WO2016057044A1

WO2016057044A1 - Compositions for use in mycotoxin extraction

Info

Publication number: WO2016057044A1
Application number: PCT/US2014/060018
Authority: WO
Inventors: JR. Ronald W. SARVER; Nanduri VISWAPRAKASH; JR. Ronald D. BEAUBIEN
Original assignee: Neogen Corp
Current assignee: Neogen Corp
Priority date: 2014-10-10
Filing date: 2014-10-10
Publication date: 2016-04-14
Anticipated expiration: 2017-04-10
Also published as: EP4285739A3; CN106793813A; AU2014408278B2; MX2017004531A; US20200191786A1; CA2964060A1; US20160278405A1; BR112017006776A2; EP3203862B1; AU2014408278A1; US10598661B2; EP4285739A2; US11656228B2; CN106793813B; CA2964060C; MX384951B; EP3203862A1; US20180074056A1; BR112017006776B1; EP3203862C0

Abstract

The present invention relates to aqueous compositions comprising cyclodextrins or carbohydrates. The present invention also relates to the use of such compositions in the binding and removal of mycotoxins from foodstuff. The invention also includes compositions that show a broad affinity for mycotoxins.

Description

COMPOSITIONS FOR USE IN MYCOTOXIN EXTRACTION

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to aqueous compositions comprising cyclodextrins or carbohydrates. The present invention also relates to the use of such compositions in the binding and removal of mycotoxins from foodstuff. The invention also includes compositions that show a broad affinity for mycotoxins.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by mold, such as Aspergillus flavus and are found in many forms of human foods, such as cereals, grains, and peanut products. Different forms of aflatoxin, including aflatoxin Bl, B2, Gl, and G2 are known for their toxicity and

carcinogenicity. Various studies suggested a link of aflatoxin exposure with an increased occurrence of liver and lung cancer. Aflatoxin Bl (AFB1), the most toxic compound in this series, has been found to be one of the most potent carcinogens occurring naturally and it was classified as Group I human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1987. Accordingly, the presence of aflatoxins in food has been recognized as a threat to human health. The presence of these mycotoxins in various foods can be caused by direct contamination via grains and grain products or by the presence of mycotoxins and their metabolites in animal tissues, milk and meat caused by animal consumption of contaminated feed. There exist a great number of reports that suggest intoxication of humans by the consumption of aflatoxins contaminated agricultural products. Epidemiological studies have shown that aflatoxins exposure is associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, particularly in combination with hepatitis B virus. Also, it has been shown that the potency of aflatoxins increases in individuals with liver conditions such as hepatitis B infection.

[0003] Due to their frequent occurrence and their severe toxicity, guidelines and tolerance levels of aflatoxins have been set in several countries. Wheat is susceptible to these fungi infections through its growth, harvest, transport and storage. Iran has set a maximum residue limit of 5 gKg^"1 for AFB1 in wheat for imports. Accordingly, the low tolerance for food contamination by aflatoxins causes serious economic losses. 14 060018

[0004] Improvement in the determination of mycotoxin levels in grains has been an ongoing effort, and current methods include TLC, fluorescence polarization assay, HPLC,

radioimmunoassay ( IA), ELISA, and fiber optic based immunoassays. These methods have some drawbacks, for example chromatographic methods require extended cleanup steps and derivatization after extraction in order to get rid of interfering substances, commercially available ELISAs require enzymatic reactions and washing and separation of bound and free label.

[0005] The use of spectrofiuorimetry analysis is also hampered when testing natural samples such as blood, urine, foods, cereals, grains, and peanut products. The procedure is made difficult by the complexity of matrices which show a great variety of natural fluorescent compounds whose spectra often overlap the analyte signal. This situation therefore demands tedious separation steps to enable determination of the analyte.

[0006] With respect to removing the mycotoxins from the grain, current extraction methods for the removal of mycotoxins from foodstuffs, such as grains, predominantly involve the use of organic based liquid compositions, such as methanol/water mixtures and the like. Herein, compositions and methods are presented for the aqueous based extraction and recovery of mycotoxins from foodstuffs. The compositions also show broad affinity for mycotoxins, and therefore remove a wide variety of toxic contaminants simultaneously.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The invention described herein relates to compositions and methods related to the extraction of and quantification of mycotoxins from foodstuff. In some embodiments, the compositions used herein are aqueous compositions and do not comprise an organic solvent. Accordingly, a benefit of some aspects of the present invention is the extraction of mycotoxins from foodstuff using a fully aqueous solution. Another benefit of the present invention is that the compositions described herein extract a broad range of mycotoxins.

[0008] In one aspect, the invention includes an aqueous composition comprising a cyclodextrin, polyol, non- foaming surfactant, or a carbohydrate. In some embodiments of this aspect, the aqueous composition is a fully aqueous composition.

[0009] In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin is an alpha, beta, or gamma cyclodextrin of formula I 14 060018

I

wherein

n is 6, 7, or 8;

each R is independently hydrogen or a substituent having the formula A

A

wherein each E is independently selected from Ci-g aliphatic, Ci-g cycloaliphatic, and Ci-8 heterocycloaliphatic, or combinations thereof; and

an exemplary sample of the cyclodextrin of formula I possesses, on average, 0 - 10 formula A substituents per cyclodextrin molecule, and wherein the hydroxyl substituent of each formula A may independently be further substituted by another formula A substituent.

