WO2015065120A1 - 연료전지 및 그의 제조방법 - Google Patents
연료전지 및 그의 제조방법 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015065120A1 WO2015065120A1 PCT/KR2014/010390 KR2014010390W WO2015065120A1 WO 2015065120 A1 WO2015065120 A1 WO 2015065120A1 KR 2014010390 W KR2014010390 W KR 2014010390W WO 2015065120 A1 WO2015065120 A1 WO 2015065120A1
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present application relates to a fuel cell and a method of manufacturing the same.
- the fuel cell is particularly attracting attention due to its advantages such as high efficiency, no pollutants such as NO x and SO x , and abundant fuel.
- a fuel cell is a device that generates electrical energy by electrochemically reacting fuel and an oxidant.
- the fuel cell uses hydrogen as fuel and oxygen as oxidant, and the electrode catalyzes the reduction of anode and oxygen that catalyzes the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). Which consists of a cathode.
- the electrode in a fuel cell contains a catalyst which catalyzes this, and platinum is commonly used as a catalyst material.
- platinum has a problem of high cost and low allowance for impurities, much research has been made on preparing and using a catalyst which provides better electrochemical activity and stability than pure platinum while reducing the amount of platinum used.
- This research mainly proposed to increase the activity of platinum itself or to propose an electrocatalyst in the form of an alloy of platinum and transition metal, but recently, in the form of nanoparticle structure having electrochemical activity and stability, especially hollow nanoparticles Interest is growing.
- Synthesis methods of hollow metal nanoparticles include a method of reducing metal ions with a reducing agent in a solution, a method using gamma rays, and an electrochemical method, but conventional methods are difficult to synthesize nanoparticles having a uniform size and shape, or The use of solvents made it difficult to produce high-quality nanoparticles economically for a variety of reasons, including environmental pollution and high cost.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles are easily unstable by the heat treatment temperature or the reaction temperature, they are often dispersed and used in a carrier. Therefore, the development of a method capable of efficiently supporting high quality hollow metal nanoparticles of uniform size on a carrier has been required.
- An object of the present application is to provide a fuel cell including a carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite in which uniform nano-sized metal particles are supported on a carrier as an electrode catalyst, and a method of manufacturing the same.
- At least one of the cathode and the anode comprises a hollow core part; A shell part including a first metal and a second metal; And a carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite having hollow metal nanoparticles including a cavity extending from an outer surface of the shell portion to the hollow core in one or more regions of the shell portion supported on the carrier.
- At least one of the cathode and the anode comprises a hollow core; A shell part including a first metal and a second metal; And a carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite in which hollow metal nanoparticles including a cavity extending from an outer surface of the shell portion to the hollow core in one or more regions of the shell portion are supported on the carrier.
- a method Provide a method.
- At least one electrode includes a carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle complex
- the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle is a complex in which hollow metal nanoparticles having a uniform size of several nanometers are supported on a carrier.
- the dispersibility and the supporting ratio of the hollow metal nanoparticles to the carrier can be excellent to exhibit the effect of an excellent catalyst.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles supported on the carrier include a cavity, and can utilize the contact area where the reaction occurs to the inner surface area of the hollow metal nanoparticles through the cavity, thereby significantly increasing the catalyst efficiency. There is this.
- FIG. 1 briefly illustrates a surface of a surfactant forming a micelle on a carrier in the preparation of a carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application.
- TEM 6 and 7 show transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite prepared according to Preparation Example 2.
- TEM 8 shows a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite according to one embodiment of the present application.
- TEM 9 shows a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of a conventional carrier-metal nanoparticle composite.
- Figure 10 schematically shows the structure of the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite according to one embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. 12 briefly illustrates a structure of a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell according to one embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. 13 is a simplified illustration of a fuel cell, according to one embodiment of the present application.
- the present application is a cathode; Anode; And an electrolyte membrane provided between the cathode and the anode,
- At least one of the cathode and the anode comprises a hollow core part; A shell part including a first metal and a second metal; And a carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite in which hollow metal nanoparticles including a cavity extending from an outer surface of the shell portion to the hollow core in one or more regions of the shell portion are supported on the carrier. do.
- the present application is hollow core (core); A shell part including a first metal and a second metal; And a carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite having hollow metal nanoparticles including a cavity extending from an outer surface of the shell portion to the hollow core in one or more regions of the shell portion supported on the carrier.
- a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present application is a form in which a catalyst layer of an anode and a catalyst layer of a cathode are in contact with an electrolyte membrane, and may be manufactured according to conventional methods known in the art.
- the cathode; Anode; And it may be prepared by thermocompression bonding at 100 °C to 400 °C in a state in which the electrolyte membrane located between the cathode and the anode in close contact.
- the anode may include an anode catalyst layer and an anode gas diffusion layer.
- the anode gas diffusion layer may again include an anode microporous layer and an anode substrate.
- the cathode may include a cathode catalyst layer and a cathode gas diffusion layer.
- the cathode gas diffusion layer may again include a cathode microporous layer and a cathode substrate.
- FIG. 11 schematically illustrates the principle of electricity generation of a fuel cell.
- the most basic unit for generating electricity is a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which is an electrolyte membrane (M) and the electrolyte membrane (M). It consists of an anode (A) and a cathode (C) electrode formed on both sides of the.
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- an oxidation reaction of hydrogen or a fuel F such as hydrocarbons such as methanol and butane occurs at an anode A to generate hydrogen ions (H + ) and electrons (e ⁇ ).
- H + hydrogen ions
- e ⁇ electrons
- Is generated, and hydrogen ions move to the cathode (C) electrode through the electrolyte membrane (M).
- water (W) is generated by the reaction of hydrogen ions transferred through the electrolyte membrane (M) with an oxidant (O) such as oxygen and electrons. This reaction causes the movement of electrons in the external circuit.
- the membrane-electrode assembly refers to an electrode (cathode and anode) which is an electrode (cathode and anode) in which an electrochemical catalytic reaction between fuel and air occurs and a polymer membrane in which hydrogen ions are transferred. And a single unitary unit to which the electrolyte membrane is bonded.
- the membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell includes an electrolyte membrane 10 and anodes and cathodes positioned opposite to each other with the electrolyte membrane 10 interposed therebetween. do.
- the anode is composed of an anode catalyst layer 20 and an anode gas diffusion layer 50, and the anode gas diffusion layer 50 is again composed of an anode microporous layer 30 and an anode substrate 40.
- the anode gas diffusion layer is provided between the anode catalyst layer and the electrolyte membrane.
- the cathode is composed of a cathode catalyst layer 21 and a cathode gas diffusion layer 51
- the cathode gas diffusion layer 51 is composed of a cathode microporous layer 31 and a cathode substrate 41.
- the cathode gas diffusion layer is provided between the cathode catalyst layer and the electrolyte membrane.
- FIG. 12 illustrates an anode and a cathode divided into a catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer, but the present application is not limited thereto, and the structure of the anode and the cathode may be changed as necessary.
- At least one of the catalyst layer of the anode and the catalyst layer of the cathode may include the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle complex as a catalyst.
