WO2016010002A1 - タンパク質のエピトープを同定するための方法 - Google Patents
タンパク質のエピトープを同定するための方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for identifying a protein having immunogenicity and the like, for example, a method for identifying an epitope that may play a causative role in induction of immunogenicity. Also related.
- biopharmaceuticals antibody drugs, biologics, hormones, proteins, etc.
- the immunogenicity of these biopharmaceuticals is a problem.
- a biopharmaceutical can act as an antigen and induce the production of antibodies in the patient's body.
- neutralizing antibodies may be produced against the biopharmaceutical and treatment efficiency may be reduced.
- allergic reactions, leaching reactions, infusion reactions and the like can be caused.
- antibodies that produce autoimmune diseases and the like by neutralizing endogenous self-proteins corresponding to biopharmaceuticals can be produced.
- an antigen is presented on a major histocompatibility complex (also referred to as MHC molecule) present on the cell surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) (this is referred to as “antigen presentation”).
- MHC molecules involved in antigen presentation MHCI molecules (class I) and MHC II molecules (class II) are known.
- MHCI molecules act on killer T cells (CD8 positive T cells), and MHCII molecules act on helper T cells (CD4 positive T cells).
- MHCI molecules act on endogenous antigens in their own cells, while MHCII molecules act on foreign antigens.
- an antigen-antibody reaction or the like can be caused by an antigen presentation via an MHCI molecule for a cancer antigen produced in a cancer cell.
- antigen-antibody reaction and the like can be caused by antigen presentation via MHCII molecules.
- the endogenous protein in its own cell is degraded into small peptides by the proteasome.
- the peptide then binds to MHCI molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum to form a complex. Thereafter, the complex is transported to the cell surface, so that the peptide is presented as an epitope on the MHCI molecule.
- the MHCII molecule when used, first, the foreign protein is taken up into the antigen-presenting cell by endocytosis. The incorporated protein is then broken down into small peptides by lysosomes and then combined with MHCII molecules to form a complex. Thereafter, the complex is transported to the cell surface, so that the peptide is presented as an epitope on the MHCII molecule. The T cell receptor of helper T cells can then bind to the antigen presenting cell via the peptide.
- peptide sequences presented on MHC molecules In order to avoid the immunogenicity of antibody drugs and the like, studies have been conducted to identify peptide sequences presented on MHC molecules. This makes it possible to predict the immunogenicity of a protein or peptide intended to be administered to a living body. Further, for example, based on the information of the epitope sequence, the epitope can be modified by site-directed mutagenesis for the purpose of producing a non-immunogenic protein.
- Known methods for identifying peptide sequences include methods using in silico prediction algorithms and T cell proliferation assays (for example, measuring the proliferation ability of helper T cells by incorporating tritium-labeled thymidine). .
- the protein is brought into contact with an antigen-presenting cell such as a dendritic cell (DC) to induce antigen presentation, and a peptide derived from the protein is presented on the MHC molecule on the cell.
- an antigen-presenting cell such as a dendritic cell (DC)
- DC dendritic cell
- a peptide derived from the protein is presented on the MHC molecule on the cell.
- PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- monocytes monocytes
- peptide sequences derived from proteins in serum may also be detected.
- the amount of PBMC that can be obtained is limited, so often PBMCs from multiple donors are often pooled and used in bulk. It was not easy to determine if it was involved in induction of patient immunogenicity.
- antigen-presenting cells specifically, cells expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC molecule)
- MHC molecule major histocompatibility complex
- a method for identifying an epitope of a protein comprising: The following steps: (A) A step of bringing a target protein into contact with a cell expressing a major histocompatibility complex (MHC molecule) differentiated from a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom; (B) isolating the complex of the peptide contained in the target protein and the MHC molecule from the cell expressing the MHC molecule; and (C) eluting the peptide from the complex and identifying it. Including the method.
- MHC molecule major histocompatibility complex
- the method according to [1] comprising the step of verifying whether the identified peptide is an epitope that induces immunogenicity.
- the stem cells are selected from the group consisting of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), embryonic stem cells (ES cells), nuclear transfer ES cells (ntES cells), embryonic germ stem cells (EG cells) and adult stem cells The method according to [1] or [2].
- iPS cells induced pluripotent stem cells
- ES cells embryonic stem cells
- ntES cells nuclear transfer ES cells
- EG cells embryonic germ stem cells
- adult stem cells The method according to [1] or [2].
- [4] The method according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the MHC molecule is an MHCII molecule.
- the MHCII molecule is HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, or HLA-DP.
- the dendritic cell is The following steps: (A) a step of differentiating a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom to obtain a mesoderm progenitor cell; (B) differentiating the mesodermal progenitor cells to obtain monocytic cells; and (c) differentiating the monocyte cells to obtain immature dendritic cells, and optionally, immature dendritic cells Further produced by a method comprising the step of stimulating to obtain mature dendritic cells, Furthermore, the method according to any one of [1] to [10], wherein a serum-free medium is used in at least the step (c) among the steps (a) to (c).
- the mesoderm progenitor cells are differentiated in a serum-free medium containing granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF).
- GM-CSF granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor
- M-CSF macrophage colony stimulating factor
- the dendritic cell is an immature dendritic cell, and the immature dendritic cell is induced into the mature dendritic cell by contacting with a target protein having immunogenicity.
- the target protein is selected from one or more members selected from the group consisting of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, antibodies, enzymes, structural proteins, hormones, and fragments thereof.
- [1] The method according to any one of [14] to [14].
- [16] A method for producing a protein with reduced or eliminated immunogenicity, The following steps: (1) identifying a protein epitope according to the method of any one of [1] to [15]; (2) modifying the epitope such that binding to MHC molecules is reduced or eliminated; and (3) producing a protein having the modified epitope.
- [17] A protein obtainable according to the method of [16].
- a method for predicting whether a protein is immunogenic in a subject (I) providing a cell that expresses one or more allotypes of an MHC molecule of interest intended to be administered a target protein, wherein the cell is differentiated from a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom A process characterized by: (II) a step of bringing a target protein into contact with the “cell expressing one or more allotypes of MHC molecules”; (III) isolating a complex of a peptide contained in the target protein and an MHC molecule from the “cell expressing one or more allotypes of the MHC molecule”; (IV) eluting and identifying the peptide from the complex; and (V) optionally verifying whether the identified peptide is an epitope that induces immunogenicity, A method that indicates that the target protein is immunogenic in the subject when the identified peptide is an epitope that induces immunogenicity.
- a method for producing dendritic cells from stem cells or progenitor cells derived therefrom The following steps: (A ′) a step of differentiating a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom to obtain a mesoderm progenitor cell; (B ′) a step of obtaining monocytic cells by differentiating the mesoderm progenitor cells under a serum-free medium containing granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF); And (c ′) a step of differentiating the monocyte cells under serum-free medium to obtain immature dendritic cells, and optionally further stimulating the immature dendritic cells to obtain mature dendritic cells.
- GM-CSF granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor
- M-CSF macrophage colony stimulating factor
- the step (c ′) (C1 ′) a step of obtaining immature dendritic cells by differentiating the monocyte cells in a serum-free medium containing granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4). Including, and in some cases, (C2 ′) comprising inducing the immature dendritic cells into mature dendritic cells by contacting the immunogen and optionally inflammatory cytokines, The method according to [23]. [25] A dendritic cell obtainable by the method according to [23] or [24].
- GM-CSF granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor
- IL-4 interleukin 4
- the stem cells that express different MHC molecule allotypes
- the present invention uses stem cells or progenitor cells derived therefrom as starting material as a starting material for antigen-presenting cells for MAPPs, as compared to a system using PBMC as the starting material. It is suggested.
- stem cells are not limited in the number of cell divisions, and methods for proliferation and maintenance have been established, so that antigen-presenting cells that express allotypes of necessary MHC molecules can be produced and supplied in a stable manner in large quantities. It is also possible from the viewpoint of manufacturing cost and simplicity.
- DC refers to dendritic cells.
- An example of a scheme for differentiating human iPS cells to obtain dendritic cell-like cells is shown.
- numerator expressed on the cell surface of the monocyte-like cell produced from Ticline obtained by the flow cytometer analysis is shown.
- numerator expressed on the cell surface of the monocyte-like cell produced from Ticline obtained by the flow cytometer analysis is shown.
- numerator expressed on the cell surface of the monocyte-like cell produced from 201B7 line obtained by the flow cytometer analysis is shown.
- numerator expressed on the cell surface of the monocyte-like cell produced from 201B7 line obtained by the flow cytometer analysis is shown.
- numerator expressed on the cell surface of the dendritic cell-like cell produced from Ticline obtained by the flow cytometer analysis is shown.
- numerator expressed on the cell surface of the dendritic cell-like cell produced from Ticline obtained by the flow cytometer analysis is shown.
- the amino acid sequence of Bet v1a is also shown.
- peptides were broadly detected at the positions corresponding to 4 positions.
- Analysis results of amino acid sequences of peptides detected when exposed to Bet v1a in MAPPs using dendritic cell-like cells derived from human iPS cells (201B7 line) (FIG. 8 (a)), and Bet v1a
- the analysis result (FIG. 8 (b)) of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected even when exposed to Bet v1a detected under no treatment conditions is shown.
- the amino acid sequence of Bet v1a is also shown. In the amino acid sequence of Bet v1a, peptides were detected at roughly three locations.
- the analysis result (a) of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected when exposed to Infliximab in MAPPs using dendritic cell-like cells derived from human iPS cells is shown.
- the amino acid sequences of H chain and L chain of Infliximab are also shown.
- Analysis result of amino acid sequence of peptide detected even when exposed to Infliximab, detected under Infliximab untreated conditions in MAPPs using dendritic cell-like cells derived from human iPS cells (Tic line) (b) Indicates.
- the amino acid sequences of H chain and L chain of Infliximab are also shown.
- FIG. 10B is a continuation of FIG. 10A.
- 10B is a continuation of FIG. 10B.
- 10C is a continuation of FIG. 10C.
- 10D is a continuation of FIG. 10D.
- FIG. 10E shows a continuation of FIG. 10E.
- FIG. 10F shows a continuation of FIG. 10F.
- FIG. 10G shows a continuation of FIG. 10G.
- the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected when exposed to Phl p1 in MAPPs using dendritic cell-like cells derived from human iPS cells is shown.
- numerator expressed on the cell surface of the monocyte cell obtained by the flow cytometer analysis is shown.
- numerator expressed on the cell surface of the dendritic cell obtained by the flow cytometer analysis is shown.
- numerator expressed on the cell surface of the dendritic cell obtained by the flow cytometer analysis is shown.
- the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected in the MAPPs using PBMC derived dendritic cells of human donor under the Bet v1a addition condition and non-addition condition (control) is shown.
- the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected in the MAPPs using PBMC derived dendritic cells of human donor under the Bet v1a addition condition and non-addition condition (control) is shown.
- the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected in the MAPPs using PBMC derived dendritic cells of human donor under the Bet v1a addition condition and non-addition condition (control) is shown.
- the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected in the MAPPs using PBMC derived dendritic cells of human donor under the Bet v1a addition condition and non-addition condition (control) is shown.
- the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected in the MAPPs using PBMC derived dendritic cells of human donor under the Bet v1a addition condition and non-addition condition (control) is shown.
- the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected in the MAPPs using PBMC derived dendritic cells of human donor under the Bet v1a addition condition and non-addition condition (control) is shown.
- FIG. 21B is a continuation of FIG. 21A.
- the protein may be, for example, a natural protein, a recombinant protein, or a synthetic peptide prepared by artificially combining amino acids. It is understood that a protein may be a single protein or a mixture of different proteins. The protein may include unnatural amino acids. For example, it may be glycosylated when produced in vivo.
- the protein is preferably a protein (eg, antibody, hormone, etc.) associated with the treatment or prevention of an animal (preferably human).
- the protein may be selected from one or more, preferably from the group consisting of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, antibodies, enzymes, structural proteins, hormones, and fragments of any of these.
- Proteins are presented as antigens in complex with MHC molecules after being taken up by cells and broken down, or after being taken up by cells but without being broken down or after being broken down in cells.
- the length of the amino acid sequence of the protein is not particularly problematic.
- the protein may be a peptide itself that forms a complex with an MHC molecule and presents an antigen.
- an epitope refers to a specific structural unit of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody.
- An epitope is the smallest unit for antigenicity and is also called an antigenic determinant.
- differentiation refers to a state or aspect in which individual cells or cell populations that were originally single or identical are complicated or heterogeneous due to structural and / or functional changes. You may point to.
- differentiation may be used interchangeably with differentiation induction, and includes a state where differentiation induction is started, a state where differentiation induction is continued, a state where differentiation induction is completed, and the like. It is understood that a state in which a cell or a cell population that has completed is proliferating is naturally included.
- the induction may mean an action that promotes differentiation of a certain cell or cell population into another cell or cell population structurally and / or functionally, and is not particularly limited as long as differentiation can be achieved.
- the stem cell means a pluripotent stem cell and is not particularly limited as long as it has differentiation pluripotency and self-replication ability.
- stem cells include artificial pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), embryonic stem cells (ES cells), nuclear transplant ES cells (ntES cells), embryonic germ stem cells (EG cells), and adult stem cells (WO2012 / 115276). These stem cells are preferably derived from mammals, more preferably from humans.
- ES cells are embryonic stem cells derived from the 8-cell stage of a fertilized egg, the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an embryo after the morula.
- ES cells can be established by taking an inner cell mass from a blastocyst of a fertilized egg of a target animal and culturing the inner cell mass on a fibroblast feeder, and its establishment and maintenance method is known. (For example, US Patent No. 5,843,780 etc.).
- the selection of ES cells may be performed by Real-Time PCR using, for example, the expression of gene markers such as alkaline phosphatase, OCT-3 / 4, NANOG as an index.
- the expression of gene markers such as OCT-3 / 4, NANOG, FBX15, FGF4, REX1, ECAD may be used as an index (E. Kroon et al. (2008), Nat. Biotechnol., 26: 443-452).
- embryos used in producing human ES cells are, for example, returned to the mother in infertility treatment by in vitro fertilization.
- Unfertilized eggs may be used that have no intrinsic ability to grow into humans and whose cell division and growth is based on parthenogenesis.
- ES cells may be produced using only a single blastomere of the cleavage stage before the blastocyst stage without destroying the embryo's developmental potential and without destroying the fertilized egg (Chung Y , Klimanskaya I, Becker S, Marh J, Lu SJ, Johnson J, Meisner L, Lanza R. (2006).
- ES cells may be generated from human embryos that have stopped developing (Zhang X, Stojkovic P, Przyborski S, Cooke M, Armstrong L, Lako M, Stojkovic M. (2006). Stem Cells 24: 2669- 2676.).
- iPS cells can be produced by introducing specific reprogramming factors into somatic cells in the form of DNA or protein, and have almost the same properties as ES cells, such as differentiation pluripotency and self-renewal ability.
- Artificial stem cells derived from somatic cells K. Takahashi and S. Yamanaka (2006) Cell, 126: 663-676; K. Takahashi et al. (2007), Cell, 131: 861-872; J. Yu et. al. (2007), Science, 318: 1917-1920; Nakagawa, M. et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 26: 101-106 (2008); WO2007 / 069666).
- the somatic cell may refer to any animal cell (preferably, a mammalian cell including a human) excluding germ line cells and pluripotent stem cells.)
- the reprogramming factor is a gene specifically expressed in ES cells, its gene product or non-cording RNA, or a gene that plays an important role in maintaining undifferentiation of ES cells, its gene product or non-cording RNA Alternatively, it may be a low molecular compound.
- OCT3 / 4 SOX2, SOX1, SOX3, SOX15, SOX17, KLF4, KLF2, c-MYC, N-MYC, L-MYC, NANOG, LIN28, FBX15, ERAS, ECAT15-2, TCLL , Beta-catenin, LIN28B, SALL1, SALL4, ESRRB, NR5A2, TBX3.
- initialization factors may be used alone or in combination. Examples of combinations of initialization factors include the following combinations.