[0010] In one aspect, the invention includes a method of extracting one or more mycotoxins from foodstuffs, comprising contacting said foodstuffs with any composition described herein.

[0011] In one aspect, the invention includes a pack or kit comprising

a composition described herein;

a lateral flow detection apparatus comprising a test strip and mycotoxin detector; and

instructions for extracting mycotoxins from a sample of foodstuff with said composition, and subsequently contacting the lateral flow detection apparatus with said composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0012] Figure 1 is a depiction of a-cyclodextrin from various perspectives.

[0013] Figure 2A is a bar graph showing Reveal® Q+ for aflatoxin results for ground corn reference material containing 19 ppb total aflatoxin or non-detect ground corn.

[0014] Figure 2B is a bar graph showing Reveal® Q+ for zearalenone results for ground corn reference material containing 194 ppb total zearalenone or non-detect ground corn.

[0015] Figure 2C is a bar graph showing Reveal® Q+ for fumonisin results for ground corn reference material containing 5 ppm fumonisin or non-detect ground corn.

[0016] Figure 2D is a bar graph showing Reveal® Q+ for ochratoxin results for ground corn reference material containing 20 ppb ochratoxin or non-detect ground corn.

[0017] Figure 3A is a pictorial representation of the structure of aflatoxin analogs.

[0018] Figure 3B is a pictorial representation of the structure of zearalenone analogs.

[0019] Figure 3C is a pictorial representation of the structure of fumonisin analogs.

[0020] Figure 3D is a pictorial representation of the structure of ochratoxin analogs.

[0021] Figure 3E is a pictorial representation of the structure of deoxynivalenol (DON) / vomitoxin.

[0022] Figure 4 is a bar graph showing Reveal® Q+ for fumonisin results for extractions of ground corn reference material using different cylcodextrins in phosphate buffered saline, ph 8.0.

[0023] Figure 5A is a graph showing Reveal® Q+ for aflatoxin test line intensities for seven Cavasol® extractions of ground corn reference material containing aflatoxin.

[0024] Figure 5B is a graph showing Reveal® Q+ for aflatoxin test line intensities for aflatoxin control line intensities.

[0025] Figure 5C is a graph showing Reveal® Q+ for aflatoxin mean ratio of test to control line intensities for ground corn reference material.

[0026] Figure 6A is a graph showing Reveal® Q+ for DON test line intensities for seven

Cavasol® extractions of ground wheat reference material containing don.

[0027] Figure 6B is a graph showing Reveal® Q+ for DON control line intensities.

[0028] Figure 6C is a graph showing Reveal® Q+ for DON mean ratio of test to control line intensities for ground wheat reference material.

[0029] Figure 7 is a graph showing Reveal® Q+ for fumonisin mean ratio of test to control line intensities for ground corn reference material tested using the AccuScan Gold Reader. 0018

[0030] Figure 8 is a graph showing Reveal® Q+ for zearalenone mean ratio of test to control line intensities for ground corn reference material tested using the AccuScan Gold Reader.

[0031] Figure 9 is a graph showing Reveal® Q+ for ochratoxin mean ratio of test to control line intensities for ground corn reference material tested using the AccuScan Gold Reader.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

DEFINITIONS

[0032] For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in "Organic Chemistry", Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausolito: 1999, and "March's Advanced Organic Chemistry", 5th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M.B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0033] As described herein, compounds of the invention may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents, such as are illustrated generally above, or as exemplified by particular classes, subclasses, and species of the invention.

[0034] As used herein the term "aliphatic" encompasses the terms alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.

[0035] As used herein, an "alkyl" group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 1-12 (e.g., 1-8, 1-6, or 1-4) carbon atoms. An alkyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl, or 2-ethylhexyl. An alkyl group can be substituted (i.e., optionally substituted) with one or more substituents such as halo, phospho, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g., heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl], aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, acyl [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, or (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, amido [e.g.,

(cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino,

(heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino,

heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino alkylaminocarbonyl,

cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, heterocycloalkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, or

heteroarylaminocarbonyl], amino [e.g., aliphaticamino, cycloaliphaticamino, or heterocycloaliphaticamino], sulfonyl [e.g., aliphatic-SCV], sulfinyl, sulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, carboxy, carbamoyl, cycloaliphaticoxy,

heterocycloaliphaticoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, or hydroxy. Without limitation, some examples of substituted alkyls include carboxyalkyl (such as HOOC-alkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, and alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl), cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acylalkyl, aralkyl, (alkoxyaryl)alkyl,

(sulfonylamino)alkyl (such as (alkyl-S0₂-amino)alkyl), aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl,

(cycloaliphatic)alkyl, or haloalkyl.

[0036] As used herein, an "alkenyl" group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2- 8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Like an alkyl group, an alkenyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkenyl group include, but are not limited to allyl, isoprenyl, 2-butenyl, and 2-hexenyl. An alkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as halo, phospho, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g., heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl], aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, acyl [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, or (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, amido [e.g., (cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino,

(heterocycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino alkylaminocarbonyl, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, heterocycloalkylaminocarbonyl,

arylaminocarbonyl, or heteroarylaminocarbonyl], amino [e.g., aliphaticamino,

cycloaliphaticamino, heterocycloaliphaticamino, or aliphaticsulfonylamino], sulfonyl [e.g., alkyl-S0₂-, cycloaliphatic-S0₂-, or aryl-S0₂-], sulfinyl, sulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, carboxy, carbamoyl, cycloaliphaticoxy, heterocycloaliphaticoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, or hydroxy. Without limitation, some examples of substituted alkenyls include cyanoalkenyl, alkoxyalkenyl, acylalkenyl, hydroxyalkenyl, aralkenyl, (alkoxyaryl)alkenyl,

(sulfonylamino)alkenyl (such as (alkyl-S0₂-amino)aIkenyl), aminoalkenyl, amidoalkenyl, (cycloaliphatic)alkenyl, or haloalkenyl.