- the remainder is preferably a catalyst selected from the group consisting of platinum, ruthenium, osmium, platinum-ruthenium alloy, platinum-osmium alloy, platinum-palladium alloy and platinum-transition metal alloy.
- the catalysts can be used on their own as well as supported on a carbon-based carrier.
- the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite When the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite is used as a catalyst, since the hollow metal nanoparticles have a large surface area by the hollow and the cavity, the reaction area can be increased to increase the catalytic activity, and furthermore, the fuel cell Can increase the performance.
- the introduction of the catalyst layer may be carried out by conventional methods known in the art, for example, the catalyst ink may be directly coated on the electrolyte membrane or coated on the gas diffusion layer to form the catalyst layer.
- the coating method of the catalyst ink is not particularly limited, but spray coating, tape casting, screen printing, blade coating, die coating or spin coating may be used.
- Catalytic inks can typically consist of a catalyst, a polymer ionomer, and a solvent.
- the gas diffusion layer serves as a passage for the reaction gas and water together with a role as a current conductor, and has a porous structure. Therefore, the gas diffusion layer may include a conductive substrate. As the conductive substrate, carbon paper, carbon cloth, or carbon felt may be preferably used.
- the gas diffusion layer may further include a microporous layer between the catalyst layer and the conductive substrate. The microporous layer may be used to improve the performance of the fuel cell in low-humidity conditions, and serves to reduce the amount of water flowing out of the gas diffusion layer so that the electrolyte membrane is in a sufficient wet state.
- the present application provides a stack comprising a bipolar plate interposed between one or more of the membrane-electrode assembly and the membrane-electrode assembly; A fuel supply unit supplying fuel to the stack; And it provides a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising an oxidant supply unit for supplying an oxidant to the stack.
- a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present application includes a stack, a fuel supply unit, and an oxidant supply unit.
- FIG. 13 schematically illustrates a structure of a fuel cell, in which a fuel cell includes a stack 60, an oxidant supply unit 70, and a fuel supply unit 80.
- the stack 60 includes one or two or more membrane electrode assemblies as described above, and includes two or more separators interposed therebetween when two or more membrane electrode assemblies are included.
- the separator serves to prevent the membrane electrode assemblies from being electrically connected and to transfer fuel and oxidant supplied from the outside to the membrane electrode assembly.
- the oxidant supply unit 70 serves to supply the oxidant to the stack 60.
- Oxygen is typically used as the oxidizing agent, and may be used by injecting oxygen or air into the pump 70.
- the fuel supply unit 80 serves to supply fuel to the stack 60, and to the fuel tank 81 storing fuel and the pump 82 supplying fuel stored in the fuel tank 81 to the stack 60.
- fuel hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel in gas or liquid state may be used.
- hydrocarbon fuels include methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or natural gas.
- the fuel cell may be a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a direct liquid fuel cell, a direct methanol fuel cell, a direct formic acid fuel cell, a direct ethanol fuel cell, or a direct dimethyl ether fuel cell.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles may include a surfactant in the inner hollow, or may not include a surfactant in the inner hollow.
- the hollow core part may include a surfactant.
- the hollow core part may not include a surfactant.
- the hollow means that the core portion of the hollow metal nanoparticle is empty.
- the hollow may be used in the same sense as the hollow core.
- the hollow may include terms such as hollow, hole, void, and the like.
- FIG. 10 schematically shows the structure of the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite according to one embodiment of the present application.
- the nanoparticles 2 are supported on the carrier 1.
- the nanoparticles 2 have a hollow structure, and include a core portion 3 and a shell portion 4, which are hollow portions, and a cavity 5 extending from the shell portion 4 to the core portion 3.
- the hollow core part may be 50% by volume or more and less than 100% by volume of the hollow metal nanoparticles.
- the hollow core portion may be 70 vol% or more, more specifically 80 vol% or more of the hollow metal nanoparticles.
- the hollow may include a space in which no internal material is present at 50 vol% or more, specifically 70 vol% or more, more specifically 80 vol% or more.
- at least 50% by volume, specifically 70% by volume, more specifically 80% by volume may include an empty space.
- it may include a space having an internal porosity of at least 50 vol%, specifically at least 70 vol%, more specifically at least 80 vol%.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles may have a spherical shape.
- the spherical shape does not mean only a perfect spherical shape, but may include an approximately spherical shape.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles may not have a flat outer surface, and the radius of curvature of one hollow metal nanoparticle may not be constant.
- the particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be 1 nm or more and 30 nm or less, more specifically 20 nm or less, or 12 nm or less, or 10 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be 6 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be 1 nm or more.
- the particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles is 30 nm or less, there is a great advantage that the nanoparticles can be used in various fields.
- the particle diameter of a hollow metal nanoparticle is 20 nm or less, it is more preferable.
- the particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles is 10 nm or less, the surface area of the particles becomes wider, and thus, there is an advantage in that the application possibility that can be used in various fields becomes larger.
- the efficiency can be significantly increased.
- the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles is measured for 200 or more hollow metal nanoparticles using graphic software (MAC-View), and the average particle diameter is measured through the obtained statistical distribution. It means the value.
- the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be 1 nm or more and 30 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be 1 nm or more and 20 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be 1 nm or more and 12 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be 1 nm or more and 6 nm or less.
- the thickness of the shell portion in the hollow metal nanoparticles may be greater than 0 nm and 5 nm or less, more specifically greater than 0 nm and 3 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter may be 30 nm or less
- the thickness of the shell portion may be more than 0 nm and 5 nm or less, and more specifically, the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles is 20 It may be less than or equal to 10 nm or less
- the thickness of the shell portion may be greater than 0 nm and less than or equal to 3 nm.
- the hollow particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, specifically 1 nm or more and 4 nm or less.
- the thickness of each shell may be 0.2 nm or more and 5 nm or less, specifically 0.25 nm or more and 3 nm or less.
- the shell portion may be a shell formed by mixing the first metal and the second metal, or may be a plurality of shells including a first shell and a second shell, each having a different mixing ratio of the first metal and the second metal.
- the plurality of shells may include a first shell including only the first metal and a second shell including only the second metal.
- one or more hollow metal nanoparticles may be manufactured when the hollow metal nanoparticles are prepared.
- the particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be within the range of 80% to 120% of the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles.
- the particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be in the range of 90% to 110% of the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles. If it is out of the above range, since the size of the hollow metal nanoparticles becomes entirely non-uniform, it may be difficult to secure the unique physical properties required by the hollow metal nanoparticles.
- the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticles including the hollow metal nanoparticles out of the range of 80% to 120% of the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles are used as a catalyst, the effect of improving the efficiency may be somewhat insufficient. . Therefore, when within the range of 80% to 120% of the average particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles of the present specification, it is possible to form nanoparticles of uniform size, thereby exhibiting excellent physical properties as carrier-hollow metal nanoparticles.
- the hollow metal nanoparticle may include one cavity.
- the shell part may be a single layer.
- the shell portion of the single layer may include both the first metal and the second metal.
