第二支撑元件 60既可以是平板式，也可以是其他形状， 只要能起到支撑作用即可。 例如图 10 所示的实施方式： 其中第一支撑元件 50 具有类似伞状的结构， 它为摩擦层 10提供的支撑表面为曲面， 同时还能起到传 送外力的作用； 第二支撑元件 60为具有相同曲面结构的部件， 并且与第一支撑 元件 50平行放置。 可见， 第一支撑元件 50和第二支撑元件 60相互配合形成了 2个曲面的接触摩擦表面， 这样的摩擦表面并不影响发电机的正常工作， 而且曲 面的结构还使其能够被用于更多的工作环境。
第一支撑元件 50和第二支撑元件 60不仅可以相互平行的放置， 还可以形 成一定的角度， 例如图 11所示的实施方式， 因为该实施方式中第一支撑元件和 第二支撑元件一端相交， 优选为一体制作， 因此可以看成是一个部件， 所以此处 以第一支撑元件 50统称。 图 11 ( a) 所示的实施方式中， 第一支撑元件 50本身 具有一定弹性， 在没有外力的作用下能够保持 V字形的结构， 摩擦层 10和电极 层 20分别贴合在该第一支撑元件 50的 2个相对的内侧面上， 其中电极层 20通 过电路 30与地电连接。 当有外力施加时， 第一支撑元件 50被压缩， 使得贴合于 其上的摩擦层 10和电极层 20实现表面接触， 而当外力撤销后， 第一支撑元件 50自身的弹性又使整个发电机恢复 V字形结构， 摩擦层 10和电极层 20分离， 形成一个发电循环。
当第一支撑元件 50本身的弹性不足时，还可以在 V字形结构的开口端安装 弹性部件 40， 参见图 11 (b)， 使得在外力撤销后， 摩擦层 10和电极层 20能够 迅速分离。 这种结构也能延长发电机的使用寿命， 对第一支撑元件 50本身的材 料弹性要求降低。
图 12所示的是本发明发电机的另一种典型实施方式，包括面对面放置的一 个摩擦层 10和一个电极层 20， 二者通过边缘连接， 在中间形成一个空腔， 摩擦 层 10和电极层 20均为背向空腔向外凸出的曲面， 在有外力施加时， 摩擦层 10 与电极层 20至少部分表面能够相互接触， 并在撤销外力后恢复原状， 参见图 12 ( a), 并通过电极层 20和提供等电位的地向外电路 30输出电信号。
该实施方式中的各组成部件除了要具备上述图 1-11的实施方式中所限定的 条件外， 摩擦层 10和 /或电极层 20还需具备弹性弯曲形变的特性， 以便在外力 撤销后能够迅速恢复原状， 使发电机正常工作。这种弹性的获得既可以通过材料 的选择实现，例如使用本身具有弹性的橡胶或聚氨酯弹性体等，还可以通过结构 调整实现，例如电极层使用金属薄片而非金属厚板等，这些方式都是本领域的常 规选择， 此处不予赘述。
如果摩擦层 10和电极层 20本身不具备弹性弯曲形变的特性， 则需要通过 弹性基底的使用来保证发电机的正常工作， 例如图 12 (b)所示的实施方式， 在 摩擦层 10和电极层 20凸起方向的外侧面分别贴合有第一弹性基底 70和第二弹 性基底 80。 这两个基底由具有弹性弯曲性变特性的材料构成， 可以是绝缘体或 半导体。优选地， 第一弹性基底 70和第二弹性基底 80选自聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二 甲酸乙二醇酯和聚苯乙稀。弹性基底的厚度以满足对基底弹性的要求为准，可以 为 50μιη-10ιηιη， 优选为 ΙΟΟμιη -5mm, 更优选 127μιη-1ιηιη。 第一弹性基底 70 和第二弹性基底 80也可以是与摩擦层 10和电极层 20热膨胀系数不同的材料， 例如二氧化硅等， 因为两种热膨胀系数不同，特别是相差较大的材料贴合在一起 会导致这个整体呈现弯曲状态， 即第一弹性基底 70与摩擦层 10贴合在一起后， 整体会向第一弹性基底 70—侧凸起； 第二弹性基底 80与电极层 20贴合在一起 后， 整体向第二弹性基底 80—侧凸起。 摩擦层 10和电极层 20边缘的连接可以用本领域中常规的连接方式， 例如 用绝缘胶水粘结、 用双面胶黏贴、 用夹紧件固定等等。
在这种典型实施方式中， 摩擦层 10和电极层 20可以同时为曲面， 优选两 个曲面具有相同的尺寸和形状；也可以只有摩擦层 10和电极层 20中的一个为曲 面， 如图 12 ( c) 所示， 优选电极层 20的尺寸小于摩擦层 10的尺寸。
上面给出了本发明所设计的多种单电极摩擦纳米发电机的典型结构， 本领 域的技术人员可以在这些结构的基础上进行简单变形，从而获得适用于不同工作 环境的发电机，但是这样的变形都是在本发明所公开的基本构思下完成， 都属于 本发明所保护的范围。
