WO2015109168A1

WO2015109168A1 - Methods of using capsaicin synthase for the microbial production of capsaicinoids

Info

Publication number: WO2015109168A1
Application number: PCT/US2015/011729
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hui Chen; Hongxue Wang; Oliver YU
Original assignee: Conagen Inc
Current assignee: Conagen Inc
Priority date: 2014-01-17
Filing date: 2015-01-16
Publication date: 2015-07-23
Anticipated expiration: 2016-07-17
Also published as: HUE063097T2; BR112016016508A2; AU2015206358A1; MX2016009328A; CN106456588A; EP3094320B1; JP6611359B2; JP2017507648A; EP3094320C0; PL3094320T3; CN106456588B; US20160340701A1; CA2937124A1; EP3094320A4; KR20160125370A; US9951358B2; HK1232126A1; EP3094320A1

Abstract

A biosynthetic method of making a capsaicinoid including expressing a first gene product of CS/AT3/Pun1 in a cellular system, growing the cellular system in a medium, and collecting the capsaicinoid. The biosynthetic method further includes expressing a second gene product of ACS1 and expressing a third gene product of pAMT in the cellular system.

Description

METHODS OF USING CAPSAICIN SYNTHASE FOR THE MICROBIAL

PRODUCTION OF CAPSAICINOIDS

Cross-Reference to Related Applications

[0001] This disclosure is a PCT Patent application entitled Methods of Using Capsaicin Synthase for the Microbial Production of Capsaicinoids. This application claims priority to US Provisional Patent application No. 61/928,803 filed on January 17, 2014, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Background of the Disclosure

[0002] Field of Disclosure: This disclosure relates generally to a method for the biosynthetic production of capsaicin and related capsaicinoids, particularly utilizing acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), aminotransferase (pAMT) and capsaicin synthase (CS).

[0003] Background Art: The chili pepper is the fruit from plants of the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Chili pepper has been widely used as a food additive in spicy and hot cuisines, due to its pungent nature. Capsacinoids are the substances responsible for the pungent sensation of the chili pepper and as mentioned previously, their production is restricted to the genus Capsicum. Capsaicin (CP, 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-irara- 6-nonenamide) and dihydrocapsaicin (DHCP, 8-methyl-N-vanillylnonanamide) are the two major capsaicinoids responsible for roughly up to 90% of the pungency in chili pepper (Garces- Claver, et al., 2007).

[0004] In addition to being used mainly as food additives for hot sensation and spicy flavoring, capsaicinoids have many pharmaceutical and medical uses. They have been found to exert a series of physiological and pharmacological effects, including analgesia, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-obesity activities and are used as the main

1

SLC-6811452-1 components ointments, patches, oils and creams designed to relieve the pain caused by several diseases such as vasomotor rhinitis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (Aza-Gonzalez, et al., 2011). Capsaicinoids are also currently used as the main active ingredient in self-protective aerosol sprays (i.e., pepper sprays) on the market ( eilly, et al., 2001). Recently capsaicinoids were reported to lower plasma cholesterol and improve endothelial function in hamsters (Liang, et al., 2013).

[0005] Capsaicin is believed to be synthesized by CS, an acyltransferase that transfers the

8-methylnonenoyl moiety from 8-methylnonenoyl-CoA to vanillylamine to form an amide conjugate (FIG. 1). Vanillylamine is formed from the phenylpropanoid pathway wherein the branched-chain fatty acid is derived from a branched-chain amino acid, e.g., valine (Curry, et al., 1999; Mazourek, et al, et al., 2009). The aminotransferase ipAMT) catalyzes the formation of vanillyamine from vanillin. Applicants have cloned pAMT derived from ghost chili pepper. The other substrate, 8-methylnonenoyl-CoA, is derived from 8-methyl-/'rara'-6-nonenoic acid through the activity of an acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS).

[0006] In this disclosure, applicants have utilized the gene product of CS to produce capsaicinoids by microbial biosynthesis. Applicants are the first to achieve microbial production of capsaicinoids, particularly capsaicin. Moreover, this invention addresses a long-felt but unmet need in the industry to produce capsaicin by microbial biosynthesis.