[0037] As used herein, an "alkynyl" group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and has at least one triple bond. An alkynyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, propargyl and butynyl. An alkynyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aroyl, heteroaroyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyioxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, halo, hydroxy, sulfo, mercapto, sulfanyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfanyl or cycloaliphaticsulfanyl], sulfinyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfinyl or cycloaliphaticsulfinyl], sulfonyl [e.g., aliphatic-S02-, aliphaticamino-S0₂-, or cycloaliphatic-S0₂-], amido [e.g., aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl,

heterocycloalkylaminocarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, arylaminocarbonyl,

arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino,

(cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino or heteroarylaminocarbonyl], urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, alkoxycarbonyl,

alkylcarbonyloxy, cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl [e.g.,

(cycloaliphatic)carbonyl or (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl], amino [e.g., aliphaticamino], sulfoxy, oxo, carboxy, carbamoyl, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, or

(heteroaryl)alkoxy.

[0038] As used herein, a "carbocycle" or "cycloaliphatic" group encompasses a "cycloalkyl" group and a "cycloalkenyl" group, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.

[0039] As used herein, a "cycloalkyl" group refers to a saturated carbocyclic mono- or bicyclic (fused or bridged) ring of 3-10 (e.g., 5-10) carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, cubyl, octahydro-indenyl, decahydro-naphthyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl,

bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2.]decyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl, or ((aminocarbonyl)cycloalkyl)cycloalkyl.

[0040] A "cycloalkenyl" group, as used herein, refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring of 3- 10 (e.g., 4-8) carbon atoms having one or more double bonds. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl, 1 ,4-cyclohexa-di-enyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, hexahydro-indenyl, octahydro-naphthyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl, or

bicyclo[3.3.1 Jnonenyl.

[0041] A cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as phosphor, aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl], cycloaliphatic,

(cycloaliphatic) aliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic) aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, (araliphatic)oxy, (heteroaraliphatic)oxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, amido [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonylamino, (cycloaliphatic)carbonylamino, ((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonylamino, (aryl)carbonylamino, (araliphatic)carbonylamino, (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonylamino,

((heterocycloaIiphatic)aIiphatic)carbonylamino, (heteroaryl)carbonylamino, or

(heteroaraliphatic)carbonylamino], nitro, carboxy [e.g., HOOC-, alkoxycarbonyl, or

alkylcarbonyloxy], acyl [e.g., (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, ((cycloaliphatic) aliphatic)carbonyl, (araliphatic)carbonyl, (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl, ((heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl, or (heteroaraliphatic)carbonyl], cyano, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, sulfonyl [e.g., alkyl-S0₂- and aryl-S0₂-], sulfinyl [e.g., alkyl-S(O)-], sulfanyl [e.g., alkyl-S-], sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl.

[0042] As used herein, the term "heterocycle" or "heterocycloaliphatic" encompasses a heterocycloalkyl group and a heterocycloalkenyl group, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.

[0043] As used herein, a "heterocycloalkyl" group refers to a 3-10 membered mono- or bicylic (fused or bridged) (e.g., 5- to 10-membered mono- or bicyclic) saturated ring structure, in which one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S, or combinations thereof). Examples of a heterocycloalkyl group include piperidyl, piperazyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, 1 ,4-dioxolanyl, 1 ,4-dithianyl, 1 ,3-dioxolanyl, oxazolidyl, isoxazolidyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholyl, octahydrobenzofuryl, octahydrochromenyl,

octahydrothiochromenyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydropyrindinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, octahydrobenzo[£>]thiopheneyl, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, l-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3-aza- bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, and 2,6-dioxa-tricyclo[3.3.1.0^3,7]η°^η)Ί· A monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group can be fused with a phenyl moiety to form structures, such as tetrahydroisoquinoline, which would be categorized as heteroaryls.

[0044] A "heterocycloalkenyl" group, as used herein, refers to a mono- or bicylic (e.g., 5- to 10-membered mono- or bicyclic) non-aromatic ring structure having one or more double bonds, and wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, or S). Monocyclic and bicyclic heterocycloaliphatics are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.

[0045] A heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as phosphor, aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl], cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, (araliphatic)oxy, (heteroaraliphatic)oxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, amido [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonylamino, (cycloaliphatic)carbonylamino, ((cycloaliphatic) aliphatic)carbonylamino, (aryl)carbonylamino, (araliphatic)carbonylamino, (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonylamino, ((heterocycloaliphatic) aliphatic)carbonylamino, (heteroaryl)carbonylamino, or (heteroaraliphatic)carbonylamino], nitro, carboxy [e.g., HOOC-, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylcarbonyloxy], acyl [e.g.,

(cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, ((cycloaliphatic) aliphatic)carbonyl, (araliphatic)carbonyl,

(heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl, ((heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl, or

(heteroaraliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, sulfonyl [e.g., alkylsulfonyl or arylsulfonyl], sulfinyl [e.g., alkylsulfinyl], sulfanyl [e.g., alkylsulfanyl], sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl.

