WO2015170487A1 - 距離画像センサ - Google Patents
距離画像センサ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015170487A1 WO2015170487A1 PCT/JP2015/052465 JP2015052465W WO2015170487A1 WO 2015170487 A1 WO2015170487 A1 WO 2015170487A1 JP 2015052465 W JP2015052465 W JP 2015052465W WO 2015170487 A1 WO2015170487 A1 WO 2015170487A1
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- signal
- distance
- charge
- region
- signal charge
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C3/00—Measuring distances in line of sight; Optical rangefinders
- G01C3/02—Details
- G01C3/06—Use of electric means to obtain final indication
- G01C3/08—Use of electric radiation detectors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
- G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
- G01S17/08—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only
- G01S17/32—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated
- G01S17/36—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated with phase comparison between the received signal and the contemporaneously transmitted signal
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S17/89—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/483—Details of pulse systems
- G01S7/486—Receivers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/491—Details of non-pulse systems
- G01S7/4912—Receivers
- G01S7/4913—Circuits for detection, sampling, integration or read-out
- G01S7/4914—Circuits for detection, sampling, integration or read-out of detector arrays, e.g. charge-transfer gates
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/491—Details of non-pulse systems
- G01S7/4912—Receivers
- G01S7/4915—Time delay measurement, e.g. operational details for pixel components; Phase measurement
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
- H10F39/18—Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor [CMOS] image sensors; Photodiode array image sensors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/802—Geometry or disposition of elements in pixels, e.g. address-lines or gate electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
- H10F39/8037—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a distance image sensor.
- a charge distribution type distance image sensor is known (for example, see Patent Document 1).
- the distance image sensor described in Patent Document 1 is a charge distribution type distance image sensor, and includes a plurality of distance sensors.
- Each of the plurality of distance sensors includes a charge generation region in which charge is generated according to incident light, and two signal charge storage regions that are arranged in a one-dimensional direction with the charge generation region sandwiched therebetween and spaced apart from the charge generation region, And two transfer electrodes disposed between each signal charge storage region and the charge generation region.
- the charge distribution type distance image sensor is applicable to TOF (Time-Of-Flight) type distance measurement.
- the present invention is a charge distribution-type distance image sensor, and even when charge crosstalk occurs between adjacent distance sensors in a one-dimensional direction, the influence of charge crosstalk on distance measurement between adjacent distance sensors is different.
- An object is to provide a similar distance image sensor.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a distance image sensor in which a plurality of distance sensors are arranged in a one-dimensional direction, and each of the plurality of distance sensors includes a charge generation region in which charge is generated according to incident light, and a charge generation A first signal charge storage region, a first signal charge storage region, and a first signal charge storage region, which are disposed apart from the region and sandwiching the charge generation region in a one-dimensional direction, and store charges generated in the charge generation region as signal charges; A first transfer electrode that is arranged between the charge generation region and that causes the charge generated in the charge generation region in response to the first transfer signal to flow into the first signal charge storage region as a signal charge; and a second signal charge storage region The second transfer is arranged between the charge generation region and the charge generation region, and causes the charge generated in the charge generation region to flow into the second signal charge accumulation region as a signal charge in response to the second transfer signal having a phase different from that of the first transfer signal.
- Electrodes It is provided.
- the distance sensor located in the center of the three distance sensors, and the distance sensor located on one side in the one-dimensional direction from the distance sensor
- the one signal charge accumulation region or the second signal charge accumulation region are adjacent to each other in the one-dimensional direction, and the distance sensor is located at the center of the three distance sensors, and is located on the other side of the distance sensor in the one-dimensional direction.
- the first signal charge accumulation region and the second signal charge accumulation region are adjacent in a one-dimensional direction.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a distance image sensor in which a plurality of distance sensors are arranged in a one-dimensional direction, and each of the plurality of distance sensors includes a charge generation region in which charges are generated according to incident light, and a charge First and second signal charge storage regions that are spaced apart from the generation region and sandwiched between the charge generation regions in a one-dimensional direction and store charges generated in the charge generation region as signal charges, and a first signal charge storage region
- a first transfer electrode that is arranged between the first and second charge generation regions and flows into the first signal charge storage region as signal charges from the charge generation region in response to the first transfer signal, and a second signal charge storage
- the second signal is arranged between the region and the charge generation region, and causes the charge generated in the charge generation region in response to the second transfer signal having a phase different from that of the first transfer signal to flow into the second signal charge accumulation region as a signal charge.
- a distance sensor set consisting of two distance sensors adjacent to each other in the one-dimensional direction in the first signal charge storage region; and a distance sensor set consisting of two distance sensors adjacent to each other in the one-dimensional direction in the second signal charge storage region; Are alternately arranged in a one-dimensional direction.