Brief Summary of Disclosure

[0007] This present disclosure is a method of bioconversion making a capsaicinoid comprising expressing a first gene product of CS/AT3/Punl in a mixture, providing a first substrate to the mixture, and collecting the capsaicinoid. [0008] Another present disclosure is a method of bioconversion making a capsaicinoid including expressing a first gene product of CS/AT3/Punl in a cellular system, growing the cellular system in a medium, and collecting the capsaicinoid. [0009] Another present disclosure is a method of bioconversion making a plurality of capsaicinoid comprising expressing a gene product of CS/AT3/Punl in a cellular system, providing 8-methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA, providing vanillylamine, growing the cellular system in a medium, and collecting the plurality of capsaicinoid, wherein the plurality capsaicinoid is more than about 90% capsaicin and less than about 5% of dihydrocapsaicin by numerical ratio or molar ratio.

[00010] Another present disclosure is a method of bioconversion making a plurality of capsaicinoid comprising expressing a gene product of CS/AT3/Piml in a cellular system, providing 8-methyl-nonanoyl-CoA, providing vanillylamine, growing the cellular system in a medium, and collecting the plurality of capsaicinoid, wherein the plurality of capsaicinoid is more than about 90% dihydrocapsaicin and less than about 5% capsaicin by ratio.

[00011] Another disclosure is a biosynthetic method of making a capsaicinoid comprising expressing a gene product of CS/AT3/Punl in a cellular system, providing fatty acid-CoA (an activated form of fatty acid), providing vanillylamine, growing the cellular system in a medium, and collecting the capsaicinoid.

Brief Descriptions of the Drawings

[00012] For a better understanding of the present disclosure, reference may be made to the accompanying drawings in which: [00013] Figure 1 shows the capsaicin biosynthetic pathway. Adapted from Stewart et al.

(2007).

[00014] Figure 2 shows the HPLC profiles of products extracted from E. coli BL21 cells overexpressing the genes ACS1 and CS/AT3/Punl upon the feeding of substrates. 1: Capsaicin (CP) and 2: dihydrocapsaicin (DHCP). (A) A mixture of CP and DHCP standards from Sigma; (B) the control without the feeding substrates; (C) feeding with vanillylamine (VN) and 8- methyl-6-nonenoic acid (6E); (D) feeding with VN and 8-methyl nonanoic acid (8M); (E) feeding with VN, 6E and 8M.

[00015] Figure 3 shows GC/MS profile of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin standards obtained from Sigma (Cat. No. 360376 Sigma, a mixture of CP and DHCP).

[00016] Figure 4 shows GC/MS profiles of products from the feeding of different substrates (e.g., VN, 6E and 8M) to the BL21 cultures overexpressing ACS1 and CS/AT3/Punl. The GC MS analysis was performed with a Shimadzu GC-2010 system coupled with a GCMS- QP2010S detector. Column Rtx-5MS (thickness 0.25u; length 30m; diameter 0.25 mm) was used for separation. Injection temperature: 265°C; injection mode: split; oven temperature: 140°C.The temperature gradient: 0-1 min, 140°C; 1-11.25 min, 140°C to 263°C, rate 12; 11.25-21.25 min, 263°C.

[00017] Figure 5 shows MS of the products from the feeding of substrates (6E and 8M) compared with capsaicin (CP) and dihydrocapsaicin (DHCP) control profiles. [00018] Figure 6 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of His-SUMO-Punl expression in BL21

(DE3) cells. 0, 20: total protein at the times after IPTG induction; C, soluble crude protein extract; El to E3, fractions eluted from Ni-NTA column. The molecular weight of Punl is ca. 49 Kd and that of His-SUMO tag is ca. 12 Kd.

[00019] Figure 7 shows HPLC profile of the products of ACS1 and Punl coupled reaction when VN and 6E were used as substrates. #1, putative CP.

[00020] Figure 8 shows formation of CP (peak #1 in Figure 7) in vitro by a ACSl-Punl coupled enzyme system as analyzed by GC/MS. [00021] Figure 9 shows HPLC analysis of Punl in vitro activity when octanoyl-CoA or decanoyl-CoA was used as a substrate. #1, putative N-vanillyloctamide; #2, putative N- vanillyldecanamide .

[00022] Figure 10 shows GC/MS analysis of Punl in vitro activity when octanoyl-CoA or decanoyl-CoA was used as a substrate. #1, putative N-vanillyloctamide; #2, putative N- vanillyldecanamide.

[00023] Figure 11 shows the MS profiles of peaks #1 and #2 of FIG. 10. #1, N- vanillyloctamide; #2, N-vanillyldecanamide.