[0046] As used herein, the term "mycotoxin" means any toxic metabolite, for example metabolites produced by organisms of the fungi kingdom. Without limitation, the term

"mycotoxin" can refer to the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops. Without limitation, examples of mycotoxins include aflatoxin, ochratoxin, fumonisin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol (DON), T2 toxin, and ergot toxin.

[0047] As used herein, the term "foodstuff means any substance suitable for consumption as food by an organism, for example foodstuff for consumption by animals or humans. Specific examples of animals are a 'companion animal' or livestock.

[0048] As used herein, the term "MQ water" means type 1 water according to the standards of ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).

[0049] As used herein, the term "fully aqueous composition" describes a composition that comprises water, but does not comprise an organic solvent, for example, a buffer that does not include any organic solvent.

[0050] As used herein, the term "non-detect" [grain] means a sample of foodstuff, for example grain, that is known to contain a non-detectable amount of mycotoxin. Non-detect sample are used in the experiments and examples disclosed herein to establish a baseline signal in the various tests, such as Reveal ® Q+ and Veratox.

[0051] As used herein, the term "cyclodextrin" is synonymous with the term

"cycloamylose," and describes a family of compounds made up of sugar molecules bound together in a ring (cyclic oligosaccharides). The term "a-cyclodextrin" indicates that the cyclodextrin has 6 sugar moieties in its cyclic structure, the term "β-cyclodextrin" indicates that the cyclodextrin has 7 sugar moieties in its cyclic structure, and the term "γ-cyclodextrin" indicates that the cyclodextrin has 8 sugar moieties in its cyclic structure.

[0052] As used herein, the term "surfactant" means a compound comprising a hydrophobic region, for example a branched, linear, cyclic, or aromatic hydrocarbon, and a hydrophilic region, for example an anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, or other moiety capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water. A "non-foaming surfactant" is a special type of surfactant that resists forming a foam when used for the intended application.

[0053] As used herein, the term "buffer" describes a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it. Examples of simple buffering agents used in aqueous buffers are citric acid, acetic acid, sodium or potassium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄ or KH₂P0₄), disodium or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HP0₄ or K₂HP0₄), CHES (V-Cyclohexyl-2- aminoethanesulfonic acid), and boronic acid (borate). Examples of other common buffering agents are TAPS (3-{[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino}propanesulfonic acid), Bicine (N,N- bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine), Tris (tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine), Tricine (N- tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine) , TAP S O (3 - [N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino] -2- hydroxypropanesulfonic Acid), HEPES (4-2-hydroxyethyl-l-piperazineethanesulfonic acid), TES (2-{[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino}ethanesulfonic acid), MOPS (3-(N- morpholino)propanesulfonic acid), PIPES (piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)), Cacodylate (dimethylarsinic acid), SSC (saline sodium citrate), MES (2-(N- morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid), and Succinic acid (2(R)-2-(methylamino)succinic acid).

[0054] Cavasol® W7 HP is standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, produced by Wacker Chemie AG, and is a low cost highly soluble beta-cyclodextrin derivative. The product data for Cavasol® W7 HP are provided in the table below.

EMBODIMENTS

[0055] In one aspect, the invention includes an aqueous composition comprising a cyclodextrin, polyol, non-foaming surfactant, or a carbohydrate. In some embodiments of this aspect, the aqueous composition is a fully aqueous composition.

[0056] In one embodiment of this aspect, the aqueous composition comprises a carbohydrate. In another embodiment, the carbohydrate is selected from starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, and sucrose. In a further embodiment, the carbohydrate is sucrose. In another further embodiment, the carbohydrate is cellulose.

[0057] In one embodiment of this aspect, the aqueous composition comprises a polyol.

In another embodiment, the polyol is selected from maltitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, and isomalt. In a further embodiment, the polyol is sorbitol. In still a further embodiment, the polyol is D-sorbitol.

[0058] In one embodiment of this aspect, the aqueous composition comprises a non- foaming surfactant. In another embodiment, the non-foaming surfactant is selected from

Butylpolyalkylene oxide block copolymer, alkyl ethoxylate, Tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate, Nonylphenol ethoxylate, Octylphenol ethoxylate, Tristyrylphenol ethoxylate, Decylalcohol ethoxylate, Alkylphenol alkoxylate, Alcohol ethoxylate, Alcohol ethoxylate, Ethoxylate phosphate ester, a-(4-Nonylphenyl)^-hydroxy-poly(oxy-l,2-ethanediyl), Fatty acid ethoxylate, and Triton CF-32. In further embodiment, the a-(4-Nonylphenyl)-a>-hydroxy-poly(oxy-l ,2- ethanediyl) is branched.

[0059] In another embodiment, the non-foaming surfactant is selected from Toximol

8320, Ecosurf EH3, Makon TD18, Makon 10, Makon OP-9, Makon TSP-40, Makon DA4, Makon N-l-10, Biosoft EC600, Biosoft Nl-3, Stepfac 8170, Tergitol, Ninex MT-630F, and Triton CF-32. In a further embodiment, the non-foaming surfactant is selected from Toximol 8320, Ecosurf EH3, and Ninex MT-630F. In a further embodiment, the non-foaming surfactant is selected from Toximol 8320, Ecosurf EH3, and Ninex MT-630F. In another further embodiment, the non-foaming surfactant is selected from Butylpolyalkylene oxide block copolymer, alkyl ethoxylate, and Fatty acid ethoxylate.

