WO2015089543A1

WO2015089543A1 - Plant-protecting rnai compositions comprising plant-protecting double-stranded rna adsorbed onto layered double hydroxide particles

Info

Publication number: WO2015089543A1
Application number: PCT/AU2014/000255
Authority: WO
Inventors: Neena MITTER; Zhi Ping XU; Gao Qing Lu
Original assignee: University of Queensland UQ
Current assignee: University of Queensland UQ
Priority date: 2013-12-20
Filing date: 2014-03-14
Publication date: 2015-06-25
Anticipated expiration: 2016-06-20
Also published as: CA2934289A1; EP3116312A1; US20170029819A1; BR112016014487B1; CA2934289C; PT3116312T; KR102386113B1; EP3116312B1; BR112016014487A2; US10676743B2; AU2014366874A1; EP3116312A4; PL3116312T3; ES2751497T3; KR20160110955A; AU2014366874B2

Abstract

Aspects of the present invention relate to a plant-protecting RN Ai composition comprising plant-protecting double-stranded RNA adsorbed onto Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) particles, and to methods for protecting a plant comprising the step of administering to a plant an RNAi composition comprising plant-protecting double-stranded RNA adsorbed onto LDH particles.

Description

PLANT-PROTECTING RNAI COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING PLANT-PROTECTING DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA ADSORBED ONTO LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE

PARTICLES

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001 ] The present invention relates to, inter alia, plant-protecting compositions, methods for preparing such compositions and to methods for protectin a plant using such compositions.

BACKGROUND ART

[0002] It will be clearly understood that, if a prior art publication is referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms part of the Common general knowledge in the art in Australia or in an other country.

[0003] Traditional strategies for the control of plant pests and diseases include techniques such as crop rotation, complementary planting, cros protection, early detection of disease and eradication, breeding for disease resistance and chemical control. Breeding for disease resistance and chemical control are two of the most commonly utilised strategies for the control of plant pests and diseases such as insects, fungi, nematodes and viruses.

[0004] Chemical control methods in particular are frequently used to control insects and fungi that affect plants, and also nematodes. However, chemical agents are often expensive, and furthermore there are safety concern relating to the potential impact of the chemical agent on the environment and the use of chemical agents on, for example, fruits and vegetables to be consumed by people. These last issues are factors that have contributed to the growth of the market for organic fruit and vegetables.

[0005] Viruses are more difficult to control, and there are very few, if any, commercially available agents for the treatment of plant viruses. Nevertheless, the impact of plant viruses on crops can be significant. For example, in southeast Asia, infection of rice with Rice t ngrtt virus leads to an estimated annual economic loss of $ 1.5 billion annually. Furthermore, Tomato !spoited wilt virus infects a wide variety of plants including tomato, peanuts and tobacco, leading to estimated annual worldwide losses of about $1 billion.

[0006] A natural plant defence mechanism against viruses in plants is RNA interference (RNAi), also known as RNA silencing. There is growing evidence that this mechanism plays an important role in natural plant defences against parasites, viruses, insects, nematodes and fungal infections, as well as transposon activity. Through this mechanism exogenous or endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is diced into small interfering RNA (siRNA), which is then incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The active RISC then uses the- si RNA to detect and degrade targeted viral messenger RNA (mRNA), thereby giving rise to antiviral defence.

[0007] Plants may be bred to take advantage of naturally occurring disease resistance to various viruses and other organisms. Alternatively, transgenic plants have been produced which employ RNAi to provide resistance to various viruses. Examples of transgenic plants include the Rainbow™ and Sun Up™ papaya (Carica papaya) cultivars which are resistant to the Papaya Ringspot Vitu type W. However, there are only a limited number of transgenic RNAi plants commercially available, and large-scale application of transgenic plants has encountered resistance from the public and from regulatory agencies. Furthermore, the cost of developing transgenic plants makes this a laborious and unattractive option.

[0008] The RNAi mechanism also may be induced through the exogenous application of dsRNA. However, there has been little research on non-transgenic RNAi approaches to protection of plants. Research that has been performed has illustrated limitation in this approach. For example, in one study topically applied dsRNA could not be detected 7 days post application. Furthermore, when the dsRNA was applied 24 hours after viral infection, (he dsRNA was not able to protect the plants (Tenllado and Diaz-Ruiz (2001)). Further studies have illustrated that dsRNA was able to protect N. b nth iana when challenged 5 days after spraying, but a delay of 7 days between spray and virus inoculation could not protect the plant from becoming systemically infected (Tenllado ecal. (2003) and Gan el til. (2010)). One factor that impacts on the instability of dsRNA in the environment is ultraviolet light which catalyses the breakdown of dsRNA.

[00091 Consequently, there is a need to provide an effective alternative approach for the agricultural control of plant viruses, parasites, insects, nematodes or fungal infections, and especially an approach which at least partially overcomes at least one of the abovementioned disadvantages or hich provides the consumer with a useful or commercial choice.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0010] In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a plant-protecting RNAi composition comprising plant-protecting double-stranded RNA adsorbed onto Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) particles.

[0 1 1 ] Advantageously, it has been found that such compositions, when applied to plants, are able to provide the plant with protection over an extended period of time against a range of organisms, including plant viruses.

[0012] The composition may be for protecting any suitable plant. The plant may be an embryophyte, especially a sperm atophyte, more especially an angiosperm (such as a monocotyledon (or monocot), dicotyledon or eudi cotyledon (eudicot)) or a gymnosperm.

[0013] Exemplary monocots include plants of the order: asparagales (including amaryllidaccae (such a leek, onion, garlic, shallots and chives) and asparagaceae (such as asparagus)); areeales (including arecaceae (such as palms, for example coconut palm)); dioseoreale (including dioscoreaceae (such as yam)); poales (including bromeliaceae (such as pineapple) and poaceae (including corn (maize), wheat, rice, barley, millet, sorghum, oats and bamboo)); and zingiberales (including musaceae (including banana) and zingiberaceae (including ginger and galangal)).

[0014] Exemplary eudicots include plants of the order:

Apiales (including apiaceae (such as parsnip, carrot and celery));

Asterales (including asteraceae (such as lettuce, artichoke and sunflower));

Brassicales (includin brassicaceae (such as broccoli, cabbage, kale, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, bqk choy, choi sum, kohlrabi, radish, turnip and rapeseed) and capparaeeae (such as capers));

Caryophyllales (including amaranthaceae (such as spinach, chard and beet) and polygonaceae (such as rhubarb));

Cucurbitales (including cucurbiiaceae (such as cucumber, squash, pumpkin, rockmelon, honeydew melon, zucchini and watermelon));

Ericales (including aetinidiaceae (such as kiwifruit) and ericaceae (such as blueberry));

Fabales (including fabaccae (such as various beans, pea, soy bean, mung bean, lentil, peanut and alfalfa));

Lamiales (including oleaceae (such as olive));

- Malpighiales (including linaceae (such as flax));

- Malvales (including malvaceae (such as cotton));

- Myrta.es (including myrtaceae (such as guava));

- Resales (including cannabaceae (such as hemp), rosaceae (such as strawberry, apple, pear, apricot, plum, cherry, peach, raspberry, almond, and nectarine) and moraceae (such as fig)); Sapindales (including rutaceae (such as citrus, for example orange, lemon, grapefruit, lime and mandarin) and sapindaceae (such, as lyehee));

Solanales (including convolvulaceae (such as sweet potato) and solanaceae (such as potato, tomato, eggplant, peppers (such as capsicum) and tobacco)); and

- Vitales (including vitaceae (such as grape)),

[0015] In one embodiment, the composition is for protecting commercial agricultural crops. Exemplary crops include cereals, vegetables (including roots and tubers), fruits, pulses, oilcrops and fibre crops. Cereals may include corn (maize), rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, millet and oats. Vegetables ma include broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, artichokes, capers, kale, spinach, lettuce, bok cboy, chard, choi sunt, leeks, brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, galangal, ginger, celery, rhubarb, asparagus, bamboo shoot^'s, potatoes, swee potatoes, yams, soybeans, lining beans, alfalfa, carrots, parsnips, beets, radishes, turnips, onions, shallots and garlic. ^'Fruits may include tomatoes, grapes, kiwifruit, berrys (including strawberrys, blueberrys and rasberrys), guava, pears, melons (including rockmelons, watermelons and honeydew melons), citrus (including oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruits), stonefruit (including apricots, nectarines, plums, cherries and peaches), lychees, pineapples, figs, apples, bananas, cucumbers, squash, zucchinis, pumpkins, peppers, eggplants and avocados. Pulses may include beans, peas and lentils. Oilcrops may include crops from which oil may be obtained, such as palms, soybeans, rapeseeds, sunflower seeds, peanuts, cottonseeds, palm kernels, coconuts and olives. Fibre crops may include cotton, flax, hemp and bamboo. The crop may also be tobacco or a flowering plant.

[0016] The plant-protecting double- stranded RNA (dsRNA) may be capable of protecting a plant (especially via RNA interference) against organisms including: a plant vims or viroid, parasite, insect, nematode, fungi or oomvcete; especially against a plant virus or viroid, insect, fungi or oomycete; ost especially a plant vims Or viroid. Exemplary viruses and viroids include a virus or viroid of the family:

Alphaftexiviridae (especially Potato Virus X (PVX));

Bromoviridae (especially Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV), Cucumber Mosaic Vims, and Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV));

- Bunyaviridae (especially Tomato Spotted Wilt vims);

Caulimoviridae (especially Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus);

- Closteroviridae (especially Citrus Tristeza Virus); Geminiviridae (especially Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus. African Cassava Mosaic Virus, Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Sardinia Virus, Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus, and African Cassava Mosaic Virus);

- Luteoviridae (especially Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus, and Potato Leafroll Virus); Pospiviroidac (especially Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid);

- Potyviridae (especially Potato Virus Y (PVY), Tobacco Etch Viru (TEV), Papaya Ringspot Virus type W (PRSV-W), Plum Pox Virus (PPV), Sugarcane Mosaic Virus, Bean Common Mosaic Vims and Cassava Brown Streak Virus);

Sequiv ridae (especially Rice Tiingro Spherical Virus);

- Tombusviridae (especially Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus); and

- Virgaviridae (especially Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), Tomato Mosaic Virus, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) and Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus),

[0017] The plant vims may also be a virus of the genus Benyvirus (especially Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus).