- the first signal charge accumulation region is located on the other side of the charge generation region in the one-dimensional direction
- the primary In the distance sensor positioned next to the one arbitrary distance sensor in the other direction in the original direction the first signal charge accumulation region is positioned on one side in the one-dimensional direction from the charge generation region.
- the second direction In the distance sensor located next to any one of the distance sensors in the one direction, when the second signal charge accumulation region is located on the other side of the one-dimensional direction from the charge generation region, the second direction In the distance sensor located next to the one arbitrary distance sensor, the second signal charge accumulation region is located on one side in the one-dimensional direction from the charge generation region. That is, the distance sensor located next to the one arbitrary distance sensor in the one direction and the distance sensor located next to the one arbitrary distance sensor in the other direction, The signal charge accumulation regions located on the distance sensor side are the first signal charge accumulation regions or the second signal charge accumulation regions, and are the same type of signal charge accumulation regions.
- a part of the charges generated in the charge generation region of any one of the distance sensors is a distance sensor located next to the one of the distance sensors in the one direction, and the other of the distance sensors.
- the leaked charge flows into the first signal charge accumulation regions or the second signal charge accumulation regions of the two distance sensors.
- the charges leaking into the two distance sensors are accumulated in the first signal charge accumulation regions or the second signal charge accumulation regions in the two distance sensors.
- the type of signal charge accumulation region in which the leaking charge is accumulated is any three distances that are continuously arranged in the one-dimensional direction. Since the same applies to the two distance sensors located on both sides of the sensor, the influence of the charge crosstalk on the distance measurement is the same between the distance sensors adjacent in the one-dimensional direction.
- charge crosstalk for distance measurement between adjacent distance sensors can be reduced.
- a distance image sensor having the same influence can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a configuration of a distance measuring device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a cross-sectional configuration of the distance image sensor.
- FIG. 3 is a configuration diagram of the distance image sensor.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view showing the distance image sensor.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration along the line VV in FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a potential distribution in the vicinity of the second main surface of the semiconductor substrate.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a potential distribution in the vicinity of the second main surface of the semiconductor substrate.
- FIG. 8 is a timing chart of various signals.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing the configuration of the distance measuring apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- the distance measuring device 10 is a device that measures the distance d to the object OJ.
- the distance measuring device 10 includes a distance image sensor RS, a light source LS, a display DSP, and a control unit.
- the control unit includes a drive unit DRV, a control unit CONT, and a calculation unit ART.
- the light source LS emits pulsed light Lp toward the object OJ.
- the light source LS is composed of, for example, a laser light irradiation device or an LED.
- the distance image sensor RS is a charge distribution type distance image sensor, and is also a TOF type distance image sensor.
- the distance image sensor RS is disposed on the wiring board WB.
- the control unit includes a calculation circuit such as a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a memory such as a RAM (Random Access Memory) and a ROM (Read Only Memory), a power supply circuit, and It is configured by hardware including a read circuit including an A / D converter.
- This control unit may be partially or entirely configured by an integrated circuit such as ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) or FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array).
- the drive unit DRV applies the drive signal SD to the light source LS according to the control of the control unit CONT, and drives the light source LS so as to emit the pulsed light Lp toward the object OJ for each frame period.
- the control unit CONT controls the drive unit DRV.
- the control unit CONT outputs the first and second transfer signals S p1 and S p2 to the distance image sensor RS.
- the control unit CONT displays the calculation result of the calculation unit ART on the display DSP.
- Calculation unit ART reads the distance from the image sensor RS of the signal charge charge amount q 1, q 2, respectively, and calculates the distance d based on the amount of charge q 1, q 2 read.
- the calculation unit ART outputs the calculation result to the control unit CONT. Details of the calculation method of the distance d will be described later with reference to FIG.
- the display DSP inputs the calculation result of the calculation unit ART from the control unit CONT and displays the calculation result.
- the drive signal SD is applied to the light source LS, whereby the pulsed light Lp is emitted from the light source LS every frame period.
- the pulsed light Lp emitted from the light source LS enters the object OJ, reflected light Lr, which is pulsed light, is emitted from the object OJ due to reflection.
- the reflected light Lr emitted from the object OJ is incident on the distance image sensor RS.
- Charge amounts q 1 and q 2 collected in synchronization with the first and second transfer signals S p1 and S p2 for each pixel are output from the distance image sensor RS.
- the charge amounts q 1 and q 2 output from the distance image sensor RS are input to the calculation unit ART in synchronization with the drive signal SD .
- the distance d is calculated for each pixel based on the input charge amounts q 1 and q 2 .
- the calculation result is input from the calculation unit ART to the control unit CONT.
- the calculation result input to the control unit CONT is transferred to the display DSP and displayed.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a cross-sectional configuration of the distance image sensor.