[0060] In still another embodiment, the Butylpolyalkylene oxide block copolymer is

Toximol 8320, the alkyl ethoxylate is Ecosurf EH3, the Tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate is Makon TD18, the Nonylphenol ethoxylate is Makon 10, the Octylphenol ethoxylate is Makon OP-9, the Tristyrylphenol is ethoxylate Makon TSP-40, the Decylalcohol ethoxylate is Makon DA4, the Alkylphenol alkoxylate is Makon N-1-10, the Alcohol ethoxylate is Biosoft EC600, the Alcohol ethoxylate is Biosoft Nl-3, the Ethoxylate phosphate ester is Stepfac 8170, the a-(4- Nonylphenyl)-ro-hydroxy-poly(oxy-l,2-ethanediyl) is Tergitol, and the Fattyacid ethoxylate is Ninex MT-630F. In further embodiment, the a-(4-Nonylphenyl)-co-hydroxy-poly(oxy-l ,2- ethanediyl) is branched.

[0061] In another embodiment of this aspect, the aqueous composition comprises a cyclodextrin. In one embodiment, the aqueous composition further comprises a buffer. In a further embodiment, the buffer is a phosphate buffer.

[0062] In another embodiment, the aqueous composition comprises:

a. 1-15 g L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

b. 5-20 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

c. 0.1-2.0 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and

d. 10-150 g/L of a cyclodextrin.

[0063] In still another embodiment, the cyclodextrin is an alpha, beta, or gamma cyclodextrin of formula I

I

wherein

n is 6, 7, or 8;

each R is independently hydrogen or a substituent having the formula A

-l-E— OH .

wherein each E is independently selected from Ci.g aliphatic, Ci_-8 cycloaliphatic, and C].₈ heterocycloaliphatic, or combinations thereof; and an exemplary sample of the cyclodextrin of formula I possesses, on average, 0 - 10 formula A substituents per cyclodextrin molecule, and wherein the hydroxyl substituent of each formula A may independently be further substituted by another formula A substituent.

[0064] In some embodiments, n is 7.

[0065] In one embodiment, an exemplary sample of the cyclodextrin of formula I possesses, on average, 3 - 6 substituents of formula A per cyclodextrin molecule. In a further embodiment, an exemplary sample of the cyclodextrin of formula I possesses, on average, 4.1 - 5.1 substituents of formula A per cyclodextrin molecule.

[0066] In another embodiment, each E is C].₈ alkyl. In a further embodiment, each E is independently selected from methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene, n-butylene, 1,1-

dimethylethylene, 1 ,2-dimethylethylene, c - ~r ¾u *V*

' \ . In still a further embodiment, each E is isopropylene.

[0067] In another embodiment, the substituent having the formula A is

, H₂ ?^H3

-i-C -C-OH

H

[0068] In another embodiment, the cyclodextrin is a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta- cyclodextrin.

[0069] In some embodiments, the sodium chloride is present in an amount of 6-10 g/L.

In a further embodiment, the sodium chloride is present in an amount of about 8 g/L. In some embodiments, the disodium phosphate is present in an amount of 10-16 g L. In a further embodiment, the disodium phosphate is present in an amount of about 13.8 g/L. In some embodiments, the sodium dihydrogen phosphate is present in an amount of 0.35-0.70 g/L. In a further embodiment, the sodium dihydrogen phosphate is present in an amount of about 0.51 g/L. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin is present in an amount of 20-40 g/L. In a further embodiment, the cyclodextrin is present in an amount of about 30 g/L. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin is present in an amount of 1 10-130 g/L. In a further embodiment, the cyclodextrin is present in an amount of about 120 g/L. [0070] In one embodiment of this aspect, the aqueous composition comprises: a. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

b. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

c. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and

d. about 30 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

[0071] In a further embodiment, the aqueous composition consists essentially of:

a. water;

b. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

c. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

d. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaP^PC^); and

e. about 30 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

[0072] In another embodiment of this aspect, the aqueous composition comprises:

a. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

b. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

c. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and

d. about 120 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

[0073] In a further embodiment, the aqueous composition consists essentially of:

a. water;

b. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

c. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

d. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and

e. about 120 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

[0074] In one aspect, the invention includes a method of extracting one or more mycotoxins from foodstuffs, comprising contacting said foodstuffs with any composition described herein.

[0075] In one embodiment of this aspect, the foodstuff is a grain. In another

embodiment, the grain is selected from barley, corn, fonio, kamut, millet, oats, popcorn, rice, rye, sorghum, spelt, teff, triticale, wheat, dry distiller grain, and corn gluten meal. In a further embodiment, the grain is selected from corn, barley, wheat, and rice. 14 060018

[0076] In another embodiment of this aspect, the mycotoxin is selected from aflatoxin, ochratoxin, fumonisin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, T2 toxin, and ergot toxin. In a further embodiment, the mycotoxin is selected from fumonisin, aflatoxin, zearalenone, and ochratoxin.