[0018] Exemplary fungi include Magnaporthe species (especially Magnaporihe oryzae), Botxytis species (especially Botrytis cimrea), Puccinia species, Fusarium species (especially Fusanum gramineanim and Fusarium oxysporum), Blunieria species (especially Blumeria graminis f. sp tri ici), Mycosphaerella species (especially Myc sphaerell graminkolaj, Colletotrichuin species, Usti!ago species (especially Ustilago aydis), Melampsora species (especially Melampsora Urn), Phakopsora species (especially Phakopsora pachyrhizi), Rhizoctonia species (especially Rhizoclonia solani) and Aspergillus species.

[0019] Exemplary oomycetes include Phylophthora species. Exemplary insects include; Cotton bollworm. Corn rootworm, aphids. Diamond Back Moth, Weavils and other lepidopteran insects. An exemplary nematode is root knot nematode. An exemplary parasite is the parasitic weed Striga asiatica L.

[0020] In one embodiment, the plant-protecting dsRNA is capable of protecting a plant (especially via R^'NA interference) against a plant virus; especially a plant virus of the family Bromoviridae, Potyviridae or Virgaviridae; most especially a plant virus selected from Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Potato Virus Y (PVY) and Pepper Mild Mottle Vims (PMMoV).

[0021] A specific dsRNA sequence may be selected based on the organism against which protection is sought, and an appropriate sequeiiee Could readily be selected by a skilled person. [0022] Advantageously, in order for RNA interference to occur, the RNA nucleotide sequence must match the organism perfectly. Consequently, the dsRNA is likely to be highly specific to the target organism, limiting the possibility of adverse effects on either the environment or on people at the time of consumption (in the case of vegetables and fruits, for example),

[0023] As used herein, the term "plant protecting" and the like means that the composition/dsRNA is able to prevent, treat, or ameliorate the impact of an organism, such as a virus, parasite, insect, nematode or fungi, on a plant. For example, dsRNA which protects a planl against a virus may treat a viral infection, prevent a viral infection from occurring, and/or ameliorate the severity of a iral infection. For the avoidance of doubt, the term "treat" includes both complete and partial treatments (i.e. the plant may still be impacted by the targeted organism after the treatment, but. to a lesser extent than prior to the treatment).

[0024] The composition may include an effective amount of plant-protecting dsRNA, The term "effective amount" means that a sufficient quantity of dsRNA is administered so as to treat, prevent, or ameliorate the impact of an organism on a plant.

[0025] The length of the dsRNA may vary depending on the orgamsm(s) against which protection is sought. Advantageously, RNases in plants (Dicer-Like enzymes) will cleave long dsRNA. sequences into much smaller fragments, each of which is typically 21-25 nucleotides in length. Therefore, long dsRNA sequences of, for example, 100 to 3000 base pairs may be used, and these longer sequences would be cleaved into such smaller fragments by the plant as the dsRNA is released from the LDH. It is believed that these smaller 21 nucleotide fragments are involved in the RNA interference mechanism.

[0026] A single dsRNA construct may be engineered by combining specific sequences from multiple pathogens and pests which could target multiple organisms, as the plant will cleave the dsRNA sequence into shorter fragments. For example, a single dsRNA construct could be used to target three different viruses and two different insects. The dsRNA may target at least two organisms, more especially from 2 to 10 organisms, even more, especially from 4 to 8 organisms.

[0027] The dsRNA may there ore be from 21 to 3000 base pairs in length; especially from 21 to 2500, or from 21 to 2000 base pairs in length; more especially from 80 to 1750, from 80 to 1500, or from 80 to 1200 base pairs in length; most especially from 100 to 1200, from 250 to 1200, from 300 to 1200 or from 400 to 1000 base pairs in length. Advantageously, use of such longer dsRNA sequences provides a much greater likelihood of the sequence being cleaved to a nucleotide sequence that will match with the desired organism to affect (e.g. kill) the organism. Also, it is significantly less expensive to produce one longer dsRNA construct that will target multiple organisms, rather than multiple short dsRNA sequences which each target one organism.

[0028] It has surprisingly been found that LDH is able to bind to dsRNA sequences of a variety of lengths regardless of the sequence.

[0029] Iti one embodiment, the dsRNA i Nuclease Inclusion a (NIa) against Potato Virus Y, or a pGEM-lR54 construct against Pepper Mild Mottle Virus.

[0030] In another embodiment, the dsRNA includes a strand (anti sense or sense) which is complementary to or at least partly complementary to a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 1, 2 or 3; more especially SEQ ID NOs. 1 or 2. As used herein, the phrase "at least partly complementary" means that one strand of the dsRNA has at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at. least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity with the sequence. It would be appreciated that this definition takes into account, that RNA uses a U instead of a T, as found in D .

[00 1 ] In a further embodiment, the dsRNA includes a strand (antisense or sense) which is complementary to or at least partly complementary to a fragment of a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 1, 2 or 3; more especiall SEQ ID NOs. 1 or 2. By way of example only, a fragment may include at least. 5%, 10%. 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%>, 55%. 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of a sequence which is complementary to or at least partly complementary to a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 1 , 2 or 3; more especially SEQ ID NOs. 1 or 2.

[0032] The dsRNA may be produced in any suitable way. For example, the dsRNA may be produced i^*« vitro via a kit, in vitro or in vivo via a bacteriophage (such as via a Pseudomonas syringae dsRNA bacteriophage), or in vivo using a specialised strain of organism, especially using a bacteria (such a a strain of £ coli). Typically, in vitro methods are suitable for smaller scale dsRNA production. For large scale production, in vivo production methods arc preferred. The dsRNA used may be a crude bacterial extract.

[0033] The dsRNA may be in any suitable form and be of any suitable sequence. The dsRNA may include any suitable modifications. For example, the dsRNA may include one or more modified phosphate groups, modified nucleic acids/nucleotides, modified sugars and/or modified 5 or 3 prime ends. Exemplary modified groups which may be present in the dsRNA include, for example, inosine, methylinosine, pseudouridine, morpholine, locked nucleic acids, peptides (such as peptide nucleic acids (PNA)), biotin, cholesterol, fluorophores, radionuclides and metals. The dsRNA may also be in the form of a clsRNA construct Such modifications may enhance: the stability and/or longevity of the dsRN A.

[0034] The dsRNA is typically anionic, and interacts with (and is especially intercalated between) eationie LDH layers. A diagram illustrating a loading and release of dsRNA onto and from LDH is provided in Figure 1.

[0035] LDHs (layered double hydroxides) are mixed hydroxides of divalent and divalent metals having an excess of positi ve charge that is balanced by interlayer anions. Common forms of LDH comprise Mg~⁺ and AT¹⁺ (known as hydrotaleites) and Mg²⁺ and Fe¹⁺ (known as pyroaurites) but LDHs containing other cations including Ni, Zn, Mn, C¾ Cr, and La are known. The amount of surface positive charge generated is dependent upon the mole ratio of the metal ions in the lattice structure, and the conditions of preparation as they affect crystal formation.

[0036] The LDH may have the general formula (1):

where M^a and M^m are di- and tri-valent metal ions respectively and A^u is the interlayer anion of valance n. The x value represents the proportion of bivalent metal to the total amount of metal ion present and y denotes variable, amounts of interlayer water. A limited portion of A"^" may be present, on the LDH particle surface (for example, 5-40%, more especially 8-30% most especially 10-20%). This may explain why some dsRNA is adsorbed On the surface.

[0037] General formula (1) may al o be written as formula (2);

M^u„ M^lu(OH)₂,„₊i₎X y¾0 (2) wherein X is one or more anions or negatively charged material to balance charge in the hydroxide layer. X is typically present in the interlayer space in the LDH material. A limited portion of X may be present on the LDH particle surface (for example, 5-40%, more especially 8-30% most especially 10-20%), This may explain why some dsRNA is adsorbed on the surface.

[0038] Μ^Ά is suitably Mg, although other metal ions of valence 2+ may also be used. M^m is suitably Al. ft will be appreciated that other metal ions of valence 3+ may also be used. Examples of Other metal ions that may be used include: M": Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pd, Ti, Cd and Ca

M^T)1: Co, Fe, Mn, Ga, Rh, Ru, Cr. V, In, Y, Gd, Ni and La.

These lists should not be considered to be limiting,

[0039] Exemplary anions in formulae (1) or (2) (i.e. A^n" or X) include, but are not limited to, (C(¾;r , (S0₄)²\ Cr, OH , S- and [Sb(OH)₆]\

[0040J The LDH may incl tide a general layer of formula (3)

[M^IV_sM^n, _x(OH)₂]^x+ (3) where Mⁿ, M™ and x are a defined above for formulae (1) and {2), and the positive charge x+ is balanced by anions (as may be described above for formulae (1) and (2)) which are intercalated between the layers,

[0041 ] The LDH may be of (he hydrotalcite group, the quintinite group, the fougerite group, the woodwardite group, the cualstibite group, the glaueocerinite group, the wermlandite group, and the hydrocalumite group; especially of the hydrotalcite group; more especially hydrotalcite (M ₆Al₂(OH)i₆C0₃.4H₂0). The hydrotalcite group is LDH of general formula (1), ⁽2) or (3) in which Mⁿ:M^m is 3:1 (especially in which Mⁿ is Mg and M^In is Al) with a layer spacing of 6.8. to 8.8 A, especially of 7,3 to 8.3 A, more especially of 7,6 to 8.0 A, most especially about 7.8 A. A discussion on the hydrotalcite group, the quintinite group, the fougerite group, the woodwardite group, the cualstibite group, the glaueocerinite group, the wermlandite group, and the hydrocalumite group may be found in Mills et al., 2012. In another embodiment, the LDH is of general formula (1), (2) or (3) in which M¹¹ is Mg and M^nl is Al.