- OCT gene, KLF gene, SOX gene or combinations of reprogramming factors include, for example, WO2007 / 069666, WO2008 / 118820, WO2009 / 007852, WO2009 / 032194, WO2009 / 058413, WO2009 / 057831, WO2009 / 075119 , WO2009 / 079007, WO2009 / 091659, WO2009 / 101084, WO2009 / 101407, WO2009 / 102983, WO2009 / 114949, WO2009 / 117439, WO2009 / 126250, WO2009 / 126251, WO2009
- the reprogramming factor or the factor that promotes reprogramming examples include MEK inhibitors, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and histone methyltransferase inhibitors that are known to those skilled in the art. , P53 inhibitors may be mentioned.
- the reprogramming factor is used in a somatic cell according to a method known to those skilled in the art such as a calcium phosphate method, a lipofection method, a microinjection method, or the like using a vector (for example, a viral vector, a plasmid vector, an artificial chromosome vector) or the like. May be introduced.
- DMEM DMEM / F12 or DME medium containing 10-15% FBS (these are leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), penicillin / streptomycin, puromycin, L-glutamine, non-essential) Amino acids, ⁇ -mercaptoethanol and the like may further be included as appropriate.
- LIF leukemia inhibitory factor
- penicillin / streptomycin penicillin / streptomycin
- puromycin puromycin
- L-glutamine non-essential Amino acids
- ⁇ -mercaptoethanol a commercially available medium known to those skilled in the art may be used as appropriate.
- iPS cell culture may be appropriately set according to the composition of the medium. For example, in the presence of 5% CO 2 at 37 ° C., using 10% FBS-containing DMEM or DMEM / F12 medium, somatic cells are brought into contact with reprogramming factors and cultured for about 4 to 7 days.
- Prime ES cell culture containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) about 10 days after contact with somatic cells and reprogramming factors after repopulating on cells (eg, mitomycin C-treated STO cells, SNL cells)
- the iPS-like colonies may be generated from about 30 to about 45 days after the contact and cultured in a working medium.
- 10% FBS-containing DMEM medium (these are LIF, penicillin / streptomycin, puromycin, L-glutamine, on a feeder cell (for example, mitomycin C-treated STO cell, SNL cell) in the presence of 5% CO 2 at 37 ° C. It may further contain non-essential amino acids, ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, etc.), and may give rise to iPS-like colonies from about 25 to about 30 days or later.
- feeder cells reprogrammed somatic cells themselves may be used, or an extracellular matrix or Matrigel (BD) may be used.
- cultivate using a serum-free medium (Sun N, et al. (2009), Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106.15720-15725).
- IPS cells may be selected according to the shape of the formed colonies (for example, can a cell cluster showing a shape close to a sphere be obtained).
- a drug resistance gene that is expressed in conjunction with a gene that is expressed when somatic cells are initialized for example, alkaline phosphatase, OCT3 / 4, NANOG
- a medium containing the corresponding drug for example, alkaline phosphatase, OCT3 / 4, NANOG
- the established iPS cells can be selected by culturing in.
- the marker gene is a fluorescent protein gene
- iPS cells can also be selected by observing with a fluorescence microscope.
- the cells may be cultured in vitro by a known differentiation method, and determined as iPS cells using the ability to differentiate into desired cells as an index.
- the cells are transplanted subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice, and the tumor tissue formed after a lapse of a predetermined period is analyzed to confirm that teratomas (teratomas) that contain various tissues are formed. It may be determined that Alternatively, it may be determined to be an iPS cell by confirming that a marker gene specifically expressed in the ES cell is expressed. Alternatively, a gene-wide gene expression pattern may be detected by a microarray or the like, and a cell highly correlated with an ES cell expression pattern may be determined as an iPS cell.
- the established iPS cells may be sold and used.
- ntES cell is an ES cell derived from a cloned embryo produced by nuclear transfer technology, and has almost the same characteristics as an ES cell derived from a fertilized egg (T. Wakayama et al. (2001), Science, 292: 740-743; S. Wakayama et al. (2005), Biol. Reprod., 72: 932-936; J. Byrne et al. (2007), Nature, 450: 497-502). That is, an ES cell established from an inner cell mass of a blastocyst derived from a cloned embryo obtained by replacing the nucleus of an unfertilized egg with the nucleus of a somatic cell is an ntES cell.
- ntES cells For the production of ntES cells, a known nuclear transfer technology (for example, JB Cibelli et al. (1998), Nature Biotechnol., 16: 642-646) may be combined with a known ES cell production technology ( Wakayama Kiyoka et al. (2008), Experimental Medicine, 26, 5 (extra number), 47-52).
- somatic cell nuclei may be injected into an enucleated unfertilized egg of a mammal and initialized by culturing for several hours.
- EG cells are cells that are established from embryonic primordial germ cells and have the same pluripotency as ES cells (Y. Matsui et al. (1992), Cell, 70: 841-847). It may be established by culturing primordial germ cells in the presence of LIF, bFGF, Stem Cell Factor (STF), etc. (Y. Matsui et al. (1992), Cell, 70: 841-847).
- Adult stem cells are cells that are not terminally differentiated and are found in vivo, and exist as a source of progenitor cells to terminally differentiated cells.
- Adult stem cells exist in each tissue in the living body, and the types of cells that can be differentiated are usually limited.
- hematopoietic stem cells that can be differentiated into monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and the like are particularly preferable as examples of adult stem cells.
- a hematopoietic progenitor cell refers to a cell differentiated from a hematopoietic stem cell.
- a stem cell-derived progenitor cell refers to any cell (for example, mesoderm progenitor) observed in the process of obtaining an antigen-presenting cell (specifically, a cell that expresses an MHC molecule) by differentiating the stem cell.
- Cell hematopoietic progenitor cell, granulocyte / macrophage colony forming cell, lymphoblast, monoblast, pre-monocyte or monocyte).
- MHCI molecules Peter Parham (2007), Essential Immunology; The Human Protein Atlas, http://www.proteinatlas.org/
- Proteins can be presented to killer T cells via MHCI molecules.
- specific cells have MHCII molecules in addition to MHCI molecules, and foreign antigens can be presented to helper T cells via MHCII molecules (also called professional antigen-presenting cells).
- antigen presenting cells may include both of these cell types.
- the antigen-presenting cell is the latter type, for example, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, and B cells are preferable.
- cytokines such as interferon and MHCII molecules are induced, thyroid follicular cells, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, etc. also function as antigen-presenting cells, so these cells are also listed as the latter type. May be.
- the antigen-presenting cell specifically, a cell that expresses an MHC molecule, such as a dendritic cell, a macrophage, a monocyte, or a B cell
- MHCI molecule and / Or cells expressing MHCII molecules may be used as an indicator, and at least one of CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD14, CD15, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD123, CD205, CD206, CD209, CCR7 It is more preferable to use as an index a cell expressing.
- dendritic cells are advantageous as antigen-presenting cells because they have strong antigen-presenting ability and helper T-cell activation ability.
- dendritic cells are cells having cell processes and exhibiting a dendritic or dendritic morphology.
- at least one of CD11b, CD11c, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD123, CD205, CD206, CD209, and CCR7 can be used as a criterion for determining whether or not the dendritic cell has characteristics. May be used as an index, and it is more preferable to use as an index whether all of the MHCII molecules, CD80, CD86, CD206, and CD209 are expressed.
- dendritic cells that express all of the MHCII molecules, CD80, CD86, CD206, and CD209 and are negative for CD14.
- a criterion for determining whether or not it has characteristics as a macrophage cell for example, it may be used as an index whether CD11b is further expressed in addition to the MHCII molecule.
- CD80 and CD86 are known to transmit signals to helper T cells to activate the cells.
- the dendritic cell-like cells obtained in this example have similar properties to monocyte-derived dendritic cells in terms of cell shape, cell surface molecule expression, and helper T cell stimulation ability. It may be included in the dendritic cells in the specification. Similarly, the monocyte-like cells obtained in this example may be included in the monocyte cells herein.
- the antigen-presenting cell is preferably derived from a mammal, more preferably from a human.
- the MHC molecule may be either an MHCI molecule or an MHCII molecule, but an MHCII molecule is more preferable.
- Human MHC is called human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
- MHCI molecules are further divided into classical class I molecules (class Ia) and nonclassical class I molecules (class Ib).
- Classical class I molecules include HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C in humans, and nonclassical class I molecules include HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G in humans.
- examples of MHCII molecules include HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP in humans.
- MHC molecules are slightly different in individual amino acid sequences even among homologous animals, and can be divided into several types called allotypes. For example, in the case of HLA-DR, many allotypes such as DR1, DR2, DR3, DR4... Are known. Since allotypes are linked to each other on the MHC gene, they are inherited from a parent to a child as a pair unless genetic recombination occurs in this region. This unit is called the halotype. In patient-derived stem cells (for example, iPS cells), even if they are subcultured and differentiated, the patient's MHC gene sequence is basically retained as it is. Thus, antigen-presenting cells obtained by differentiating the stem cells The allotype of the MHC molecule possessed by is maintained.
- allotypes for example, in the case of HLA-DR, many allotypes such as DR1, DR2, DR3, DR4... are known. Since allotypes are linked to each other on the MHC gene, they are
- Each allotype can form a complex with a different antigenic peptide fragment (epitope) and present the epitope on the cell surface, so for each allotype set, in other words, for each patient with that allotype set.
- epitope an antigenic peptide fragment
- the presence or absence of immunogenicity and side effects on the target protein varies. Since allotypes and haplotypes have patterns characteristic of race and ethnicity, they can be used for analysis of the presence or absence of side effects and other immunogenicity to target proteins for each race and ethnicity.
- allotypes possessed by individuals can be determined by genetic analysis (for example, DNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is hybridized with beads to which probes are immobilized, the fluorescence intensity is digitized, and data analysis is performed. Therefore, it is possible to determine whether the target protein has immunogenicity, side effects, or the like based on the specified allotype information.
- genetic analysis for example, DNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is hybridized with beads to which probes are immobilized, the fluorescence intensity is digitized, and data analysis is performed. Therefore, it is possible to determine whether the target protein has immunogenicity, side effects, or the like based on the specified allotype information.
- Other specific examples of the genetic diagnosis include the method described in International Journal of Immunogenetics, 2011; 38: 6, pp.463-473.
- the antigen-presenting cell may express one or more allotypes of the MHC molecule of a subject (eg, a mammal, preferably a human) intended to be administered the target protein.
- a subject eg, a mammal, preferably a human
- the stem cell or progenitor cell derived therefrom in the present invention is a cell that expresses one or more allotypes of MHC molecules possessed by a subject (eg, a human patient or a healthy human subject) intended for analysis.
- a subject eg, a human patient or a healthy human subject
- one or more cells expressing one or more allotypes of the MHC molecule of the subject may be used so that all sets of allotypes of the MHC molecule possessed by the subject are included.
- cells that express one or more allotypes of MHC molecules that are highly expressed in the race or ethnic group that is intended for analysis may be prepared.
- the race, Immunogenicity may be analyzed by covering a certain percentage of the population (for example, 30% to 80% or more). As appropriate, for example, it is advantageous to perform comparative analysis of human patients, human patients and healthy human subjects, and healthy human subjects.
- the method for differentiating stem cells or progenitor cells derived therefrom into antigen-presenting cells is not particularly limited as long as it is a method known to those skilled in the art.
- methods for differentiating stem cells such as ES cells and iPS cells into monocytes, macrophages, B cells, or dendritic cells include WO2009 / 120891; WO2009 / 074341; Regen. Med.
- BMP-4 Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4
- GM-CSF Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor
- SCF Stem Cell Factor
- VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- monocytes Differentiating into monocytes; then the monocytes are further differentiated into immature dendritic cells using GM-CSF and Interleukin-4 (IL-4); Is differentiated into mature dendritic cells using a maturation cocktail consisting of GM-MSF, TNF- ⁇ , Interleukin-1 ⁇ (IL-1 ⁇ ), Interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ), and PGE2. Is disclosed. Moreover, PLoS One, April 2013, Vol. 8, Issue 4, e59243 discloses that functional macrophages and dendritic cells were obtained based on monocytes differentiated from ES cells and iPS cells. Yes.
- NATURE IMMUNOLOGY Vol.5, No.4, 2004, pp.410-417 describes the method of producing T cells from ES cells, but B cells can also be produced during the production process.
- B cells can also be produced during the production process.
- WO2012 / 115276 may preferably be referred to as a specific method for differentiating stem cells or progenitor cells derived therefrom into antigen-presenting cells.
- the antigen-presenting cell is a dendritic cell
- following the step of providing a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom the following step: (A) a step of differentiating a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom to obtain a mesoderm progenitor cell; (B) differentiating the mesodermal progenitor cells to obtain monocytic cells; and (c) differentiating the monocyte cells to obtain immature dendritic cells, and optionally, immature dendritic cells
- a step of further stimulating to obtain mature dendritic cells may be included.
- a serum-free medium may be used at least in the step (c), and a serum-free medium may be used in both the steps (b) and (c).
- a serum-free medium is used in all of the steps (a) to (c).
- the serum may refer to mammal-derived serum such as human serum, monkey serum, fetal bovine serum, sheep serum, rabbit serum, rat serum, guinea pig serum, mouse serum.
- the serum-free medium refers to a medium to which no serum is added and no commercially available serum substitute such as B-27 is added, preferably albumin or albumin substitute, transferrin or transferrin substitute , Insulin or an insulin substitute, and a medium containing at least one of selenite. More preferably, it may be a medium containing Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium-X Supplement (ITS).
- ITS Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium-X Supplement
- Preferred serum-free media include, for example, minimal essential medium (MEM), Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), Iskov's modified Dulbecco medium (IMDM), StemPro-34 medium (Life Tech), Stemline II (SIGMA), or Primate ES cell Examples include a medium in which ITS is added to medium (ReproCELL) or the like.
- MEM minimal essential medium
- DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- IMDM Iskov's modified Dulbecco medium
- SIGMA Stemline II
- Primate ES cell Examples include a medium in which ITS is added to medium (ReproCELL) or the like.
- stem cells or progenitor cells derived therefrom are cultured in a medium containing a BMP family protein and then cultured in a medium containing growth factors and hematopoietic factors, or in a medium containing VEGF.
- a step of obtaining mesoderm progenitor cells by culturing in a medium containing a hematopoietic factor after culturing may be included.
- the step (b) may include a step of culturing in a medium containing a hematopoietic factor to obtain monocytic cells by differentiating the mesodermal progenitor cells.
- the step (a) and the step (b) can be performed continuously.
- the BMP family protein may refer to a cytokine having about 20 subtypes belonging to the TGF- ⁇ superfamily.
- a preferred BMP family protein in the present invention is BMP2 and / or BMP4, more preferably BMP4.
- the growth factor may be preferably VEGF, specifically, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, PlGF (placental growth factor) -1, PlGF-2 Or these alternative splicing variants (for example, variants of 121, 165, 189 or 206 amino acids are known for VEGF-A).
- a preferred VEGF in the present invention is VEGF-A.
- the growth factor may contain bFGF in addition to VEGF.
- the hematopoietic factor is a factor that promotes the differentiation and proliferation of blood cells.
- SCF Stem Cell Factor
- G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
- GM-CSF granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor
- M-CSF macrophage colony stimulating factor
- EPO erythropoietin
- TPO thrombopoietin
- IL interleukins
- the interleukins may be IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, or IL-9.
- the preferred hematopoietic factor in the step (b) may be selected from the group consisting of SCF, TPO, IL-3, Flt3-ligand, GM-CSF and M-CSF. Hematopoietic factors may be used alone or in combination.
- the step (a) using a combination of VEGF as a growth factor and SCF as a hematopoietic factor may be performed.
- the step (b) it is preferable to culture by changing the medium every several days (for example, every 3 to 4 days).
- non-adherent cells (monocyte cells (like cells)) are obtained by the step (b), they may be used as monocytes in the step (c).
- the non-adherent cells have the characteristics of monocytes, for example, using flow cytometry, etc., in addition to the expression of MHCII molecules, CD14, CD45 hi , CD11a, CD11b, which are markers of monocytes, The expression of CD15 etc. can be determined as an index.
- monocytes used for induction into dendritic cells by separating only CD14 positive cells from non-adherent cells using the magnetic bead method or the like. Can increase the percentage of cells.
- the step (c) further includes: (Ci) culturing the monocytes (floating) in a medium containing a hematopoietic factor and obtaining immature dendritic cells (like cells) by differentiation, and optionally, (Cii) a step of inducing the resulting immature dendritic cell (like cell) into an mature dendritic cell (like cell) by further contacting with an immunogen and optionally an inflammatory cytokine. It's okay.