[00024] Figure 12 shows effect of culture media on the production of capsaicin (CP) from the feeding of 50 mg/L of vanillyamine (VN) and 50 mg/L of 8-methyl-6-nonenoic acid (6E) in the BL21(DE3) cultures co-overexpressing pCDFDuet-ACSl and pETite N-His SUMO-ghost Punl . LB, Luria Broth; TB, Terrific Broth; M9, M9 Minimal Medium. The experiments were performed in triplicate and the averages were used to draw the graphs. [00025] While the disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawing and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description presented herein are not intended to limit the disclosure to the particular embodiment disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

Detailed Descriptions of the Disclosure

Definitions

Cellular System

[00026] Cellular system is any cells that provide for the expression of ectopic proteins. It includes bacteria, yeast, plant cells and animal cells. It includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also includes in vitro expression of proteins utilizing cellular components, such as ribosomes. Growing the Cellular System

[00027] Growing includes providing medium that would allow cells to multiply and divide. It also includes providing resources so that cells or cellular components can translate and make recombinant proteins. Protein Expression

[00028] Protein production can occur after gene expression. It consists of the stages after

DNA has been transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA is then translated into polypeptide chains, which are ultimately folded into proteins. DNA is present in the cells through transfection - a process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells. The term is often used for non-viral methods in eukaryotic cells. It may also refer to other methods and cell types, although other terms are preferred: "transformation" is more often used to describe non- viral DNA transfer in bacteria, non-animal eukaryotic cells, including plant cells. Transduction is often used to describe virus-mediated DNA transfer. Transformation, transduction, and viral infection are included under the definition of transfection for this application. In addition, protein expression includes in vitro translation, wherein proteins are expressed utilizing cellular organelles that are outside the cells.

Bioconversion

[00029] The term bioconversion, also known as biotransformation refers to the use of live organisms often microorganisms (e.g., bacteria and yeast) to carry out a chemical reaction that is more costly or not feasible nonbiologically. These organisms convert a substance to a chemically modified form.

Mixture

[00030] A mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more substances on which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions, and colloids.

Gene Product

[00031] A gene product is the biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from expression of a gene.

[00032] A disclosure of the current invention is a method of bioconversion making a capsaicinoid comprising expressing a first gene product of CS/AT3/Piml in a mixture, providing a first substrate to the mixture, and collecting the capsaicinoid. The first gene product of CS/AT3/Punl is based on DNA sequence SEQ ID No. 1. In a further disclosure, the first gene product of CS/AT3/Panl is based on DNA sequence with at least about 95% identity to SEQ ID No. 1. In another embodiment, the first gene product of CS/AT3/Punl is derived from ghost chili pepper. Moreover, the first substrate is an activated fatty acid selected from the group consisting of 8-methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA, 8-methyl nonanoyl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA, decanoyl-CoA, and a combination thereof. [00033] Another disclosure includes providing the first substrate to the mixture further comprises by expressing a second gene product of ACS, particularly ACS1, in a mixture and providing a second substrate. In an embodiment, the second gene product of ACS1 is derived from ghost chili pepper. The second substrate is a fatty acid selected from the group consisting of 8-methyl-6-nonenoic acid, 8-methyl nonanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and a combination thereof. Further, in another disclosure, expressing any of the genes occurs by in vitro translation. In another disclosure, expressing any of the genes further occurs expressing the gene in a cellular system. The cellular system is based on a microorganism selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeast and a combination thereof. The expression product from any of the genes is purified as a recombinant protein. In a further disclosure, a third substrate vanillyamine is provided.

[00034] Another disclosure comprises expressing a third gene product of pAM in a mixture and providing a fourth substrate vanillin. In an embodiment, the third gene product of pAMT is derived from ghost chili pepper. In a disclosure, any of the genes is expressed by in vitro translation. In another disclosure, any of the genes is expressed in a cellular system. The cellular system is based on a microorganism selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeast and a combination thereof. The expression product from any of the genes can be purified as a recombinant protein.

[00035] Another disclosure is comprises expressing a first gene product of CS/AT3/Pitnl in a cellular system, growing the cellular system in a medium; and collecting the capsaicinoid. In one disclosure, the capsaicinoid is a capsaicin. Another embodiment further comprises providing 8-methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA and providing vanillylamine. The provision of 8-methyl-6- nonenoyl-CoA includes expressing a second gene product of ACSl in the cellular system and providing the substrate 8-methyl-6-nonenoic acid. The provision of vanillylamine comprises expressing a third gene product of pAM in the cellular system and providing the substrate vanillin. In another disclosure, the capsaicinoid is a capsaicin. Alternatively or in addition, the capsaicinoid is a dihydrocapsaicin. In terms of producing dihydrocapsaicin, the disclosure further comprises providing 8-methyl-nonanoyl-CoA and providing vanillylamine. In regards to providing 8-methyl-nonanoyl-CoA, it includes expressing a second gene product of ACS, particularly ACSl, in the cellular system and providing 8-methyl nonanoic acid. The disclosure further comprises expressing a third gene product of pAMT in the cellular system and providing the substrate vanillin. The first gene product is expressed from CS/AT3/Piml cloned from ghost chili pepper. In an embodiment, the gene product is expressed from CS/AT3/Punl that shares a sequence identity of at least about 95% with CS/AT3/Punl cloned from ghost chili pepper. The cellular system is selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeast, and a combination thereof.