[0042] Exemplary LDH, and methods of making LDH, are described in Australian Patent No. 2005 1 8862. the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Advantageously, in the method described in this patent the size of the LDH can be precisely controlled, and the hydrothermal treatment can. disperse the LDH agglomerates into individual LDH nanopaiticles.

[0043] The LDH particles may have a largest dimension within die range Of up to 5 μιτι, more especially up to 1 μπι, most especially up to 750 nni or up to 500 nni. In One embodiment, the LDH particles may have a largest dimension within the range 20-400 mn. more suitably 40- 300 nm or 50-200 nm, even more suitably about 120 nm, with the thickness of the particles predominantly falling within the range of 5-40 nm, especially 1 -20 nm. The particles may also exhibit a narrow particle size distribution, and the particles may show a particle size distribution of ± 20% around the average size. The LDH particles may have an aspect ratio that, falls within the range of from 5 to 10 (the 'aspect ratio' relates to the ratio of the largest dimension of the particle to its thickness or height). The LDH particles may combine together to form an average layer of 20-25 positively charged sheets.

[0044] In one embodiment, the dsRNA adsorbed onto the LDH has one or more of the dimensions, particle size distribution, or aspect ratio listed above for LDH particles. Scanning Electron Microscope images have confirmed that the morphology of the LDH particles is kept unchanged after loading dsRNA, as a result of the adsorption of dsRN A.

[0045] The RNAi composition may be in any suitable form. For example, the RNAi composition may be in the form of a solid, ointment, gel, cream, powder, paste, suspension, colloid, foam or aerosol; especially a suspension or a colloid. Solid forms of the composition may include dusts, powders, granules, pellets, pills, pastilles, tablets, filled films (including seed coatings) and the like, which may be water-dispersible ("wettable"). In one embodiment, the composition is in the fonn of a concentrate, especially a concentrate in the form of a colloid or suspension.

[0046] In one embodiment the composition is heterogeneous, especially comprising a solid phase dispersed within a fluid phase. The solid phase ma comprise the plant-protecting double- stranded RNA adsorbed onto LDH particles. The fluid phase may be, for example, a liquid, a gas, or a free flowing solid, or a combination thereof; especially a liquid; more especially an aqueous liquid; most especially water. The water may be sterile or non-sterile. The solid-phase may be dispersed within the fluid phase in any suitable way. This will depend upon the nature of the solid-phase and the fluid-phase.

[0047] Depending on the form of the composition, the composition may include a variety of other agents. Exemplary agents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following types of ingredients: diluents, carriers, excipients, suspension agents, agglomeration agents, bases, buffers, bitteiing agents, fragrances, preservatives, propellants, thixotropic agents, anti- freezing agents, and colouring agents. Suitable agents may be selected by a skilled person.

[0048] The composition may also include one or more other active ingredients. An active ingredient, as defined herein, is an ingredient that provides benefit to a plant. The active ingredient may be, for example, an insecticide, a pesticide, a fungicide, an antibiotic, an insect repel 1 ant, an anti-parasitic agent, an anti-viral agent, or a nematicide.

[0049] When the composition is in the form of a colloid or suspension, it may include dsRNA-LDH particles at 10% w/w, especially up to 5% w/w or up to 2% w/w, even more especially about 1% w/w, most especially less than 1% w/w.

[0050] In another embodiment, when the composition is in the form of a colloid or suspension, it may include dsRNA-LDH particles at up to 100 mg/L; especially up to 50 mg/L; more especially up to 20 mg L- or up to l^'O mg/L; most especially less than 10 mg/L. In one embodiment, the concentration of dsRNA-LDH in a colloid or suspension is from 1-100 mg L.

[0051 j The composition may be formulated for administration to the plant, or to any part of the plant, in any suitable way. For example, the composition ma be formulated for administration to the leaves, stem, roots, fruit vegetables, grains and/or pulses of the plant. In one embodiment, the composition is formulated for administration to the leaves of the plant, and is especially sprayable onto the leaves of the plant. The composition may be administered to the plant as a metered dose. The composition may be formulated for administration to the plant, for example, by spraying, by brush or by another applicator.

[0052] The composition may be in the form of a suspension, in which case the composition may be sprayable onto the plant. The suspension may be substantially stable. As used herein, a "substantially stable" suspension i a suspension in which, once formed, the solid phase remains sufficiently dispersed (i.e. does not significantly aggregate) in the fluid phase (especially a liquid phase, more especially water) for (lie suspension to be sprayed onto a plant. In one embodiment, the solid phase remains dispersed in the fluid phase for at least 24 hours after the suspension is formed, especially at least 5 days after (lie suspension is formed, more especially at least 10, 15, 20 or 30 days after the suspension is formed, most especially at least 60 days after the suspension is farmed. If the suspension is not substantially stable, then the solid phase may aggregate leading to blockages in equipment when the suspension is sprayed onto plants, or alternatively leading to variable amounts of solid phase material being applied in a given area, resulting in incomplete protection for plants.

[0053] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the dsRNA adsorbs onto the LDH via anion exchange between the dsRNA and the anions in the LDH (such (hat cationic portions of the LDH interact with the anionic phosphate groups of the dsRNA). It is believed that when dsRNA is adsorbed onto LDH, the dsRNA is afforded some protection against RNases and U.V. light, and thus the dsRNA i significantly more stable. Thus, it is believed that the LDH acts as a protective coating for the adsorbed dsRNA.

[0054] Advantageoxisly, it has been found that when dsRNA is adsorbed onto LDH, the dsRNA substantially does not degrade, even when stored for 60 days. When the dsRNA. is adsorbed onto LDH. the LDH advantageously protects the dsRNA against RNase and UV light.

[0055] The dsRNA may be adsorbed onto the LDH by any suitable method, Advantageously, one method of adsorbing the dsRNA onto the LDH simply involves incubating trie dsRNA with the LDH in an aqueous solution with shaking (for example, at from 100 to 300 rpm, especially at 200 rpm), and at a temperature front 20 to 50 °C, especially from 25 to 45 °C, or from 30 to 45 °C, most especi lly about 37 °C

[0056] The dsRNA may also be adsorbed onto the LDH al any suitable loading ratio. Exemplary loading ratios (by mass) include from 2:1 to 1:20 dsRNA:LDH or from 1: 1 to 1 :10 dsRNA:LDH; more especially from 1 :1 to 1 :6 dsRNA:LDH or from 1: 1 to 1:5 dsRNA:LDH; most especially from 1 : 1 to 1 :4 dsRJMA:LDH, from 1 : 1 to 1 :2.5 dsRNA:LDH, from 1 :2 to 1:5 dsRNA:LDH or from 1:3 to 1 :4 dsRN :LDH. The loading ratio may be 1 :1, 1 :1.5, 1 :2, 1 :2.5, 1 :3, 1 :3.5 or 1:4 dsRNA:LDH.

[0057] As used herein, the term "adsorbed" includes both circumstances in which dsRNA is adsorbed onto the surface of an LDH layer, as well as circumstances in which dsRNA is intercalated between LDH layers (which would inherently also involve some adsorption).

[0058] It may be advantageous when preparing the composition to use more dsR A than can be adsorbed on the LDH. This is because if the dsRNA is completely adsorbed on the LDH, then dsRNA may not be immediately available on the plant; some of the LDH would need to break down, or some anion exchange must occur (for example via capture of CCb and conversion to HCO.V7CO/^" for anion exchange), before any dsRNA becomes available. Therefore, by using more dsRNA in the composition than can be adsorbed on the LDH, the composition can provide immediate protection to the plant after application. In one embodiment, from 50% to 95% of the dsRNA in the composition is adsorbed onto the LDH (allowing the remainder to be available as free dsRNA); especially from 60% to 90% of the dsRNA in the composition is adsorbed onto the LDH; most especially from 70% to 80% of the dsRNA in the composition is adsorbed onto the LDH. As a rough estimate, at a dsRNA:LDH mass ratio of 1 :10, most dsRNA is adsorbed on the LDH surface. At a dsRNA:LDH mass ratio of 1 :5, approximately 50% is adsorbed onto the LDH surface, approximately 30-40% is intercalated, and 10-20% is free in solution.

[0059] Advantageously, the composition may be adapted to provide controlled release of the dsRNA after it has been administered to a plant. Without wishing to be bound by theory, after dsRNA:LDH particles are administered t the plant, the particles may functionally remain as a stable surface coating. As the particles interact with moisture and C<¾ from the plant and/or the environment, the moisture and C<¾ simultaneously hydrate and activate the LDH. The LDH slowly releases dsRNA through reverse anion exchange and/or degradation of the LDH framework. The dsRNA will therefore be protected from degradation and provide the plant with protection against the targeted organism for a longer time period than would be. provided using "naked" dsRNA sprays. Furthermore, moisture and CQ> entering the system that might cause pathogen activation will simultaneously hydrate and activate the LDH particles, providing protection to the plant when it is most needed.