为了提高发电机对机械能的利用效率和增强电信号的输出强度， 可以将 2 个以上本发明所公开的上述单电极摩擦纳米发电机进行组合， 形成发电机组， 并 且调整各发电机的连接方式，将各并联发电机输出的电信号单独监控或统一监控， 以满足不同需要。需要说明的是， 因为下述发电机组中所涉及的都是本发明前面 给出的发电机，各部件在前面都已经有详细的描述， 因此下面仅针对发电机组的 整体结构、各发电机的连接关系和有特殊要求的部件进行说明， 而对于发电机中 其他没有特殊要求的部件， 就不另做说明， 均以前面的描述为准。
图 13是本发明发电机组的一种典型实施方式，包括 2个图 9所示的纳米发 电机， 将二者简单的纵向叠加并在 2个电极层 20中间加入绝缘隔离层 60， 每个 发电机单元的电信号单独收集。 其中绝缘隔离层 60只要是能起到绝缘隔离作用 的材料即可， 例如塑料板、 橡胶片， 其尺寸和形状都可以根据需要进行选择。
这种实施方式在外加压力 F作用在发电机组上时， 可以同时驱动 2个发电 机工作， 明显的提高了对机械能的利用率。当然还可以根据外力的大小来调整叠 加发电机的数量， 外力越大， 数量越多， 以能够有效驱动所有发电机正常工作为 准。叠加起来的各发电机单元可以相同也可以不同，特别是对于每个发电机单元 所连接的外电路 30具有不同供电要求的情况， 采用不同的发电机单元能够更好 的解决该问题： 对于需要输出电信号更强的， 则可以增加该发电机单元摩擦层 10和电极层 20之间的分离距离； 对于需要灵敏度更高的， 则可以对相应发电机 单元的摩擦层 10和电极层 20的接触表面进行处理，例如形成纳米结构以增加接 触表面等等。
为了达到同样的 B的， 还可以采用图 14所示的组装方式。 该实施方式中省 略了绝缘隔离层 60， 上下两个发电机共用一个第一支撑元件 50， 在力的传导方 面效率更高， 也更节约成本， 但是结构组合调整的灵活性稍差。
图 15所示的是并联连接的发电机组， 每个发电机单元由一个摩擦层 10、 与摩擦层 10面对面分离放置的一个电极层 20、 贴合在摩擦层 10上表面的第一 支撑元件 50和位于第一支撑元件 50和电极层 20之间的弹性部件 40构成，其中 弹性部件 40的一端被固定在第一支撑元件 50的表面， 另一端被固定在电极层 20的表面， 多个弹性部件 40围绕摩擦层 10均匀布置； 上下两个相邻的发电机 单元共用一个电极层 20， 并通过该电极层 20和提供等电位的地向外电路 30输 出电信号。 如果该发电机组的各发电机单元同时工作， 应该确保共用电极层 20 的两个相邻的发电机满足如下条件： 共用的电极层 20与 2个摩擦层 10相比， 具 有相同的电子得失倾向，即该共用的电极层 20与一个发电机中的摩擦层 10相比 更容易失去电子，则与另一个发电机中的摩擦层相比也具有容易失去电子的倾向。 这样电极层 20在分别与 2个摩擦层 10进行摩擦的过程中形成的表面电荷才不会 相互抵消。但是， 如果发电机组中的两个发电机单元并不同时工作， 而仅仅是制 造的时候叠放在一起， 共用了电极层 20。 那么对于发电机单元中摩擦层 10和电 极层 20的材料选择则没有这样的限制。
为了节约成本和减轻重量， 还可以将图 15所示的发电机组进行如下改进： 用轻质的板状材料作为第二支撑元件 20， 在其外表面贴合导电薄层作为共用的 电极层 20， 具体结构参见图 16。
图 13-图 16所示的都是纵向叠加的组合方式， 通过这种方式形成的发电机 组更容易实现同步工作，但是由于其接受外力的面积有限，所以对于外力的稳定 性要求较强， 如果外力的施加位置经常发生变化， 则会影响其发电效果。 为了适 应外力的施加位置可能会发生变化的情况，可以采用并排放置的方式来形成发电 机组， 具体可以参见图 17所示的结构： 该发电机组由多个发电机单元排布在同 一平面上形成， 每个发电机单元的摩擦层 10都是由具有弹性弯曲形变特性的材 料形成的拱形， 并通过两端固定在电极层 20的表面， 所有发电机单元共用一个 电极层 20， 所有摩擦层 10均位于该共用电极层 20的同一侧， 电极层 20通过导 线与一端接地的外电路 30形成回路。