[00036] Another disclosure is a method of biocon version making a capsaicinoid comprising expressing a gene product of CS/AT3/Punl in a cellular system, providing fatty acid- CoA, providing vanillylamine, growing the cellular system in a medium, and collecting the capsaicinoid. In one disclosure, the fatty acid-CoA is 8-methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA, and the capsaicinoid is more than about 90% capsaicin by numeric ratio. In another disclosure, the fatty acid-CoA is 8-methyl-nonanoyl-CoA, and the capsaicinoid is more than about 90% dihydrocapsaicin by numeric ratio. In another disclosure, the fatty acid-CoA provided is octanoyl-CoA and the capsaicinoid product is N-vanillyloctamide, more specifically more than about 90%) N-vanillyloctamide. In another disclosure, the fatty acid-CoA is decanoyl-CoA and the capsaicinoid product is N-vanillyldecanamide, more specifically more than about 90% N- vanillyldecanamide .

[00037] As for the cellular system used in various embodiments, it is selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeast, and a combination thereof. Any cellular system that would allow the biosynthetic production is provided.

[00038] It has been known for a long time that the pungency of pepper is controlled by

Punl locus and the corresponding gene has recently been identified as ATS, which encodes a putative acyltransferase (Stewart et al., 2005). ATS is a member of the BAHD acyltransferase superfamily and has been suggested as a putative CS/ AT /Punl (Kim et al., 2009). However, the biochemical activity of the gene product of CS/ATS/Punl has not been reported thus far. This lack of evidence of biochemical activity is mainly due to the fact that the acyl-CoA substrates for the gene product of CS/ATS/Punl are not commercially available and the recombinant expression of CS/ATS/Punl has been difficult due to extreme insolubility of the protein (Stewart et al., 2005). It has also been speculated that CS may belong to an acyltransferase family other than the BAHD family (Stewart et al., 2005). Applicants are the first to show that the gene product of CS/ATS/Punl possesses CS function in a bioconversion reaction. Applicants have addressed this long-felt but unmet need of making capsaicinoids, particularly capsaicin, in a bioconversion method.

[00039] Further, due to the wide use of capsaicinoids in food, medicine and defense (e.g., pepper spray), there has been an increased demand for capsaicinoids. Thus far, hot peppers are the only natural source for capsaicinoids. However, the content of capsaicinoids in hot peppers is generally low and is affected by environmental and growth conditions. For example, a range of 0.22 to 20 mg of total capsaicinoids/g of pepper (dry weight) has been reported (Thomas et al., 1998). The deficiency in the supply of natural capsaicinoids contributes to the extremely high prices for natural capsaicinoids, e.g., US$2,000-3,000/kg (http://www.alibaba.com/product- gs/810894171 /Natural_Capsaicin_Capsaicine_Powder_97_16.html?s=p). Having another source for capsaicinoids that can meet the demand has been a long, unmet need in the industry.