[0060] The dsRNA may be released from the LDH at an acidic pH, especially at a pH of below 6 or below 5, more especially at a pH of below 4 or below 3, most especially at a pH of below 2. Advantageously, it is believed that atmospheric COJ will convert to carbonic acid, reducing the pH and allowing slow release of the dsR A through reverse anion exchange and/or degradation of the LDH framework.

[0061] Advantageously, in some embodiments of the present invention the LDH is able to break down into biocompatible components (such as Mg²⁺, Al(OH)₃ and \⁽ ). Furthermore, even if there is some LDH remaining on, for example, a vegetable at the time of consumption, it may be biocompatible. For example, a LDH such as hydrotalcite (e.g. Mg₆Al₂(OH)j<;C(¾ H-:Q) is a widely used commercial anti-ulcer drug. Hydrotalcite is not toxic to most mammalian cells at concentrations up to 200 pg/ml, und does not lead to any side effect when injected intravenously into rats at 200 mg hycl otalcite kg. Thus the toxicity to plant cells and leaf cells by the LDH may be limited.

[0062] In one embodiment, the composition, once administered to a plant, is capable of protecting the plant for at least 15 days, especially at least 20 days* more especially at least 25 days, most especially at least 30 days. In a further embodiment, the composition, once administered to a plant, is capable of protecting the plant for from 2 to 8 weeks, especially from 3 to 6 weeks, most especially from 4 to 5 weeks. Once administered to a plant, the LDH nanoparticles may degrade at a rate of 10-30% per week, especially 1.5-25% per week, more especially at a rate of 15-20% per week. The duration of protection may be affected, for example, by the amount: of rainfall on the plant. Therefore, in a drier climate it is expected that the. duration of protection would be increased, whereas a shorter duration of protection may he provided in a wetter climate.

[0063] In one embodiment, when the dsRNA:LDH is administered to a plant it is able to provide a from 2 to 10 fold increase in the duration of protection, to the plant (especially from 4 to 8 fold, more especially from 5 to 7 fold, most especially at least 6 ibid) over the use of the dsRNA alone.

[0064] In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a method for protecting a plant, trie method comprising the step of administering to a plant an RNAi composition comprising pl nt-protecting double-stranded RNA adsorbed onto LDH particles.

[0065] Features of the second aspect of the present invention may be as described for the first aspect. In One embodiment, for example, the step of administering to a plant an RNAi composition comprises spraying trie RNAi composition onto the leaves of the plant

[0066] The composition may also be administered to the plant at any suitable concentration, and advantageously the dsRNA in the composition may be effective at relatively low concentrations. In one embodiment, less than 100 p.g of dsR A per plant may be administered, especially less than 50 pg, more especially less than 40, 30, 20, 10 or 5 pg, most especially less than 1 pg or 0.5 ug of dsRNA per plant. When the composition is admini tered to the leaf of the plant, less than 100 μg of dsRNA per leaf may be administered to the plant, especially less than 50 μ , more especially less than 40, 30, 20, 10 or 5 pg, most especially less than 1 pg or 0.5 pg of dsR A per leaf is administered to the plant.

[0067] In a third aspect, the present invention provides the composition of the first aspect, when applied to a plant.

[0068] In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a plant- protecting RNAi composition, comprising the step of adsorbing plant-protecting ^'doable-stranded RN A onto LDH particles. In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a colloid or suspension. In this embodiment, the dsRNA may be adsorbed onto the LDH particles in an aqueous solution. The resultant colloid/suspension may be substantially stable and sprayable onto tlie plant.

[0069] Iri a fifth aspect, the present invention provides plant-protecting double-stranded RNA adsorbed onto LDH particles.

[0070] In a sixth aspect, the present invention provide a kit compri ing:

(i) LDH particles; and

(ii) Plant-protecting double-stranded RNA; wherein the plant-protecting double-stranded RNA is adsorbable onto die LDH particles. [0071] In one embodiment of this aspect, the LDH particles and/or the plant-protecting double-stranded RNA i provided in solid or liquid (especially aqueous) form. The LDH particles and/or die plant-protecting dsRN A may, depending on their form, include a variety of other agents. Exemplary agents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following types of ingredients; diluents, earners, excipients, suspension agents, agglomeration agents, bases, buffers, ^'tittering agents, fragrances, preservatives, propellants, (hixotropic agents, anti- freezing agents, and colouring agents. Suitable agents may be selected by a skilled person.

[0072] The kit may also include one or more other active ingredients. An active ingredient, as defined herein, is an ingredient that provides benefit to a plant. The active ingredient may be, for example, an insecticide, a pesticide, a fungicide, an antibiotic, an insect repellant, an anti- paracitic agent, an anti-viral agent, or a nematicide.

[0073] Features of the third to sixth aspect of the present invention may be as described above for the first and second aspects.

[0074] Any of the features described herein can be combined in any combination with any one or more of the other features described herein within the scope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0075] Various embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the following drawings, in which:

[0076] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating the loading and release of dsRNA onto LDH;

[0077] Figure 2 is a gel electrophore i restriction profile of Nl^'a hairpin constructs;

[0078] Figure 3 is a gel electrophoresis restriction digestion profile of pGEM-GF hairpin construct;

[0079] Figure 4 is an agarose gel electrophoresi of in vitro and in. vivo expressed Mia and 1R54 dsR A:

[0080] Figure 5 is a gel electrophoresi of in vitro transcribed GF dsRNA;

[0081 ] Figure 6 is a RNA dot blot showing hybridisation of DIG-oligoiiucleotide probe to expressed Nla dsRNA at 2 hours exposure;

[0082] Figure 7 is a RNA dot blot showing specific hybridisation f DIG-oligonucleotide probe to expressed IR54 dsRNA at 45 minutes exposure;

[0083] Figure 8 is a RNA dot blot showing GF dsRNA sequence specificity to GFP DIG- Qligonucleofi.de probe at: 45 minutes exposure;

[0084] Figure 9 illustrates the size distribution of LDH nanoparticles by Photon Con-elation Spectroscopy (PCS);

[0085] Figure 10(A) provides the X-ray diffraction pattern of LDH nanoparticles and Figure 10(B) provides microscopy images of LDH nanoparticles;

[0086] Figure 11 provides the morphology of LDH when sprayed onto the surface of a leaf under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and SE -Dispersive Energy X-ray (DEX);

[0087] Figure 12 provides Inductively Coupled Plasma Mas Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysi of LDH breakdown over a two-week period when sprayed on a simulated leaf;

[0088] Figure 13 provides the percentage of LDH reniaining after application onto simulated leaves;

[0089] Figure 14 provides a gel electrophoresis illustrating the loading mass ratios of 500 ng of control dsRNA onto LDH nanoparticles;

[0090] Figure 15 provides a gel electrophoresis illustrating the loading mass ratio of 500 ng of NIa dsRNA (533 bp) onto LDH nanoparticles;

[00 1 ] Figure 16 provides a gel electrophoresis illustrating the loading mass ratios of 500 ng IR54 dsRNA (997 bp) onto LDH nanoparticles;

[0092] Figure 17 provides a gel electrophoresis illustrating the loading mass ratios of 500 ng GF dsRNA (391 bp) onto LDH nanoparticl.es;

[0093] Figure 18 illustrates the pH reading of control dsRNA-loaded LDH after the addition of nitric acid and NaCl (pH 2.0);

[0094] Figure 19 illustrates the pH release profile of 1 :3 control dsRN A-loaded LDH;

[0095] Figure 20 provide a gel electrophoresis of nitric acid release (pH 2.0) of various double-stranded RNA from LDH;

[0096] Figure 21 provides a gel electrophoresis illustrating the stability of dsRNA-loaded LDH;

[0097] Figure 22 provides a gel electrophoresis illustrating LDH' s ability to protect dsRNA from detrimental environmental factors (such as Nase and UV light);

[0098] Figure 23 provide photographs of hypersensitive <V. tabacuin cv Xanthi nc photographed 3 days after PMMoV inoculation;

[0099] Figure 24 provides northern blot analysis of IR54 dsRNA or IR54 dsRNA loaded onto LDH over time when applied to a leaf;

[001001 Figure 25 provides photographs of N. iabacum cv. Xanthi which have been sprayed with either water (PMMoV photos) or IR54 dsRNA (RNAclay photos) and then challenged with PMMoV 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20 days after the spray;

[00101] Figure 26 provides a graph illustrating the results of ELISA detection of PVY in plants co-inoculated with PVY and various other agents; and

[00102] Figure 27 provides a graph illustrating the results of ELLSA detection of PVY in plants challenged with PVY 3 days afler being sprayed wilh various other agents.

[00103] Preferred features, embodiments and variations of the invention may be discerned from the following Examples which provides sufficient information tor those skilled in the art to perform the invention. The following Examples are not to be regarded as limiting the scope of the preceding Summary of the Invention in any way.