[0077] In another embodiment, the method comprises the steps of:

a) contacting the foodstuff with the composition;

b) optionally, removing the composition from the foodstuff; and c) contacting a lateral flow detection apparatus comprising a test strip and mycotoxin detector with the composition from step b.

[0078] In one aspect, the invention includes a pack or kit comprising

a. a composition described herein;

b. a lateral flow detection apparatus comprising a test strip and mycotoxin detector; and

c. instructions for extracting mycotoxins from a sample of foodstuff with said

composition, and subsequently contacting the lateral flow detection apparatus with said composition.

EXAMPLES

[0079] In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner.

[0080] Materials and Methods

[0081] Lateral Flow Devices

[0082] Without limitation, lateral flow immunochromatographic devices comprise a membrane, often nitrocellulose, with a capture line deposited on the membrane. The capture line may be an antibody with avidity to the analyte, such as a mycotoxin, or the capture line may be an analyte bound to the membrane. In the latter case, the analyte is often conjugated to a protein to improve adhesion to the membrane. Laminar flow devices that have an antibody capture line(s), will bind analyte at the capture line. Bound analyte is often detected by a second antibody (the label) that is conjugated to nanoparticle gold, latex, or other visualizing agent. This format is often referred to as a direct assay format since assay response increases directly with analyte concentration. Laminar flow devices that have analyte at the capture line(s), detect 60018 the analyte using a labeled antibody that can be part of the device. For these devices, when analyte is present in the sample, the analyte competes with the label and the response decreases, which is referred to as an indirect assay format.

[0083] In addition to the basic construction, laminar flow devices may also incorporate sample pads to aid in wicking sample onto the membrane and conjugate pads that have labeled antibody bound to them for use with analyte detection. Devices may also contain absorbant pads at the end of the device to aid in flow of the sample on the lateral flow device. Laminar flow devices made by Neogen, such as Reveal and Reveal® Q+ (quantitative) have been used to detect mycotoxins extracted with the aqueous based extractants. Other laminar flow and ELISA devices from Charm Sciences Inc., Romer Labs, R-Biopharm, and Envirologix may also be used to detect myctotoxins extracted using the aqueous based extractants.

[0084] Reveal ® 0+

[0085] Reveal ® Q+ devices are single-step lateral flow immunochromatographic assays based on a competitive immunoassay format intended for the quantitative testing of specific

mycotoxins, such as DON, aflatoxins, fumonisin, ochratoxin, T-2/HT-2, and zearalenone, in a foodstuff sample.

[0086] Veratox ELISA

[0087] Veratox is a competitive direct ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunesorbent Assay) that provides a quantitative analysis of specific mycotoxins, such as DON, aflatoxins, fumonisin, ochratoxin, T-2/HT-2, and zearalenone, in a foodstuff sample.

[0088] Buffers

[0089] It is to be understood that the compositions of the present invention can be prepared using a broad range of buffers. Acceptable buffers to be used with the present invention include, but are not limited to buffers made with buffering agents selected from citric acid, acetic acid, sodium or potassium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄ or KH₂P0₄), disodium or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HP0₄ or ₂HP0₄), CHES (N-Cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), boronic acid (borate), TAPS (3-{[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino}propanesulfonic acid), Bicine (N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine), Tris (tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine), Tricine (N- tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine), TAPSO (3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2- hydroxypropanesulfonic Acid), HEPES (4-2-hydroxyethyl-l -piperazineethanesulfonic acid), TES (2-{[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino}ethanesulfonic acid), MOPS (3-(N- 8 morphoIino)propanesulfonic acid), PIPES (piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)), Cacodylate (dimethylarsinic acid), SSC (saline sodium citrate), MES (2-(N- moφholino)ethanesulfonic acid), and Succinic acid (2(R)-2-(methylamino)succinic acid).

[0090] General Procedures

[0091] Grain samples are ground using a mill such that 95% of the sample will pass through a 20-mesh sieve as specified by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) test performance specifications for quantitative test kits. Extractant powder or liquid extractant is then added to the dry ground grain sample. Sample size is typically between 10 grams and 50 grams, the latter is specified by GIPSA. The amount of liquid extractant added would typically be 30 mL to 50 mL for 10 gram samples and 150 mL to 250 mL for 50 gram samples. In cases where the extractant is a powder, between 1 gram and 6 grams of powder is added for 10 gram samples and between 5 grams and 30 grams of powder is added for 50 gram samples. Then distilled water is added at the volumes indicated for liquid extractant. Extractant and grain samples are shaken for 3 min (10 gram samples) or blended for 30 seconds (50 gram samples). The extract is filtered using a syring filter packed with glass wool or through a membrane filter, such as Whatmann filter paper. The extract can then be assayed for mycotoxins using various methods such as laminar flow, ELISA, other

immunoassays, or various analytical methods including spectroscopic and mass spectrometer based assays.

[0092] Experimental Procedure

[0093] Water soluble chemicals were evaluated for their ability to extract mycotoxins from corn and wheat samples containing known amounts of mycotoxin. Mycotoxins extracted included aflatoxin, fumonisin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin. Chemicals evaluated as possible mycotoxin extractants were selected for evaluation based on physical properties including mycotoxin affinity and the ability to promote dissociation of mycotoxins or other interfering components from grain matrices. A variety of surfactants, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, glycerols, and buffers were initially evaluated using existing Reveal® Q+ quantitative lateral flow devices. These evaluations included extraction of reference materials containing mycotoxin near the maximum residue limit (MRL). In addition, grains confirmed to be free of detectable mycotoxin were extracted. Extractants that showed sufficient

differentiation in response for MRL samples versus non-detect grain were further evaluated by extracting several levels of mycotoxins to determine the concentration response curve. A small robustness study was also performed for hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (Cavasol®) extraction of aflatoxin and DON.