[00040] Genetically engineered microbes have become an increasingly important platform for the production of drugs, chemicals, and biofuels from renewable resources (Du et al., 2011). These biotechnological products, when used in food, can be labeled as 'natural' in the food industry according to current regulations (Hausler and Munch, 1997). The prerequisite for the development of a microbial production platform is the cloning and characterization of the corresponding genes in the bioconversion pathway. Due to the importance of capsaicinoids, there has been a long interest in the cloning of the gene encoding capsaicin synthase. For example, over 100 years ago, Webber reported that PUN1 locus as a controller of the pungency of pepper (Webber, 1911). The corresponding gene was cloned, which encode the gene product for AT3, an acyltransferases in the BAHD superfamily (Stewart et al., 2005). However, until recently shown by the applicants, no biochemical activity has been ascribed to this putative acyltransferase and the claim that the gene product for CS/AT3/Piinl is a putative capsaicin synthase was questionable. Moreover, because of the lack of acyl-CoA substrates for the gene product of CS/AT3/P nl, the activity from the gene product of CS/AT3/Piml could never be effectively captured to make capsaicin and other capsaicinoids in a bioconverting mechanism. Later, in another study, using an enzyme-to-gene approach, Prasad et al. (2006) reported the identification of csyl as the elusive capsaicin synthase gene. However, two years later, this work was retracted (Prasad et al., 2008) and the CS gene remains unidentified and unconfirmed. Accordingly, not only is the biochemical identity and confirmation of the real capsaicin synthase has been a long time goal in the industry, the exploitation of the CS gene in a bioconverting mechanism to make capsaicin and other capsaicinoids has been long desired. [00041] Following applicants' identification of the activity of the gene product for ACS1, applicants were able to make acyl-CoA substrates, and thus, they were able to demonstrate that CS/PUN1/AT3 has CS activity both in vitro and in vivo. This represents the first example of heterologous biosynthesis of capsaicinoids, which paves the way for the development and optimization of microbial fermentation process for the production of "natural" capsaicinoids. Also, in developing this method, applicants have shown that through the feeding of different fatty acid substrates, they were also able to make different species of capsaicinoids that may not occur in nature.

Example 1

CS/Punl/AT3 gene product has CS activity in vivo.

[00042] Following applicants' recent discovery of ACS activity from pepper (Chen H,

Wang H, and Yu O, US 61/898944), the gene products of ACS 1 and CS/AT3/Piinl were co- overexpressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. Applicants discovered that the gene product of ACS1 has the ability to activate fatty acids by the addition of CoA, making a form of high energy fatty acids. After the induction of protein expression by IPTG and the feeding of vanillyamine (V ) and 8-methyl-6-nonenoic acid (6E)/8-methyl nonanoic acid (8M), putative CP/DHCP was produced (FIG. 2). In nature (i.e., as derived from hot peppers), capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin are made together, whereas in a biosynthetic reaction, applicants has discovered that they can control the production of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and other capsaicinoids by feeding specific activated fatty acids (e.g., 6E-C0A, 8M-C0A, octanoyl-CoA, and decanoyl-CoA).

Cloning oiCS/P nl/AT3.

[00043] The applicants are the first to show biochemically CS activity from gene product of the CS/AT3/Punl gene and bioconversion of substrates in a cellular system. Particularly, the applicants showed the ability to catalyze the conversion of activated fatty acid to capsaicinoids. The initial cloning of CS/AT3/Punl gene was into the pENTR/D TOPO vector. The cloning of CS requires the following primers. The primers 309-pentr-F:

CACCATGGCTTTTGCATTACCATC and 309-pentr-R: TTAGGCAATGAACTCAAGGAG were used to amplify CS/AT3/Punl gene from the cDNA of the green fruits of ghost chili pepper and the resulting PCR product was cloned into pENTR/D_TOPO vector and then swapped into pDEST17 vector by LR reaction (Invitrogen). The gene product for CS/AT3/Punl was then expressed in a bacterial system, such as BL21(DE3), and then CP and DHCP were detected upon providing the necessary substrates. HPLC was performed with Dionex - UltiMate® 3000 LC Systems (Thermo Scientific) using an Acclaim© 120 CI 8 reversed-phase column (Thermo Scientific; 3 μ, 120 A, 150 ^χ 3 mm). The mobile phase consisted of solvent A (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) and solvent B (acetonitrile). The gradient elution procedure was as follows: 0 to 5 min, 5% of B; 5 to 9 min, a linear gradient from 5 to 80% of B; 9 to 11 min, 80% of B; 11 to 12 min, 5% of B. The flow rate was 0.6 ml/min. The diode array detector collected data in the 200- to 400-nm range. For detection and quantification of substrate and products, peak areas were measured at 280 nm.

CP/DHCP Identity Confirmation.

[00044] The identity of CP/DHCP was confirmed by further GC/MS analysis. As shown in FIG. 3 (GC/MS profiles), the CP standard from Sigma is actually a mixture of CP and DHCP at a ratio of about 60:40. The retention times are 13.80 and 14.04 min for CP and DHCP, respectively. The MS library in GC MS machine contains the standard spectra for both CP and DHCP, which match those from the Sigma standard. As shown in FIG. 4, the feeding of 6E and 8M to the culture expressing the gene products of ACS1 and CS/AT3/Pnnl resulted in the production of CP and DHCP, respectively. The spectra of the products match those of the standards very well in a side-by-side comparison (FIG. 5). CS/Piinl/AT3 gene product has CS activity in vitro.