EXAMPLES

Targets used for topical application ofdsRNA [00104] The targets used were:

• Potato Virus Y (PVY) - The Nuclease Inclusion a (NIa) hairpin was previously designed and tested by the Mitter Laboratory (The University of Queensland) (Mitter et al., 2003, Mitter et al, 2006, Mitter & Dietzgen, 2012) and consists of a 446 bp Tobacco peroxidase intron flanked by 735 bp fragments of sense and antisense PVY gene NIa cloned in the binary vector pART7 (Gleave, 1 92) that does not encode the required T7 promoler elements for the expression of an RNA hairpin. The partial NIa sequence used for the expressing the dsRNA was 533 bp. This sequence is provided below and in SEQ ID NO: 1. CCATGGAGGTGCGATCTATGCACGGTACATTCAGGGTGAAGAATCTACGCAGTT

TGAGCGTTCTGCCAATTAAAGGTAGGGATATCATCCTCATCAAAATGCCGAAAG

ATTTCCCTGTCTTTCCACAGAAATTGCATTTCCGAGCTCCAACACAGAATGAAA

GAGTTTGTTTAGTTGGAACCAACTTTCAGGAGAAGTATGCATCGTCGATCATCA

CAGAGACAAGCACCACTTAC:AATATACCGGGCAGCACA^rrTCTGGAAG :ATTGG

ATTGAAACAGATAATGGACATTGTGGACTACCAGTGGTGAGTACCACCGATGGA

TGTCTAGTCCKJAATCCACAGTTTGGCAAACAACAGACACACCACGAACTACTAC

TCAGCCTTCGATGAAGATTITGAAAGCAAGTATCTCCGAACCAATGAGCACAAT

GAATGGGTCAAGTCTTGGATTTATAATCCAGACACAGTG rGTGGGQCCCGTTG

AAACTTAAAGACAGCACTCCCAAAGGATTATTCAAGACAACAAAGCTT Pepper Mild Motile Virus (PMMoV) - The pGEM-IR54 construct in the bacterial strain HT115 (DE3) was a kind gift from F. Tenllado, Centre de lnestigaciones Biologicas, Madrid, Spain. The 1R54 RN A hairpin targets a 997 bp region of the PMMoV replicase gene (Tenllado ei al , 2003). The sequence used for expressing the dsRNA is provided below and in SEQ ID NO: 2,

GTCGACTCAATAGCAATTACAGATAGAATCGGTGTACAAAGGTGTTAAC!CTTTT CGTCGCAGCACCAAAAACAGGAGATGTTTCTGACATGCAATATTATTACGACAA GTGITTGCCGGGAAACAGTACTATACTCAATGAGTATGATGCTGTAACTATGCA AATACGAGAGAATAGTTTGAATGTCAAGGATTGTGTGTTGGATATGTCGAAATC GGTGCCTCTTCCGAGAGAATCTGAGACGACATTGAAACCTGTGATCAGGACTGC

TGCTGAAAAACC^IX^AAAACCTGGATTGTTGGAAAATTTCKJTCG

AAGAAATTTCAACTCTCCCGAAITAGTAGGGGTTGTTGACATCGAAGACACCC

TTCTCTAGTAGTAGATAAGTTTTTTGATGCATACTTAATTAAAGAAAAGAAAAA

ACCAAAAAATATACCTCTGCTTTCAAGGGCGAGTTTGGAAAGATGGATCGAAAA

GCAAGAGAAGTCAACAATTGGCCAGTTGGCTGATTTTGACTTTATTGATTTACC

AGCCGTTGATCAATACAGGCACATGATCAAGCAGCAGCCGAAACAGCGTTTGG

ATCTTAGTATTCAAACTGAATACCCGGCTTTGCAAACTATTGTGTATCATAGCAA

GAAAATCAATGCGCTTTTTGGTCCTGTATTTTCAGAATTAACAAGACAGCTGCTA

GAGACA^TTGACAGTTCAAGATTCATGTTTTATACAAGGAAAACGCCTACACAG

ATCGAAGAATTTTTCTCAGATCTGGACTCTAATGTTCCTATGGACATATTAGAGC

TAGACATTTCCAAGTATGACAAATCACAGAACGAATTTCATTGTGCAGTCGAGT

ATGAGATTTGGAAAAGGTTAGGCTTAGACGATTTCTTGGCTGAAGTTTGCIAAAC ACGGGCATCGGAAGACAACGTTGAAAGACTACACAGCCGGAATAAAAACGTGT TTGTG

• Green Floresccnl Protein (GFP) - The GF hairpin was previously designed and tested by the Carroll Laboratory (The University of Queensland) in the pUQC251 construct (Brosnan et dl, 2007). The GF hairpin consists of two 391 bp GF fragments that target the 5' end of GFP (S65T) ITIRNA flanking an intron-splicible inverted repeat spacer (793 bp). The sequence used for expressing the dsRNA is provided below and in SEQ ID NO: 3.

GAATTCGATGCCCTTCAGCTCGATGCGGTTCACCAGGGTGTCGCCCTCGAACTTC

ACCTCGGCGCGGGTCTTGTAGTTGCCGTCGTCCTTGAAGAAGATGGTGCGCTCC

TGGACGTAGCCTTCGGGCATGGCGGACTTGAAGAAGTCGTGCTGCTTGATGTGG

TCGGGGTAGCGC TGAAGCACTGCACGCCGTAGGTGAAGG GGTCACGAGGGT

GGGCCAGGGCACGGGCAGCTTGCCGGTGGTGCAGATGAACTTCAGGGTCAGCTT

GCCGTAGGTGGCATCGCCCTCGCCCTCGCCGGACACGCTGAACTTGTGGCCGTT

TACGTCGCCGTCCAGCTCGACCAGGATGGGCACCACCCCGGTGAACAGCTCCTC

GCCCTTGGGTACC

• Control - MEGAscript© RN Ai kit control (500 bp).

EXAMPLE I - CONSTRUCTION AND EXPRESSION OF dsRNA VECTORS Construction of dsRNA expression vectors

[001051 NIa hairpin was subcloned by Nco I restriction endonuclease digestion into the pG£M®-T Vector System I (Promega, Madison, Wl, U.S.A) using E. coli strain JM109 as per manufacturer's protocol, generating pGEM-NIa hairpin. pGEM-NIa hairpin was sequenced with standard SP6 and T7 primers (Table 1), at 9. pM with 500-600 nM pGEM-NIa hairpin and made to a final volume of 12 pL with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water. Samples were sent to the Australian Genome Research Facility (Brisbane, Australia) for capillary separation sequencing. The Nco I excised NIa hairpin fragment was also subcloned into the vector L4440 as above, generating the construcl L4440-Nia hairpin. L4440-NIa hairpin vector was maintained and propagated in the E. coli strain Top 10 (One Shot^® TOP10 Eleclrocomp™ E. coli, (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, MA, U.S.A.)). GF hairpin was subcloned by EGO RI restriction endonuclease digestion as above, except maintained in One Shot* TOP 10 Electrocomp E. coli as per the instruction manual instead of JM 109. Restriction profiles of all plasmids were resolved in a 1% agarose gel. All gels in this example were resolved with 0.1% ethidium bromide 10 mg/mL, 40 raM Tris 20 mM acetic acid'' 1 niM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ( Ix TAE) at 60V for 1 hour.

NIa and TR54 hairpin dsRNA expression vectors

[00106] The NIa hairpin sequence under the expression of a T7 promoter(s) was constructed by restriction endonuclease digestion and ligation to generate pGEM-NIa hairpin and L4440-NIa hairpin expression vectors. The resulting constructs showed the correct restriction digestion profile with Nco I of 3,000 bp pGEM-T or 2,800 hp L4440 vector and 1 ,512 bp of NIa hairpin (Figure 2). In Figure 2 Lane 1 is Nco I digested L4440 (2,800 bp); Lane 2 is Nco I digested pGEM-T (3,000 bp); Lane 3 is Nco I digested and gel extracted NIa hairpin ( 1 ,512 bp); Lane 4 is Nco I digested L4440-NIa hairpin; Lane 5 is Nco I digested pGEM-NIa hairpin; and M is lkb+ ladder. Sequencing and BLAST analysis confirmed the NIa sequence was correct in pGEM- Ia hairpin, which was used to create L4440-NTa hairpin.

[00107] IR54 was kindly sent as pGEM-IR54 hairpin by F, Tenllado, requiring no alterations to tlie PMMoV targeted vector.

GF hairpin dsRNA expression vector

[00108] The GF hairpin was cloned into pGEM-T easy through ligation of restriction enzyme processed pUQC25i and pGEM-T easy. The resulting pGEM-GF hairpin plasmid showed the expected restriction profile of 3,000bp pGEM-T easy and 1 ,575 bp GF hairpin when digested with Eco RI (Figure 3), In Figure 3, Lane 1 is Eco RI digested pGEM-T easy (1 ,575 bp); Lane 2 is Eco RI digested and gel extracted GF hairpin (1,575 bp); Lane 3 is Eco RI digests of plasmids pGEM-GF hairpin: and M is l kb+ ladder.

In vitro and in vivo transcription of dsRNA expression vectors

[00109] f? vitro transcription: The pGEM-NIa, L4440-NIa, pGEM-IR54 and pGEM-GF hairpin plasmids were linearised with Pv I and phenol :chlorof rm:isoamyl alcohol purified for in vitro transcription using the MEG script^® RNAi kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, MA, U.S. A.) as per manufacturer's protocol,

[001 10] In vivo transcription: Plasmids were transformed into the E. coli strain HTI 15 (,DE3) (Caenorhabditis Genetics Cenier, Minnesola, U.S.A.). CaCL chemical competency of HTI 15 cells, transformation and induction protocols used were supplied with the bacteria (Timrnons & Fire, 2001). Total RNA was extracted with TRIzol® Reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, MA, U.S.A.) as per manufacturer^' protocol and treated with DNase I and RNase A under high salt conditions (0.3 M NaCL 0.030 M sodium citrate). The average yield of dsRNA obtained from HTl 15 was 0.5 mg/mL from a starter culture of 100 mL.