- the distance image sensor RS is a surface incident type distance image sensor and includes a semiconductor substrate 1.
- the semiconductor substrate 1 has first and second main surfaces 1a and 1b facing each other.
- the second main surface 1b is a light incident surface.
- the distance image sensor RS is affixed to the wiring substrate WB via the adhesion region FL in a state where the first main surface 1a side of the semiconductor substrate 1 is opposed to the wiring substrate WB.
- the adhesion region FL has an insulating adhesive or filler.
- the reflected light Lr is incident on the distance image sensor RS from the second main surface 1b side of the semiconductor substrate 1.
- FIG. 3 is a configuration diagram of the distance image sensor.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view showing the distance image sensor.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration along the line VV in FIG.
- the distance image sensor RS has an array structure in which a plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN (M and N are natural numbers of 2 or more) are arranged in a one-dimensional direction A. Is a line sensor.
- Each of the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN constitutes one pixel (channel) of the distance image sensor RS by one or two or more.
- each of the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN constitutes one pixel of the distance image sensor RS.
- the distance image sensor RS includes a light shielding layer LI in front of the second main surface 1b which is a light incident surface.
- An opening LIa is formed in the one-dimensional direction A in each of the regions corresponding to the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN in the light shielding layer LI.
- the opening LIa has a rectangular shape. In the present embodiment, the opening LIa has a rectangular shape.
- the light enters the semiconductor substrate 1 through the opening LIa of the light shielding layer LI. Therefore, the light receiving region is defined in the semiconductor substrate 1 by the opening LIa.
- the light shielding layer LI is made of a metal such as aluminum, for example. 3 and 4, the illustration of the light shielding layer LI is omitted.
- the semiconductor substrate 1 includes a p-type first semiconductor region 3 which is located on the first principal surface 1a side, p impurity concentration than the first semiconductor region 3 located on the lower and side second main surface 1b - type first Two semiconductor regions 5.
- the semiconductor substrate 1 can be obtained, for example, by growing a p ⁇ type epitaxial layer having an impurity concentration lower than that of the semiconductor substrate on the p type semiconductor substrate.
- an insulating layer 7 is formed on the second main surface 1b (second semiconductor region 5) of the semiconductor substrate 1.
- the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN are arranged in the one-dimensional direction A on the semiconductor substrate 1. That is, the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN are positioned so as to be aligned along the one-dimensional direction A in the semiconductor substrate 1.
- each of the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN includes a photogate electrode PG, first and second signal charge storage regions FD1 and FD2, First and second transfer electrodes TX1 and TX2 and a p-type well region W are provided.
- illustration of the conductor 13 (refer FIG. 5) arrange
- FIG. 4 only the configuration of four distance sensors P Am , P Am + 1 , P Bn , and P Bn + 1 (m is a natural number less than M and n is a natural number less than N) is shown.
- Each of the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM has the same configuration as the distance sensors P Am and P Am + 1 .
- Each of the plurality of distance sensors P B1 to P BN has the same configuration as the distance sensors P Bn and P Bn + 1 .
- the photogate electrode PG is disposed corresponding to the opening LIa.
- a region corresponding to the photogate electrode PG in the semiconductor substrate 1 (second semiconductor region 5) (a region located below the photogate electrode PG in FIG. 5) is the reflected light Lr of the pulsed light Lp from the object OJ. It functions as a charge generation region (photosensitive region) where charge is generated in response to incidence.
- the photogate electrode PG also corresponds to the shape of the opening LIa and has a rectangular shape in plan view. In the present embodiment, the photogate electrode PG has a rectangular shape like the opening LIa.
- the photogate electrode PG includes first and second long sides L1 and L2 that are orthogonal to the one-dimensional direction A and face each other, and first and second short sides S1 that are parallel to the one-dimensional direction A and face each other. , S2 and a planar shape.
- the photogate electrode PG has a first long side L1 on one direction A1 side in the one-dimensional direction A, and a second long side L2 on the other direction A2 side in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1 and FD2 are arranged in the one-dimensional direction A with the photogate electrode PG interposed therebetween.
- the first signal charge accumulation region FD1 is disposed on the first long side L1 side of the photogate electrode PG and is separated from the photogate electrode PG.
- the second signal charge accumulation region FD2 is disposed on the second long side L2 side of the photogate electrode PG and is separated from the photogate electrode PG.
- the first signal charge accumulation region FD1 is disposed on the second long side L2 side of the photogate electrode PG and separated from the photogate electrode PG.
- the second signal charge accumulation region FD2 is disposed on the first long side L1 side of the photogate electrode PG and is separated from the photogate electrode PG. That is, in any of the distance sensors P Am , P Am + 1 , P Bn , and P Bn + 1 , the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1 and FD2 are from the charge generation region (region located below the photogate electrode PG). They are spaced apart.