- the immature dendritic cell-like cell or the mature dendritic cell-like cell has the characteristics of a dendritic cell, for example, using flow cytometry or the like, in addition to the expression of MHCII molecule, Whether or not at least one of a certain CD11b, CD11c, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD123, CD205, CD206, CD209, and CCR7 is further expressed may be used as an index. Furthermore, whether dendritic cells have the characteristics of immature dendritic cells or mature dendritic cells is verified using, for example, the expression variation of MHCII molecules (HLA-DR, etc.) as an index. can do.
- the hematopoietic factor may be the aforementioned factor.
- a combination of GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-4, or a combination of GM-CSF and IL-4 may be used.
- the immunogen and the inflammatory cytokine When the immunogen and the inflammatory cytokine are brought into contact with immature dendritic cells, they can be induced into mature dendritic cells by pulsing the cells. While immature dendritic cells have high antigen phagocytic ability but low antigen presenting ability, they mature into mature dendritic cells due to invasion of antigen into the living body, and proteins such as MHCII molecules required for antigen presentation Expression can be enhanced to improve antigen presenting ability.
- the immunogen may be any substance that causes an immune response when introduced into a living body, and includes, for example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, present in pathogens).
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- the protein to be evaluated has immunogenicity, it can be understood by those skilled in the art that the protein can act as an immunogen.
- the immature dendritic cells are induced into mature dendritic cells by contacting the immunogenic target protein.
- the inflammatory cytokine may be, for example, Tumor Necrosis Factor- ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ ), TNF- ⁇ , IL-12, or IFN- ⁇ .
- TNF- ⁇ Tumor Necrosis Factor- ⁇
- TNF- ⁇ Tumor Necrosis Factor- ⁇
- IL-12 IL-12
- IFN- ⁇ IFN- ⁇ .
- the immunogen and the inflammatory cytokine may be used alone or in combination as appropriate.
- step (D) You may perform the process of differentiating the said monocyte cell and obtaining a macrophage.
- the monocyte cells can be differentiated into macrophages, preferably using GM-CSF or M-CSF as a hematopoietic factor.
- M1 macrophages by adding, for example, IFN- ⁇ or LPS
- M2 macrophages by adding, for example, IL-4 or IL-13
- Macrophages are It is known to be activated by receiving cytokines produced by helper T cells, and classical activation (M1 macrophage) and selective activation (M2 macrophage) are known.
- the concentrations of growth factors, hematopoietic factors, cytokines, and the like used in the above-described steps may be any concentrations that can obtain the target antigen-presenting cells, and can be appropriately determined by those skilled in the art.
- the concentration of BMP4 may be, for example, 5 to 150 ng / ml, more preferably 10 to 100 ng / ml, and further preferably 20 to 80 ng / ml.
- the concentration of VEGF may be, for example, 20 to 100 ng / ml, more preferably 30 to 70 ng / ml, and further preferably 40 to 50 ng / ml.
- the concentration of bFGF may be, for example, 10 to 100 ng / ml, and more preferably 20 to 50 ng / ml.
- the concentration of SCF may be, for example, 20 to 100 ng / ml, more preferably 30 to 70 ng / ml, and further preferably 40 to 50 ng / ml.
- the concentration of IL-3 may be, for example, 5 to 100 ng / ml, and more preferably 30 to 70 ng / ml.
- the concentration of TPO may be, for example, 1 to 25 ng / ml, and more preferably 1 to 10 ng / ml.
- the concentration of Flt3-ligand may be, for example, 10 to 100 ng / ml, and more preferably 30 to 70 ng / ml.
- the concentration of GM-CSF may be, for example, 5 to 250 ng / ml, and more preferably 50 to 200 ng / ml.
- the concentration of M-CSF may be, for example, 5 to 100 ng / ml, and more preferably 30 to 70 ng / ml.
- the concentration of IL-4 may be, for example, 3 to 100 ng / ml, and more preferably 10 to 70 ng / ml.
- the concentration of TNF- ⁇ may be, for example, 0.05 to 50 ng / ml, and more preferably 0.1 to 20 ng / ml. In the case of LPS, for example, 0.01 to 100 ⁇ g / ml may be used, and 0.1 to 10 ⁇ g / ml is more preferable.
- growth factors, hematopoietic factors, cytokines and the like may be used in appropriate combinations according to the purpose, and those skilled in the art can appropriately determine the optimum concentration.
- the concentration of the (target) protein to be evaluated may be a concentration that can identify the epitope of the protein, for example, depending on the purpose, or the protein is a target (for example, a mammal, preferably a human). Any concentration that can evaluate whether or not it has immunogenicity may be used, or any concentration that can induce immature dendritic cells to be induced into mature dendritic cells. Those skilled in the art appropriately determine the concentration. it can. Such a concentration may be, for example, 0.01 to 1000 ⁇ g / ml, and more preferably 0.1 to 100 ⁇ g / ml.
- the period of the step (a) may be, for example, 2 days or more, preferably 2 to 10 days, and more preferably 5 to 8 days.
- the period of the step (b) may be, for example, 1 day or longer, preferably 20 to 200 days, more preferably 50 to 150 days.
- the period of the step (ci) may be, for example, 1 day or more, preferably 1 to 10 days, and more preferably 4 to 6 days.
- the period of the step (cii) may be, for example, 12 hours or more, preferably 12 to 36 hours, and more preferably 24 hours (1 day).
- the period of the step (d) may be, for example, 1 day or more, preferably 1 to 20 days.
- the macrophages may be further differentiated into M1 macrophages or M2 macrophages.
- those skilled in the art can appropriately determine the optimum culture period in consideration of each culture condition.
- the present invention also includes a method for producing a dendritic cell (in vitro) from a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom, including the steps (a) to (c), and whether or not the method has been obtained or obtained.
- Good for dendritic cells that can be made. That is, dendritic cells produced by this method express not only MHCII molecules, but also CD80 and CD86, which are costimulatory molecules for helper T cells, and CD206 and CD209 that are sugar chain receptors. It was suggested that it has the ability to activate helper T cells and resistance to viruses and the like. Analysis of protein epitopes using dendritic cells obtained by this method contributes to the development of proteins with low immunogenicity, and is an excellent material for research on antigen-presenting cells against autoimmune diseases and viruses. Is expected to be.
- a method for producing a dendritic cell (in vitro) from a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom comprising the following steps: (A ′) a step of differentiating a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom to obtain a mesoderm progenitor cell; (B ′) a step of obtaining monocytic cells by differentiating the mesoderm progenitor cells under a serum-free medium containing granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF); And (c ′) a step of differentiating the monocyte cells under serum-free medium to obtain immature dendritic cells, and optionally further stimulating the immature dendritic cells to obtain mature dendritic cells.
- a ′ a step of differentiating a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom to obtain a mesoderm progenitor cell
- the step (c ′) (C1 ′) a step of obtaining immature dendritic cells by differentiating the monocyte cells in a serum-free medium containing granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4). Including, and in some cases, (C2 ′) comprising inducing the immature dendritic cells into mature dendritic cells by contacting the immunogen and optionally inflammatory cytokines, The method according to [23]. [25] A dendritic cell obtainable by the method according to [23] or [24].
- GM-CSF granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor
- IL-4 interleukin 4
- a cell composition comprising the dendritic cell according to any one of [25] to [27].
- the dendritic cell or the cell composition is used for controlling immune response for the purpose of performing immune cell therapy against infectious diseases or malignant tumors, or treating rejection associated with autoimmune disease or organ transplantation. May be used as a cell medicine.
- the cell medicine may be used in an appropriate combination of auxiliaries such as a medium for the purpose of stably holding dendritic cells.
- this invention is the method for identifying the epitope of protein in one aspect
- mode Comprising: The following processes: (A) A step of bringing a target protein into contact with a cell expressing a major histocompatibility complex (MHC molecule) differentiated from a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom; (B) isolating the complex of the peptide contained in the target protein and the MHC molecule from the cell expressing the MHC molecule; and (C) eluting the peptide from the complex and identifying it.
- Including a method the method comprises the following steps: (D) A step of verifying whether the identified peptide is an epitope that induces immunogenicity may be included. The method can perform the entire process in vitro.
- the step (A) is preferably performed in the absence of serum.
- the amount of cells that express MHC molecules necessary to obtain 100 ng MHC molecules can depend on the number of cells, the expression intensity of MHC molecules, and the degree of expression.
- the amount of cells can be determined.
- Each allotype of the MHCII molecule (eg, HLA-DQ1) can hold about 500 to 1000 different peptide fragments (Chicz R M et al., J Exp. Med. 1993, 178, 27-47; Chicz R M & Urban R G, Immunol. Today, 1993, 15, 155-160).
- the majority of these different peptides only reach very low copy numbers and are therefore not very likely to play a physiological role in vivo.
- peptide fragments that are involved in immunogenicity for example, activate helper T cells, reach moderate to high copy numbers (Latek R & Unanue E R, Immunol. Rev. 1999, 172: 209-228) .
- These medium to high copy number peptides account for about 40-50% of the total amount of peptides eluted from MHCII molecules and may correspond to about 10-200 individual peptides.
- the peptide is a peptide that is derived from the target protein (its amino acid sequence) and can form a complex with an MHC molecule on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (specifically, a cell that expresses an MHC molecule).
- the peptide may be bound to intracellular or extracellular MHC molecules.
- Each allotype of the MHCII molecule can form a complex with various peptides, and the amount of peptide required for sequencing each eluted peptide may be, for example, only a femtomole amount.
- an approximately femtomolar amount of a peptide fragment bound to the molecule can be isolated, and the sequence of the peptide can be identified.
- the cell membrane of the cell may be solubilized.
- the lysis may be performed by methods known to those skilled in the art, such as freeze-thawing, use of a surfactant, or a combination thereof.
- a surfactant for example, Triton X-100 (TX100), Nonidet P-40 (NP-40), Tween 20, Tween 80, n-octyl glucoside, ZWITTERGENT, Lubrol, or CHAPS may be used.
- TX100 Triton X-100
- NP-40 Nonidet P-40
- Tween 20 Tween 80
- n-octyl glucoside ZWITTERGENT
- Lubrol Lubrol
- CHAPS CHAPS
- the cell lysate containing the solubilized MHC molecule-peptide complex may be subjected to immunoprecipitation or immunoaffinity chromatography to purify the MHC molecule-peptide complex.
- immunoprecipitation or immunoaffinity chromatography antibodies specific for MHC molecules and suitable for these methods (anti-MHCI molecular antibodies such as anti-HLA-A antibody, anti-HLA-B antibody, anti-HLA-C Antibody or anti-HLA-ABC antibody; or anti-MHCII molecule antibody, preferably anti-HLA-DR antibody, anti-HLA-DQ antibody or anti-HLA-DP antibody) may be used.
- the specific antibody is preferably a monoclonal antibody and may be covalently or non-covalently bound to beads (eg, Sepharose beads or agarose beads) via, for example, Protein A.
- beads eg, Sepharose beads or agarose beads
- the amino group of an antibody may be covalently bonded to CNBr-activated sepharose to form a solid layer.
- the monoclonal antibody may be purchased commercially or may be purified from the corresponding supernatant of each hybridoma cell using protein A- or protein G-affinity chromatography.
- immunoisolation of MHC molecules may be performed by incubating antibody-beads with cell lysate while rotating for several hours.
- the washing of the antibody-bead bound with the MHC molecule-peptide complex may be performed in an Eppendorf tube.
- the result of immunoprecipitation may be analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using an antibody that recognizes denatured MHC molecules.
- the peptide can be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, diluted acid, such as diluted acetonitrile (Jardetzky T S et al., Nature 1991 353, 326-329), diluted acetic acid and heated (Rudensky A Y et al. ., Nature 1991, 353, 622-626; Chicz® M et al, Nature 1992, 358, 764-768, or diluted trifluoroacetic acid (Kropshofer H et al., J Exp Med 1992, 175, 1799- 1803) may be used for elution.
- Peptides are preferably eluted with diluted trifluoroacetic acid, for example at 37 ° C.
- the MHC molecule-peptide complex Before the peptide is eluted from the MHC molecule-peptide complex, it may be washed with water or a low salt buffer to remove the remaining surfactant.
- a low salt buffer a Tris buffer solution, a phosphate buffer solution, or an acetate buffer solution having a concentration of 0.5 to 10 mM may be used.
- the MHC molecule-peptide complex may be washed with ultra high purity water for HPLC.
- the washing may be performed by ultrafiltration. Ultrafiltration may be performed, for example, in an ultrafiltration tube having a cutoff value of 30 kD, 20 kD, 10 kD, or 5 kD and a tube volume of 0.5 to 1.0 ml. Washing in the ultrafiltration tube may be performed 4 to 12 times, for example, in a volume several tens of times the volume of the beads holding the MHC molecule-peptide complex.
- the peptide may be eluted from the MHC molecule-peptide complex using this ultrafiltration tube.
- the eluted peptide may then be lyophilized or dried by a centrifugal evaporator.
- Each peptide (its amino acid sequence) may be identified by fractionating and analyzing the sequence of the eluted peptide mixture using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC / MS).
- LC / MS liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- amino acid sequence of each peptide in the peptide mixture can be revealed by known methods sufficient to sequence femtomolar amounts of the peptide.
- Identification reveals the protein from which the peptide is derived and to which sequence in the protein the peptide is derived.
- the eluted peptide mixture is preferably fractionated by, for example, a combination of reverse phase chromatography and anion exchange chromatography or cation exchange chromatography, or by reverse phase chromatography alone. Fractionation uses a fused-silica micro-capillary column connected to either the nanoflow electrospray source of the mass spectrometer or to a micro fractionator that spots the fraction on a MALDI analysis plate It may be performed in the HPLC mode.
- ESI-MS electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
- PSD MALDI-post source decay
- amino acid sequence analysis of each peptide may be determined using various means known to those skilled in the art. Sequence analysis may be performed by computer analysis of peptide fragment spectra, for example using the MASCOT algorithm or SEQUEST algorithm. These algorithms preferably use protein and nucleotide sequence databases to perform cross-correlation analysis of experimentally and theoretically generated tandem mass spectra. This allows for automated high-throughput sequence analysis.
- MALDI-TOF matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- the passage through the microcapillary column may be analyzed using a UV detector at a detection wavelength of 214 nm.
- the amount of peptide may be estimated by comparing the peak area of the peptide to be analyzed to the peak area of a graded amount of standard peptide (control).
- Elution of peptides from MHC molecules provides a set of peptides derived from the target protein and naturally fragmented in the antigen-presenting cells.
- To identify and eliminate false positive peptides in addition to a set of antigen-presenting cells exposed to the target protein, as a negative control, prepare a set of antigen-presenting cells that are not exposed to the target protein for comparative analysis. Is preferred. Peptides that can only be detected in antigen-presenting cells exposed to the target protein compared to antigen-presenting cells that are not exposed to the target protein may function as epitopes of the protein from which the peptide is derived and may be identified as antigenic .
- MHC binding motif means a structural feature common to peptides that bind to a specific MHC molecule (allelic polymorphism), which is necessary to form a stable complex with the MHC molecule.
- the peptide length varies from 12 to 18 amino acids, and even longer peptides can be bound because both ends of the peptide binding groove are open.
- Many MHCII molecules contain up to four residues (called “anchor residues”) related to binding in the relative positions contained in the 9-mer nonameric core region: P1, P4 , P6, and P9. However, this core region can vary in distance from the N-terminus of the peptide. Often 2 to 4 N-terminal residues precede the core region.
- the P1 anchor residue is located at position 3, 4, or 5 of many peptides capable of forming a complex with the MHCII molecule.
- peptides eluted from HLA-DR molecules may share a hydrophobic P1 anchor, such as tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or valine.
- the position and type of anchor residues can be deduced from the peptide binding motifs of frequent MHC molecules.
- a computer algorithm capable of verifying a peptide sequence motif can be obtained from, for example, “Tepitope” (www.vaccinome.com, J. Hammer, Nutley, USA).