- the first metal and the second metal when the shell portion is a single layer, may be present in a mixed form. Further, when the shell portion is a single layer, the first metal and the second metal may be mixed uniformly or non-uniformly.
- the shell part may be two or more layers. Specifically, according to one embodiment of the present application, when the shell portion is two or more layers, a first shell including the first metal; And a second shell including the second metal.
- the first shell may include the first metal and may not include the second metal.
- the second shell may include the second metal and may not include the first metal.
- the first shell may have a higher content of the first metal than the content of the second metal.
- the second shell may have a higher content of the second metal than that of the first metal.
- the first shell may be formed to surround the hollow, and the second shell may be formed to surround the first shell.
- the shell part may include a first shell having a content of the first metal higher than that of the second metal; And a second shell in which the content of the second metal is higher than the content of the first metal.
- the content of the first metal in the first shell is the highest in the region close to the center of the hollow, and the content of the first metal gradually increases as the distance from the center of the hollow is increased. Can be small.
- the content of the second metal in the first shell may increase as the distance from the center of the hollow.
- the content of the second metal in the second shell is the highest in the region farthest from the center of the hollow, the closer to the center of the hollow, the content of the second metal is gradually Can be small.
- the content of the first metal in the second shell may decrease as the distance from the center of the hollow.
- the shell portion may be present in a state in which the first metal and the second metal are gradated, and the portion of the shell portion adjacent to the core may be present in a volume of 50 vol% or more, or 70 vol% or more. In the surface portion in contact with the outside of the nanoparticles in the second metal may be present in more than 50%, or more than 70% by volume.
- an atomic percentage ratio of the first metal and the second metal of the shell part may be 1: 5 to 10: 1.
- the atomic percentage ratio may be an atomic percentage ratio of the first metal of the first shell and the second metal of the second shell when the shell portion is formed of the first shell and the second shell.
- the atomic percentage ratio may be an atomic percentage ratio of the first metal and the second metal when the shell portion is formed of a single layer including the first metal and the second metal.
- the shell part may refer to an outer material layer surrounding the hollow. Specifically, the shape of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be determined by the shell portion.
- the thickness of the shell part may be greater than 0 nm and 5 nm or less.
- the thickness of the shell portion may be greater than 0 nm and 3 nm or less.
- the thickness of the shell portion may be greater than 0 nm and 5 nm or less.
- the thickness of the shell portion may be greater than 0 nm and 3 nm or less.
- the first metal may be selected from the group consisting of metals, metalloids, lanthanum group metals, and actinium group metals belonging to groups 3 to 15 of the periodic table.
- the first metal is platinum (Pt); Ruthenium (Ru); Rhodium (Rh); Molybdenum (Mo); Osmium (Os); Iridium (Ir); Rhenium (Re); Palladium (Pd); Vanadium (V); Tungsten (W); Cobalt (Co); Iron (Fe); Selenium (Se); Nickel (Ni); Bismuth (Bi); Tin (Sn); Chromium (Cr); Titanium (Ti); Gold (Au); Cerium (Ce); Silver (Ag); And it may be selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu).
- the second metal may be different from the first metal.
- the second metal may be selected from the group consisting of metals, metalloids, lanthanum group metals, and actinium group metals belonging to groups 3 to 15 of the periodic table.
- the second metal is platinum (Pt); Ruthenium (Ru); Rhodium (Rh); Molybdenum (Mo); Osmium (Os); Iridium (Ir); Rhenium (Re); Palladium (Pd); Vanadium (V); Tungsten (W); Cobalt (Co); Iron (Fe); Selenium (Se); Nickel (Ni); Bismuth (Bi); Tin (Sn); Chromium (Cr); Titanium (Ti); Gold (Au); Cerium (Ce); Silver (Ag); And it may be selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu).
- the first metal may be selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au), and more specifically platinum (Pt).
- the second metal is ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), rhenium (Re), palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), tungsten ( W), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), nickel (Ni), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), cerium (Ce), silver ( Ag) and copper (Cu) may be selected from the group consisting of, and more specifically, may be nickel (Ni).
- the first metal may be ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), rhenium (Re), palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), nickel (Ni), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), chromium (Cr), titanium It may be selected from the group consisting of (Ti), cerium (Ce), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu), more specifically may be nickel (Ni).
- the second metal may be selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au), and more specifically, platinum (Pt).
- the first metal or the second metal may be different from each other, and the first metal or the second metal may be nickel.
- the first metal or the second metal may be different from each other, and the first metal or the second metal may be platinum.
- the first metal may be nickel and the second metal may be platinum.
- the carrier may be a carbon-based material or inorganic fine particles.
- the carbonaceous material is carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphite, graphite, graphene, activated carbon, porous carbon, carbon black, carbon nano fibers. group consisting of fiber, carbon nano wire, carbon nanohorn, carbon aerogel, carbon nano ring, fullerene (C60) and Super P It may be selected from.
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- C60 fullerene
- Super P It may be selected from.
- the carbon blacks include denka black, KETJEN black, acetylene black, and the like.
- the carbon nanotubes may include one or a mixture of SWCNT, DWCNT, MWCNT, functionalized SWCNT, functionalized DWCNT, functionalized MWCNT, purified SWCNT, purified DWCNT or purified MWCNT.
- Carbon nanotubes form a tube-like shape by seamlessly rolling up a graphite sheet.
- One tube is called Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT), and two tubes are curled (Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube: DWCNT). When the tube is curled, it is called Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT).
- the inorganic fine particles may be selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, titania and zirconia.
- the supporting ratio of the hollow metal nanoparticle to the carrier may be 10 wt% to 70 wt%.
- the cavity may mean an empty space continuous from one region of the outer surface of the hollow metal nanoparticle.
- the cavity may be formed in the form of a tunnel from one outer shell surface to the hollow core in one or two or more regions of the shell portion.
- the tunnel form may be a straight line, a continuous form of a curve or a straight line, it may be a continuous form of a mixture of curves and straight lines.
- the cavity may be an empty space extending from the outer surface of the shell portion to the hollow.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles may include a hollow region connected to the center of the hollow nanoparticles by at least one surface of the outside by the cavity.
- the cavity may serve to utilize the inner surface area of the hollow metal nanoparticles. Specifically, when the hollow metal nanoparticles are used for the purpose of a catalyst or the like, the cavity may serve to increase the surface area in contact with the reactants. Therefore, the cavity may serve to exhibit high activity of the hollow metal nanoparticles.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles may increase the surface area by 20% to 100% compared to the hollow metal nanoparticles when there is no cavity.
- the diameter of the cavity may be 5% or more and 30% or less, specifically, 5% or more and 20% or less, more specifically, 5% or more and 15% by diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles. It may be:
- the diameter of the cavity may mean a diameter of a hole formed in the shell portion, and may mean a diameter of a tunnel from the outer surface of the shell portion to the hollow core.
- the diameter of the cavity is less than 5% of the particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles, the activity of the hollow metal nanoparticles may not be sufficiently exhibited.