- the first and second signal charge storage regions FD1 and FD2 are n-type semiconductor regions formed in the second semiconductor region 5 and having a high impurity concentration, and store charges generated in the charge generation region as signal charges.
- the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1, FD2 have a rectangular shape in plan view.
- the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1, FD2 have a square shape in plan view, and have the same shape.
- the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1, FD2 are floating diffusion regions.
- the first transfer electrode TX1 is disposed on the insulating layer 7 and between the first signal charge storage region FD1 and the photogate electrode PG.
- the first transfer electrode TX1 is disposed separately from the first signal charge storage region FD1 and the photogate electrode PG.
- the first transfer electrode TX1 causes the charge generated in the charge generation region in accordance with the first transfer signal S p1 (see FIG. 8) to flow into the first signal charge storage region FD1 as a signal charge.
- the second transfer electrode TX2 is disposed on the insulating layer 7 and between the second signal charge storage region FD2 and the photogate electrode PG.
- the second transfer electrode TX2 is disposed separately from the second signal charge storage region and the photogate electrode PG.
- the second transfer electrode TX2 uses the charge generated in the charge generation region in response to the second transfer signal S p2 (see FIG. 8) having a phase different from that of the first transfer signal S p1 as a signal charge. To flow into.
- the first and second transfer electrodes TX1, TX2 have a rectangular shape in plan view.
- the first and second transfer electrodes TX1, TX2 have a rectangular shape having a long side in a direction orthogonal to the one-dimensional direction A, and have the same shape.
- the long sides of the first and second transfer electrodes TX1, TX2 are shorter than the lengths of the first and second long sides L1, L2 of the photogate electrode PG.
- the first signal charge accumulation regions FD1 are adjacent to each other in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the second signal charge accumulation regions FD2 are adjacent to each other in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the first signal charge accumulation region FD1 and the second signal charge accumulation region FD2 are adjacent in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the first signal charge accumulation region FD1 and the second signal charge accumulation region FD2 are adjacent in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the distance image sensor RS in any three distance sensors (for example, three distance sensors P Bn , P Am , and P Am + 1 ) that are continuously arranged in the one-dimensional direction A, the distance located at the center among the three distance sensors.
- the sensor for example, distance sensor P Am
- the distance sensor for example, distance sensor P Bn
- the first signal charge accumulation regions FD1 are in the one-dimensional direction A Next to each other.
- a distance sensor for example, distance sensor P Am
- a distance sensor for example, distance sensor P Am + 1
- the one signal charge accumulation region FD1 and the second signal charge accumulation region FD2 are adjacent to each other in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the distance sensor P Am + 1 located in the center among the three distance sensors P Am , P Am + 1 , and P Bn + 1 , and the other In the direction A2, the second signal charge accumulation regions FD2 are adjacent to each other in the one-dimensional direction A with the distance sensor P Bn + 1 positioned next to the distance sensor P Am + 1 .
- a distance sensor P Am + 1, and the distance sensor P Am is located next to the distance sensors P Am + 1 in one direction A1, the first signal charge accumulating region FD1 and the second signal charge accumulating region FD2 is next in one-dimensional direction A Matching.
- the distance image sensor RS includes a plurality of first distance sensor sets including two distance sensors P Am and P Bn adjacent to each other in the one-dimensional direction A, and the second signal charge accumulation regions FD2. Includes a plurality of second distance sensor sets including two distance sensors P Am + 1 and P Bn + 1 that are adjacent in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the plurality of first distance sensor groups and the plurality of second distance sensor groups are alternately arranged in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the first transfer electrodes TX1 are adjacent to each other in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the second transfer electrodes TX2 are adjacent to each other in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the first transfer electrode TX1 and the second transfer electrode TX2 are adjacent in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the first transfer electrode TX1 and the second transfer electrode TX2 are adjacent in the one-dimensional direction A.
- the well region W surrounds the photogate electrode PG, the first and second transfer electrodes TX1 and TX2, and the first and second signal charge storage regions FD1 and FD2 when viewed from the direction orthogonal to the second main surface 1b.
- the second semiconductor region 5 is formed.
- the well region W overlaps with a part of each of the first and second signal charge storage regions FD1, FD2 when viewed from the direction orthogonal to the second main surface 1b.
- the outer edge of the well region W substantially coincides with the outer edges of the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN .
- the well region W has the same conductivity type as that of the second semiconductor region 5, and has an impurity concentration higher than that of the second semiconductor region 5.
- the well region W suppresses the coupling between the depletion layer expanded by applying a voltage to the photogate electrode PG and the depletion layer extending from the first and second signal charge storage regions FD1, FD2. Thereby, crosstalk is suppresse
- the insulating layer 7 is provided with a contact hole for exposing the surface of the second semiconductor region 5.