Production of NIa and IR54 dsRNA

[001 1 1 ] The pGEM-NIa and L444Q-NIa hairpins were used for in vitro or in vivo expression requiring transformation into the tetracycline resistant E. coli strain HT115 (DE3). The resullanl in vitro or in vivo derived dsRNA was resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 4). In Figure 4, Lane 1 is HT115 expressed pGEM-NIa hairpin (1 μL·)·, Lane 2 is in vitro expressed pGEM-NIa hairpin (0.5 pL); Lane 3 is HT1 15 expressed L4440-NIa hairpin (1 pL); Lane 4 is in vitro expressed L4440-NIa hairpin (0.5 μΐ.); Lane 5 is HTl 15 expressed pGEM-IR54 hairpin (1 pL); and M is lkb+ ladder. Higher yields per p L were obtained for in vitro transcribed pGEM- Nla hairpin and L4440-NIa hairpin (Lanes 2 and 4), however, the kit only produces 150 pL dsRNA per reaction. HTl 15 expressed dsRNA from pOEM-Nla hairpin did not appear to express the NIa dsRNA (Lane 1 ). L4440-NIa hairpin expressed in HT1 15 (Lane 3) yielded a volume of 1 m.L at an approximate 1:2 dilution of in vitro transcribed (Lane 4).

Production of GF dsRNA

[001 12J The pGEM-GF hairpin vector was used for in vitro transcription and transformed into HTl 15. Only in vitro GF dsRNA was expressed and tested (Figure 5). In Figure 5, Lane 1 is in vitro transcribed kit control dsRNA; Lane 2 is in vitro transcribed GF .dsRNA (391 bp); and M is I kb+ ladder. As with other in vitro Ixansciibed dsRNA, a high yield (~1.5 pg/pL) of the GF dsRNA was obtained.

Detection o f dsRNA

[00113] in vitro or in vivo expressed NIa, 1R54 and GF dsRNA from respective vectors were assessed by dot blot hybridisation. Double-stranded RNA was placed on positively charged Nylon membranes (Roche Applied Science, Basel, Switzerland), cross-linked to membranes by GS GENE LINKER™ UV CHAMBER (BIO-RAD Laboratories, Hercules, CA, U.S.A.) and pre- hybridised in 10 rnL ULTRAliyb*-Oligo Hybridization Buffer (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, MA, U.S.A.) for 1 hour at 38°C in a HyBaid Shake V Stack incubator. Expressed dsRNA wa detected using oligonucleotide probes (Table 1) and DIG-labelled as per DIG Oligonucleotide 3 '-End Labeling Kit, 2"° Generation (Roche Applied Science, Basel, Switzerland). The chemiluminescent signal was captured from 1 hour up to 24 hours on Super RX (FujiFilm, Tokyo, Japan) and developed by Okamoto X3 Automatic film processor (KODAK, Rochester, NY, U.S,A).

[001 14] Table 1 : Oligonucleotide sequences used

Confirmation of NIa and IR54 dsRNA

[0011.5] The expressed NIa and IR54 dsRNAs were analysed for complementarity to PVY or PMMoV by dot blot analysis using specific DIG-labelled oligonucleotide probes (Figures 6 and 7). in Figure 6, Panel A is pGEM-NIa dsRNA in vitro transcribed; Panel R is L444Q-NIa dsRNA induced in HT I 15; Panel C is L4440-Nla dsRNA in vitro transcribed; and Panel D is pGEM- IR54 dsRNA induced in HT1 15. In Figure 7, Panel A is 1R54 dsRNA induced in HT1 15; and Panel R is kit control dsRNA.

[001.16] NIa dsRNA shows hybridisation with a PVY-specific probe (Figure 6 A, R and C), whereas the IR54 dsRNA utilised as a negative control does not bind to the PVY probe (Figure 6 D). Similarly, IR54 dsRNA probed with a PMMoV specific probe shows specific binding (Figure 7 A) whereas the negative control dsRNA (from the MEGAscript^® RNAi kit) does not show any binding. (Figure 7 B).

Confirmation of GFdsRNA

[001 17] hi vitro expressed GF dsRNA was tested for sequence complementarity by RNA dot blot analysis (Figure 8). In Figure 8, Panel A is GF dsRNA in vitro transcribed; and Panel B is Control dsRNA. GF dsRNA hybridised with GFP specific DIG-oligonucleotide probe (Figure 8 A), while the control dsRNA shows no chemiluminsence (Figure 8 B).

EXAMPLE 2 - LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE NAN OP ARTICLES

[001 18] Small scale LDH of the formula Mg₆Al₂(0FI)|₆CO₃.4Fl₂O were prepared using a non-aqueous co-precipitation method. Briefly, 10 mL of methanol solution containing 6 mM Mg(N03>j and 2 mM A1(N(¾)3 was added drop wise to 40 mL methanol solution containing 16 mM NaOH under vigorous stirring for 10 minutes with N? bubbling. The mixture was then treated at 100°C for 16 hours. The slurry was collected and washed twice with 20 mL deionized water via centrifugation, and then resuspended in 40 mL deionized water, resulting in an LDH suspension containing approximately 10 mg/mL homogeneously dispersed MgjAl-LDH nanoparticles (Chen et at, 2013). The characteristics of the resultant LDH nanoparticles is provided in Table 2, and the particle size, as measured by Photon CoiTelation Spectroscopy (PCS) using a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern instruments, Worcestershire, U.K.), is illustrated in Figure 9. LDH nanosheets were synthesized with an average lateral dimension of 120 nm and a thickness of 15-20 nm, combined together to form an average layer of 20-25 positively charged nanosheets (Figure 10). In Figure 10, Panel A is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of LDH nanoparticles and Panel B is a. transmi sion electron microscopy (TEM) image of LDH nanoparticles.

[001 19] Table 2: Characteristics and physical properties of LDH nanoparticles used in this study.

Z-Ave Pdl Intensity Mean Number Mean LDH concentration

(d.nm) (d.nm) (d.nm) (mg/mL)

34.1 0.217 44.20 12.11 10.55

LDH analysis after spray application onto leaf surface

[00120] To define the maintenance of LDH morpholog on leaves, I mL of LDH was sprayed onto a Nkoliana tabacum cv W38 (W38) leaf and compared with 1 mL of tap water for control. Samples were examined through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and SEM- Dispersive Energy X-ray (DEX) observation. The morphology of the LDH is illustrated in Figure 1 1. In this Figure, Panel A illustrates the W38 leaf sprayed with water under SEM; Panel B provides a Scanning Electron Microscope - Dispersive Energy X-ray (SEM-DEX.) spectrum of leaf sprayed with water; Panel C illustrates the W38 leaf sprayed with LDH under SEM (arrow points to possible aggregate of LDH); and Panel D provides a SEM-DEX spectrum of leaf sprayed with LDH, showin an increased yield of Mg and Al ions indicating LDH presence.

[00121 ] The LDH nanosheets formed a uniform suspension when dissolved in water and could be sprayed easily onto the leaf. There was no visible difference by the naked eye between sprayed and unsprayed leaves and the plant retained all the normal growth characteristics. ICP-Mass Spectrometry assay for stability of LDH

LDH stability upon application onto paper

[00122] An analysis of LDH breakdown was conducted on paper (a synthetic leaf) over a two-week, period. The paper used was cut into 7 cm" pieces. LDH suspension (500 pL of 10.55 mg/niL - 5.275 mg LDH) or water (500 pL) was spread onto die paper and maintained under glasshouse conditions. Samples were collected at day 0, 7, and 14. Samples were boiled in 10 niL of nitric acid. The boiling -was conducted until approximately 2 mL of a clear pale yellow liquid remained. Samples were made up to a total volume of 10 mL with derionised water and sent to CaSS Forensic and Scientific Services (Brisbane, Australia) for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (lCP-MS) analysis of magnesium (Mg) and aluminium .(Al) ions.

[00123] The analysis showed a gradual decrease from baseline over the two- week time frame (Figure 12 - bars represent the standard error about the mean). As expected, the baseline result was 49 ragL^"1 for Al (9.3%) and 131.875 mgL^"1 for Mg (25%). These results were used to calculate the percentage of LDH breaking down over the two-week period (Figure 13 - ICP-MS analysis results converted to percentage remaining; bars represent the standard error about the mean). In the first week an 18% drop was observed. A further 20% was observed between week one and two, indicating that 62% of the topically applied LDH still remained otl the paper after two weeks. This indicates that the LDH will completely breakdown between 4-5 weeks (about 35 days).

Loading of dsRNA onto LDH

[00124] Different mass ratios were tested to optimise complete binding of dsRNA to LDH. LDH was loaded with MEGAscript^® RNAi kit control dsRNA (control dsRNA) (500 bp) by incubating samples at 37°C for 10 minutes with shaking (200 rpm). Double-stranded RNA (500 ng): LDH (500 ng) mass ratios were set at 2: 1 , 1 : 1 , 1 :2, 1 :3, 1 :4, 1 :5 and 1 :10 and resolved on a 1 %· agarose gel. Loading ratios were repeated with in vitro transcribed NIa, IR54 and GF dsRNA.

[001251 LDH-loading capacity of control dsRNA is illustrated in Figure 14, of in vitro NIa dsRNA in Figure 15, of in vitro IR54 dsR A in Figure 16 and of in vitro GF dsRNA in Figure 17 (in these figures M = lkb+ ladder). Gel electrophoresis revealed that once dsRNA is loaded onto LDH, it remains in the well and does not migrate, as can be seen by the florescence in the well, while the unbound dsRNA migrates into the gel. An example of complete loading can be seen in Figure 14 mass ratios 1:4 and higher, while both bound and unbound dsRNA can be observed for ratios 1:3 and lower. Complete loading varied slightly between each construct, where control dsRNA, 533 bp NIa dsR A and 997 bp IR54 dsRNA were completely bound at 1:4 mas ratio (Figures 14-16) while 391 bp GF dsRNA was completely bound by LDH at 1:3 mass ratio (Figure 17).