- the MHC binding ability may be verified by a method known to those skilled in the art using the detected peptide itself (for example, a synthetic peptide may be used) and a desired MHC molecule (Kropshofer H et al., J Exp. Med. 1992, 175, 1799-1803; Vogt A B et al., J. Immunol. 1994, 153, 1665-1673; Sloan V S et al., Nature 1995, 375, 802-806).
- the MHC binding ability may be verified using a cell binding assay that utilizes a cell line expressing MHC molecules and a biotinylated peptide (Arndt S O et al, EMBO J., 2000, 19 , 1241-1251).
- the relative binding capacity of the peptide to MHC may be determined by measuring the concentration (IC50) required to reduce the binding of the labeled reporter peptide by 50%.
- IC50 concentration required to reduce the binding of the labeled reporter peptide by 50%.
- each identified peptide may be used, or a peptide having a sequence (core sequence) common to the identified peptides may be used.
- the peptide to be detected is considered to depend on the type of allotype of the MHC molecule, the strength of binding affinity for the MHC molecule, and the like.
- helper T cells The ability to stimulate helper T cells is particularly important in verifying whether the identified peptide functions as an epitope.
- the identified peptide When the identified peptide stimulates helper T cells, it may be one of the indicators for determining that the peptide has immunogenicity. As the determination method, it may be tested whether the peptide identified by the method of the present invention is capable of activating helper T cells.
- each identified peptide may be used, or a peptide having a sequence (core sequence) common to the identified peptides may be used.
- helper T cells The cellular response of helper T cells may be measured by various in vitro methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, in the presence of the peptide to be evaluated, cells that express MHC molecules (for example, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.) are cultured together with helper T cells, and DNA proliferation is used as an indicator of cell proliferation of helper T cells. Whether thymidine (T) labeled with a radioactive substance is incorporated during replication may be measured. Alternatively, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) may be used instead of thymidine.
- MHC molecules for example, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.
- the amount of BrdU incorporation may be measured using an enzyme or fluorescently labeled secondary antibody (for example, 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine Labeling & Detection Kit III, Roch-Biochem, Cat No. 1 444 611). Alternatively, it is measured by Naive Primary T cell Assay (Proimmune) using a flow cytometry method with the indicator that the fluorescent dye label 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is diluted by helper T cell proliferation. Also good.
- an enzyme or fluorescently labeled secondary antibody for example, 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine Labeling & Detection Kit III, Roch-Biochem, Cat No. 1 444 611).
- it is measured by Naive Primary T cell Assay (Proimmune) using a flow cytometry method with the indicator that the fluorescent dye label 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is diluted by helper T
- helper T cells may be evaluated by measuring various cytokines produced from helper T cells.
- cytokines include IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN- ⁇ , or transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ).
- Cytokine measurement methods include various methods known to those skilled in the art, such as ELISA or ELISPOT.
- dendritic cells produced by a method of producing dendritic cells from stem cells or progenitor cells derived therefrom may be used.
- Cells that express MHC molecules may be rendered non-proliferative by, for example, treatment with ionizing radiation or mitomycin C prior to assay.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a protein with reduced or eliminated immunogenicity, comprising the following steps: (1) identifying a protein epitope according to the method described above; (2) a method comprising modifying the epitope such that binding to MHC molecules is reduced or eliminated; and (3) producing a protein having the modified epitope.
- the present invention also relates to a protein obtained or obtainable in accordance with the above production method in still another embodiment.
- the “obtainable protein” may mean a protein that can be obtained by using the production method.
- the peptide in which the epitope has been identified is modified so that the binding to the MHC molecule is reduced or eliminated, or the immunogenicity can be reduced or eliminated. Or it can be modified.
- the reduction or disappearance of immunogenicity is not particularly limited as long as it is a method known to those skilled in the art.
- the above-described MHC binding motif, MHC binding ability, or recognition by helper T cells is determined as an index. Also good.
- in silico epitope prediction algorithms may be combined as appropriate.
- alteration or modification may be performed according to a method known to those skilled in the art.
- a DNA nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of a protein containing an epitope one or more desired nucleotides of the DNA sequence can be inserted, substituted, for example, using site-directed mutagenesis or homologous recombination, or It may be deleted.
- one or more anchor residues important for binding to the MHC molecule can be changed to other amino acid residues, thereby reducing or eliminating immunogenicity.
- an amino acid residue important for epitope recognition by a T cell receptor of a helper T cell or a B cell receptor of a B cell may be changed to another amino acid residue.
- the P1 anchor of the HLA-DR1-restricted T cell epitope may be substituted with alanine, proline, glycine or a charged amino acid residue (Kropshofer et al., EMBO J. 15, 1996, 6144-6154).
- the protein having a modified epitope may be chemically synthesized, or genetically or biologically synthesized.
- host cells or animals that temporarily or permanently retain the gene of a protein having a modified epitope may be used.
- Host cells and animals can be used, for example, as production systems for protein production and expression.
- a host cell a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell may be used.
- Examples of eukaryotic cells that can be used as host cells include animal cells, plant cells, and fungal cells.
- Animal cells include mammalian cells such as CHO (Puck et al., (1958) J. Exp. Med. 108 (6): 945-956), COS, HEK293, 3T3, myeloma, BHK (baby hamster kidney) And amphibian cells such as Xenopus oocytes (Valle et al., Nature (1981) 291: 338-340) and insect cells such as Sf9, Sf21, and Tn5.
- CHO cells are preferred for mass expression purposes.
- a vector having a gene of a protein having a modified epitope for a host cell for example, calcium phosphate method, DEAE dextran method, method using cationic ribosome DOTAP (Boehringer Mannheim), electroporation method, lipofection, etc. It may be introduced by this method.
- plant cells for example, cells derived from Nicotiana tabacum and Lemna minor are known as protein production systems, and proteins may be produced by a method of culturing these cells.
- fungal cells examples include yeast, for example, cells of the genus Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pombe, etc.), or filamentous fungi, for example, cells of the genus Aspergillus. -A protein expression system using niger (Aspergillus niger, etc.) may be used.
- prokaryotic cells a production system using bacterial cells may be used.
- bacterial cells for example, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis may be used.
- animals include genetically modified animals and transgenic animals.
- the type of animal is not limited, and for example, cows, sheep, mice, and the like may be used. In such a case, for example, a protein secreted in a body fluid such as milk may be collected.
- a protein having a modified epitope may be mass-produced continuously or commercially.
- the produced protein or a composition (for example, pharmaceutical composition) containing the protein is also included in the present invention.
- the present invention in another aspect, is a method for predicting whether a protein is immunogenic in a subject, (I) providing a cell that expresses one or more allotypes of an MHC molecule of interest intended to be administered a target protein, wherein the cell is differentiated from a stem cell or a progenitor cell derived therefrom
- a process characterized by: (II) a step of bringing a target protein into contact with the “cell expressing one or more allotypes of MHC molecules”; (III) isolating a complex of a peptide contained in the target protein and an MHC molecule from the “cell expressing one or more allotypes of the MHC molecule”; (IV) eluting and identifying the peptide from the complex; and (V) optionally verifying whether the identified peptide is an epitope that induces immunogenicity, When the identified peptide is an epitope that induces immunogenicity, it relates to a method that indicates that the target protein is immunogenic
- the prediction method also makes it possible to compare the presence or absence or degree of immunogenicity based on each allotype or allotype set of MHC molecules for a given protein.
- the prediction method further provides one or a plurality of cells expressing one or more allotypes of the target MHC molecule so that all sets of allotypes of the MHC molecule possessed by the target are included.
- the stem cells are still more preferably stem cells (eg, iPS cells or ES cells) derived from the subject (eg, mammals, preferably humans). This is because antigen-presenting cells obtained by differentiating stem cells maintain the allotype of the MHC molecule.
- stem cells derived from the subject antigen presentation with all the set of allotypes of the MHC molecule that the subject has Based on the ability to produce cells.
- the prediction method also relates to a method for selecting a subject (for example, a patient) having immunogenicity or a method for selecting a subject (for example, a patient) having no immunogenicity.
- the prediction method also relates to a method that indicates that one or more specific allotypes of the MHC molecule are involved in immunogenicity in relation to the protein intended for administration.
- stem cells eg, iPS cells or ES cells
- stem cells derived from the subject (eg, mammals, preferably humans) may be prepared from any somatic cell of the subject as long as the MHC molecule allotype is maintained.
- iPS cells can also be produced from PBMC isolate
- Such reports include, for example, Soares FA, Pedersen RA, Vallier L., Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Using Sendai Virus, Methods QuartiB: 2015 ., Generation of Patient-Specific induced Pluripotent Stem Cell from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Sendai Reprogramming Vectors, Methods Mol Biol. 2014 Dec 19; Su RJ, Neisses A, ZhangXB. Episomal Vectors, Methods Mol Biol.
- the cell can be used in the prediction method.
- the cell derived from the subject used for the production of stem cells such as iPS cells is a cell that can identify an MHC molecule allotype (HLA genotype in humans) or an MHC molecule allotype. Cells (or predicted). Alternatively, iPS cells in which the allotype of the MHC molecule is already known (or predicted) may be used.
- the present invention provides a composition for treating and / or preventing a disease associated with the protein in a subject, comprising the protein as an active ingredient, wherein the subject is It relates to a composition, characterized in that it is selected from (only) subjects that are predicted to be non-immunogenic to the protein.
- the “therapeutic and / or prophylactic composition” preferably contains a therapeutically and / or prophylactically effective amount of the protein, and those skilled in the art can appropriately determine the effective amount of the protein.
- the “treatment and / or prevention composition” may include one or more other agents.
- protein was predicted to be non-immunogenic means that the target protein does not elicit immunogenicity in the subject or is immunized only to an extent that is acceptable from the standpoint of efficacy and safety. It may mean not to cause primality.
- the composition is preferably a pharmaceutical composition.
- the protein when used in a (pharmaceutical) composition, it can be formulated by a known pharmaceutical manufacturing method.
- the protein is contained orally as a tablet, capsule, elixir, or microcapsule with sugar coating as necessary, or in water or other pharmaceutically acceptable liquid It can be used parenterally (eg, transdermally, intranasally, transbronchially, intramuscularly, or intravenously) in the form of a solution or suspension.
- the (pharmaceutical) composition may be produced by appropriately including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, flavoring agent, excipient, vehicle, preservative, stabilizer, or binder.
- a liquid carrier such as fats and oils can be further contained.
- Sterile solutions for injection can be formulated according to methods well known to those skilled in the art using a vehicle such as distilled water for injection.
- Aqueous solutions for injection include, for example, isotonic solutions containing physiological saline, glucose and other adjuvants such as D-sorbitol, D-mannose and D-mannitol.
- a suitable solubilizing agent such as an alcohol such as ethanol, a polyalcohol such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, a polyionic salt such as polysorbate 80 (TM) or HCO-50 may be used in combination.
- the oily liquid include sesame oil and soybean oil.
- a solubilizing agent for example, benzyl benzoate or benzyl alcohol may be used in combination.
- the prepared injection solution may be used by filling a suitable ampoule.
- the dosage, administration method, administration interval, etc. of the protein or the therapeutic and / or prophylactic composition containing the protein as an active ingredient vary depending on the body weight, age, symptoms, etc. of the patient. It can be selected and determined as appropriate.
- the protein and the disease related to the protein are not particularly limited. It is still preferred if the protein is a protein that can cause problems with immunogenicity, efficacy or safety when administered in vivo.
- Diseases are not limited, but include, for example, autoimmune diseases (for example, Rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), coeliac disease, myasthenia gravis (MG) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)), cancer (eg Examples include melanoma, breast cancer, B cell lymphomas, prostate cancer, renal cancer) or infectious diseases (eg diseases diseased by HIV, hepatitis C virus, measles virus, mycobacteria).
- autoimmune diseases for example, Rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), coeliac disease, myasthenia gravis (MG) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- cancer eg Examples include melanom
- a specific combination of a protein and a disease related to the protein is not limited, but Muromanab and Allograft rejection; Abciximab and PTCA adjunct; Rituximab and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; Daclizumab and Transplant rejection; Trastuzumab and Breast, respectively.
- the present invention provides: [30] A method for the treatment and / or prevention of a disease associated with a protein, the method comprising the step of administering the protein to a subject in need of the treatment and / or prevention, and the subject comprising the aforementioned prediction method
- the protein is selected from (only) a subject that is predicted not to be immunogenic.
- the present invention provides: [31] Use of the protein for the manufacture of a medicament for treatment and / or prevention of a disease associated with the protein, and the subject of the treatment and / or prevention is the protein according to the prediction method described above For use, characterized in that it is selected from (only) subjects that are predicted to be non-immunogenic.
- the present invention relates to the use of stem cells, progenitor cells derived therefrom, or cells that express differentiated MHC molecules in the various methods of the present invention described above.
- Method-Cells used- Human iPS cells Tic (JCRB1331), introduced from JCRB cell bank; 201B7, introduced from iPS Academia Japan.
- Feeder cells EmbryoMax Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEF), Hygro resistant, C57BL / 6 (purchased from Nihon Millipore, Cat.:PMEF-HL); SNL 76/7 feeder cells (SNL) (purchased from Cell Biolabs, Inc, Cat .: CBA-316).
- Feeder cells MEF
- FBS Embryonic Stem Cell Fetal Bovine Serum
- 10% L-glutamine
- Penicillin / Suspend it in DMEM Gibco, Cat.:10569-010
- Streptomycin Invitrogen, Cat.:15140-122
- dilute to 1–2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / mL and add to gelatin-coated dishes. 4 mL each was seeded and cultured at 37 ° C under 5% CO 2 for 1 day. 3.
- iPSellon cardiac, Cat.:007101
- bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
- Feeder cells were adhered to the bottom of the dish and separated from human iPS cell colonies. 4. Collect all non-adherent colonies of human iPS cells from gelatin-coated dishes and dilute insulin-transferrin-selenium-X 100X (ITS) (Life Tech, Cat .: 51500-056) to 1/100 times. Suspended in Primate ES cell medium added as above, seeded 3 mL each in MG dishes from which the supernatant was removed, and cultured for 1 day at 37 ° C and 5% CO 2 (see the upper left figure in Fig. 2) . 5.
- ITS insulin-transferrin-selenium-X 100X
- ITS was reduced to 1/100 times, recombinant human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 165 (rhVEGF165) (R & D Systems, Cat.:293-VE) was 40 ng / mL, recombinant human Stem Cell Factor (rhSCF) (R & D Systems, Cat.:255-SC) was added at a rate of 4 mL of Prime ES cell medium supplemented at 50 ng / mL, and the cells were cultured for 2 days at 37 ° C and 5% CO 2 . (Refer to the photo on the right in Fig. 2). 7.
- rhVEGF165 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 165
- rhSCF recombinant human Stem Cell Factor
- ITS is reduced to 1/100 times, recombinant human Granulocyte Macrophage colony-stimulating Factor (rhGM-CSF) (Humanzyme, Cat.:HZ-1082) is 100 ng / mL, recombinant human Macrophage colony-stimulating StemPro-34 medium (Life Tech., Cat .: 10640) with factor (rhM-CSF) (Humanzyme, Cat .: HZ-1039) added to 50 ng / mL was added in 5 mL portions, at 37 ° C, 5 ° C. The cells were cultured under% CO 2 conditions, and the culture solution was changed every 3 to 4 days (see the middle photo in FIG. 2). 8.
- rhGM-CSF Granulocyte Macrophage colony-stimulating Factor
- Non-adherent cells appeared around 50 days in culture, and the non-adherent cells in the dish were collected once every 7 to 14 days to form monocyte-like cells. 9. Collect some monocyte-like cells, anti-HLA-DR antibody (BD biosciences, Cat.:347364), anti-human HLA-DQ antibody (BD biosciences, Cat.:555563), anti-human HLA- DP antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat.:sc-53308), anti-human HLA-ABC antibody (BD biosciences, Cat.:555552), anti-human CD14 antibody (BD biosciences, Cat.:558121), anti-human CD80 antibody ( BD biosciences, Cat.:561134), anti-human CD86 antibody (BD biosciences, Cat.:561128), anti-human CD206 antibody (BD biosciences, Cat.:551135), anti-human CD209 antibody (BD biosciences, Cat.:551545) , Anti-human CD
- Betula verrucosa birch pollen allergen 1, Isoform a (Bet v1a) (#Bet v 1.0101; Biomay) (amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 1)
- Infliximab (trade name: REMICADE (registered trademark) (Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation) (amino acid sequence: Heavy chain variable region: SEQ ID NO: 2; Heavy chain constant region: SEQ ID NO: 3; Light chain variable region: SEQ ID NO: 4; Light chain constant region: SEQ ID NO: 5)
- Infliximab has been confirmed to be an anti-drug antibody (ADA) in clinical practice and has an epitope sequence (Self / Nonself 2010; 1 (4) pp.314-322; Current Rheumatology Report 2005; 7: 3-9; Current Opinion in Monoclonal Thrapeutics 2003; 5 (2): 172-179).