- the diameter of the cavity exceeds 30% of the particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles, the shape of the hollow metal nanoparticles may not be maintained. Therefore, when the diameter of the cavity is 5% or more and 30% or less of the particle diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticle, 5% or more and 20% or less, more preferably 5% or more and 15% or less by salvage, the cavity It can have an advantage that the contact area with the reactant through the () can be sufficiently widened.
- At least one of the cathode and the anode comprises a hollow core; A shell part including a first metal and a second metal; And a carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite in which hollow metal nanoparticles including a cavity extending from an outer surface of the shell portion to the hollow core in one or more regions of the shell portion are supported on the carrier.
- a method Provide a method.
- the cathode, anode and carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite are the same as described above.
- At least one of forming the cathode and forming the anode further includes preparing the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite
- a solvent, a first metal salt in the solvent to provide a first metal ion or an atomic end ion containing the first metal ion, a second metal ion in the solvent or a second providing an atomic end ion comprising the second metal ion Forming a solution comprising a metal salt, a first surfactant forming a micelle in the solvent, and a second surfactant forming a micelle in the solvent with the first surfactant;
- It may include the step of forming the hollow metal nanoparticles on a carrier by adding a reducing agent to the solution.
- a solvent, a first metal salt in the solvent to provide a first metal ion or an atomic end ion containing the first metal ion, a second metal ion in the solvent or a second providing an atomic end ion comprising the second metal ion Forming a solution comprising a metal salt, a first surfactant forming a micelle in the solvent, and a second surfactant forming a micelle in the solvent with the first surfactant;
- Hollow core portion A shell part including a first metal and a second metal; And a hollow metal nanoparticle composite having a hollow metal nanoparticle comprising a cavity extending from the outer surface of the shell portion to the hollow core in one or two or more regions of the shell portion supported on the carrier.
- a carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite having efficiently supported hollow metal nanoparticles having a uniform size in several nano-sizes on a carrier can be prepared.
- the conventional method not only it was difficult to manufacture hollow nanoparticles of several nanosizes, but also it was more difficult to produce uniform sizes, and the supporting ratio and dispersion were poor.
- uniform hollow metal nanoparticles having a size of several nanometers can be prepared by a simple method on a carrier, so that a process of supporting the carrier is not required separately, and the supporting ratio and dispersion degree can be improved.
- the method of preparing the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite does not use a reduction potential, there is an advantage in that the reduction potential between the first metal ion and the second metal ion forming the shell is not considered. Since the manufacturing method uses a charge between metal ions, it is simpler than a conventional manufacturing method using a reduction potential, so that mass production is easy and hollow metal nanoparticles supported on a carrier can be manufactured at low cost. . Furthermore, since the reduction potential is not used, the metal salt used is reduced compared to the conventional method for preparing hollow metal nanoparticles, and thus, various metal salts may be used.
- the manufacturing method may be one in which a hollow core is formed in the hollow metal nanoparticles.
- the forming of the solution may include forming the micelle on the solution by the first and second surfactants.
- the manufacturing method includes: an atomic group ion including the first metal ion or the first metal ion; And the atomic group ion including the second metal ion or the second metal ion may form a shell portion of the hollow metal nanoparticle.
- the first metal ion or the atomic group ion including the first metal ion has a charge opposite to that of the outer end portion of the first surfactant
- the second metal ion or the first ion Atomic ion, including the bimetallic ion may have a charge equal to that at the outer end of the first surfactant
- the first metal ion or the atomic group ion including the first metal ion may be positioned at an outer end of the first surfactant forming the micelle in a solution to surround the outer surface of the micelle. Furthermore, the atomic group ion including the second metal ion or the second metal ion may have a form surrounding the outer surface of the atomic group ion including the first metal ion or the first metal ion.
- the first metal salt and the second metal salt may form a shell part including the first metal and the second metal, respectively, by a reducing agent.
- the surfactant outer end may refer to the micelle outer part of the first or second surfactant forming the micelle.
- the surfactant outer end may mean the head of the surfactant.
- the outer end may mean a hydrophilic portion.
- the outer end may also determine the charge of the surfactant.
- the surfactant of the present application may be classified as ionic or nonionic according to the kind of the outer end, and the ionicity may be positive, negative, zwitterionic or amphoteric.
- the zwitterionic surfactant contains both positive and negative charges.
- the positive and negative charge of the surfactant of the present application is pH dependent, it may be an amphoteric surfactant, which may be zwitterionic in a certain pH range.
- the anionic surfactant in the present specification may mean that the outer end of the surfactant is negatively charged
- the cationic surfactant may mean that the outer end of the surfactant is positively charged.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles manufactured by the manufacturing method may have a cavity formed in one or two or more regions of the shell portion.
- the cavity may mean an empty space continuous from one region of the outer surface of the hollow metal nanoparticle.
- the cavity may be formed in the form of a tunnel from one region of the outer surface of the shell portion.
- the tunnel form may be a straight line, a continuous form of a curve or a straight line, it may be a continuous form of a mixture of curves and straight lines.
- the cavity may be an empty space from the outer surface of the shell portion to the hollow.
- the preparation method may include a concentration of the second surfactant; Chain length; The size of the outer end; Alternatively, by adjusting the type of charge, a cavity may be formed in one or two or more regions of the shell portion.
- the first surfactant may form a micelle in a solution to serve as the metal ion or the atomic monoion containing the metal ion to form a shell portion
- the second surfactant may be It may serve to form a cavity of the hollow metal nanoparticles.
- the forming of the solution may include adjusting the size or number of the cavities by varying concentrations of the first and second surfactants.
- the molar concentration of the second surfactant may be 0.01 to 0.05 times the molar concentration of the first surfactant. That is, the molar concentration of the second surfactant may be 1/100 to 1/20 times the molar concentration of the first surfactant. Specifically, the molar concentration of the second surfactant may be 1/30 to 1/10 of the molar concentration of the first surfactant.
- the first surfactant and the second surfactant may form micelles according to the concentration ratio.
- the cavity size or the number of the cavity of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be adjusted.
- the cavity may be continuously formed to produce hollow metal nanoparticles including one or more bowl-type particles.
- the forming of the solution may include adjusting the size of the cavity by adjusting the size of the outer end of the second surfactant.
- the forming of the solution may include adjusting the chain length of the second surfactant differently from the chain length of the first surfactant to form a cavity in the second surfactant region. It may include the step.
- the chain length of the second surfactant may be 0.5 to 2 times the chain length of the first surfactant.
- the chain length may be determined by the number of carbons.
- the chain length of the second surfactant is different from the chain length of the first surfactant, so that the metal salt bonded to the outer end of the second surfactant is the shell of the hollow metal nanoparticles. It is possible to prevent the formation of wealth.
- the forming of the solution may include controlling the charge of the second surfactant differently from the charge of the first surfactant to form a cavity.
- a first metal ion or a first metal ion having a charge opposite to the first and second surfactants is formed at the outer ends of the first and second surfactants that form micelles in a solvent.
- Atom containing ion may be located.
- the second metal ion opposite to the charge of the first metal ion may be positioned on an outer surface of the first metal ion.
- the first metal ion and the second metal ion formed at the outer end of the first surfactant may form a shell portion of the hollow metal nanoparticle, and the second surfactant The first metal ion and the second metal ion located at the outer end portion may not form the shell and may form a cavity.