- a conductor 13 for connecting the first and second signal charge storage regions FD1, FD2 to the outside is disposed in the contact hole.
- the impurity concentration is high means that the impurity concentration is, for example, about 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more, and “+” is attached to the conductivity type.
- the impurity concentration is low means, for example, about 10 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and “ ⁇ ” is attached to the conductivity type.
- the thickness / impurity concentration of each semiconductor region is as follows.
- First semiconductor region 3 thickness 10 to 1000 ⁇ m / impurity concentration 1 ⁇ 10 12 to 10 19 cm ⁇ 3
- Second semiconductor region 5 thickness 1 to 50 ⁇ m / impurity concentration 1 ⁇ 10 12 to 10 15 cm ⁇ 3
- First and second signal charge storage regions FD1 and FD2 thickness 0.1 to 1 ⁇ m / impurity concentration 1 ⁇ 10 18 to 10 20 cm ⁇ 3
- Well region W thickness 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m / impurity concentration 1 ⁇ 10 16 to 10 18 cm ⁇ 3
- a reference potential (for example, a ground potential) is applied to the semiconductor substrate 1 (first and second semiconductor regions 3 and 5) through a back gate or a through electrode.
- the semiconductor substrate is made of Si
- the insulating layer 7 is made of SiO 2
- the photogate electrode PG and the first and second transfer electrodes TX1, TX2 are made of polysilicon, but other materials may be used.
- Phase and the second transfer signal S p2 to be applied to the phase and the second transfer electrode TX2 of the first transfer signal S p1 applied to the first transfer electrode TX1, are 180 degrees.
- Light incident on each of the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN is converted into electric charges in the semiconductor substrate 1 (second semiconductor region 5).
- Some of the generated charges are signal charges, which are the first transfer electrode TX1 or the second transfer electrode according to the potential gradient formed by the voltage applied to the photogate electrode PG and the first and second transfer electrodes TX1, TX2. Travels in the direction of the transfer electrode TX2. That is, some of the generated charges travel as signal charges in a direction parallel to the first and second short sides S1 and S2 of the photogate electrode PG.
- the potential below the first transfer electrode TX1 is below the photogate electrode PG in the semiconductor substrate 1 (second semiconductor region 5) with respect to negative charges (electrons). It becomes lower than the potential of the region. Therefore, electrons are drawn in the direction of the first transfer electrode TX1 and accumulated in the potential well formed by the first signal charge accumulation region FD1.
- the potential below the second transfer electrode TX2 is below the photogate electrode PG in the semiconductor substrate 1 (second semiconductor region 5) with respect to negative charges (electrons). It becomes lower than the potential of the region.
- An n-type semiconductor includes a positively ionized donor, has a positive potential, and attracts electrons.
- a potential for example, ground potential
- a potential barrier is generated by the first or second transfer electrodes TX1 and TX2. Therefore, the charge generated in the semiconductor substrate 1 is not drawn into the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1 and FD2.
- FIG. 6 and 7 are diagrams showing the potential distribution in the vicinity of the second main surface of the semiconductor substrate along the line VV in FIG. 6 and 7, the downward direction is the positive direction of the potential.
- ⁇ PG is set slightly higher than the substrate potential.
- FIG 6 and FIG 7 the potential phi TX1 in the region immediately below the first transfer electrode TX1, the second transfer electrode potential region immediately below the TX2 phi TX2, the potential phi PG charge generation region immediately below the photogate electrode PG
- the potential ⁇ FD1 of the first signal charge storage region FD1 and the potential ⁇ FD2 of the second signal charge storage region FD2 are shown.
- the signal charge accumulation operation will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the phase is 0 degrees of the first transfer signal S p1 applied to the first transfer electrode TX1
- the first transfer electrode TX1 is given positive potential.
- the second transfer electrode TX2 is supplied with a reverse-phase potential, that is, a potential that is 180 degrees out of phase (for example, a ground potential).
- a potential between the potential applied to the first transfer electrode TX1 and the potential applied to the second transfer electrode TX2 is applied to the photogate electrode PG.
- the negative charge e generated in the charge generation region is caused by the potential ⁇ TX1 in the semiconductor region immediately below the first transfer electrode TX1 being lower than the potential ⁇ PG in the charge generation region. It flows into the potential well of the first signal charge storage region FD1.
- the second transfer electrode TX2 is given positive potential.
- the first transfer electrode TX1 is supplied with a reverse-phase potential, that is, a potential that is 180 degrees out of phase (for example, a ground potential).
- a potential between the potential applied to the first transfer electrode TX1 and the potential applied to the second transfer electrode TX2 is applied to the photogate electrode PG.