虽然该实施方式中摩擦层 10是能发生弹性弯曲形变的拱形，但是这仅仅是 一个示例， 实际上本发明图 1-11 中所示的所有发电机也都可以按照类似的方法 组合形成发电机组， 并且达到相同的效果。组成该发电机组的各发电机单元中的 摩擦层 10可以相同， 也可以不同。 当所有摩擦层 10都相同时， 发电机组中的任 何一个发电机单元受到相同外力的作用后， 都会输出相同的电信号， 当外力同时 作用在多个发电机单元上时，输出的电信号会累加。 由此可以推断出外力的作用 范围， 或者外力源与发电机的接触面积。利用这种特性， 可以将该发电机组用于 对接触面积的探测上。 当各发电机单元中的摩擦层 10不同时， 相同的外力单独 作用在不同的发电机单元上会输出不同的电信号，亦即， 发电机组输出的电信号 能够反映外力的坐标信息。基于这种特性可以对外力的作用路线进行追踪。而对 于大小不同的外力， 同一个发电机输出的电信号数值会有所变化，本发明人发现 施加在发电机上的压力大小与电信号的输出具有正相关性，因此本发明的发电机 组还能用于对压力分布的监测。
当然， 对于不共用电极层 20的多个发电机单元并排布置， 也能够实现面积 探测和路线追踪功能，但是需要对每个发电机单元单独监测， 而且要实现路线追 踪功能还需对每个监测仪器所反映的路线信息进行事先关联。这种实施方式的好 处是可以同时对外力施加源与发电机的接触面积和移动路线进行很方便、直观的 监测。 利用该原理本发明还提供一种追踪系统（参见图 18 ): 包括 2个以上前述 任一款发电机，每个发电机的摩擦层 10或电极层 20朝上设置于被追踪物体行进 的表面上，并且电极层 20和摩擦层 10能够在被追踪物体的压力下至少部分表面 接触， 而在被追踪物体离开后恢复原状， 每个发电机输出的电信号被独立监控， 每个监控电路 （附图标记为 301、 302、 …… 309) 的一端均接地， 对每个发电机 输出的信号同时采集。当物体在追踪系统上面移动的时候， 不同的发电机先后和 物体接触，所产生的压缩力将导致不同的摩擦发电机对外输出信号，通过分析这 些信号， 我们并可以知道物体在这个追踪系统上的具体移动路径。
通过前面的描述， 可以很清楚的了解到本发明其实还公开了一种全新的发 电方法，其特征在于使用本发明中公开的任何发电机或发电机组，包括如下步骤：
( 1 ) 提供所述摩擦层，
(2) 提供所述电极层，
( 3 ) 将所述电极层与等电位源形成电连接；
(4)施加外力使所述摩擦层和所述电极层的至少部分表面之间形成至少一 个接触 -分离周期；
( 5 )在步骤（4)的过程中， 通过所述电极层和所述等电位源输出电信号； 优选地， 步骤 （4) 中所述摩擦层和所述电极层完全接触；
优选地， 步骤（4) 中施加的是方向周期性翻转或大小周期性变化的持续外 力。
实施例 1: 单电极摩擦纳米发电机的制备
利用激光切割一个长 3 cmX宽 3 cm X厚 1.59 mm的有机玻璃板作为第二支 撑元件，一片 A1箔用来完全盖住整个有机玻璃板。用胶布把一片长 7 cmX宽 3 cm X厚 25 μιη尼龙薄膜和一片长 7 cmX宽 3 cmX厚 127 μιη的聚酰亚胺粘连在一起。 尼龙的表面朝向 A1箔， 其两端用胶布固定在有机玻璃上。 用铜导线连接 A1箔， 并和一个电阻相连接， 电阻的另外一端接地。 由于聚酰亚胺薄膜具有良好的弹性 可以确保在没有压力情况下， 尼龙薄膜和 A1箔是完全分离的。 在压缩的时候， 两层薄膜可以接触在一起。对发电机的柔性外膜施加外力， 如轻按， 电压表有相 应的电信号输出， 说明能够将机械能转化为电能进行发电。
实施例 2: 单电极摩擦发电机组的制备
利用激光切割一个长 10 cmX宽 10 cm X厚 1.59 mm的有机玻璃板作为第二 支撑元件，在其上制备 2片 2Cm X 2cm X 0.5mm的 Cu膜。在每片 Cu膜的周围均 匀粘结 4个 1mm厚的高弹性海绵块作为弹性部件， 另取 2片 3cmX 3cm X lmm 的聚酯薄片作为摩擦层， 分别与第二支撑元件上的 2片铜膜面对面，将高弹性海 绵的另一端黏附在其下表面， 从而形成类似于图 9所示的结构。 每个 Cu膜均由 导线和一个一端接地的电阻连接， 组成了一个具有 2个发电机的发电机组，其结 构与图 18所示的实施方式类似。 由于高弹性海绵的作用可以确保在没有压力情 况下， 聚酯薄片和 Cu膜是完全分离的。 在压缩的时候， 二者相对的表面可以接 触在一起， 因此该发电机组能够正常工作。
图 19为本发电机组工作时的电流输出图，其中左侧和中间的是仅在发电机 组中的一个发电机施加外力时的电流输出情况，最右侧的是 2个发电机同时工作 时的电流输出情况。可以看出，通过形成发电机组的形式可以明显的提高发电效 率。
实施例 3: 单电极摩擦发电机追踪系统的制备