- the first surfactant when the first surfactant is an anionic surfactant, in the forming of the solution, the first surfactant forms a micelle, and the micelle is a first metal ion or a first It may be surrounded by cations of atomic monoions including metal ions. Furthermore, atomic monoions including the second metal ion of the anion may surround the cation. Further, in the step of forming the hollow metal nanoparticles by adding a reducing agent, the cation surrounding the micelles may form a first shell, the anion surrounding the cation may form a second shell.
- the first surfactant when the first surfactant is a cationic surfactant, in the forming of the solution, the first surfactant forms a micelle, and the micelle forms a first metal ion. It may be surrounded by the anion of the atom containing ion. Further, the atomic monoion including the second metal ion or the second metal ion of the cation may surround the anion. Further, in the step of forming the hollow metal nanoparticles by adding a reducing agent, the anion surrounding the micelles may form a first shell, the cation surrounding the anion may form a second shell.
- the forming of the hollow metal nanoparticles may include forming the first and second surfactant regions forming the micelle into the hollow.
- both the first surfactant and the second surfactant may be cationic surfactants.
- both the first surfactant and the second surfactant may be an anionic surfactant.
- micelles may be formed by making the chain length of the second surfactant different from the chain length of the first surfactant. Specifically, due to the difference in the chain length of the second surfactant, the first and second metal ions located at the outer end of the second surfactant are positioned at the outer ends of the first surfactant. It is not adjacent to the ions and no shell portion is formed.
- any one of the first surfactant and the second surfactant may be an anionic surfactant, and the other may be a cationic surfactant. That is, in one embodiment of the present application, the first and second surfactants may have different charges.
- the cavity of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be formed by varying the length of the chain.
- the principle in which the cavities are formed is the same as when the aforementioned first and second surfactants have the same charge.
- Figure 1 shows an example of a micelle formed in a carrier according to an embodiment of the present application.
- the micelles are located around the centrally located carrier.
- the outer end of the first surfactant is anionic and the outer end of the second surfactant is cationic.
- it may be surrounded by a cation of the atomic group ion including the first metal ion or the first metal ion.
- it can be surrounded by anions of atomic monoions including a second metal ion or a second metal ion.
- a cation surrounding the micelle may form a first shell, and an anion surrounding the cation may form a second shell.
- the outside of the second surfactant may not be surrounded by ions may not form a shell. As a result, a cavity may be formed.
- first and second surfactants when the first and second surfactants have different charges, even if the chains of the first and second surfactants have the same length, they may form a cavity of the hollow metal nanoparticles. Can be.
- the outer end of the first surfactant adjacent to the second end of the second surfactant of the micelle is charged with each other to form a neutral, the metal ion is not located. Therefore, the portion where the metal ion is not located does not form the shell portion, thereby forming the cavity of the hollow metal nanoparticles.
- the first surfactant may be an anionic surfactant or a cationic surfactant
- the second surfactant may be a nonionic surfactant
- the second surfactant when the second surfactant is a nonionic surfactant, since the metal ion is not located at the outer end of the second surfactant, the cavity of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be formed. . Therefore, when the second surfactant is nonionic, it is possible to form a cavity of the hollow metal nanoparticle even when the length of the chain is the same or different from the first surfactant.
- the first surfactant may be an anionic surfactant or a cationic surfactant
- the second surfactant may be a zwitterionic surfactant
- the second surfactant is an amphoteric ionic surfactant
- the metal ion is not located at the outer end of the second surfactant, it is possible to form a cavity of the hollow metal nanoparticles. do. Therefore, when the second surfactant is zwitterionic, it is possible to form a cavity of the hollow metal nanoparticle even when the length of the chain is the same or different from the first surfactant.
- the anionic surfactants include N-dodecyl-N, N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate, sodium 1-haptansulfonate, potassium laurate, triethanolamine stearate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, Lithium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfate, sodium alginate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid and salts thereof, glycerol Reel esters, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, bile acids and salts thereof, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycocolic acid, taurocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, alkyl sulfonates, aryl
- the cationic surfactant is quaternary ammonium compound, benzalkonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, chitosan, lauryldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, acyl carnitine hydrochloride, alkylpyridinium halide, cetyl pyridinium chloride, cationic Lipids, polymethylmethacrylate trimethylammonium bromide, sulfonium compounds, polyvinylpyrrolidone-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate dimethyl sulfate, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, phosphonium compounds, benzyl-di (2-chloroethyl Ethylammonium bromide, coconut trimethyl ammonium chloride, coconut trimethyl ammonium bromide, coconut methyl dihydroxyethyl ammonium chloride, coconut methyl dihydroxyethyl ammonium bromide
- the nonionic surfactant is polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene castor oil derivative, sorbitan ester, glyceryl ester , Glycerol monostearate, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol ester, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, arylalkyl polyether alcohol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene copolymer, poloxamer, poloxamine , Methylcellulose, hydroxycellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxy propylcellulose, hydroxy propylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, amorphous cellulose, polysaccharides, starch, starch derivatives, hydroxy Ethyl starch, polyvinyl alcohol, triethanolamine stearate, amine oxide, dextran,
- the zwitterionic surfactants are betaine, alkyl betaine, alkyl amido betaine, amido propyl betaine, coco ampocarboxyglycinate, sacosinate aminopropionate, aminoglycinate, imidazolinium Betaine, amphoteric midazolines, N-alkyl-N, N-dimethylammonio-1-propanesulfonate, 3-colamido-1-propyldimethylammonio-1-propanesulfonate, dodecylphospho It may be selected from the group consisting of choline and sulfo-betaine. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the concentration of the first surfactant may be at least 1 times and at most 5 times the critical micelle concentration with respect to the solvent. Specifically, the concentration of the first surfactant may be two times the critical micelle concentration with respect to the solvent.
- the critical micelle concentration refers to the lower limit of the concentration at which the surfactant forms a group of molecules or ions (micro micelles) in the solution.
- the most important property of a surfactant is that the surfactant has a tendency to adsorb on the interface, such as the air-liquid interface, the air-solid interface and the liquid-solid interface. If the surfactants are free in the sense that they do not exist in agglomerated form, they are called monomers or unimers, and as the unimer concentration is increased they aggregate to form the entity of small agglomerates, ie Form micelles. Such concentration may be referred to as critical micelle concentration.
- the concentration of the first surfactant When the concentration of the first surfactant is less than one times the critical micelle concentration, the concentration of the first surfactant adsorbed to the first metal salt may be relatively low. Accordingly, the amount of core particles formed may also be reduced as a whole.
- the concentration of the first surfactant exceeds 5 times the critical micelle concentration, the concentration of the first surfactant is relatively increased, and the hollow metal nanoparticles forming the hollow core and the metal particles not forming the hollow core are mixed. May aggregate. Therefore, when the concentration of the first surfactant is more than 1 times and 5 times less than the critical micelle concentration with respect to the solvent, the hollow metal nanoparticles can be formed smoothly.