- the negative charge e generated in the charge generation region is caused by the potential ⁇ TX2 of the semiconductor region immediately below the second transfer electrode TX2 being lower than the potential ⁇ PG of the charge generation region. It flows into the potential well of the second signal charge storage region FD2.
- the first transfer electrodes TX1 semiconductor potential phi TX1 immediately below is not lowered, the first signal charge storage region FD1 in the potential well, the charge will not flow. As a result, the signal charge is collected and accumulated in the potential well of the second signal charge accumulation region FD2.
- signal charges are collected and accumulated in the potential wells of the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1, FD2.
- the signal charges accumulated in the potential wells of the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1, FD2 are read out to the outside.
- FIG. 8 is a timing chart of various signals.
- FIG. 8 shows various signals in two frame periods TF that are continuous in time series among a plurality of frame periods TF .
- Signal S p2 and reset signal reset are shown.
- Intensity signal S Lr of the reflected light Lr is an intensity signal obtained by the reflected light Lr of the pulsed light Lp by the object OJ is incident on the range image sensor RS (charge generation region).
- Each of the two frame periods TF includes a period for accumulating signal charges (accumulation period) T acc and a period for reading signal charges (readout period) Tro .
- the drive signal S D , the intensity signal S Lr , the first transfer signal S p1 , and the second transfer signal S p2 are all pulse signals having a pulse width T p .
- the reset signal reset is applied to the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1 and FD2.
- the drive signal SD is applied to the light source LS.
- the first and second transfer signals S p1 and S p2 are applied to the first and second transfer electrodes TX1 and TX2 in opposite phases. Thereby, charge transfer is performed and signal charges are accumulated in the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1, FD2.
- the readout period Tro the signal charges accumulated in the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1, FD2 are read out.
- the first transfer signal S p1 is output in synchronization with the drive signal SD with a phase difference of 0, and the second transfer signal S p2 is synchronized with the drive signal SD in a phase difference of 180 degrees. Is output.
- Output control of the first and second transfer signals S p1 and S p2 is performed by the control unit CONT. That is, the controller CONT is configured to cause the charge generated in the charge generation region to flow into the first signal charge accumulation region FD1 as a signal charge every frame period TF so as to be synchronized with the emission of the pulsed light Lp.
- the first transfer signal S p1 is output to the first transfer electrode TX1, and the phase of the first transfer signal S p1 is made to flow into the second signal charge storage region FD2 as a signal charge from the charge generation region. It outputs a different second transfer signal S p2 to the second transfer electrode TX2.
- the charge amount q 1 corresponding to the overlapping portion of the intensity signal S Lr and the first transfer signal S p1 output in synchronization with the drive signal SD with a phase difference of 0 is accumulated in the first signal charge accumulation region FD1. Is done. And intensity signal S Lr of the reflected light Lr, the driving signal S charge quantity q 2 corresponding to overlapping portions of the second transfer signal S p2 to be synchronized and output at a phase difference of 180 to D, the second signal charge accumulation Accumulated in area FD2.
- the phase difference Td between the intensity signal S Lr and the signal output in synchronization with the drive signal SD with a phase difference of 0 is the time of flight of light, which is the distance d from the distance image sensor RS to the object OJ. Is shown.
- the distance d is, the calculating section ART, using the ratio of the charge amount q 1 and the charge amount q 2 in one frame period T F, is calculated by the following formula (1).
- c is the speed of light.
- each distance sensor includes, for example, a first signal charge accumulation region and a first transfer electrode on one side in the one-dimensional direction from the photogate electrode, A second signal charge storage region and a second transfer electrode are provided on the other side in the one-dimensional direction from the photogate electrode. Therefore, in the two adjacent distance sensors, the first signal charge accumulation region and the second signal charge accumulation region are adjacent in the one-dimensional direction.
- the distance sensor when reflected light is incident on a distance sensor located in the center of the three distance sensors, the distance sensor (hereinafter referred to as an incident distance sensor) generates an electric charge according to the reflected light. .
- the generated charges are distributed to the first and second signal charge accumulation regions of the incident distance sensor according to the first and second transfer signals. At this time, part of the charge leaks into the first and second signal charge accumulation regions of the two distance sensors other than the incident distance sensor.
- the amount of leakage varies greatly depending on whether or not the arrangement of the first and second signal charge storage regions in the two distance sensors is on the incident distance sensor side.
- the first signal charge accumulation region is disposed closer to the incident distance sensor than the charge generation region.
- the second signal charge accumulation region is disposed on the opposite side of the incident distance sensor from the charge generation region.
- the second signal charge accumulation region is closer to the incident distance sensor than the charge generation region.
- the first signal charge accumulation region is disposed on the side opposite to the incident distance sensor from the charge generation region.