- RhFVIII Recombinant Human Factor VIII (trade name: ADVATE (registered trademark) (Baxter) (amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 112)
- rhFVIII has been confirmed to be an anti-drug antibody (ADA) in clinical practice and has an epitope sequence (Simon D. Van Haren et al, Mol Cell Proteomics 2011: 10: M110 .002246).
- RhFVIII has a molecular weight about twice that of a normal IgG antibody.
- Phl p1 Phleum pretense, timothy grass pollen allergen 1 (Phl p1) (trade name: Phl p 1.0102 (Biomay) (amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 113) Phl p1 is a grass pollen antigen, and an epitope sequence has been reported (Carla Oseroff et al, J of immunol 2010: 185 (2): 943-955).
- rhGM-CSF 200 ng / mL
- rhIL-4 Human Interleukin-4 (Humanzyme, Cat .: HZ-1075) Suspended in StemPro-34 medium with 10 ng / mL at a cell concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells / mL, seeded in 3 mL each in a 6-well plate, and cultured at 37 ° C under 5% CO 2 for 5 days. Culture was performed. 2.
- rhFVIII and Phl p1 remove 2 mL of culture supernatant from each well, then add rhFVIII 30 ⁇ g / mL or Phl p1 10 ⁇ g / mL, followed by rhTNF- ⁇ 10 ng / mL, 37 ° C., 5
- the cells were cultured for 1 day under% CO2 conditions to obtain dendritic cell-like cells. 3. All the dendritic cell-like cells were collected from the 6-well plate, spun down at 1200 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 ° C, and all the supernatant was removed and suspended in 1 mL of DPBS at 4 ° C.
- Anti-HLA-DR antibody G46-6 (BD Biosciences, Cat .: 555809) was solidified on CNBr-activated Sepharose beads (GE Healthcare, Cat .: 17-0430-01) at a final concentration of 1 mg / mL, Anti-HLA-DR antibody immobilized beads were used. 2. Anti-HLA-DR antibody solidified beads were stored in PBS (Wako, Cat .: 041-20211) containing 0.02% sodium azide (Wako, Cat .: 190-14901).
- Lysis Buffer was added to a frozen pellet of dendritic cell-like cells in a 10-fold amount under ice-cooling conditions, and shaken at 1100 rpm for 1 hour at 4 ° C in Thermomixer Confort (Eppendorf) to obtain a lysate. 3. Spin down at 14000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4 ° C to separate the lysate from cell debris and cell nuclei. 4. Add 5-10 ⁇ L of anti-HLA-DR antibody-immobilized beads to 100 ⁇ L of lysate, shake at 1100 rpm, 4 ° C. overnight with a horizontal shaker, and HLA-DR-peptide in lysate The complex was bound to anti-HLA-DR antibody immobilized beads. 5.
- HLA-DR-peptide complex bound to HLA-DR antibody-immobilized beads is suspended in 400 ⁇ L of ultrapure water, transferred to Ultrafree-MC filter (Durapore PVDF, 0.22 um) (Millipore), 14000 rpm, 10 Spin down at 4 ° C for 2 seconds. 2. The ultrapure water dropped on the bottom of the tube was removed, and 400 ⁇ L of ultrapure water was added onto the filter, and the washing operation was repeated 10 times at 14000 rpm for 10-30 seconds at 4 ° C. 3.
- LC analysis conditions are as described in EP1715343A1, or similar conditions known to those skilled in the art, using a combination of reversed-phase material and ion-exchange material, or a column of reversed-phase material alone and appropriate buffering. It can carry out using a liquid.
- the HPLC column was connected to an Orbitrap Elite (Thermo) equipped with a nano-LC electrospray ionization source, and full scan precision mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry by MS-MS were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol. 2.
- Peptide sequence analysis was performed using the SEQUEST algorithm.
- FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B show the results of examining molecules expressed on the cell surface of monocyte-like cells prepared using Tic obtained by flow cytometer analysis.
- expression of CD14 which is a specific marker of monocytes, was observed, as well as expression of CD80, CD86, which are T cell activation molecules, and CD11b, CD11c, which are adhesion molecules.
- CD14 which is a specific marker of monocytes
- CD80, CD86 which are T cell activation molecules
- CD11b, CD11c which are adhesion molecules.
- FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show the results of examining molecules expressed on the cell surface of monocyte-like cells prepared using 201B7, obtained by flow cytometer analysis.
- the monocyte-like cells obtained by this example were not only the monocyte-like cells produced using Tic, but also the expression of CD14, which is a specific monocyte marker, and T cell activation molecules. Expression of certain CD80, CD86, and adhesion molecules CD11b, CD11c was observed.
- FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show the results of examining molecules expressed on the cell surface of dendritic cell-like cells prepared using Tic obtained by flow cytometer analysis.
- expression of antigen-presenting molecules HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-DP and HLA-ABC, and dendritic cell specific markers CD206 and CD209 were observed.
- expression of T80 activation molecules CD80 and CD86 and adhesion molecules CD11b and CD11c was observed.
- Increased expression of CD11c was observed compared to monocyte-like cells.
- the expression of CD14 a specific monocyte marker, decreased. Since each marker had a single peak, it was considered that cells having the characteristics of dendritic cells were uniformly produced.
- FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B show the results of examining the molecules expressed on the cell surface of dendritic cell-like cells prepared using 201B7, obtained by flow cytometer analysis.
- the antigen-presenting molecules HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-DP and HLA-ABC, as well as dendritic cell specificities similar to the dendritic cell-like cells prepared from Tic
- CD206 and CD209 which are genetic markers, was observed.
- CD80 and CD86 which are T cell activation molecules
- CD11b and CD11c which are adhesion molecules
- FIG. 7 shows the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected when dendritic cell-like cells prepared from Tic were exposed to Bet v1a (a).
- a part of the amino acid sequence of Bet v1a was detected from the peptide separated from the HLA-DR molecule extracted from the dendritic cell-like cells exposed to Bet v1a in this example.
- FIG. 7 shows the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected when exposed to Bet v1a, which was detected under the condition (control) when Bet v1a was not treated (b).
- epitope number indicates a group of detected peptides that are seen in order from the N-terminus in the amino acid sequence of Bet v1a. For example, 18 types of peptides were detected in epitope number 1.
- FIG. 8 shows the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected when dendritic cell-like cells prepared from 201B7 were exposed to Bet v1a (a).
- a part of the amino acid sequence of Bet v1a was detected from the peptide separated from the HLA-DR molecule extracted from the dendritic cell-like cells exposed to Bet v1a in this example.
- FIG. 8 shows the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected when exposed to Bet v1a, which was detected under the condition (control) when Bet v1a was not treated (b).
- FIG. 9A shows the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected when dendritic cell-like cells prepared from Tic were exposed to Infliximab (a).
- a part of the amino acid sequence found in the H chain and L chain of Infliximab was detected from the peptide separated from the HLA-DR molecule extracted from the dendritic cell-like cells exposed to Infliximab in this Example.
- FIG. 9B shows the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected when exposed to Infliximab, which was detected under the condition (control) when Infliximab was not treated (b). Only part of the amino acid sequence found in the H chain of Infliximab was detected.
- FIGS. 10A to 10H show the analysis results of the amino acid sequences of peptides detected when dendritic cell-like cells prepared from Tic were exposed to rhFVIII.
- a part of the amino acid sequence of rhFVIII was detected from the peptide separated from the HLA-DR molecule extracted from the dendritic cell-like cells exposed to rhFVIII in this Example.
- FIG. 11 shows the analysis result of the amino acid sequence of the peptide detected when dendritic cell-like cells prepared from Tic were exposed to Phl p1. In this example, a part of the amino acid sequence of Phl p1 was detected.
- the peptide presented on the HLA-DR molecule of the dendritic cell-like cell exposed to the antigen is separated as an HLA-DR-peptide complex using anti-HLA-DR beads.
- the sequence of each presented peptide was identified by ion trap MS / MS mass spectrometry.
- HLA-DQ molecules, HLA-DP molecules, HLA-A molecules, HLA are present in antigen-presenting cells such as monocyte-like cells and dendritic cell-like cells.
- -B molecule and HLA-C molecule were confirmed to be expressed.
- MHCII molecules for example, HLA-DQ molecule or HLA-DP molecule
- MHCI molecules instead of HLA-DR molecules, as well as peptides that are presented as antigens. Can be detected and identified.
- MAPPs are also differentiated from stem cells in the present invention or progenitor cells derived therefrom in cells expressing other MHCII molecules such as HLA-DQ molecules and HLA-DP molecules.
- MHCII molecules such as HLA-DQ molecules and HLA-DP molecules.
- MAPPs using MHCI molecules are also disclosed in, for example, Wahl A, Schafer F, Bardet W, Buchli R, Air GM, Hildebrand WH., HLA class I molecules consistently present internal influenza epitopes.Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 2009 Jan 13; 106 (2): 540-5.
- a cell line expressing a specific allotype of HLA-B molecule is sensitized to influenza virus, and detection of the influenza virus-derived peptide sequence presented on the HLA-B molecule by MAPPs is performed.
- MHCI molecules are known to be expressed in many cell types. From the viewpoint of easy detection of MHCI molecule-peptide complexes, cells in which MHCI molecules are highly expressed It is desirable to use
- the MAPPs using MHCI molecules may use dendritic cells differentiated from the stem cells in the present invention or progenitor cells derived therefrom.
- PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- human peripheral blood mononuclear cells After 15 minutes of standing, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells add 20mL of DPBS containing 0.5% Human Serum Alubmin low IgG and 2mM EDTA 0.5M stock solution pH8.0, and spin at 1200rpm for 5 minutes at 4 °C After down, all the supernatant was removed. This operation was performed twice. 3. To human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from which the supernatant has been removed, add DPBS containing 0.5% Human Serum Alubmin low IgG and 2 mM EDTA 0.5M stock solution pH 8.0 to 1.2 ⁇ 10 8 cells / mL. The collected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were passed through a separation magnet LS Column (Miltenyi, Cat .: 130-042-401) and used as monocyte cells.
- white birch pollen allergens Betula verrucosa, birch pollen allergen 1, Isoform a (Bet v1a) (#Bet v 1.0101; Biomay) (amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 1) were used.
- Mononuclear cells from which the supernatant was removed were treated with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Gibco, Cat .: 10270, 26140), 1% Non Essential amino acids (Gibco, Cat .: 11140-035), Na-Pyruvate (Gibco, Cat .: 11360-039) 1%, Kanamycine (Gibco, Cat .: 15160-047) 1%, recombinant human Granulocyte Macrophage colony-stimulating Factor (rhGM-CSF) (R & Dsystems, Cat.
- FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
- rhGM-CSF Granulocyte Macrophage colony-stimulating Factor
- RPMI 1640 Life Tech, Cat .: 11875
- 50 ng / mL and recombinant human Interleukin-4 (rhIL-4) R & Dsystems, Cat.:204-IL
- rhIL-4 R & Dsystems, Cat.:204-IL
- FIG. 12 shows the results of examining molecules expressed on the cell surface of monocytes obtained by flow cytometer analysis.
- the monocyte cells obtained by the comparative example showed expression of CD14, which is a specific marker for monocytes, and expression of HLA-DR, which is an antigen-presenting molecule, as well as expression of CD86, which is an activation molecule for T cells. Admitted.
- 13A and 13B show the results of examining molecules expressed on the cell surface of dendritic cells obtained by flow cytometer analysis.
- the expression of antigen-presenting molecules HLA-DR, HLA-DQ and HLA-ABC, specific markers of dendritic cells CD206 and CD209, and T cell Expression of CD80 and CD86 as activation molecules and CD11b and CD11c as adhesion molecules was observed.
- CD14 expression was not observed.
- FIG. 14 shows analysis results of amino acid sequences of peptides detected in (control) (FIG. 14, FIG. 15, FIG. 16, FIG. 17, FIG. 18, FIG. 19, FIG. 20 (b)). These detected specific amino acid sequences are also shown in Tables 2 to 8 (corresponding to FIGS. 14 to 20, respectively). In the table, the epitope number indicates a group of detected peptides that are seen in order from the N-terminus in the amino acid sequence of Bet v1a.
- FIG. 21A and FIG. 21B show the case of using two types of human iPS cell-derived dendritic cell-like cells and the case of using PBMC-derived dendritic cells for the amino acid sequences of peptides detected under the Bet v1a addition conditions. A comparison of is shown. In the analysis using dendritic cells derived from PBMC, it was considered that there was a difference in the amino acid sequence of the detected peptide between donors because it had different MHCII molecules between donors.
- the detected sequences differ between the lines because the donor had different types of MHCII molecules. It is thought that occurred. Nevertheless, most of the common sequences in peptides detected under Bet v1a addition conditions using human iPS cell-derived dendritic cell-like cells were detected when using PBMC-derived dendritic cells. Was consistent with the sequence.
- the detected peptide sequence 140-155 coincided with the sequence reported as the epitope sequence part in S. Mutschlener et al., Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Vol. 125 (3), 2010.
- MAPPs using stem cells or progenitor cells derived therefrom were suggested to be more effective than MAPPs using PBMC, and were considered to be useful means for reducing protein immunogenicity.
- the present invention can be used in various biopharmaceutical diagnosis and medical fields by applying, for example, protein epitope sequence analysis.