- the size of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be controlled by adjusting the first and second metal salts surrounding the first surfactant and / or micelle forming the micelle.
- the size of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be adjusted by the chain length of the first surfactant forming the micelle. Specifically, when the chain length of the first surfactant is short, the size of the micelle is reduced, and thus the size of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be reduced.
- the carbon number of the chain of the first surfactant may be 15 or less. Specifically, the carbon number of the chain may be 8 or more and 15 or less. Alternatively, the carbon number of the chain may be 10 or more and 12 or less.
- the size of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be controlled by adjusting the type of counter ions of the first surfactant forming the micelle. Specifically, the larger the size of the counter ion of the first surfactant, the weaker the bonding force with the head portion of the outer end of the first surfactant may be the size of the micelle, thereby increasing the size of the hollow metal nanoparticles have.
- the first surfactant when the first surfactant is an anionic surfactant, the first surfactant includes NH 4+ , K + , Na + or Li + as a counter ion. It may be.
- the first surfactant when the counter ion of the first surfactant is NH 4 + , when the counter ion of the first surfactant is K + , when the counter ion of the first surfactant is Na + , the first surfactant
- the size of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be reduced in the order in which the counter ion of Li + .
- the first surfactant when the first surfactant is a cationic surfactant, the first surfactant may include I ⁇ , Br ⁇ , or Cl ⁇ as a counter ion.
- the hollow metal nano in the order of the counter ion of the first surfactant is Cl ⁇
- the size of the particles can be small.
- the size of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be adjusted by adjusting the size of the head portion of the outer end of the first surfactant forming the micelle. Furthermore, when the size of the head portion of the first surfactant formed on the outer surface of the micelle is increased, the repulsive force between the head portions of the first surfactant is increased, thereby increasing the micelle, and thus the size of the hollow metal nanoparticles. Can be increased.
- the size of the hollow metal nanoparticles can be determined by the combined action of the above-described elements.
- the metal salt is not particularly limited as long as it can be ionized in a solution to provide metal ions.
- the metal salt may be ionized in a solution state to provide an anion of a cation including a metal ion or an atomic monoion including a metal ion.
- the first metal salt and the second metal salt may be different from each other.
- the first metal salt may provide a cation including a metal ion
- the second metal salt may provide an anion of atomic group ions including a metal ion.
- the first metal salt may provide a cation of Ni 2+
- the second metal salt may provide an anion of PtCl 4 2 ⁇ .
- the first metal salt and the second metal salt are not particularly limited as long as they can be ionized in a solution to provide a metal ion or an atomic group ion including a metal ion.
- the first metal salt and the second metal salt are each independently selected from the group consisting of metals, metalloids, lanthanum group metals, and actinium group metals belonging to groups 3 to 15 of the periodic table. It may be a salt of the thing.
- the first metal salt and the second metal salt are different from each other, and each independently, platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir) , Rhenium (Re), palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), nickel (Ni), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn) It may be a salt of a metal selected from the group consisting of Cr (chromium), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), cerium (Ce), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu).
- the first metal salt is ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), rhenium (Re), palladium ( Pd), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), nickel (Ni), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), chromium (Cr), titanium ( It may be a salt of a metal selected from the group consisting of Ti), cerium (Ce), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu), and more particularly, may be a salt of nickel (Ni).
- the second metal salt is platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), rhenium ( Re), palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), nickel (Ni), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), chromium ( It may be a salt of a metal selected from the group consisting of Cr), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), cerium (Ce), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu). More specifically, it may be a salt of a metal consisting of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and gold (Au), and even more specifically, may be a salt of platinum (Pt).
- the first metal salt and the second metal salt may each independently include a halide such as nitrate, chloride, bromide, and iodide of a metal.
- a halide such as nitrate, chloride, bromide, and iodide of a metal.
- Halide nitrate, chloride, bromide, and iodide of a metal.
- Halide hydroxide
- sulfur oxides Sulfate
- the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the molar ratio of the first metal salt and the second metal salt in the forming of the solution may be 1: 5 to 10: 1.
- the molar ratio of the first metal salt and the second metal salt may be 2: 1 to 5: 1.
- the first and second metal ions may smoothly form the shell portion of the hollow metal nanoparticles.
- the shell part may include: a first shell including the first metal ion; And a second shell including the second metal ion.
- an atomic percentage ratio of the first metal and the second metal of the shell part may be 1: 5 to 10: 1.
- the atomic percentage ratio may be an atomic percentage ratio of the first metal of the first shell and the second metal of the second shell when the shell portion is formed of the first shell and the second shell.
- the atomic percentage ratio may be an atomic percentage ratio of the first metal and the second metal when the shell portion is formed of one shell including the first metal and the second metal.
- the forming of the solution may further include adding a stabilizer.
- the stabilizer can be, for example, one or two or more mixtures selected from the group consisting of isodium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, sodium citrate and trisodium citrate.
- the step of adding and stirring the carrier to the solution may be performed for 5 to 120 minutes, more specifically for 10 to 90 minutes, even more specifically for 20 to 60 minutes have.
- the first metal salt and the second metal salt are dispersed in the carrier before the hollow metal nanoparticles are formed, so that the metal salts are uniformly dispersed. Accordingly, when the hollow metal nanoparticles are formed, less aggregation of the particles occurs. In addition, there is an advantage that the adhesion or bonding strength between the carrier and the hollow metal nanoparticles is increased.
- the carrier is as described above.
- the step of adding and stirring the carrier may include dispersing the carrier in a solvent.
- the carrier when the carrier is dispersed in a solvent and added to the solution, entanglement of the carrier and the particles may be reduced.
- the forming of the hollow metal nanoparticles on the carrier may include adding a nonionic surfactant together with the reducing agent.
- the nonionic surfactant is adsorbed on the surface of the shell, and serves to uniformly disperse the hollow metal nanoparticles formed in the solution. Therefore, the metal particles are prevented from being aggregated or aggregated and the hollow metal nanoparticles can be formed to a uniform size.
- Specific examples of the nonionic surfactant are the same as those of the nonionic surfactant described above.
- the solvent may be a solvent including water.
- the solvent may be water or a mixture of water and an alcohol having 1 to 6 carbon atoms by dissolving the first metal salt and the second metal salt, and more specifically, may be water. .
- the manufacturing method according to the present application does not use an organic solvent as a solvent, a post-treatment step of treating an organic solvent is not required in the manufacturing process, and thus, there is a cost saving effect and an environmental pollution prevention effect.
- the manufacturing method may be performed at room temperature. Specifically, it may be carried out at a temperature in the range of 4 ° C or more and 100 ° C or less, more specifically in the range of 4 ° C or more and 35 ° C or less, and more specifically 15 ° C or more and 28 ° C or less.
- Forming the solution in one embodiment of the present application is a room temperature, a temperature in the range of 4 °C 100 °C or less, more specifically a temperature in the range of 4 °C 35 °C, more specifically 15 °C 28 °C It can be carried out below. If the solvent is an organic solvent, there is a problem that the solvent must be prepared at a high temperature of more than 100 ° C.
- the manufacturing method is simple, there is a process advantage, and the cost reduction effect is large.