按照实施例 1的方法制作 16个相同尺寸的摩擦发电机， 并以 4 X 4的矩阵 排列，整个发电机组的电路连接如图 20所示。当物体在该追踪系统移动的时候， 物体和摩擦发电机的接触， 将导致发电机的压缩， 从而对外输出电信号。通过对 这些信号的采集， 并可以实现对物体移动路径的探测。该系统直接利用摩擦发电 机作为触发的传感器， 不需要外部供电， 可以有效的节约能源， 并能长期稳定的 工作。 当我们压缩一个发电机的时候， 得到的数据图像上， 可以清楚的显示是第 7个发电机 （图 21 )。
以上所述，仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已， 并非对本发明作任何形式上的限 制。任何熟悉本领域的技术人员， 在不脱离本发明技术方案范围情况下， 都可利 用上述揭示的方法和技术内容对本发明技术方案做出许多可能的变动和修饰，或 修改为等同变化的等效实施例。 因此， 凡是未脱离本发明技术方案的内容， 依据 本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所做的任何简单修改、等同变化及修饰，均仍属 于本发明技术方案保护的范围内。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1、 一种单电极摩擦纳米发电机， 其特征在于包括摩擦层和电极层， 所述电 极层的数量仅有一个并与所述摩擦层面对面放置，所述电极层与等电位源电连接， 所述摩擦层和电极层的至少部分表面在外力的作用下能够发生接触和分离，同时 通过所述电极层和所述等电位源输出电信号。
2、 如权利要求 1所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述摩擦层和所述电极层之间 存在摩擦电极序差异。
3、 如权利要求 2所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述摩擦层选自聚酰亚胺、 聚 氯乙烯、 聚四氟乙烯、 聚二甲基硅氧烷、 聚丙烯、 聚乙烯、 聚苯乙烯、 聚偏二氯 乙烯、 聚氯醚、 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、 聚乙烯醇、 聚酯、 聚异丁烯、 聚氨酯弹性海 绵、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、尼龙、聚丙烯腈和聚双苯酚碳酸酯中的一种或几种的组合。
4、 如权利要求 1-3任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述电极层与所述摩 擦层接触的表面为导电材料。
5、 如权利要求 4所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述电极层为导电材料， 选自 金属、 铟锡氧化物、 有机物导体或掺杂的半导体。
6、 如权利要求 5所述的发电机， 其特征在于其所述金属选自金、 银、 铂、 铝、 镍、 铜、 钛、 铬或硒， 以及由上述金属形成的合金， 所述有机物导体为导电 高分子， 包括自聚吡咯、 聚苯硫醚、 聚酞菁类化合物、 聚苯胺和聚噻吩。
7、 如权利要求 5或 6所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述电极层为金属薄膜或 体相材料， 其中薄膜的厚度为 10 nm-5 mm。
8、 如权利要求 1-7任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述摩擦层面向所述 电极层的表面上， 和 /或， 所述电极层面向所述摩擦层的表面上， 全部或部分分 布有微米或次微米量级的微结构。
9、 如权利要求 8所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述微结构选自纳米线、 纳米 管、 纳米颗粒、 纳米棒、 纳米花、 纳米沟槽、 微米沟槽、 纳米锥、 微米锥、 纳米 球和微米球状结构， 以及由前述结构形成的阵列。
10、 如权利要求 8所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述摩擦层面向所述电极层 的表面上， 和 /或， 所述电极层面向所述摩擦层的表面上， 有纳米材料的点缀或 涂层。
11、 如权利要求 1-10任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述摩擦层面向所 述电极层的表面， 和 /或， 所述电极层面向所述摩擦层的表面， 经过化学改性， 在二者中摩擦电极序相对为负的表面引入容易得到电子的官能团， 和 /或， 在二 者中摩擦电极序相对为正的表面引入容易失去电子的官能团。