[0094] Preliminary Evaluation of Chemicals for Aflatoxin Recovery from Ground Corn

[0095] Initial screening involved extraction of aflatoxin from ground corn using chemicals in water or solutions prepared using Neogen PBS (phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4) packets. Table 1 lists the results obtained for the chemicals that showed some differentiation between ground corn reference material containing 21 ppb aflatoxin and non-detect ground corn.

Although the extractions were not optimized in this preliminary screening evaluation, an indication of aflatoxin recovery was provided by examining the ratio of Reveal® Q+ results for the 21 ppb reference material compared to non-detect corn samples also referred to as signal to noise (S/N). These results indicated gelatin, Stabilzyme Select, cyclodextrin, glycerol, lecithin and non-foaming surfactants were able to recover aflatoxin from ground corn. Stabilzyme contains albumin which has been shown to bind mycotoxins. Further evaluation was necessary to determine how well the materials could recover aflatoxin from ground corn containing several levels of aflatoxin and whether the materials could extract other mycotoxins from ground corn and wheat.

[0096] Cyclodextrins for Mycotoxin Extraction

[0097] Cyclodextrins are cyclical carbohydrates that form a cavity capable of sequestering portions of other molecules and improving their aqueous solubilities. This property has been utilized to help solubilize poorly soluble drugs. Cylodextrins have also been shown to enhance the fluorescence of zearalenone. Figure 1 shows the structure of a-cyclodextrin and includes depictions of the hydrophobic cavity that binds other molecules. The size of the cavity increases with the number of carbohydrates in the ring system. The primary and secondary alcohols can be substituted with various functional groups to alter the hydrophobicity of the cavity and hydrophilicity of the cyclodextrin exterior. This can be useful in tailoring the binding affinity of the cyclodextrin for other molecules. Table 1 lists Reveal® Q+ for Aflatoxin results for several cyclodextrins. β-cylcodextrin and the substituted β-analogs evaluated provided better recoveries of aflatoxin from ground corn than γ-cyclodextrin. Although heptakis (2-6-di-0-methyl)^- cyclodextrin provided the best signal to noise in the preliminary evaluation, low cost raw material is also an important consideration. Standard grade material was not available for heptakis^-cyclodextrin but was available for β-cyclodextrin (Cavamax) and 2-hydroxypropyl-P- cyclodetrin (Cavasol®). The latter two raw materials were further evaluated for recoveries of other mycotoxins.

[0098] Table 1 : Extraction Results for Aflatoxin Reference Material Corn Using Reveal® Q+ Aflatoxin Lateral Flow Devices

Q+ Result for

Q+ Result

21ppb Ratio of

for Non-

Extractant (1% solution Aflatoxin Results Aflatoxin

Detect

in Neogen PBS unless MRM for Extract Dilution

Aflatoxin

stated otherwise) (10g/30mL 21ppb/ND Factor

MRM

Neogen PBS, (S/N)

(10g/30mL)

N=2)

Toximul 8320 20.5 5.1 4.0 2

Ecosurf EH3, 0.0125% 21.8 5.2 4.2 2

Makon TD18 23.4 9.8 2.4 2

Makon 10 31.8 9 3.5 2

Triton CF-32 24.6 6.3 3.9 2

Dissolvine GL47S 24.6 7.9 3.1 2

Betaine 19.5 12.8 1.5 2

Soy Lecithin 20.7 10.4 2.0 2

Ecosurf EH6 22.9 12.9 1.8 2

Makon TSP40 21.3 9.3 2.3 2

Biosoft Nl-3 22.5 6.8 3.3 2

Biosoft EC600 23.5 7.3 3.2 2

Makon DA-4 20.4 8.8 2.3 2

Makon OP-9 26.8 5.3 5.1 2

Stepfac 8170-U 27.5 10.7 2.6 2

[0099] Non-Foaming Surfactants

[00100] Ethoxylate surfactants have repeating ethoxy functionality similar to ethanol. Since ethanol is a good extractant for several mycotoxins the repeating ethoxy functionality could prove useful for aqueous based mycotoxin extraction. Table 2 below lists several commercially available ethoxylate surfactants and other non-foaming surfactants that were evaluated. These surfactants were chosen from an array of surfactants to span a range of moles of ethoxylate (moles EO) and hydrophilic, lipophilic balance (HLB). Moles of ethoxylate and HLB alter aqueous solubility and polarity of the solution which can alter extraction properties. Tables 3A and 3B list Reveal® Q+ for Aflatoxin results for the non-foaming surfactants that were able to extract aflatoxin and other mycotoxins from reference materials. Each entry provides the Reveal® Q+ results for extraction of the mycotoxin at a level near the MRL and a non-detect sample. In addition the signal to noise and extract dilution factor are listed. Of these surfactants, Toximul and Ecosurf EH3 provided good recoveries of zearalenone, aflatoxin, fumonisin and ochratoxin from ground corn and aflatoxin from dry distillers grain (DDG). Ninex MT-630F also had a good profile of mycotoxin recoveries.