- Bet v1a and Phl p1 which are foreign proteins derived from pollen
- Infliximab which is an antibody drug
- rhFVIII which is a drug that has the same amino acid sequence as the endogenous protein
- SEQ ID NO: 133 to 150 Partial peptide of H chain of Infliximab
- SEQ ID NO: 151 Partial peptide of L chain of Infliximab
- SEQ ID NO: 152 to SEQ ID NO: 153 Partial peptide of H chain of Infliximab
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Abstract
Description
[1]タンパク質のエピトープを同定するための方法であって、
以下の工程:
(A)幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から分化された、主要組織適合遺伝子複合体(MHC分子)を発現する細胞に、標的タンパク質を接触させる工程;
(B)前記MHC分子を発現する細胞から、前記標的タンパク質に含まれるペプチドとMHC分子との複合体を単離する工程;及び
(C)前記複合体から、前記ペプチドを溶出し、同定する工程
を含む、方法。
[2]さらに、以下の工程:
(D)同定したペプチドが免疫原性を誘導するエピトープであるか否かを検証する工程
を含む、[1]に記載の方法。
[3]前記幹細胞は、人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)、胚性幹細胞(ES細胞)、核移植ES細胞(ntES細胞)、胚性生殖幹細胞(EG細胞)及び成体幹細胞からなる群から選択される、[1]又は[2]に記載の方法。
[4]前記MHC分子は、MHCII分子である、[1]~[3]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[5]前記MHCII分子はHLA-DR、HLA-DQ又はHLA-DPである、[4]に記載の方法。
[6]前記MHC分子を発現する細胞は、さらに、CD80、CD86、CD206及びCD209の少なくとも1つを発現している、[1]~[5]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[7]前記MHC分子を発現する細胞は、CD80、CD86、CD206及びCD209の全てを発現している、[6]に記載の方法。
[8]前記MHC分子を発現する細胞は、樹状細胞である、[1]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[9]前記MHC分子を発現する細胞は、前記標的タンパク質を投与することが意図される対象のMHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する、[1]~[8]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[10]前記工程(A)を無血清下で行う、[1]~[9]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[11]前記樹状細胞は、
以下の工程:
(a)幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞を分化させて中胚葉前駆細胞を得る工程;
(b)前記中胚葉前駆細胞を分化させて単球細胞を得る工程;及び
(c)前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得、及び場合により、前記未成熟樹状細胞をさらに刺激して成熟樹状細胞を得る工程
を含む方法によって製造され、
さらに、前記工程(a)~(c)のうち、少なくとも前記工程(c)において無血清培地が用いられる、[1]~[10]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[12]前記工程(b)が、顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)及びマクロファージコロニー刺激因子(M-CSF)を含む無血清培地下で、前記中胚葉前駆細胞を分化させて単球細胞を得る工程を含む、[11]に記載の方法。
[13]前記工程(c)が、
(c1)顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)及びインターロイキン4(IL-4)を含む無血清培地下で、前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得る工程を含み、及び場合により、
(c2)前記未成熟樹状細胞を免疫原、及び、場合により炎症性サイトカインに接触させることで、成熟樹状細胞へと誘導する工程を含む、[11]又は[12]に記載の方法。
[14]前記樹状細胞が未成熟樹状細胞であり、前記未成熟樹状細胞は、免疫原性を有する標的タンパク質に接触することで、成熟樹状細胞に誘導される、[8]~[13]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[15]前記標的タンパク質が、サイトカイン、ケモカイン、成長因子、抗体、酵素、構造タンパク質、ホルモン、及び、これらのいずれかの断片からなる群の1種又は1種以上から選択される、[1]~[14]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[16]免疫原性が減少又は消失したタンパク質の製造方法であって、
以下の工程:
(1)[1]~[15]のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、タンパク質のエピトープを同定する工程;
(2)MHC分子への結合が減少又は消失するように、前記エピトープを修飾する工程;及び
(3)修飾されたエピトープを有するタンパク質を製造する工程
を含む、方法。
[17][16]に記載の方法に従って得られうる、タンパク質。
[18]タンパク質が対象において免疫原性を有するか否かを予測する方法であって、
(I)標的タンパク質を投与することが意図される対象のMHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞を提供する工程であって、前記細胞は幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から分化されることを特徴とする、工程;
(II)前記「MHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞」に、標的タンパク質を接触させる工程;
(III)前記「MHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞」から、前記標的タンパク質に含まれるペプチドとMHC分子との複合体を単離する工程;
(IV)前記複合体から、前記ペプチドを溶出し、同定する工程;及び
(V)場合により、同定したペプチドが免疫原性を誘導するエピトープであるか否かを検証する工程
を含み、
前記同定したペプチドが免疫原性を誘導するエピトープである場合に、前記標的タンパク質が前記対象において免疫原性を有することを指し示す、方法。
[19]前記対象が有するMHC分子のアロタイプの全てのセットが含まれるように、前記対象のMHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞を1又は複数提供する、[18]に記載の方法。
[20]前記幹細胞が、前記対象に由来する人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)である、[18]又は[19]に記載の方法。
[21]タンパク質を有効成分として含む、対象における、前記タンパク質に関連した疾患の治療及び/又は予防用組成物であって、
前記対象は、[18]~[20]のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、前記タンパク質に免疫原性を有さないことが予測された対象から選択されることを特徴とする、組成物。
[22]幹細胞もしくはこれに由来する前駆細胞、又は、これから分化されたMHC分子を発現する細胞の、[1]~[16]及び[18]~[20]のいずれか一項に記載の方法における使用。
[23]幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から樹状細胞を製造する方法であって、
以下の工程:
(a’)幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞を分化させて中胚葉前駆細胞を得る工程;
(b’)顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)及びマクロファージコロニー刺激因子(M-CSF)を含む無血清培地下で、前記中胚葉前駆細胞を分化させて単球細胞を得る工程;及び
(c’)無血清培地下で、前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得、及び場合により、前記未成熟樹状細胞をさらに刺激して成熟樹状細胞を得る工程
を含む、方法。
[24]前記工程(c’)が、
(c1’)顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)及びインターロイキン4(IL-4)を含む無血清培地下で、前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得る工程を含み、及び場合により、
(c2’)前記未成熟樹状細胞を、免疫原、及び、場合により炎症性サイトカインに接触させることで、成熟樹状細胞へと誘導する工程を含む、
[23]に記載の方法。
[25][23]又は[24]に記載の方法によって得られうる、樹状細胞。
[26]MHCII分子に加えて、さらに、CD80、CD86、CD206及びCD209の少なくとも1つを発現している、[25]に記載の樹状細胞。
[27]CD80、CD86、CD206及びCD209の全てを発現している、[26]に記載の樹状細胞。
[28][25]~[27]のいずれかに記載の樹状細胞を含む、細胞組成物。
[29]また、上記に記載の1又は複数の態様を任意に組み合わせたものも、当業者の技術常識に基づいて技術的に矛盾しない限り、本発明に含まれることが当業者には当然に理解される。
一態様において、ヒトになり得る受精卵や胚を破壊する事に対して生じ得る倫理的問題から、ヒトES細胞を作製する際に用いる胚としては、例えば、体外受精による不妊治療において母体に戻されなかった凍結保存されている胚のうち、破棄されることが決定した余剰胚を利用したり、体外受精プロセスで得られる発生過程が停止してしまった胚を利用したり、あるいは、それ自体でヒトへと成長する内在的能力を備えない、細胞分裂と成長が単為生殖に基づく未授精卵を利用してもよい。あるいは、胚盤胞期以前の卵割期の胚の単一割球のみを用いて、胚の発生能を損なうことなく、受精卵を破壊せずにES細胞を作製してもよい(Chung Y, Klimanskaya I, Becker S, Marh J, Lu SJ, Johnson J, Meisner L, Lanza R. (2006). Nature 439: 216-219.;Klimanskaya I, Chung Y, Becker S, Lu SJ, Lanza R. (2006). Nature 444: 481-485.;Chung Y, Klimanskaya I, Becker S, Li T, Maserati M, Lu SJ, Zdravkovic T, Ilic D, Genbacev O, Fisher S, Krtolica A, Lanza R. (2008). Cell Stem Cell 2: 113-117.)。あるいは、発生が停止したヒトの胚からES細胞を作製してもよい(Zhang X, Stojkovic P, Przyborski S, Cooke M, Armstrong L, Lako M, Stojkovic M. (2006). Stem Cells 24: 2669-2676.)。
初期化因子は、ES細胞に特異的に発現している遺伝子、その遺伝子産物もしくはnon-cording RNA、又は、ES細胞の未分化維持に重要な役割を果たす遺伝子、その遺伝子産物もしくはnon-cording RNA、あるいは低分子化合物であってもよい。初期化因子として、例えば、OCT3/4、SOX2、SOX1、SOX3、SOX15、SOX17、KLF4、KLF2、c-MYC、N-MYC、L-MYC、NANOG、LIN28、FBX15、ERAS、ECAT15-2、TCLL、beta-catenin、LIN28B、SALL1、SALL4、ESRRB、NR5A2、TBX3を挙げてもよい。これらの初期化因子は、単独又は組み合わせて用いてもよい。初期化因子の組み合わせとしては、例えば以下の組み合わせを挙げることができる。
(i)OCT遺伝子、KLF遺伝子、SOX遺伝子、MYC遺伝子;
(ii)OCT遺伝子、SOX遺伝子、NANOG遺伝子、LIN28遺伝子;
(iii)OCT遺伝子、KLF遺伝子、SOX遺伝子、MYC遺伝子、hTERT遺伝子、SV40 large T遺伝子;
(iv)OCT遺伝子、KLF遺伝子、SOX遺伝子
あるいは、初期化因子の組み合わせとしては、例えば、WO2007/069666、WO2008/118820、WO2009/007852、WO2009/032194、WO2009/058413、WO2009/057831、WO2009/075119、WO2009/079007、WO2009/091659、WO2009/101084、WO2009/101407、WO2009/102983、WO2009/114949、WO2009/117439、WO2009/126250、WO2009/126251、WO2009/126655、WO2009/157593、WO2010/009015、WO2010/033906、WO2010/033920、WO2010/042800、WO2010/050626、WO2010/056831、WO2010/068955、WO2010/098419、WO2010/102267、WO2010/111409、WO2010/111422、WO2010/115050、WO2010/124290、WO2010/147395、WO2010/147612、WO2012/115276に記載の組み合わせを用いてもよい。初期化因子又は初期化を促進する因子としては、例えば、当業者に公知の阻害剤である、MEK阻害剤、DNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ阻害剤、ヒストンデアセチラーゼ(HDAC)阻害剤、ヒストンメチルトランスフェラーゼ阻害剤、p53阻害剤を挙げてもよい。初期化因子は、場合によりベクター(例えば、ウイルスベクター、プラスミドベクター、人工染色体ベクター)等を用いて、例えば、リン酸カルシウム法、リポフェクション法、マイクロインジェクション法等の当業者に公知の方法に従って体細胞内に導入してよい。iPS細胞誘導のための培地としては、例えば、10~15%FBSを含有するDMEM、DMEM/F12又はDME培地(これらは白血病抑制因子(LIF)、penicillin/streptomycin、puromycin、L-glutamine、非必須アミノ酸類、β-メルカプトエタノール等をさらに適宜含んでよい。)、又は、当業者に公知の市販の培地を適宜用いてもよい。
また、特に、樹状細胞は抗原提示能が強く、ヘルパーT細胞の活性化能が強いことから、抗原提示細胞として有利である。また、抗原提示細胞としては、未成熟樹状細胞が最も好ましい。樹状細胞は、細胞突起を有し、樹状又は樹枝状の形態を呈する細胞である。樹状細胞としての特性を有しているかの判定基準としては、例えば、MHCII分子に加えて、CD11b、CD11c、CD40、CD80、CD83、CD86、CD123、CD205、CD206、CD209、CCR7の少なくとも1つをさらに発現しているかを指標としてもよく、MHCII分子、CD80、CD86、CD206、CD209の全てを発現しているかを指標とするのがより好ましい。MHCII分子、CD80、CD86、CD206、CD209の全てを発現していて、かつ、CD14陰性の樹状細胞がさらに好ましい。マクロファージ細胞としての特性を有しているかの判定基準としては、例えば、MHCII分子に加えて、CD11bをさらに発現しているかを指標としてもよい。なお、CD80及びCD86は、ヘルパーT細胞にシグナルを伝達して当該細胞を活性化させることで知られる。本実施例で得られた樹状細胞様細胞は、細胞の形状、細胞表面分子の発現、ヘルパーT細胞刺激能力という点で単球に由来する樹状細胞と類似した性質を有することから、本明細書における樹状細胞に含まれてよい。同様に、本実施例で得られた単球様細胞は、本明細書における単球細胞に含まれてよい。
(a)幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞を分化させて中胚葉前駆細胞を得る工程;
(b)前記中胚葉前駆細胞を分化させて単球細胞を得る工程;及び
(c)前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得、及び場合により、前記未成熟樹状細胞をさらに刺激して成熟樹状細胞を得る工程
を含んでよい。また、前記工程(a)及び前記工程(b)は連続して行うことができる。さらに、前記工程(a)~(c)のうち、少なくとも前記工程(c)において無血清培地が用いられてよく、前記工程(b)と(c)の両方で無血清培地が用いられることが好ましく、前記工程(a)~(c)の全てで無血清培地が用いられることがより好ましい。
(ci)造血因子を含む培地で前記単球を(浮遊)培養し、分化させることで未成熟樹状細胞(様細胞)を得る工程を含み、及び場合により、
(cii)得られた未成熟樹状細胞(様細胞)を、さらに、免疫原、及び、場合により炎症性サイトカインに接触させることで、成熟樹状細胞(様細胞)へと誘導する工程
を含んでよい。
(d)前記単球細胞を分化させてマクロファージを得る工程
を行ってもよい。かかる場合、造血因子として好ましくはGM-CSF又はM-CSFを用いて、前記単球細胞をマクロファージへと分化させることができる。さらに、例えばIFN-γ又はLPSを添加することによりM1マクロファージへと分化させることができ、あるいは、例えばIL-4又はIL-13を添加することによりM2マクロファージへと分化させることができる(マクロファージはヘルパーT細胞の産生するサイトカインを受け取ることにより活性化することが知られており、古典的活性化(M1マクロファージ)と選択的活性化(M2マクロファージ)が知られている。)。
[23]幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から(in vitroで)樹状細胞を製造する方法であって、以下の工程:
(a’)幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞を分化させて中胚葉前駆細胞を得る工程;
(b’)顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)及びマクロファージコロニー刺激因子(M-CSF)を含む無血清培地下で、前記中胚葉前駆細胞を分化させて単球細胞を得る工程;及び
(c’)無血清培地下で、前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得、及び場合により、前記未成熟樹状細胞をさらに刺激して成熟樹状細胞を得る工程
を含む、方法。
[24]前記工程(c’)が、
(c1’)顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)及びインターロイキン4(IL-4)を含む無血清培地下で、前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得る工程を含み、及び場合により、
(c2’)前記未成熟樹状細胞を、免疫原、及び、場合により炎症性サイトカインに接触させることで、成熟樹状細胞へと誘導する工程を含む、
[23]に記載の方法。
[25][23]又は[24]に記載の方法によって得られうる、樹状細胞。
[26]MHCII分子に加えて、さらに、CD80、CD86、CD206及びCD209の少なくとも1つを発現している、[25]に記載の樹状細胞。
[27]CD80、CD86、CD206及びCD209の全てを発現している、[26]に記載の樹状細胞。
[28][25]~[27]のいずれかに記載の樹状細胞を含む、細胞組成物。
(A)幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から分化された、主要組織適合遺伝子複合体(MHC分子)を発現する細胞に、標的タンパク質を接触させる工程;
(B)前記MHC分子を発現する細胞から、前記標的タンパク質に含まれるペプチドとMHC分子との複合体を単離する工程;及び
(C)前記複合体から、前記ペプチドを溶出し、同定する工程
を含む、方法に関する。さらに、当該方法は、以下の工程:
(D)同定したペプチドが免疫原性を誘導するエピトープであるか否かを検証する工程
を含んでよい。当該方法は、全行程をin vitroで実施できる。
(1)上述の方法に従って、タンパク質のエピトープを同定する工程;
(2)MHC分子への結合が減少又は消失するように、前記エピトープを修飾する工程;及び
(3)修飾されたエピトープを有するタンパク質を製造する工程
を含む、方法に関する。また、本発明は、さらなる別の態様において、前記製造方法に従って得られた(obtained)タンパク質、又は得られ得る(obtainable)タンパク質にも関する。「得られ得る(obtainable)タンパク質」とは、前記製造方法を用いれば得ることが可能なタンパク質を意味してよい。