- the forming of the solution may be performed for 5 minutes to 120 minutes, more specifically for 10 minutes to 90 minutes, and even more specifically for 20 minutes to 60 minutes.
- the step of forming hollow metal nanoparticles comprising a cavity for adding a reducing agent and / or a nonionic surfactant to the solution is also room temperature, specifically 4 ° C or more and 35 ° C or less This can be done at Since the manufacturing method can be produced at room temperature, the manufacturing method is simple, there is a process advantage, and the cost reduction effect is large.
- Forming the hollow metal nanoparticles comprising the cavity may react the solution with a reducing agent and / or a nonionic surfactant for a period of time, specifically 5 minutes to 120 minutes, more specifically 10 minutes to 90 minutes, more More specifically, the reaction may be performed for 20 to 60 minutes.
- the standard reduction potential of the reducing agent may be -0.23V or less.
- the reducing agent is not particularly limited as long as it is a standard reducing agent of -0.23V or less, specifically, -4V or more and -0.23V or less, and has a reducing power capable of reducing dissolved metal ions to precipitate as metal particles.
- the reducing agent may be at least one selected from the group consisting of NaBH 4 , NH 2 NH 2 , LiAlH 4 and LiBEt 3 H.
- the manufacturing method may further include removing the surfactant inside the hollow after forming the hollow metal nanoparticles including the cavity.
- the removal method is not particularly limited and may be, for example, a method of washing with water.
- the surfactant may be an anionic surfactant and / or a cationic surfactant.
- the manufacturing method removes the cationic metal by adding an acid to the hollow metal nanoparticles after forming the hollow metal nanoparticles or after removing the surfactant inside the hollow. It may further comprise the step. In this step, when an acid is added to the hollow metal nanoparticles, a 3d band metal is eluted.
- the cationic metal is specifically ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), rhenium (Re), palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), tungsten (W) ), Cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), nickel (Ni), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), Cr (chromium), titanium (Ti), cerium (Ce), silver (Ag) ) And copper (Cu).
- the acid is not particularly limited, and for example, one selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, hydroiodic acid and hydrobromic acid may be used.
- the solution including the hollow metal nanoparticles may be centrifuged to precipitate the hollow metal nanoparticles included in the solution. Only the hollow metal nanoparticles separated after centrifugation can be recovered. If necessary, the firing process of the hollow metal nanoparticles may be additionally performed.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles having a uniform size in the number of nanometers may be manufactured. Conventional methods have made it difficult to produce several nano-sized hollow metal nanoparticles, as well as to produce uniform sizes.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles may generally be used in place of the existing nanoparticles in the field where nanoparticles can be used. Since the hollow metal nanoparticles are very small in size and have a larger specific surface area than the conventional nanoparticles, the hollow metal nanoparticles may exhibit excellent activity as compared to the conventional nanoparticles. Specifically, the hollow metal nanoparticles may be used in various fields such as catalysts, drug delivery, gas sensors, and the like. The hollow metal nanoparticles may be used as active substance preparations in cosmetics, pesticides, animal nutrition or food supplements as catalysts, and may be used as pigments in electronics, optical articles or polymers.
- the first metal salt may be a salt including a first metal ion, which is a precursor of the first metal, or an atomic group ion including the first metal ion, and may serve to provide a first metal.
- the second metal salt is a salt including a second metal ion that is a precursor of the second metal or an atomic group ion including the second metal ion, and may serve to provide a second metal.
- Ni (NO 3 ) 2 as the first metal salt, K 2 PtCl 4 as the second metal salt, trisodium citrate as the stabilizer, ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) as the first surfactant, agent Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was added to distilled water as a surfactant to form a solution and stirred for 30 minutes.
- the molar ratio of Ni (NO 3 ) 2 and K 2 PtCl 4 was 3: 1, the concentration of ALS was twice the critical micelle concentration for water, and the CTAB was 1/10 mole of ALS. .
- TEM Transmission electron microscope
- SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
- agent 2 As a surfactant, N-dodecyl-N, N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (N-dodecyl-N, N-dimethyl-3ammonio-1propane sulfonate (DDAPS) was added to distilled water. Formed and stirred for 30
- the molar ratio of Ni (NO 3 ) 2 and K 2 PtCl 4 was 3: 1, the concentration of SDS was twice the critical micelle concentration for water, and the DDAPS was 1/10 mole of SDS. .
- carbon (carbon black (Vulcan XC 72)) dispersed in distilled water was added to the solution and stirred for 30 minutes, followed by reaction for 30 minutes by adding a reducing agent, NaBH 4, to the solution.
- FIGS. 6 and 7 Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite of the present application prepared according to Preparation Example 2 are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7.
- FIG. 6 shows the dark field of the TEM
- FIG. 7 shows the bright field of the TEM.
- the molar ratio of Ni (NO 3 ) 2 and K 2 PtCl 4 was 3: 1, and the concentration of SDS was twice the critical micelle concentration for water, and S 1-HS was 1 / A of ALS. It was 2 moles.
- carbon (KETJEN black) dispersed in distilled water was added to the solution and stirred for 30 minutes, followed by reaction for 30 minutes by adding a reducing agent, NaBH 4, to the solution.
- FIG. 8 A transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite of the present application prepared according to Preparation Example 3 is shown in FIG. 8. Looking at Figure 8, it can be seen that the diameter of the hollow metal nanoparticles formed on the carrier is 10.7nm, 10.6nm, 8.78nm, 10.5nm, 8.92nm, 10.3nm from the left side of the figure.
- the hollow metal nanoparticles of the carrier-hollow metal nanoparticle composite according to the present application has a hollow form on the carrier, it can be seen that the cavity is formed.
- Figure 9 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the conventional carrier-metal nanoparticle composite, it can be seen that the metal nanoparticles are in the form of a solid (solid) rather than hollow (hollow) form.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- a fuel cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application includes a carrier-hollow metal nanocomposite as a catalyst in at least one electrode of a cathode and an anode, thereby enhancing catalytic activity by a large surface area of the nanoparticles and a high carrier dispersion ratio.