Double-stranded RNA release from LDH nanoparticles

[00126] As proof of the binding of dsRNA to LDH, a quick artificial release was conducted by mixing the control dsRNA-loaded LDH rianoparticles (dsRNA:LDH ratio = 1 :3) 10 μL suspension with 30 pL of 1. M NaCl for 20 minutes to precipitate the dsRNA-bound and free LDH nanoparticles from solution and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 30 nun. The supernatant was removed and checked on a 1 % agarose gel for presence/absence of dsRNA while the pellet was resuspended in solutions with pH from 1.0 to 14.0 made with nitric acid and NaOH solution. Samples were resolved in 1% agarose. Double-stranded RNA release was visible in the pH 2.0 solution, so a pH reading of the reaction was conducted for mathematical purposes. Thus, 5 mL of pH 2.0 NHOa + 1 M NaCl solution was added to 2.5 mL 1000 ng/μΐ LDH and 5 mL 1 M NaCl. The pH was read after 0, 3, 10, 30 and 60 minutes.

[00127] The initial acidic solution was neutralised as the LDH broke down (releasing Mg²⁺ ions as well as ¾0 and Al(OH)j), as illustrated in Figure 18 in which the initial pH measurement of 3-9 quickly changed in the first 2 minutes and balanced out at pH 7.52 after 1 hour. Thi analysis shows that pH 2.0 should release dsRNA, however a p.H profile ranging from pH 1.0 to 14.0 was further analysed.

[00128] An artificial pH release profile of 1 :3 control dsRNA:LDH was conducted by the addition of NaCl to precipitate dsRNA-bound and unbound LDH from solution. Tire pellet was resuspended in solutions ranging from pH 1.0 to 14.0 and resolved by gel electrophoresis immediately or after 1, 8 or 24 hours incubation at room temperature (Figure 19). In Figure 19, Panel A illustrates the immediate resolution of dsRNA-LDH after resuspension in pH solutions (1.0- 14.0); and Panel B illustrates the resolution of dsRNA-LDH after 24 hour incubation in pH solutions (1.0-14.0) (M = lkb+ ladder).

[00129] Resuspension at a pH of either 1.0 or 2,0 immediately released dsRNA (Figure 19 A), while 24 hour incubation in pH 3.0 also released dsRNA (Figure 19 B). No release was observed at alkaline pH. The dsRNA-LDH resuspension in pH 13.0 and pH 14.0 would not load into the agarose gel loading well and therefore could not be resolved. [00130] Confirmation of dsRNA release from LDH was also conducted with 1:3 in vitro transcribed NIa dsRNA-, HT1 15 expressed NIa dsRNA, and 1R54 dsRNA loaded LDH using the pH 2.0 solution. The release of this dsRNA was resolved on a 1 % agarose gel (Figure 20). In Figure 20, Lane 1 is in vitro transcribed NI dsRNA released from LDH with pH 2.0 solution; Lane 2 HT1 1 expressed NIa dsRNA released from LDH with pH 2.0 solution; Lane 3 is HT1 15 expressed IR54 dsRNA released from LDH with pH 2,0 solution; M = lkb+ ladder.

Shelf-life storage of dsRNA-loaded into LDH nanoparticles

[00131] The stability of two sets of 1:3 dsRNA-loaded nanoparticles (control dsRNA: LDH = 500 rig; 1500 ng) were tested in triplicate oyer a period of 60 days when stored in 1.5 mL tubes. Samples were stored in four different conditions of either light or dark and either sterile DEPC treated water or non-sterile tap water. Dark, sterile samples were analysed at 0, 3, 7, 10, 20, 30 and 60 days. Both light and dark non-sterile samples were analysed at 1, 5, 10, 30 and 60 days while light sterile was analysed at 10, 30 and 60 days. One set of 1 :3 dsRNA-loaded LDH was artificially released as per the above with pH 2.0. The stability of the dsRNA-loaded nanoparticles was assessed by gel electrophoresi (1 % agarose gel).

[001 2] LDH-bound dsRNA was found to be stable even after storage for 60 days, regardless of whether the LDH-bound dsRNA was stored with sterile or non-sterile water or under light or dark conditions, No degradation was observed of the LDH-bound dsRNA by gel electrophoresis {Figure 21). In Fi ure 21 Lane 1 is fresh 500 ng oi in vitro transcribed NIa dsRNA; Lane 2 is 2.5 pg LDH suspended in non-sterile water and stored in light for 60 days; Lane 3 is 1 :5 in vitro transcribed NIa dsRNA:LDH suspended in non-sterile water and stored in light for 60 days; and M is the I kb+ ladder.

Protection of dsRNA-loaded into LDH nanoparticles

[00133] LDH's ability to encapsulate the dsRNA and protect it from detrimental environmental factor (such as RNase and UV light) was examined. In this experiment. 2.5 pg LDH, HT115 expressed 'naked' NIa dsRNA (500 ng) and 1:5 NIa dsRNA:LDH were either: (i) incubated at 37°C for 20 min with 1 ng of RNase A; or (ii) placed under a UV lamp for 8 hours. Figure 22 shows that the RNase A treatment completely degraded the 'naked' NIa dsRNA (Figure 22, Lane 5), while the NIa dsRNA:LDH shows protection (Figure 22, Lane 8). Samples exposed to UV showed complete degradation of 'naked' NIa dsRNA while some degraded RNA remained (Figure 22, Lane 6). NIa dsRNA:LDH exposed to UV light (Figure 22, Lane 9) showed no degradation in comparison to the untreated NIa dsRNA.LDH (Figure 22. Lane 7). In Figure 22 Lane 1 is untreated LDH; Lane 2 is RNase A treated LDH; Lane 3 is UV treated LDH; Lane 4 is untreated Nla dsRNA; Lane 5 is RNase A treated Nla dsR^'NA; Lane 6 is UV treated Nla dsRNA; Lane 7 is untreated 1:5 Nla dsRNA:LDH; Lane 8 is RNase A treated 1:5 Nla dsRNA:LDH; Lane 9 is UV treated 1 :5 Nla dsRNA:LDH; and M is lkb+ ladder.

EXAMPLE 3 - TOPICAL APPLICATION OF dsRNA:LDH ON PLANTS

Analysis of spray application for treatm ents

[00134] The following experiments required spray application of treatments (water. dsRNA, LDH or dsRNA-loaded LDH) onto either the leaf or entire plant. To quantify the amount of liquid released per spray, bottles were tilled with water and sprayed into weigh boats. Weight per spray wa recorded and converted from g to mL,

Viral inoculum for challenge experiments

[00135] The PMMoV inoculum was a kind gift from Dr Geering, QAAFI as an infected leaf sample. PVY inoculum was available in the itter laboratory. The viral inoculum was multiplied by mechanical inoculation On either N. benthamiana or W38. Briefly, the infected leaves were ground in 5 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5. The leaves to be inoculated were dusted with carborundum powder and then gentl rubbed with the ground sap carrying the virus. Symptoms were recorded at 3- 15 days post inoculation (dpi).

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay)

[00136] The virus litre in the inoculated and systemic leaves (non-inoculated new leaves) where applicable wa determined by ELISA kit specific to each virus (Agdia, Elkhart. IN, U.S.A.) as per manufacture's protocol using three 8 mm discs randomly picked from the leaf sample. Plates were read using PowerWave Xs (Bio Tex, Winooski, VT, U.S.A.) plate reader at 405 nm. The absorbance value was used as indicator of virus titre.

PMMo V protection experiments

Co-inocukuhm ofPMMoV virus and IR54 dsRNA spray

[00137] The standard viral inoculum used was one 8 mm cut-out; disc of PMMoV infected N. benthamiana leaf homogenised in 1 mL of 5 mM potassium phosphate buffer, diluted to 1 :500 or 1:100.

[00138] The leaves of hypersensitive, local lesion. host N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc was used to analyse the effectivene s of dsRNA to silence PMMoV infection. Leaves were challenged with PMMoV only on the left-hand side, while the right-hand side was challenged with PMMoV after treatment of either 'naked' IR54 dsRNA, LDH alone or 1:2.5 IR54 dsRNA.LDH. The dsRNA. concentration used was 1 per leaf. The viral inoculum used was diluted to 1 :100. Three leaves were used for each treatment, with viral lesions recorded at 3 dpi.

[00139] The result are provided in Figure 23 and Table 3. In Figure 2.3, photograph A is right-half 'naked' IR54 dsRNA + PMMoV; left-half PMMoV only. Photograph B is right-half LDH only + PMMoV; left-half PMMoV only. Photograph C is right-half 1 :2,5 IR54 dsRNA:LDH + PMMoV; left-half PMMoV only. It was observed that 'naked' IR54 dsRNA reduced lesions in comparison to PMMoV only (Figure 23 A), while LDH alone (Figure 23 B) did not cause much reduction (Table 3). IR54 dsRNA:LDH show a slight reduction in local lesions but requires optimisation (Figure 23 C),

[00140] Table 3: Average number of local lesions on a hypersensitive host infected with PMMoV and treated with IR54 dsRNA and LDH nanoparticles.

PMMoV/ PMMoV/ PMMoV PMMoV +

PMMoV/

PMMoV + IR54 PMMoV + 1 :2.5 1R54 water onl

dsRNA LDH dsRNA:LDH

Average no.

29/1 53/13 34/35 61/46

of lesions

[00141 ] Stability of dsRNA versus dsRNA:LDH was tested on Mcotiana tabaew ev Xanthi leaves. Leaves were sprayed with 'naked' 1R54 dsRNA and 1 :2 1R54 dsRNA:LDH up to a total volume of 500 uL. The concentration of dsRNA used was 1 g per leaf. Samples were collected at days 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 after spraying and total RNA was loaded onto a PAGE-gel for Northern blot analysis. Northern blot analysis of the leaves showed that 'naked' IR54 dsRNA was almost completely degraded 10 days after spraying. In contrast, the IR54 dsRNA:LDH was much more stable, and still delected 20 days after spraying (see Figure 24^'), In Figure 24, + is dsRNA (positive control) and - is un.sprayed leaves (negative control).