(I)標的タンパク質を投与することが意図される対象のMHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞を提供する工程であって、前記細胞は幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から分化されることを特徴とする、工程;
(II)前記「MHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞」に、標的タンパク質を接触させる工程;
(III)前記「MHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞」から、前記標的タンパク質に含まれるペプチドとMHC分子との複合体を単離する工程;
(IV)前記複合体から、前記ペプチドを溶出し、同定する工程;及び
(V)場合により、同定したペプチドが免疫原性を誘導するエピトープであるか否かを検証する工程
を含み、
前記同定したペプチドが免疫原性を誘導するエピトープである場合に、前記標的タンパク質が前記対象において免疫原性を有することを指し示す、方法に関する。
[30]タンパク質に関連した疾患の治療及び/又は予防方法であって、前記治療及び/又は予防を必要とする対象に前記タンパク質を投与する工程を含み、かつ、前記対象は、前述の予測方法に従って、前記タンパク質に免疫原性を有さないことが予測された対象(のみ)から選択されることを特徴とする、治療及び/又は予防方法に関する。
[31]タンパク質に関連した疾患の治療及び/又は予防用医薬の製造のための、前記タンパク質の使用であって、かつ、前記治療及び/又は予防の対象は、前述の予測方法に従って、前記タンパク質に免疫原性を有さないことが予測された対象(のみ)から選択されることを特徴とする、使用に関する。
-使用細胞-
ヒトiPS細胞:Tic(JCRB1331), JCRB細胞バンクより導入;201B7,iPSアカデミアジャパン株式会社より導入。
フィーダー細胞:EmbryoMax Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts(MEF), Hygro resistant, C57BL/6(日本ミリポアより購入,Cat.:PMEF-HL);SNL 76/7 feeder cells (SNL)(Cell Biolabs, Incより購入,Cat.:CBA-316)。
1. 蒸留水により0.1%に希釈されたgelatin from porcine skin(SIGMA,Cat.:G1890)を温めゾル状にし,60mmディッシュに2mLずつ添加し37℃,5%CO2条件下に30~180分置き,ゼラチンコートディッシュとした。
2. フィーダー細胞(MEF)を,Embryonic Stem Cell Fetal Bovine Serum(FBS)(Gibco,Cat.:10439-024)を10%,L-glutamine(Invitrogen,Cat.:25030-081)を2mM,Penicillin/Streptomycin(Invitrogen,Cat.:15140-122)を0.5%加えたDMEM(Gibco,Cat.:10569-010)に懸濁し,1~2×105cells/mLとなるよう希釈し,ゼラチンコートディッシュに4mLずつ播種し,37℃,5%CO2条件下で1日培養した。
3. basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)(WAKO,Cat.:064-04541)を10ng/mLとなるように加えたiPSellon(cardio,Cat.:007101)を用いて,フィーダー細胞を播種した60mmディッシュにて,37℃,5%CO2条件下で,ヒトiPS細胞の未分化を維持した培養を実施した。
4. 細胞の増殖に応じて,分化が生じたコロニーをスクレーパーにより除去し,Neutral protease, grade I(Roche Applied Science,Cat.:04 942 086 001)2U/mLと反応させ,先に剥がれるフィーダー細胞をディッシュより除去した後,ヒトiPS細胞のコロニーをスクレーパーを用いてディッシュより回収し,bFGFを10ng/mLとなるように加えたiPSellonに懸濁し,新たにフィーダー細胞を播種した60mmディッシュに播種し,37℃,5%CO2条件下で培養を継続した。
1. 蒸留水により0.1%に希釈されたgelatin from porcine skinを温めゾル状にし,60mmディッシュに2mLずつ添加し37℃,5%CO2条件下に30~180分置き,ゼラチンコートディッシュとした。
2. フィーダー細胞(SNL)を,FBSを7%,L-glutamineを2mM,Penicillin/Streptomycinを0.5%加えたDMEM(Gibco,Cat.:10569-010)に懸濁し,1~2×105cells/mLとなるよう希釈し,ゼラチンコートディッシュに4mLずつ播種し,37℃,5%CO2条件下で1日培養した。
3. bFGFを4ng/mLとなるように加えたPrimate ES cell medium(ReproCELL,Cat.:RCHEMD001)を用いて,フィーダー細胞を播種した60mmディッシュにて,37℃,5%CO2条件下で,ヒトiPS細胞の未分化を維持した培養を実施した。
4. 細胞の増殖に応じて,分化が生じたコロニーをスクレーパーにより除去し,Neutral protease, grade I 2U/mLと反応させ,先に剥がれるフィーダー細胞をディッシュより除去した後,ヒトiPS細胞のコロニーをスクレーパーを用いてディッシュより回収し,bFGFを4ng/mLとなるように加えたPrimate ES cell mediumに懸濁し,新たにフィーダー細胞を播種した60mmディッシュに播種し,37℃,5%CO2条件下で培養を継続した。
1. DMEM(Gibco,Cat.:10569-010)により40倍に希釈したMatrigel, growth-factor reduced(BD biosciences,Cat.:356230)を60mmディッシュに2mLずつ添加し,37℃,5%CO2条件下に12~72時間置き,MGディッシュとした。
2. 蒸留水により0.1%に希釈されたgelatin from porcine skin(SIGMA,Cat.:G1890)を温めゾル状にし,60mmディッシュに2mLずつ添加し37℃,5%CO2条件下に30~180分置き,ゼラチンコートディッシュとした。
3. 未分化を維持したまま培養されているヒトiPS細胞のコロニーについて,Neutral protease, grade I(Roche Applied Science,Cat.:04 942 086 001)2U/mLをディッシュに加え,先に剥がれるフィーダー細胞をディッシュより除去した後,ヒトiPS細胞の未分化コロニーをスクレーパーを用いてディッシュより回収し,Fetal Bovine Serum, embryonic stem cell-qualified (FBS)(Life Tech,Cat.:16141)を20%, L-glutamine(Invitrogen,Cat.:25030-081)を1%,Penicillin/Streptomycin(Invitrogen,Cat.:15140-122)を0.5%,2-mercaptoethanol(Invitrogen,Cat.:21985-023)を55μM加えたMEM Alpha 1x + GlutamaxI(Life Tech,Cat.:32561-037)に懸濁し,上清を除去したゼラチンコートディッシュに4mLずつ播き,1時間,37℃,5%CO2条件下で培養を行い,フィーダー細胞をディッシュ底面に接着させヒトiPS細胞のコロニーと分離した。
4. ヒトiPS細胞の未接着コロニーをゼラチンコートディッシュより全量回収し,Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium-X 100X(ITS)(Life Tech,Cat.:51500-056)を1/100倍の希釈倍率となるように加えたPrimate ES cell mediumに懸濁し,上清を除去したMGディッシュに3mLずつ播種し,37℃,5%CO2条件下で1日培養を実施した(図2上段左の写真参照)。
5. ディッシュより培地を全量除去した後,ITSを1/100倍,recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 4(rhBMP4)(Humanzyme,Cat.:314-BP)を50ng/mLとなるように加えたPrimate ES cell mediumを7mLずつ添加し,37℃,5%CO2条件下で4日間の培養を実施した(図2上段中央の写真参照)。
6. ディッシュより培地を全量除去した後,ITSを1/100倍,recombinant human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 165(rhVEGF165)(R&D Systems,Cat.:293-VE)を40ng/mL,recombinant human Stem Cell Factor(rhSCF)(R&D Systems,Cat.:255-SC)を50ng/mLとなるように加えたPrimate ES cell mediumを4mLずつ添加し,37℃,5%CO2条件下で2日間の培養を実施した(図2上段右の写真参照)。
7. 培地を全量除去した後,ITSを1/100倍,recombinant human Granulocyte Macrophage colony-stimulating Factor(rhGM-CSF)(Humanzyme,Cat.:HZ-1082)を100ng/mL,recombinant human Macrophage colony-stimulating factor(rhM-CSF)(Humanzyme,Cat.:HZ-1039)を50ng/mLとなるように加えたStemPro-34 medium(Life Tech.,Cat.:10640)を5mLずつ添加し,37℃,5%CO2条件下で培養し3~4日間置きに培養液を交換した(図2下段中央の写真参照)。
8. 7.項の操作を120日間継続した。培養50日頃より非接着性細胞が出現し,7日~14日に1度の頻度でディッシュ中の非接着細胞を回収し,単球様細胞とした。
9. 作製した単球様細胞の一部を回収し,抗HLA-DR抗体(BD biosciences,Cat.:347364),抗ヒトHLA-DQ抗体(BD biosciences,Cat.:555563),抗ヒトHLA-DP抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat.:sc-53308),抗ヒトHLA-ABC抗体(BD biosciences,Cat.:555552),抗ヒトCD14抗体(BD biosciences,Cat.:558121),抗ヒトCD80抗体(BD biosciences,Cat.:561134),抗ヒトCD86抗体(BD biosciences,Cat.:561128),抗ヒトCD206抗体(BD biosciences,Cat.:551135),抗ヒトCD209抗体(BD biosciences,Cat.:551545),抗ヒトCD11b抗体(BD biosciences,Cat.:555388),及び抗ヒトCD11c抗体(BD biosciences,Cat.:340544)を用いて染色し,フローサイトメーター解析装置BD FACSCanto(商標)II(BD Bioscience)を用いて分析した。
免疫原性を有するタンパク質として,陽性対照として以下のタンパク質を使用した。
(1)白樺花粉アレルゲンであるBetula verrucosa, birch pollen allergen 1, Isoform a(Bet v1a)(#Bet v 1.0101; Biomay)(アミノ酸配列:配列番号1)
(2)Infliximab(商品名:REMICADE(登録商標)(田辺三菱製薬)(アミノ酸配列:Heavy chain variable region:配列番号2;Heavy chain constant region:配列番号3;Light chain variable region:配列番号4;Light chain constant region:配列番号5)
なお,Infliximabは,臨床において抗薬物抗体(Anti-drug antibody; ADA)が確認されており,エピトープ配列が存在すると考えられている(Self/Nonself 2010;1(4) pp.314-322;Current Rheumatology Report 2005;7:3-9;Current Opinion in Monoclonal Thrapeutics 2003;5(2):172-179)。
(3)Recombinant Human Factor VIII(rhFVIII)(商品名:ADVATE(登録商標)(Baxter)(アミノ酸配列:配列番号112)
なお,rhFVIIIは,臨床において抗薬物抗体(Anti-drug antibody; ADA)が確認されており,エピトープ配列が存在すると考えられている(Simon D.Van Haren et al, Mol Cell Proteomics 2011:10:M110.002246)。また,rhFVIIIは通常のIgG抗体の2倍程度の分子量を有する。
(4)Phleum pretense, timothy grass pollen allergen 1 (Phl p1)(商品名:Phl p 1.0102 (Biomay)(アミノ酸配列:配列番号113)
なお,Phl p1はイネ科花粉抗原であり,エピトープ配列が報告されている(Carla Oseroff et al, J of immunol 2010:185(2):943-955)。
1. 回収した単球様細胞について,培地を除去し,ITSを1/100倍,rhGM-CSFを200ng/mL,recombinant human Interleukin-4(rhIL-4)(Humanzyme,Cat.:HZ-1075)を10ng/mLとなるように加えたStemPro-34 mediumに細胞濃度1×105cells/mLで懸濁し,6ウェルプレートに3mLずつ播種し,37℃,5%CO2条件下で5日間の培養を実施した。
2. 各ウェルにBet v1a 3.3μg/mL又はInfiximab 10μg/mLを加え,続いてrecombinant human Tumor Necrosis Factor-α(rhTNF-α)(Humanzyme,Cat.:HZ-1014)10ng/mLを加え,37℃,5%CO2条件下で1日培養し,樹状細胞様細胞とした。rhFVIII,Phl p1の添加においては,各ウェルより培養上清を2mL除去した後,rhFVIII 30μg/mL又は,Phl p1 10μg/mLを加え,続いてrhTNF-α 10ng/mLを加え,37℃,5%CO2条件下で1日培養し,樹状細胞様細胞とした。
3. 樹状細胞様細胞を6ウェルプレートより全量回収し,1200rpm,5分,4℃でスピンダウンした後,上清を全て除去し,4℃のDPBS 1mLに懸濁した。次いで,全量をエッペンドルフチューブに移し,2500rpm,5分,4℃でスピンダウンし,上清を全て除去し,細胞のペレットを作製し,-80℃で保管した。
4. 作製した樹状細胞様細胞の一部を回収し,抗ヒトHLA-DR抗体,抗ヒトHLA-DQ抗体,抗ヒトHLA-DP抗体,抗ヒトHLA-ABC抗体,抗ヒトCD14抗体,抗ヒトCD80抗体,抗ヒトCD86抗体,抗ヒトCD206抗体,抗ヒトCD209抗体,抗ヒトCD11b抗体,及び抗ヒトCD11c抗体を用いて染色し,フローサイトメーター解析装置BD FACSCanto(商標)IIを用いて分析した。
1. 抗HLA-DR抗体G46-6(BD Biosciences,Cat.:555809)を,CNBr-activated Sepharose beads(GE Healthcare,Cat.:17-0430-01)に終濃度1mg/mLで固層化し,抗HLA-DR抗体固層化ビーズとした。
2. 抗HLA-DR抗体固層化ビーズについては0.02%アジ化ナトリウム(Wako,Cat.:190-14901)を含むPBS(Wako,Cat.:041-20211)中で保管した。
1. Tris(SIGMA,Cat.:T1503-1KG)20mM, MgCl2(MERCK,Cat.:1.05833.0250)5mMを加え,HCl(MERCK,Cat.:1.00316.1000)を用いてpH7.8に調製した超純水(Wako,Cat.:210-01303)溶液に,10% TritonX-100(Roche Diag,Cat.:11332481001)を1/10倍, protease inhibitor mix(11.6mg/mL PMSF(nakalai,Cat.:27327-94), 1.7mg/mL pepstatin A(SIGMA,Cat.:P4265-25MG), 1.7mg/mL chymostatin(Roche Diag,Cat.:11004638001), 0.8mg/mL leupeptin(SIGMA,Cat.:L9783-25MG),及び133mg/mLアジ化ナトリウム(Wako,Cat.:190-14901)のmixture)を17/5000倍となるよう加え,Lysis Bufferを調製した。
2. 樹状細胞様細胞の凍結ペレットにLysis Bufferを氷冷条件下で10倍量加え,Thermomixer Confort(Eppendorf)にて1100rpm,1時間,4℃で振とうし,ライセートを取得した。
3. 14000rpm,10分,4℃でスピンダウンし,ライセートを細胞片や細胞核と分離した。
4. 抗HLA-DR抗体固層化ビーズをライセート100μLに対して5-10μL加え,水平振とう機(horizontal shaker)で1100rpm,4℃,一晩振とうし,ライセート中のHLA-DR-ペプチド複合体を抗HLA-DR抗体固層化ビーズに結合させた。
5. 抗HLA-DR抗体固層化ビーズに結合したHLA-DR-ペプチド複合体を3000rpm,1分,4℃でスピンダウンした後,Lysis buffer 500μLで1回,さらに0.1% Zwittergent 3-12(Calbiochem,Cat.:693015)を含むPBS 500μLで2回洗浄した。
1. HLA-DR抗体固層化ビーズに結合したHLA-DR-ペプチド複合体を400μLの超純水に懸濁し,Ultrafree-MC filter(Durapore PVDF, 0.22um)(Millipore)に移し,14000rpm,10秒,4℃でスピンダウンした。
2. チューブ底に落とした超純水を除去し,400μLの超純水をフィルタ上に加え14000rpm,10-30秒,4℃でスピンダウンする洗浄操作を10回繰り返し実施した。
3. 0.1% trifluoracetic acid(Thermo Fisher Scientific,Cat.:28904)を含む超純水60uLを加え,37℃,30分インキュベートし,HLA-DR-ペプチド複合体よりペプチド混合物を溶出させた後,14000rpm,3分,18℃でスピンダウンし,vacuum centrifuge 5305C(Eppendorf)により溶出したペプチド混合物を乾燥した。
1. 乾燥したペプチド混合物を2% acetonitrile(Wako,Cat.:018-19853),0.5% acetic acid(MERCK,Cat.:1.00066.0250),1% formic acid(MERCK,Cat.:1.11670.1000)を含む超純水15μLに再溶解し,そのうち5μLをMSに接続したnano-LC Ultimate 3000 RSLCnano system(Dionex)に注入した。LC分析条件としては,EP1715343A1に記載の条件,又はこれに類似する当業者に公知の条件で,逆相材料及びイオン交換材料を組み合わせたカラム,あるいは逆相材料単独のカラムを用い,適切な緩衝液を用いて行うことができる。HPLCカラムをナノ-LC エレクトロスプレーイオン化源を設置したOrbitrap Elite(Thermo)に連結し,製造元のプロトコルに従い,full scan精密質量分析及びMS-MSによる質量分析を実施した。
2. ペプチドの配列解析をSEQUESTアルゴリズムにより実施した。
-分化した細胞の特性-
図3A、図3Bに、フローサイトメーター解析により得られた、Ticを用いて作成した単球様細胞の細胞表面に発現する分子を調べた結果を示す。本実施例により得られた単球様細胞は単球の特異的マーカーであるCD14の発現が認められた他、T細胞の活性化分子であるCD80,CD86,接着分子であるCD11b,CD11cの発現が認められた。
図7に、Ticより作製した樹状細胞様細胞をBet v1aに暴露した場合に検出されたペプチドのアミノ酸配列の解析結果を示す(a)。本実施例でBet v1aに暴露させた樹状細胞様細胞より抽出したHLA-DR分子より分離されるペプチドからは、Bet v1aのアミノ酸配列の一部が検出された。
2回の測定(duplicate)でほぼ同様の結果が得られ、再現性が得られた(2回目のデータ示さず)。また、異なったタイミング(非接着性細胞を回収してGM-CSF及びIL-4を添加するタイミングを変えた場合)で樹状細胞様細胞への分化を行い、HLA-DR等の発現の上昇を促した場合でも、同様のペプチド配列が検出された(データ示さず)。
2回の測定(duplicate)でほぼ同様の結果が得られ、再現性が得られた(2回目のデータ示さず)。
図9Aに、Ticより作製した樹状細胞様細胞をInfliximabに暴露した場合に検出されたペプチドのアミノ酸配列の解析結果を示す(a)。本実施例でInfliximabに暴露させた樹状細胞様細胞より抽出したHLA-DR分子より分離されるペプチドからは、InfliximabのH鎖及びL鎖に認められるアミノ酸配列の一部が検出された。