[00045] To determine activity in vitro, applicants amplified CS/Punl/AT3 gene from the cDNA derived from the green fruits of ghost chili pepper using the primers of 309-sumo-F, CGC GAA CAG ATT GGA GGT GCTTTTGCATTACCATC and 309-sumo-R, GTG GCG GCC GCT CTA TTA TTAGGCAATGAACTCAAGGAG. The resulting PCR product was purified on 1% agarose gel and combined with linear pETite N-His SUMO Kan expression vector (Lucigen, Middleton, WI). The DNA mixture was used to transform HI-control 10G chemically competent cells by heat shock (Lucigen). The gene insertion was then fully sequenced and the sequence was identical to that of Punl gene from Capsicum chinense (GenBank: AY819027).

SEQ ID No. 1: Sequence of CS/Punl/AT3 from ghost chili pepper

[00046] ATGGCTTTTGCATTACCATCATCACTTG TTCAGTTTGTGACAAaTCTTTTATCaaACCTTCCTCTCTCACCCCCTCTAAAC TTAGATTTCACAAGCTATCTTTCATCGATCAATCTTTAAGTAATATGTATATCCCTTGTGCATTTTTTTACCCTAAAGTACAACAAAGACTAGAAGA CTCCAAAAATTCTGATGAGCTTTCCCATATAGCCCACTTGCTACAAACATCTCTATCACAAACTCTAGTCTCTTACTATCCTTATGCAGGAAAGTTG AAGGACAATGCTACTGTTGACTGTAACGATATGGGAGCTGAGTTCTTGAGTGTTCGAATAAAATGTTCCATGTCTGAAATTCTTGATCATCCTCATG CATCTCTTGCAGAGAGCATAGTTTTGCCCAAGGATTTGCCTTGGGCGAATAATTGTGAAGGTGGTAATTTGCTTGTAGTTCAAGTAAGTAAGTTTGA TTGTGGGGGAATAGCCATCAGTGTATGCTTTTCGCACAAGATTGGTGATGGTTGCTCTCTGCTTAATTTCCTTAATGATTGGTCTAGCGTTACTCGT GATCATACGACAACAGCTTTAGTTCCATCTCCTAGATTTGTAGGAGATTCTGTCTTCTCTACAAAAAAATATGGTTCTCTTATTACGCCACAAATTT TGTCCGATCTCAACGAGTGCGTACAGAAAAGACTCATTTTTCCTACAGATAAGTTAGATGCACTTCGAGCTAAGGTGGCAGAAGAATCAGGAGTAAA AAATCCAACAAGGGCAGAAGTTGTTAGCGCTCTTCTTTTCAAATGTGCAACAAAGGCATCATCATCAATGCTACCATCAAAGTTGGTTCACTTCTTA AACATACGTACTATGATCAAACCTCGTCTACCACGAAATGCCATTGGAAATCTCTCGTCTATTTTCTCCATAGAAGCAACTAACATGCAGGACATGG AGTTGCCAACGTTGGTTCGTAATTTAAGGAAGGAAGTTGAGGTGGCATACAAGAAAGACCAAGTCGAACAAAATGAACTGATCCTAGAAGTAGTAGA ATCAATGAGAGAAGGGAAACTGCCATTTGAAAATATGGATGGCTATGAGAATGTGTATACTTGCAGCAATCTTTGCAAATATCCGTACTACACTGTA GATTTTGGATGGGGAAGACCTGAAAGAGTGTGTCTAGGAAATGGTCCCTCCAAGAATGCCTTCTTCTTGAAAGATTACAAAGCTGGGCAAGGCGTGG AGGCGCGGGTGATGTTGCACAAGCAACAAATGTCTGAATTTGAACGCAATGAGGAACTCCTTGAGTTCATTGCCTAA