Time course experiment for PMMoV protection

[00142] It was found that 1 : 100 dilution of PMMoV was too concentrated, as lesions coalesced together making it hard to count individual lesions (Figure 23). As a result, time course analysi used a 1 :500 dilution of the inoculum that was. applied onto the full leaf.

[00143] The leaves of hypersensitive host N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc were sprayed with water only or 1 :2 IR54 dsRNA:LDH on day 0 and inoculated with PMMoV at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after the spray. The dsRNA concentration used was 1 per leaf. In this experiment, the ratio of dsRNA:LDH used was 1:2 as at that ratio the dsR A does not bind completely to LDH and therefore some of it will be available as free dsRNA (Figure 16). Also the inoculum used was diluted to 1:500. The experiment was done with three leaves for each treatment at each time point. Plants were photographed and local lesions counted at 6 dpi. LDH alone was not tested, due to confirmation of no protection from PMMoV (Figure 23 B).

[00144] A reduction in lesions was observed in leaves co-inoculated with IR54 dsRNA:LDH at day 0 (Figure 25). A similar observation can be made vvith leaves challenged with PMMoV 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after spraying IR54 dsRNA lsRNA (Figure 25). LDH-loaded IR54 dsRNA were able to provide protection up to 20 day after application (Figure 25). In Figure 25, the hypersensitive host N. tabacum cv Xanlhi nc is challenged with PMMoV at days 0. 5. 10, 15 and 20 of treatment. All plants were photographed 6 days after P MoV inoculation.

PVY protection experiments

Co-inoculaiUm of PVY virus and NIa dsRNA spray

[00145 ] The standard inoculum used was one 8 mm cut-out disc of PVY infected W38 leaf homogenised in 1 tnL of 5 mM potassium phosphate buffer, diluted to 1 : 1000.

[00146] The leaves of W38 were treated with water only, 1:5 control dsRNA:LDH or 1 :5 NIa dsRNA:LDH. Plants were challenged with PVY on the same day (Figure 26). The dsRNA concentration was 500 ng per leaf. Two leaves on a single plant were sprayed with water and 1 :5 control dsRNA:LDH, while two leaves on two plants were sprayed with 1 :5 NIa dsRNA;LDH. Both the. inoculated leaf and an apical or systemic leaf were analysed by PVY-specific ELISA.

[00147] Figure 26 provides the results of ELISA detection of PVY in treated plants challenged with PVY, illustrating the results of co-inoculation of PVY and water (Water Control), control dsRNA:LDH (Control dsRNA:LDH), and 1:5 NIa dsRNA:LDH (NIa dsRNA:LDH - Plant 1 and NIa dsRNA:LDH - Plant 2).

[00148] Plants sprayed with 1 :5 NIa dsRNA:LDH and challenged with PVY showed a reduced viral litre when challenged immediately after spraying and no PVY could be detected at day 30 in both inoculated and systemic leaves (Figure 26).

Time course experiment for PVY protection

[00149] Entire four-leaf stage plants were sprayed with water only, LDH only, 'naked' NIa dsKNA or 1 :2.5 NIa dsRNA:LDH on day 0. A concentration of 1 p of HT1 15 NIa dsRNA was used per plant. A mass loading ratio of 1 :2.5 dsRNA:LDH was used to have some dsRNA available immediately upon spraying. The plants were inoculated with PVY ( 1: 1000 dilution) at 3 days alter the spray. The 1 : 1000 diluted viral inoculum Was mechanically inoculated onto two leaves. PVY symptoms were observed and ELISA samples were collected at 10 and 20 dpi. Plants were grown in glasshouse conditions of an average temperature of 25-26 °C (minimum temperature of greater than 23 °C and a maximum temperature of less than 29 ^CC (typically less than 27 °Q).

[00150] The results of the experiment for two replicate plants per treatment are provided in Figure 27. PVY was detected at days 10 and 20 in plants sprayed with water, LDH only and 'naked' NIa dsRNA. Plants sprayed with 1:2.5 dsRNA:LDH and challenged with PVY 3 days later, recorded no virus in inoculated or systemic leaves (Figure 27). These results indicate that 'naked' NIa d&RNA was degraded on the leaves within 3 days of application, while NIa dsRNA:LDH protected the NIa dsRNA from degradation and conferred resistance to PVY.

[00151 ] In the present specification and claims (if any), the word 'comprising' and its derivatives including 'comprises' and 'comprise' include each of the stated integers but does not exclude the inclusion of one or more further integers.

[001 2] Reference throughout this specification to 'one embodiment' or 'an embodiment' means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearance of the phrases 'in one embodiment'^' or 'in an embodiment' in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more combinations.

[00153] In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific to structural or methodical features. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to specific features shown or described since the means herein described comprises preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims (if any) appropriately interpreted by those skilled in the ait.

CITATION LIST

[00154] Brosnan, C, N. Milter, M. Christie, N. Smith, P. Walerhouse & B. Carroll, (2007) Nuclear gene silencing directs reception of long-distance niRNA silencing in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 14741 -14746.

[00155] Chen, M., H.M Cooper, J.Z. Zhou, P.F, Baitlctt & Z.P. Xu, (2013) Reduction in the size of layered double hydroxide nanoparticles enhances the efficiency of siR A delivery. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 390: 275-28.1.

[00156] Gan. D., J. Zhang, H. Jiang, T. Jiang, S. Zhu & B. Cheng, (2010) Bacterially expressed dsRNA protects make against SCMV infeclion. Plant Cell Reports 29: 1261-1268.

[00157] Gleave, A.P., (1992) A versatile binary vector system with a T-DNA organisational structure conducive to efficient integration of cloned DNA into the plant genome. Plant Molecular Biology 20: 1203- 1207.

[00158] Mills, S.J., A.G. Christy, J ,-M.R. Genin, T. Kameda, & F. Colombo, (2012) Nomenclature of the hydrotalcite supergroup: natural layered double hydroxides. Mineralogical Magazine 76 1289-1336.

[00159] Mitter, N. & R.G. Dietzgen, (2012) Use of hairpin RNA constructs for engineering plant virus resistance. Methods Moladar Biology 894: 1 1 -208.

[00160] Mitter, N ., R. Mitchell & R.G. Dietzgen, (2006) Fate of hairpin transcript components during RNA silencing and its suppression in transgenic virus-resistant tobacco. Journal of Biotechnology 126: 1 15-122.

[001611 Mitter, N._r E, Sulistyowati & R.G. Dietzgen, (2003) Cucumber mosaic vims infection transiently breaks dsRNA-induced transgenic immunity to Potato virus Y in tobacco. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 16: 936-944.

[00162] Teiillado, F. & J.R. Diaz-Ruiz, (2001) Double-stranded RNA-niediated interference with plant virus infection. Journal Virology 75: 12288- 12297.

[00163] Tenllado, F., B. Martfnez-Garcia, M. Vargas & J.R. Diaz-Ruiz, (2003) Crude extracts of bacterially expressed dsRNA can be used to protect plants against virus infections. Biomedicaiceniral Biotechnology 3: 3.

[00164] Timmons, L. & A. Fire, (2001 ) Ingestion of bacterially expressed dsRMAs can produce, specific and potent genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene 263: 103-1 12.

Claims

1. A plant-protecting RN Ai composition comprising plant-protecting double-stranded RNA adsorbed onto LDH particles,

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the plant-protecting double-stranded RNA is capable of protectin a plant against a plant virus or viriod.

3. The composition of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the plant-protecting double-stranded RNA is from 80 to 1500 base pairs in length.

4. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the LDH is of the hydrotalcite group.

5. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the composition is in the form of a solid, suspension or colloid,

6. The composilion of claim 5. wherein the composition is sprayable onto the leaves of the plant.

7. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the plant-protectin double- stranded RNA (dsRNA) is loaded onto the LDH at a ratio of from 1: 1 to 1 :5 dsRNA:LDH.

S. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein 60% to 90% of the plant-protecting double-stranded RNA in the composition is adsorbed onto the LDH.

9. The composition of afty One of claims 1 to 8, wherein the composition, once administered to a plant, is capable of protecting the plant for at least 30 days.

J 0. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 9, when applied to a plant.

11. A method for protecting a plant, the method comprising the step of administering to a plant an RNAi composition comprising plant-protecting double-stranded RNA adsorbed onto LDH panicles.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the plant-protecting double -stranded RNA is capable of protecting a plant against a plant virus or viriod.

13. The method of claim 1 1 or claim 12, wherein the plant-protecting double-stranded RNA is from 80 to 1500 base pairs in length,

14. The method of any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the LDH is of the hydrotalcite group.

15. The method of any one of claims 11 to 14, wherem the composition is in. the form of a solid, suspension or colloid.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of administering to a plant an RNAi composition comprises spraying the RNAi composition onto the leaves of the plant.

17. The method of any one of claims 11 to 16, wherein the plant-protecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is loaded onto the LDH at a ratio of from 1: 1 to 1:5 dsRNA:LDH.

18. The. method of any one of claims 11 to 16, wherein 60% to 90% of the plant-protecting double-stranded RNA in the composition is adsorbed onto the LDH.

1 . The method of any one of claims 1 1 to 18, wherein the composition, once administered to a plant, is capable of protecting the plan for at least: 30 days.

20. A method for preparing a plant-protecting RNAi composition, comprising the step of ad orbing plant-protecting double-stranded RNA onto LDH particles.