- a carrier-hollow metal nanocomposite as a catalyst in at least one electrode of a cathode and an anode, thereby enhancing catalytic activity by a large surface area of the nanoparticles and a high carrier dispersion ratio.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (23)
- 캐소드; 애노드; 및 상기 캐소드 및 애노드 사이에 구비된 전해질막을 포함하고,상기 캐소드 및 애노드 중 적어도 하나는 중공 코어(core)부; 제1 금속 및 제2 금속을 포함하는 쉘(shell)부; 및 상기 쉘부의 1 또는 2 이상의 영역에 쉘부 외면으로부터 상기 중공 코어에 이르는 공동(cavity)을 포함하는 중공 금속 나노입자가 담체에 담지된 담체-중공 금속 나노입자 복합체를 포함하는 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 중공 금속 나노입자는 상기 공동을 1개 포함하는 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 중공 금속 나노입자의 입경은 1 ㎚ 이상 30 ㎚ 이하인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 중공 금속 나노입자는 구 형상인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 공동의 직경은 상기 중공 금속 나노입자 입경의 5 % 이상 30% 이하인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 쉘부의 두께는 0 ㎚ 초과 5 ㎚ 이하인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 중공 금속 나노입자의 입경은 중공 금속 나노입자들의 평균 입경의 80% 내지 120% 범위 이내인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 중공 코어부는 상기 중공 금속 나노입자의 50 부피% 이상인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 중공 코어부는 계면활성제를 포함하는 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 쉘부의 제1 금속과 제2 금속의 원자 백분율 비는 1:5 내지 10:1인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 쉘부는 상기 제1 금속을 포함하는 제1 쉘; 및 상기 제2 금속을 포함하는 제2 쉘을 포함하는 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 쉘부는 상기 제 1 금속의 함량이 상기 제2 금속의 함량보다 높은 제1 쉘; 및 상기 제2 금속의 함량이 상기 제1 금속의 함량보다 높은 제2 쉘을 포함하는 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속 및 상기 제2 금속은 각각 독립적으로, 주기율표상 3 ~ 15족에 속하는 금속, 준금속(metalloid), 란타늄족 금속 및 악티늄족 금속으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 적어도 하나인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속 및 상기 제2 금속은 각각 독립적으로, 백금(Pt); 루테늄(Ru); 로듐(Rh); 몰리브덴(Mo); 오스뮴(Os); 이리듐(Ir); 레늄(Re); 팔라듐(Pd); 바나듐(V); 텅스텐(W); 코발트(Co); 철(Fe); 셀레늄(Se); 니켈(Ni); 비스무트(Bi); 주석(Sn); 크롬(Cr); 타이타늄(Ti); 금(Au); 세륨(Ce); 은(Ag); 및 구리(Cu)로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 적어도 하나인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 담체는 탄소계 물질 또는 무기물 미립자인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 15에 있어서, 상기 탄소계 물질은 카본블랙, 탄소나노튜브(CNT), 그라파이트(Graphite), 그라핀(Graphene), 활성탄, 다공성 탄소(Mesoporous Carbon), 탄소 섬유(Carbon fiber) 및 탄소 나노 와이어(Carbon nano wire)로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 적어도 하나인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 15에 있어서, 상기 무기물 미립자는 알루미나, 실리카, 티타니아 및 지르코니아로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 적어도 하나인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 중공 금속 나노입자의 담체에 대한 담지율은 10 중량% 내지 70 중량%인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속 또는 상기 제2 금속은 서로 상이하며, 상기 제1 금속 또는 상기 제2 금속은 니켈인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속 또는 상기 제2 금속은 서로 상이하며, 상기 제1 금속 또는 상기 제2 금속은 백금인 것인 연료전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속은 니켈이고, 상기 제2 금속은 백금인 것인 연료전지.
- 전해질막을 준비하는 단계;상기 전해질막의 일면에 캐소드를 형성하는 단계; 및상기 전해질막의 타면에 애노드를 형성하는 단계를 포함하고,상기 캐소드 및 애노드 중에서 적어도 하나는 중공 코어(core)부; 제1 금속 및 제2 금속을 포함하는 쉘(shell)부; 및 상기 쉘부의 1 또는 2 이상의 영역에 쉘부 외면으로부터 상기 중공 코어에 이르는 공동(cavity)을 포함하는 중공 금속 나노입자가 담체에 담지된 담체-중공 금속 나노입자 복합체를 포함하는 것인 연료전지의 제조방법.
- 청구항 22에 있어서, 상기 캐소드를 형성하는 단계 및 애노드를 형성하는 단계 중 적어도 하나의 단계는 상기 담체-중공 금속 나노입자 복합체를 제조하는 단계를 더 포함하고,상기 담체-중공 금속 나노입자 복합체를 제조하는 단계는용매, 상기 용매 중에서 제1 금속이온 또는 상기 제1 금속이온을 포함하는 원자단이온을 제공하는 제1 금속염, 상기 용매 중에서 제2 금속이온 또는 상기 제2 금속이온을 포함하는 원자단이온을 제공하는 제2 금속염, 상기 용매 중에서 미셀을 형성하는 제1 계면활성제, 및 상기 제1 계면활성제와 함께 상기 용매 중에서 미셀을 형성하는 제2 계면활성제를 포함하는 용액을 형성하는 단계;상기 용액에 담체를 첨가하여 교반하는 단계; 및상기 용액에 환원제를 첨가하여 담체 상에서 상기 중공 금속 나노입자를 형성하는 단계를 포함하는 것인 연료전지의 제조방법.
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| EP14858178.8A EP2998269B1 (en) | 2013-11-01 | 2014-10-31 | Fuel cell and method for manufacturing same |
| JP2016523680A JP6174254B2 (ja) | 2013-11-01 | 2014-10-31 | 燃料電池およびその製造方法 |
| US14/902,263 US9614227B2 (en) | 2013-11-01 | 2014-10-31 | Fuel cell and method of manufacturing same |
| CN201480040568.4A CN105377748B (zh) | 2013-11-01 | 2014-10-31 | 燃料电池及其制备方法 |
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| JP7152995B2 (ja) * | 2019-08-08 | 2022-10-13 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 燃料電池用触媒及びその製造方法 |
| TWI864239B (zh) * | 2020-03-27 | 2024-12-01 | 日商第一工業製藥股份有限公司 | 電解質及蓄電元件 |
| KR102298989B1 (ko) | 2020-12-07 | 2021-09-06 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 이온 전도성이 높고 물 배출이 용이한 전해질막 및 이의 제조방법 |
| KR20220163737A (ko) | 2021-06-03 | 2022-12-12 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 화학적 내구성이 향상된 전해질막 및 이를 포함하는 막-전극 접합체 |
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| KR20130037741A (ko) * | 2011-10-07 | 2013-04-17 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 연료전지용 전극 및 이를 이용한 막-전극 어셈블리 제조 방법 |
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- 2014-10-31 WO PCT/KR2014/010390 patent/WO2015065120A1/ko not_active Ceased
- 2014-10-31 CN CN201480040568.4A patent/CN105377748B/zh active Active
- 2014-10-31 EP EP14858178.8A patent/EP2998269B1/en active Active
- 2014-10-31 JP JP2016523680A patent/JP6174254B2/ja active Active
- 2014-10-31 KR KR1020140150741A patent/KR101640671B1/ko active Active
- 2014-10-31 US US14/902,263 patent/US9614227B2/en active Active
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| JP2017006809A (ja) * | 2015-06-16 | 2017-01-12 | 国立大学法人東北大学 | 白金族担持触媒及びその製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2016530676A (ja) | 2016-09-29 |
| EP2998269B1 (en) | 2018-12-19 |
| JP6174254B2 (ja) | 2017-08-02 |
| KR20150051184A (ko) | 2015-05-11 |
| CN105377748A (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
| KR101640671B1 (ko) | 2016-07-18 |
| US9614227B2 (en) | 2017-04-04 |
| US20160372757A1 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
| CN105377748B (zh) | 2017-06-13 |
| EP2998269A4 (en) | 2016-12-07 |
| EP2998269A1 (en) | 2016-03-23 |
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