12、如权利要求 1-11任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述摩擦层和 /或电 极层为硬质材料。
13、如权利要求 1-11任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述摩擦层和 /或电 极层为柔性材料。
14、 如权利要求 1-13任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述的摩擦层和电 极层的尺寸和形状相同， 并且二者呈正对面放置。
15、 如权利要求 1-14任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于在所述分离的过程 中，所述摩擦层和电极层表面相互接触的部分能够达到的最大分离间距与二者接 触面的长度和宽度尺寸可比或更大。
16、 如权利要求 15所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述最大分离间距与所述接 触面的长度的比值， 以及， 所述最大间距与所述接触面的宽度的比值均在 1-100 之间。
17、 如权利要求 1-16任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述等电位源通过 接地提供。
18、 如权利要求 1-17任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于还包括负载， 并且 所述电极层通过所述负载与所述等电位源电连接。
19、 如权利要求 1-17任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述电连接通过需 要供电的外电路实现。
20、如权利要求 1-19任一项所述的发电机，其特征在于在没有外力作用时， 所述摩擦层和所述电极层的至少部分表面分离，在外力作用下，所述摩擦层和所 述电极层的至少部分表面接触； 或者在没有外力作用时，所述摩擦层和所述电极 层的至少部分表面接触， 而在外力作用下，所述摩擦层和所述电极层的至少部分 表面分离。
21、 如权利要求 1-20所述的发电机， 其特征在于还包括弹性部件， 并通过 所述弹性部件使所述摩擦层和所述电极层的至少部分表面在没有外力的作用下 保持分离或接触状态。
22、 如权利要求 21所述的发电机， 其特征在于有 2个以上所述弹性部件。
23、 如权利要求 21或 22所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述弹性部件具有拉 伸弹性或弯曲形变弹性。
24、 如权利要求 1-23任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于还包括一个第一支 撑元件，所述第一支撑元件固定在所述摩擦层背离所述电极层一侧的表面上，和 /或， 还包括一个第二支撑元件， 所述第二支撑元件固定在所述电极层背离所述 摩擦层一侧的表面上。
25、 如权利要求 24所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述弹性部件的一端固定在 所述第一支撑元件上并围绕所述摩擦层设置， 和 /或， 所述弹性部件的另一端固 定在所述第二支撑元件上并围绕所述电极层设置。
26、 如权利要求 24或 25所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述第一支撑元件和 / 或第二支撑元件为刚性材料。
27、 如权利要求 24-26任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述第一支撑元 件和 /或第二支撑元件为平板结构。
28、 如权利要求 24-26任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述第一支撑元 件和 /或第二支撑元件为曲面结构。
29、 如权利要求 24-28任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述第一支撑元 件和第二支撑元件互相平行。
30、 如权利要求 24-28任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述第一支撑元 件和第二支撑元件一端相交。