[00047] Applicants used pETite N-His SUMO-ghost Punl to transform HI-Control

BL21(DE3) cells (Lucigen) and the expression of His-SUMO-Punl was induced by 0.5 mM IPTG at 16°C for 20 hrs. The fusion protein was purified by Ni-NTA column (FIG. 6). The gene product of Punl has a molecular weight of ca. 49 Kd and the size of His-SUMO tag is ca. 12 Kd. The His-SUMO-CS fusion protein on SDS-PAGE migrated close to the predicted size (ca. 61 Kd) (FIG. 6). [00048] Applicants used a ACS1 and CS/Piml/AT3 coupled enzyme system to assay the activity of the gene product of CS/P nl/AT3. The gene product of ACS1 facilitates the production of substrates for the gene product of CS/Piinl/AT3. The system includes 100 mM Tris, pH8.5, 5 mM ATP, 0.5 mM CoA, 10 mM MgCl₂, 100 mg L VN, and 1 mM 6E. The rection was started by adding purified SUMO-ACS 1 and SUMO-Punl simultaneously. The reaction lasted 1 hr before it was terminated by adding acetic acid. The reaction product was first analyzed by FTPLC (FIG. 7). Conpared to the control, two products were formed one is 8- methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA, which was previously confirmed by MS/MS (Chen H, Wang H, and Yu O, 2013) and another product (#1) matches the retention time of CP. [00049] To further confirm the identity of peak #1, the ethyl acetate extract was dried over

N2 gas and derivatized by MSTFA (N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifiuoroacetamide - Sigma). The products were analyzed by GC/MS (FIG. 8). As shown in FIG. 8, the CP produced from the enzymatic reaction has the same MS profile as CP standard. [00050] In addition, applicants also tested the activity using other substrates. Applicants purchased octanoyl CoA and decanoyl CoA from Sigma. When these acyl-CoAs and VN were used together as substrates, the corresponding capsaicinoids (#1 and #2 for N-vanillyloctamide and N-vanillyldecanamide, respectively) were formed, confirming the enzymatic activity of Punl (FIGs. 9 and 10). The enzyme products were extracted with ethyl acetate and dried over N₂ gas. The MSTFA derivatives were analyzed by GC MS. FIG. 11 shows the MS profiles of peaks #1 and #2 of FIG. 10. Example 2

Cloning

[00051] ACS1 gene was PCR amplified from pETite N-His SUMO-ghost ACS1 template using the primers of ACSl-Bgl 11-F: GAAGATCTATGGCAACAGATAAATTTA and ACS1- Xhol-R : CCGCTCGAGTCACTTGGTACCCTTGTAC and ligated into the MCS2 site of pCDFDuet-1 vector (Novagen). The resulting plasmid pCDFDuet-ACSl was used to transform competent E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. The transformed cells were selected on LB plate containing 100 mg L of spectinomycin. The resulting BL21(DE3) cells harboring pCDFDuet-ACSl was used for the second transformation with pETite N-His SUMO-ghost Punl vector. The transformants were selected on LB plates containing 50 mg/L of kanamycin and 100 mg/L of spectinomycin.

Different Culture Media

[00052] Different culture media were tested for CP (capsaicin) production in the

BL21(DE3) culture co-overexpressing ACS1 and Punl upon the feeding of VN (vanillyamine) and 6E (8-methyl-6-nonenoic acid). Briefly, an overnight culture was used to inoculate liquid LB, TB or M9 medium (2%) containing 50 mg/L of kanamycin and 100 mg/L of spectinomycin. The culture was first grown at 37°C to an OD600 of 0.6 and cooled down to 16°C. Then 1 mM IPTG was added to induce the expression of ACS1 and Punl. After lh of incubation at 16°C, 50 mg/L of VN and 50 mg/L of 6E were added to the culture and the culture was continued to be incubated at 16°C. Samples were taken at 0, 18, 22, 26, 42 and 48h after the feeding of substrates. CP was extracted by ethyl acetate and analyzed by FfPLC. Figure 12 shows that among the three media tested, TB was the best for CP production from VN and 6E. Identity and similarity

[00053] Identity is the fraction of amino acids that are the same between a pair of sequences after an alignment of the sequences (which can be done using only sequence information or structural information or some other information, but usually it is based on sequence information alone), and similarity is the score assigned based on an alignment using some similarity matrix. The similarity index can be any one of the following BLOSUM62, PAM250, or GONNET, or any matrix used by one skilled in the art for the sequence alignment of proteins.

[00054] Identity is the degree of correspondence between two sub-sequences (no gaps between the sequences). An identity of 25% or higher implies similarity of function, while 18- 25% implies similarity of structure or function. Keep in mind that two completely unrelated or random sequences (that are greater than 100 residues) can have higher than 20% identity. Similarity is the degree of resemblance between two sequences when they are compared. This is dependent on their identity.

[00055] As is evident from the foregoing description, certain aspects of the present disclosure are not limited by the particular details of the examples illustrated herein, and it is therefore contemplated that other modifications and applications, or equivalents thereof, will occur to those skilled in the art. It is accordingly intended that the claims shall cover all such modifications and applications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

[00056] Moreover, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure belongs. Although any methods and materials similar to or equivalent to or those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are described above. [00057] Other aspects, objects and advantages of the present disclosure can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims.