- the amount of leakage into the first signal charge accumulation region in the one-side distance sensor is larger than the amount of leakage into the second signal charge accumulation region.
- the amount of leakage into the second signal charge accumulation region in the other side distance sensor is larger than the amount of leakage into the first signal charge accumulation region. Therefore, when charge crosstalk occurs between the distance sensors adjacent in the one-dimensional direction, the amount of charge accumulated in the first and second signal charge accumulation regions is different between the one-side distance sensor and the other-side distance sensor. There is a different drowning.
- any one of the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN attention is paid to any one of the plurality of distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN .
- the first signal charge accumulation region FD1 is located on the other direction A2 side with respect to the charge generation region, in the other direction A2
- the first signal charge accumulation region FD1 is located on the one direction A1 side with respect to the charge generation region.
- the second signal charge accumulation region FD2 is located on the other direction A2 side with respect to the charge generation region in the distance sensor located next to the one arbitrary distance sensor in the one direction A1, the other direction A2 In the distance sensor located next to the one arbitrary distance sensor, the second signal charge accumulation region FD2 is located on the one direction A1 side with respect to the charge generation region. That is, the distance sensor located next to the one arbitrary distance sensor in one direction A1 and the distance sensor located next to the one arbitrary distance sensor in the other direction A2
- the signal charge accumulation regions located on the distance sensor side are the first signal charge accumulation regions FD1 or the second signal charge accumulation regions FD2, and are the same type of signal charge accumulation regions.
- a part of the charges generated in the charge generation region of the arbitrary one distance sensor is located next to the arbitrary one distance sensor in one direction A1, and the other direction.
- the leaked charge is between the first signal charge accumulation regions FD1 or the second signal charge accumulation regions FD2 of the two distance sensors.
- the charges leaking into the two distance sensors are accumulated in the first signal charge accumulation regions FD1 or the second signal charge accumulation regions FD2 in the two distance sensors.
- the type of the signal charge accumulation region in which the leaking charge is accumulated is any one of the three consecutively arranged in the one-dimensional direction A. Since two distance sensors located on both sides of the two distance sensors are the same, the influence of charge crosstalk on the distance measurement is the same between the distance sensors adjacent in the one-dimensional direction A.
- Each of the distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN includes the first and second transfer electrodes TX1 and TX2 and the first and second signal charge storage regions FD1 and FD2, respectively. Not limited.
- Each of the distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN may include two or more first and second transfer electrodes TX1 and TX2 and two first and second signal charge storage regions FD1 and FD2.
- Each of the distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN may further include an unnecessary charge discharge region and a third transfer electrode.
- the unnecessary charge discharge region discharges the charge generated in the charge generation region to the outside as an unnecessary charge.
- the third transfer electrode is disposed between the unnecessary charge discharge area and the charge generation area, and charges generated in the charge generation area in response to a third transfer signal having a phase different from that of the first and second transfer signals As shown in FIG.
- each of the distance sensors P A1 to P AM and P B1 to P BN includes an unnecessary charge discharging region and a third transfer electrode, unnecessary charges can be discharged to the outside, thereby improving the distance measurement accuracy. It is possible. There may be a plurality of unnecessary charge discharge regions and third transfer electrodes.
- a plurality of drive signals SD may be sequentially applied, and the first transfer signal S p1 and the second transfer signal S p2 may be sequentially output in synchronization therewith .
- signal charges are accumulated and accumulated in the first and second signal charge accumulation regions FD1, FD2.
- Range image sensor RS a plurality of distance sensors P A1 ⁇ P AM, but P B1 ⁇ P BN is a line sensor disposed in a one-dimensional, a plurality of distance sensors P A1 ⁇ P AM, P B1 ⁇ P BN is It may be arranged in two dimensions. In this case, a two-dimensional image can be easily obtained. A two-dimensional image can also be obtained by rotating the line sensor or scanning the two line sensors.
- the distance image sensor RS is not limited to the surface incident type distance image sensor.
- the distance image sensor RS may be a back-illuminated distance image sensor.
- the charge generation region in which charge is generated in response to incident light may be configured by a photodiode (for example, a buried photodiode).
- the p-type and n-type conductivity types in the distance image sensor RS according to the present embodiment may be switched so as to be opposite to those described above.
- the present invention can be used for a charge distribution type distance image sensor.