図10A~図10Hに、Ticより作製した樹状細胞様細胞をrhFVIIIに暴露した場合に検出されたペプチドのアミノ酸配列の解析結果を示す。本実施例でrhFVIIIに暴露させた樹状細胞様細胞より抽出したHLA-DR分子より分離されるペプチドからはrhFVIIIのアミノ酸配列の一部が検出された。
図11に、Ticより作製した樹状細胞様細胞をPhl p1に暴露した場合に検出されたペプチドのアミノ酸配列の解析結果を示す。本実施例でPhl p1のアミノ酸配列の一部が検出された。
例えば、Karbach J, Pauligk C, Bender A, Gnjatic S, Franzmann K, Wahle C, Jager D, Knuth A, Old LJ, Jager E., Identification of new NY-ESO-1 epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells and presented by HLA-DQ B1 03011, Int J Cancer. 2006 Feb 1;118(3):668-74.では、癌抗原の一つであるNY-ESO-1を提示させた樹状細胞を用いて、抗原特異的T細胞を作製し、同様の抗原を提示させたHLA-DQ分子発現EBV-B細胞株との再刺激により、HLA-DQ分子に提示されるNY-ESO-1中のペプチド配列を検出できたことを示しており、抗原提示されたT細胞エピトープをHLA-DQ分子を用いて同定できることが示されている。また、例えば、Duquesnoy RJ, Marrari M, Tambur AR, Mulder A, Sousa LC, da Silva AS, do Monte SJ, First report on the antibody verification of HLA-DR, HLA-DQ and HLA-DP epitopes recorded in the HLA Epitope Registry, Hum Immunol. 2014 Nov;75(11):1097-103.では、データベースからHLA-DR分子、HLA-DQ分子、HLA-DP分子に提示されやすい配列が予測されており、HLA-DQ分子やHLA-DP分子が、HLA-DR分子と同様に、特定の配列を抗原提示することが示されている。これらの技術常識に基づいて、MAPPsを、本発明における幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から分化された、HLA-DQ分子やHLA-DP分子などの他のMHCII分子を発現する細胞にも同様に適用できることが、当業者には理解されよう。
また、MHCI分子を用いたMAPPsも、例えば、Wahl A, Schafer F, Bardet W, Buchli R, Air GM, Hildebrand WH., HLA class I molecules consistently present internal influenza epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jan 13;106(2):540-5.において既に報告されている。当該文献では、特定のアロタイプのHLA-B分子を発現させた細胞株をインフルエンザウイルスに感作させ、MAPPsによりHLA-B分子上に提示されるインフルエンザウイルス由来ペプチド配列の検出を実施している。なお、上述の通り、MHCI分子は多くの細胞種で発現していることが知られているところ、MHCI分子-ペプチド複合体の検出の容易さの観点から、MHCI分子が高発現している細胞を利用することが望ましい。一実施態様において、MHCI分子を用いたMAPPsには、本発明における幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から分化された、樹状細胞を用いてよい。
A.方法
-使用細胞-
ヒト末梢血単核球細胞(PBMC):(Lonza co.,ltd.より購入)。
1. ヒト末梢血単核球細胞に対し,Human Serum Alubmin low IgG(SIGMA,Cat.:A3782)を0.5%、EDTA 0.5M stock solution pH8.0(Invitrogen,Cat.:15575)を2mMとなるよう加えたDPBS(Invitrogen,Cat:14190)を80μL/107cells, CD14 micro beads(Miltenyi,Cat.:130-050-201)を20μL/107cellsとなるよう加え,ボルテックスミキサーにより懸濁し,4℃,遮光下の条件で15分静置した。
2. 15分静置後のヒト末梢血単核球細胞にHuman Serum Alubmin low IgGを0.5%、EDTA 0.5M stock solution pH8.0を2mM含むDPBSを20mL加え,1200rpm,5分,4℃でスピンダウンした後,上清を全て除去した。本操作は2回行った。
3. 上清を除去したヒト末梢血単核球細胞にHuman Serum Alubmin low IgGを0.5%、EDTA 0.5M stock solution pH8.0を2mM含むDPBSを1.2×108cells/mLとなるよう加え,細胞分離用磁石LS Column(Miltenyi,Cat.:130-042-401)に通し,回収したヒト末梢血単核球細胞を単球細胞とした。
本発明の実施例と同様に,白樺花粉アレルゲンであるBetula verrucosa, birch pollen allergen 1, Isoform a(Bet v1a)(#Bet v 1.0101; Biomay)(アミノ酸配列:配列番号1)を用いた。
1. 回収した単球細胞にHuman Serum Alubmin low IgGを0.5%、EDTA 0.5M stock solution pH8.0を2mM含むDPBSを20mL加え,1200rpm,5分,4℃でスピンダウンした後,上清を全て除去した。
2. 上清を除去した単球細胞を,Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Gibco,Cat.:10270,26140)を10%、Non Essential amino acids(Gibco,Cat.:11140-035)を1%,Na-Pyruvate(Gibco,Cat.:11360-039)を1%,Kanamycine(Gibco,Cat.:15160-047)を1%,recombinant human Granulocyte Macrophage colony-stimulating Factor(rhGM-CSF)(R&Dsystems,Cat.:215-GM)を50ng/mL,recombinant human Interleukin-4(rhIL-4)(R&Dsystems,Cat.:204-IL)を3ng/mLとなるよう加えたRPMI 1640(Life Tech,Cat.:11875)を用いて,3×105cells/mLの細胞密度に懸濁し,6ウェルプレートに3mLずつ播種し,37℃,5%CO2条件下で5日間の培養を実施し,培養5日後の単球細胞を樹状細胞とした。
3. 培養5日後の各ウェルより上清を2mL/ウェル除去し,Bet v1a 3.3μg/mLを加え,続いてLipopolysaccharides from Salmonella enterica serotype abortusequi(LPS)(SIGMA,Cat.:L5886)を1μg/mL加え,37℃,5%CO2条件下で1日培養した。
4. 1日培養後の樹状細胞を6ウェルプレートより全量回収し,1200rpm,5分,4℃でスピンダウンした後,上清を全て除去し,4℃のDPBS 1mLに懸濁した。次いで,全量をエッペンドルフチューブに移し,2500rpm,5分,4℃でスピンダウンし,上清を全て除去し,細胞のペレットを作製し,-80℃で保管した。
5. 樹状細胞の一部を回収し,抗ヒトHLA-DR抗体,抗ヒトHLA-DQ抗体,抗ヒトHLA-DP抗体,抗ヒトHLA-ABC抗体,抗ヒトCD14抗体,抗ヒトCD80抗体,抗ヒトCD86抗体,抗ヒトCD206抗体,抗ヒトCD209抗体,抗ヒトCD11b抗体,及び抗ヒトCD11c抗体を用いて染色し,フローサイトメーター解析装置BD FACSCantoTMIIを用いて分析した。
本発明の実施例と同様に調整した。
本発明の実施例と同様に調整した。
本発明の実施例と同様に調整した。
本発明の実施例と同様に調整した。
-分化した細胞の特性-
図12に、フローサイトメーター解析により得られた単球細胞の細胞表面に発現する分子を調べた結果を示す。比較例により得られた単球細胞は単球の特異的マーカーであるCD14の発現及び抗原提示分子であるHLA-DRの発現が認められた他、T細胞の活性化分子であるCD86の発現が認められた。
図14~図20に,評価に供した各ヒトドナー毎のBet v1a添加条件(図14,図15,図16,図17,図18,図19,図20の(a))及び非添加条件(対照)(図14,図15,図16,図17,図18,図19,図20の(b))で検出されたペプチドのアミノ酸配列の解析結果を示す。また、これらの検出された具体的なアミノ酸配列を、それぞれ、表2~表8にも示す(図14~図20にそれぞれ対応する。)。表中、エピトープ番号は、Bet v1aのアミノ酸配列において、N末端から順に見られた、検出されたペプチドの群を示す。
Bet v1a非添加条件で検出されたペプチド(対照)からは、Bet v1a添加条件で検出されたペプチドの一部が検出された。しかしながら,Bet v1a添加条件では,Bet v1a非添加条件よりも多くのペプチドが検出された。
図21A、図21Bに、Bet v1a添加条件において検出されたペプチドのアミノ酸配列について、2種類のヒトiPS細胞由来の樹状細胞様細胞を用いた場合とPBMC由来の樹状細胞を用いた場合との比較を示す。PBMC由来の樹状細胞を用いた解析では、ドナー間で異なるMHCII分子を有していたために、検出されるペプチドのアミノ酸配列にドナー間で違いが見られたと考えられる。また、2種類のiPS細胞由来の樹状細胞様細胞間で検出されたアミノ酸配列の違いについても、元となったドナー間で異なるタイプのMHCII分子を有していたためLine間で検出配列に違いが生じたと考えられる。それにも関わらず、ヒトiPS細胞由来の樹状細胞様細胞を用いてBet v1a添加条件において検出されたペプチドで共通した配列の多くは、PBMC由来の樹状細胞を用いた場合に検出されたペプチドの配列と一致していた。検出されたペプチド配列140-155に関しては、S. Mutschlener et al., Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Vol.125 (3), 2010でエピトープ配列部分として報告された配列と一致した。
配列番号151:InfliximabのL鎖の部分ペプチド
配列番号152~配列番号153: InfliximabのH鎖の部分ペプチド
Claims (28)
- タンパク質のエピトープを同定するための方法であって、
以下の工程:
(A)幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から分化された、主要組織適合遺伝子複合体(MHC分子)を発現する細胞に、標的タンパク質を接触させる工程;
(B)前記MHC分子を発現する細胞から、前記標的タンパク質に含まれるペプチドとMHC分子との複合体を単離する工程;及び
(C)前記複合体から、前記ペプチドを溶出し、同定する工程
を含む、方法。 - さらに、以下の工程:
(D)同定したペプチドが免疫原性を誘導するエピトープであるか否かを検証する工程
を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記幹細胞は、人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)、胚性幹細胞(ES細胞)、核移植ES細胞(ntES細胞)、胚性生殖幹細胞(EG細胞)及び成体幹細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記MHC分子は、MHCII分子である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記MHCII分子はHLA-DR、HLA-DQ又はHLA-DPである、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記MHC分子を発現する細胞は、さらに、CD80、CD86、CD206及びCD209の少なくとも1つを発現している、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記MHC分子を発現する細胞は、CD80、CD86、CD206及びCD209の全てを発現している、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記MHC分子を発現する細胞は、樹状細胞である、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記MHC分子を発現する細胞は、前記標的タンパク質を投与することが意図される対象のMHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記工程(A)を無血清下で行う、請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記樹状細胞は、
以下の工程:
(a)幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞を分化させて中胚葉前駆細胞を得る工程;
(b)前記中胚葉前駆細胞を分化させて単球細胞を得る工程;及び
(c)前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得、及び場合により、前記未成熟樹状細胞をさらに刺激して成熟樹状細胞を得る工程
を含む方法によって製造され、
さらに、前記工程(a)~(c)のうち、少なくとも前記工程(c)において無血清培地が用いられる、
請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記工程(b)が、顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)及びマクロファージコロニー刺激因子(M-CSF)を含む無血清培地下で、前記中胚葉前駆細胞を分化させて単球細胞を得る工程を含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記工程(c)が、
(c1)顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)及びインターロイキン4(IL-4)を含む無血清培地下で、前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得る工程を含み、及び場合により、
(c2)前記未成熟樹状細胞を免疫原、及び、場合により炎症性サイトカインに接触させることで、成熟樹状細胞へと誘導する工程を含む、
請求項11又は12に記載の方法。 - 前記樹状細胞が未成熟樹状細胞であり、前記未成熟樹状細胞は、免疫原性を有する標的タンパク質に接触することで、成熟樹状細胞に誘導される、請求項8~13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記標的タンパク質が、サイトカイン、ケモカイン、成長因子、抗体、酵素、構造タンパク質、ホルモン、及び、これらのいずれかの断片からなる群の1種又は1種以上から選択される、請求項1~14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 免疫原性が減少又は消失したタンパク質の製造方法であって、
以下の工程:
(1)請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、タンパク質のエピトープを同定する工程;
(2)MHC分子への結合が減少又は消失するように、前記エピトープを修飾する工程;及び
(3)修飾されたエピトープを有するタンパク質を製造する工程
を含む、方法。 - 請求項16に記載の方法に従って得られうる、タンパク質。
- タンパク質が対象において免疫原性を有するか否かを予測する方法であって、
(I)標的タンパク質を投与することが意図される対象のMHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞を提供する工程であって、前記細胞は幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から分化されることを特徴とする、工程;
(II)前記「MHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞」に、標的タンパク質を接触させる工程;
(III)前記「MHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞」から、前記標的タンパク質に含まれるペプチドとMHC分子との複合体を単離する工程;
(IV)前記複合体から、前記ペプチドを溶出し、同定する工程;及び
(V)場合により、同定したペプチドが免疫原性を誘導するエピトープであるか否かを検証する工程
を含み、
前記同定したペプチドが免疫原性を誘導するエピトープである場合に、前記標的タンパク質が前記対象において免疫原性を有することを指し示す、方法。 - 前記対象が有するMHC分子のアロタイプの全てのセットが含まれるように、前記対象のMHC分子の1又は複数のアロタイプを発現する細胞を1又は複数提供する、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記幹細胞が、前記対象に由来する人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)である、請求項18又は19に記載の方法。
- タンパク質を有効成分として含む、対象における、前記タンパク質に関連した疾患の治療及び/又は予防用組成物であって、
前記対象は、請求項18~20のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、前記タンパク質に免疫原性を有さないことが予測された対象から選択されることを特徴とする、組成物。 - 幹細胞もしくはこれに由来する前駆細胞、又は、これから分化されたMHC分子を発現する細胞の、請求項1~16及び18~20のいずれか一項に記載の方法における使用。
- 幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞から樹状細胞を製造する方法であって、
以下の工程:
(a’)幹細胞又はこれに由来する前駆細胞を分化させて中胚葉前駆細胞を得る工程;
(b’)顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)及びマクロファージコロニー刺激因子(M-CSF)を含む無血清培地下で、前記中胚葉前駆細胞を分化させて単球細胞を得る工程;及び
(c’)無血清培地下で、前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得、及び場合により、前記未成熟樹状細胞をさらに刺激して成熟樹状細胞を得る工程
を含む、方法。 - 前記工程(c’)が、
(c1’)顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)及びインターロイキン4(IL-4)を含む無血清培地下で、前記単球細胞を分化させて未成熟樹状細胞を得る工程を含み、及び場合により、
(c2’)前記未成熟樹状細胞を、免疫原、及び、場合により炎症性サイトカインに接触させることで、成熟樹状細胞へと誘導する工程を含む、
請求項23に記載の方法。 - 請求項23又は24に記載の方法によって得られうる、樹状細胞。
- MHCII分子に加えて、さらに、CD80、CD86、CD206及びCD209の少なくとも1つを発現している、請求項25に記載の樹状細胞。
- CD80、CD86、CD206及びCD209の全てを発現している、請求項26に記載の樹状細胞。
- 請求項25~27のいずれか一項に記載の樹状細胞を含む、細胞組成物。
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| US15/326,295 US10718781B2 (en) | 2014-07-14 | 2015-07-13 | Method for identifying epitope on protein |
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| US12480958B2 (en) | 2019-08-13 | 2025-11-25 | Immatics Biotechnologies Gmbh | Method for the characterization of peptide:MHC binding polypeptides |
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| EP3170901A1 (en) | 2017-05-24 |
| TWI719939B (zh) | 2021-03-01 |
| TW201608240A (zh) | 2016-03-01 |
| EP3170901B1 (en) | 2021-06-02 |
| EP3929302A1 (en) | 2021-12-29 |
| US20170219607A1 (en) | 2017-08-03 |
| JP7012432B2 (ja) | 2022-01-28 |
| JPWO2016010002A1 (ja) | 2017-04-27 |
| EP3170901A4 (en) | 2018-01-24 |
| US10718781B2 (en) | 2020-07-21 |
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