References

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Claims

The Claims Are the Following:

1. A bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid comprising:

expressing a first gene product of CS/AT3/Piml in a mixture;

providing a first substrate to the mixture; and

collecting the capsaicinoid.

2. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 1, wherein expressing the first gene product of CS/AT3/Punl is based on DNA sequence SEQ ΓΓ) No. 1.

3. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 1, wherein expressing the first gene product of CS/AT3/Punl is based on DNA sequence with at least about 95% identity to SEQ ID No. 1.

4. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 1, wherein expressing the first gene product of CS/AT3/P nl is derived from ghost chili pepper.

5. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 1, wherein the first substrate is an activated fatty acid selected from the group consisting of 8-methyl-6- nonenoyl-CoA, 8-methyl nonanoyl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA, decanoyl-CoA, other medium- to long- chain acyl CoAs and a combination thereof.

6. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 1, wherein providing the first substrate to the mixture further comprises expressing a second gene product of ACS1 in mixture and providing a second substrate.

7. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 6, wherein expressing the second gene product iACSl is derived from ghost chili pepper.

8. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 6, wherein the second substrate is a fatty acid selected from the group consisting of 8-methyl-6-nonenoic acid,

8-methyl nonanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, other medium- to long- chain fatty acids and a combination thereof.

9. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 6, wherein

expressing any of the genes further comprises expressing the gene by in vitro translation.

10. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 6, wherein

expressing any of the genes further comprises expressing the gene in a cellular system.

11. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid acid of claim 9, wherein the cellular system is based on a microorganism selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeast and a combination thereof.

12. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 9, wherein an expression product from any of the genes is purified as a recombinant protein.

13. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 1, further comprising providing a third substrate vanillyamine.

14. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 13, wherein providing the third substrate vanillyamine further comprises expressing a third gene product of pAMT in mixture and providing a fourth substrate vanillin.

15. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 14, wherein expressing the third gene product of pAMT is derived from ghost chili pepper.

16. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 14, wherein

17. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 14, wherein

18. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid acid of claim 17, wherein the cellular system is based on a microorganism selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeast and a combination thereof.

19. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 9, wherein an expression product from any of the genes is purified as a recombinant protein.

20. A bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid comprising:

expressing a first gene product of CS/AT3/Punl in a cellular system;

growing the cellular system in a medium; and

collecting the capsaicinoid.

21. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 20, wherein the capsaicinoid is a capsaicin.

22. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 21, further comprising providing 8-methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA; and

providing vanillylamine.

23. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 22, wherein providing 8- methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA comprises

expressing a second gene product of ACS1 in the cellular system; and

providing 8-methyl-6-nonenoic acid.

24. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 22, wherein providing vanillylamine comprises

expressing a third gene product of pAMT in the cellular system; and

providing vanillin.

25. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 20, wherein the capsaicinoid is a dihydrocapsaicin.

26. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 25, further comprising providing 8-methyl-nonanoyl-CoA; and

providing vanillylamine;

27. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 26, wherein providing 8- methyl-6-nonanoyl-CoA comprises expressing a second gene product of ACS1 in the cellular system; and

providing 8-methyl nonanoic acid.

28. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 26, wherein providing vanillylamine comprises

expressing a third gene product of pAMT in the cellular system; and

providing vanillin.

29. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 20, wherein the gene product is expressed from CS/AT3/Pnnl cloned from ghost chili pepper.

30. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 20, wherein the gene product is expressed from CS/AT3/Pi l that shares a sequence identity of at least about 95% with CS/AT3/Punl cloned from ghost chili pepper.

31. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 20, wherein the cellular system is selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeast, and a combination thereof.

32. A bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid comprising:

expressing a gene product of CS/AT3/Pnnl in a cellular system;

providing fatty acid-CoA;

providing vanillylamine;

growing the cellular system in a medium; and

collecting the capsaicinoid.

33. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 32 comprising, wherein the fatty acid-CoA is 8-methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA; and the capsaicinoid is more than about 90% capsaicin by numeric ratio.

34. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 32, wherein the fatty acid- CoA is 8-methyl-nonanoyl-CoA; and the capsaicinoid is more than about 90% dihydrocapsaicin by numeric ratio.

35. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 32, wherein the fatty acid- CoA is octanoyl-CoA.

36. The bioconversion method of making a capsaicinoid of claim 32, wherein the fatty acid- CoA is decanoyl-CoA.