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Abstract
Description
第一半導体領域3:厚さ10~1000μm/不純物濃度1×1012~1019cm-3
第二半導体領域5:厚さ1~50μm/不純物濃度1×1012~1015cm-3
第一及び第二信号電荷蓄積領域FD1,FD2:厚さ0.1~1μm/不純物濃度1×1018~1020cm-3
ウェル領域W:厚さ0.5~5μm/不純物濃度1×1016~1018cm-3
距離d=(c/2)×(TP×q2/(q1+q2)) ・・・ (1)
すなわち、演算部ARTは、フレーム周期TF毎に、第一及び第二信号電荷蓄積領域FD1,FD2に蓄積された信号電荷の電荷量q1,q2それぞれ読み出し、読み出した電荷量q1,q2に基づいて対象物OJまでの距離dを演算する。
Claims (2)
- 複数の距離センサが一次元方向に配置されている距離画像センサであって、
前記複数の距離センサそれぞれは、
入射光に応じて電荷が発生する電荷発生領域と、
前記電荷発生領域から離間し且つ前記一次元方向で前記電荷発生領域を挟んで配置され、前記電荷発生領域にて発生した電荷を信号電荷として蓄積する第一及び第二信号電荷蓄積領域と、
前記第一信号電荷蓄積領域と前記電荷発生領域との間に配置され、第一転送信号に応じて前記電荷発生領域にて発生した電荷を信号電荷として前記第一信号電荷蓄積領域に流入させる第一転送電極と、
前記第二信号電荷蓄積領域と前記電荷発生領域との間に配置され、前記第一転送信号と位相が異なる第二転送信号に応じて前記電荷発生領域にて発生した電荷を信号電荷として前記第二信号電荷蓄積領域に流入させる第二転送電極と、を備えており、
前記一次元方向に連続して並ぶいずれの三つの前記距離センサにおいて、
前記三つの距離センサのうち中央に位置する距離センサと、当該距離センサよりも前記一次元方向の一方側に位置する距離センサとでは、前記第一信号電荷蓄積領域同士又は前記第二信号電荷蓄積領域が前記一次元方向で隣り合い、
前記三つの距離センサのうち中央に位置する前記距離センサと、当該距離センサよりも前記一次元方向の他方側に位置する距離センサとでは、前記第一信号電荷蓄積領域と前記第二信号電荷蓄積領域とが前記一次元方向で隣り合っている。 - 複数の距離センサが一次元方向に配置されている距離画像センサであって、
前記複数の距離センサそれぞれは、
入射光に応じて電荷が発生する電荷発生領域と、
前記電荷発生領域から離間し且つ前記一次元方向で前記電荷発生領域を挟んで配置され、前記電荷発生領域にて発生した電荷を信号電荷として蓄積する第一及び第二信号電荷蓄積領域と、
前記第一信号電荷蓄積領域と前記電荷発生領域との間に配置され、第一転送信号に応じて前記電荷発生領域にて発生した電荷を信号電荷として前記第一信号電荷蓄積領域に流入させる第一転送電極と、
前記第二信号電荷蓄積領域と前記電荷発生領域との間に配置され、前記第一転送信号と位相が異なる第二転送信号に応じて前記電荷発生領域にて発生した電荷を信号電荷として前記第二信号電荷蓄積領域に流入させる第二転送電極と、を備えており、
前記一次元方向で前記第一信号電荷蓄積領域同士が隣り合う二つの前記距離センサからなる距離センサ組と、前記一次元方向で前記第二信号電荷蓄積領域同士が隣り合う二つの前記距離センサからなる距離センサ組と、が前記一次元方向で交互に並んでいる。
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| EP15789629.1A EP3141927B1 (en) | 2014-05-08 | 2015-01-29 | Distance image sensor |
| US15/308,668 US10224354B2 (en) | 2014-05-08 | 2015-01-29 | Distance image sensor |
| CN201580023670.8A CN106461761B (zh) | 2014-05-08 | 2015-01-29 | 距离图像传感器 |
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| JP6659448B2 (ja) * | 2016-05-02 | 2020-03-04 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 距離センサ及び距離センサの駆動方法 |
| CN115137336A (zh) | 2017-02-28 | 2022-10-04 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 处理方法、系统及存储介质 |
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| US11221402B2 (en) * | 2017-12-31 | 2022-01-11 | NewSight Imaging Ltd. | Active pixel array for a time of flight detector |
| US10892295B2 (en) | 2018-01-10 | 2021-01-12 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Germanium-modified, back-side illuminated optical sensor |
| KR102615195B1 (ko) | 2018-07-19 | 2023-12-18 | 삼성전자주식회사 | ToF 기반의 3D 이미지 센서 및 그 이미지 센서를 구비한 전자 장치 |
| JP7172963B2 (ja) * | 2018-12-14 | 2022-11-16 | 株式会社デンソー | 光学的測距装置、レーザ発光装置の製造方法 |
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| CN106461761B (zh) | 2020-03-27 |
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| JP6386777B2 (ja) | 2018-09-05 |
| EP3141927A1 (en) | 2017-03-15 |
| EP3141927A4 (en) | 2018-03-28 |
| KR20170002544A (ko) | 2017-01-06 |
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