31、 如权利要求 1-23任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述摩擦层和电极 层面对面形成一个空腔， 所述摩擦层和 /或电极层为背向空腔向外凸出的曲面， 在有外力施加时，所述摩擦层与所述电极层至少部分表面能够相互接触， 并在撤 销外力后恢复原状。
32、 如权利要求 31所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述电极层和所述摩擦层通 过边缘连接。
33、 如权利要求 31或 32所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述电极层和 /或所述 摩擦层具有弹性弯曲形变特性。
34、 如权利要求 31-33 任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述摩擦层在凸 起方向的外侧面贴合有第一弹性基底， 和 /或， 所述电极层在凸起方向的外侧面 贴合有第二弹性基底。
35、 如权利要求 34所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述第一弹性基底和第二弹 性基底选自聚酰亚胺、 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚苯乙稀。
36、 如权利要求 34或 35所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述第一弹性基底和 第二弹性基底的厚度为 50 μιη 到 10 mm之间。
37、 如权利要求 34所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述第一弹性基底与所述摩 擦层的热膨胀系数不同， 二者贴合在一起后整体向所述第一弹性基底一侧凸起； 和 /或， 所述第二弹性基底与所述电极层的热膨胀系数不同， 二者贴合在一起后 整体向所述第二弹性基底一侧凸起。
38、 如权利要求 31-37任一项所述的发电机， 其特征在于所述摩擦层为背 向空腔向外凸起的曲面，所述电极层为平面， 并且所述电极层的尺寸小于所述摩 擦层的尺寸。
39、 一种单电极摩擦纳米发电机组， 其特征在于由 2个以上权利要求 1-38 任一项所述的发电机并联形成， 各发电机输出的电信号单独监控或统一监控。
40、 如权利要求 39所述的发电机组， 其特征在于所述 2个以上发电机通过 纵向叠加形成所述发电机组。
41、 如权利要求 40所述的发电机组， 其特征在于相邻的 2个所述发电机之 间通过绝缘隔离层固定连接。
42、 如权利要求 41所述的发电机组， 其特征在于相邻的 2个所述发电机共 用一个所述电极层。
43、 如权利要求 42所述的发电机组， 其特征在于被共用的所述电极层与这 两个发电机中的所述摩擦层相比， 具有相同的电子得失倾向。
44、 如权利要求 39所述的发电机组， 其特征在于所述 2个以上发电机通过 并排放置形成所述发电机组。
45、 如权利要求 44所述的发电机组， 其特征在于所有发电机共用一个电极 层， 并且所有所述摩擦层均位于所述共用电极层的同一侧。
46、 如权利要求 45所述的发电机组， 其特征在于所述 2个以上发电机至少 部分不同， 或完全相同。
47、 一种发电方法， 其特征在于使用权利要求 1-38任一项所述的发电机或 权利要求 39-46任一项所述发电机组， 包括如下步骤： ( 1 ) 提供所述摩擦层，
(2) 提供所述电极层，
( 3 ) 将所述电极层与等电位源形成电连接，
(4) 施加外力使所述摩擦层和所述电极层的至少部分表面之间形成至少 一个接触 -分离周期，
( 5 ) 在步骤（ 4 )的过程中，通过所述电极层和所述等电位源输出电信号。
48、 如权利要求 47所述的发电方法， 其特征在于步骤 （4) 中施加的是方 向周期性翻转或大小周期性变化的持续外力。
49、 一种基于单电极摩擦纳米发电机的追踪设备， 其特征在于包括： 2 个 以上权利要求 1-38任一项所述的发电机， 每个所述发电机的所述摩擦层或所述 电极层朝上设置于被追踪物体行进的表面上，并且所述电极层和所述摩擦层能够 在被追踪物体的压力下至少部分表面接触， 而在被追踪物体离开后恢复原状， 每 个发电机输出的电信号被独立监控。
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