[00101] Table 2: Physical properties of several commercially available non-foaming ethoxylate surfactants and other non-foaming surfactants that are evaluated herein

[00102] Table 3A: Additional Reveal® Q+ Results Using Non-Foaming Surfactants to Extract Ground Corn Reference Materials Containing Other Mycotoxins 8

[00103] Table 3B: Additional Reveal® Q+ Results Using Non-Foaming Surfactants to Extract Ground Corn Reference Materials Containing Other Mycotoxins

Afla-DDG

(10.8% EtOH Final

Name Ochra-Corn

Fum-Corn

in Dil) 43.7 ppb extract pre-diluted with (1% sol except (100 mM PBS

(100 mM PBS pH 8) ND extract to achieve ~ 20 ppb. specified) pH 8)

(6 min inc, neutral (35% MeOH)

extract)

21 ppb = 3.4 43.7 ppb = 22.4

Makon 10 ND = 4.1 Not Tested ND = 1.4

(S:N 0.83) (S:N 16) (1 :4 DF)

"20" ppb = 24.5

Ninex MT-

Not Tested Not Tested ND = 3.1

630F (0.5%)

(S:N 7.9) (1 :2 DF)

[00104] Reveal® Q+ Evaluations of the Most Promising Aflatoxin Extractants for Extraction of Other Mycotoxins

[00105] Reveal® Q+ for Aflatoxin AccuScan III results are shown in Figure 2 A for the most promising surfactants and cylcodextrins identified form the preceding studies. Black bars are results obtained for non-detect ground corn and gray bars are results obtained for ground corn reference material containing 19 ppb total aflatoxin. These initial screening results were obtained using the ASIII calibration curve-set parameters supplied with the kit. The first set of bars are the results obtained using the current 65% ethanol based extraction diluted 1 :6 into diluent. The next 3 sets of bars are extraction results for Ninex, EcoSurf and Toximul surfactants at 1% in water with the filtered extract diluted into kit diluent that also contained ethanol. The final ethanol concentration in the diluted filtrate was 10.8% which matched the ethanol amount for extracts that used the 65% ethanol solvent extraction process after it was diluted 1 :6 in diluent. The next 2 sets of bars starting with the bar labelled Aq-Eco-ND are AccuScan III Q+ results for 1.0% and 0.5% EcoSurf in water used as the extractant and diluted into kit diluent without ethanol. That is followed by extraction results for Ninex in water diluted in kit diluent, extraction results for phosphate buffer and finally extraction results for 1% glycerol ethoxylate and 1% β-cyclodextrin in water diluted into kit diluent plus ethanol. Again, the final

concentration of ethanol was 10.8%. The closest results to the ethanol extraction were obtained with Ninex, glycerol ethoxylate and β-cyclodextrin.

[00106] Reveal® Q+ for Zearalenone AccuScan III results are shown in Figure 2B for ground corn reference material containing 194 ppb zearalenone or non-detect ground corn.

Black bars are results obtained for non-detect ground corn and gray bars are results obtained for ground corn reference material containing 194 ppb zearalenone. These initial screening results were obtained using the ASIII calibration curve-set parameters supplied with the kit. All the extractants provided good recovery of zearalenone. Although the amount of zearalenone was elevated for the non-detect samples, those results were based on the existing solvent based calibration curve. The non-detect bias would be corrected with a curve set established using the aqueous based extractant.

[00107] Reveal® Q+ for Fumonisin AccuScan III results are shown in Figure 2C for ground corn reference material containing 5 ppm total fumonisin or non-detect ground corn. Black bars are results obtained for non-detect ground corn and gray bars are results obtained for ground corn reference material containing 5 ppm total fumonisin. These initial screening results were obtained using the ASIII calibration curve-set parameters supplied with the kit. Non-detect samples were within specification even with the existing solvent based calibration curve. All the extractants shown in Figure 2C provided good recoveries of total fumonisin, but results were elevated for glycerol ethoxylate and β-cyclodextrin compared to HPLC determined levels.

Establishing a calibration curve with the latter extractants would be expected to correct the bias from the solvent based calibration.

[00108] Reveal® Q+ for Ochratoxin AccuScan III results are shown in Figure 2D for ground com reference material containing 20 ppb Ochratoxin or non-detect ground com. Black bars are results obtained for non-detect ground com and gray bars are results obtained for ground com reference material containing 20 ppb Ochratoxin. These initial screening results were obtained using the ASIII calibration curve-set parameters supplied with the kit. All the extractions were diluted into kit diluent containing 23% methanol. Methanol was needed in the diluent for the current lateral flow devices to keep the non-detect levels within specification using the existing solvent based calibration curve. The surfactants provided good recoveries of ochratoxin, while the results for glycerol ethoxylate and b-cyclodextrin were low but based on the supplied solvent based calibration.

[00109] Results for phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 plus 137 mM sodium chloride were included in Figure 2 based on results obtained for fumonisin and ochratoxin. Figures 3A-E shows the structures for the mycotoxins involved in these studies. Fumonisin and ochratoxin contain carboxylic acids capable of forming salts at basic pH. Salts of weak acids are known to improve aqueous solubilities. Phosphate /NaCl buffer pH 8.0 provided respectable recoveries of the mycotoxins including fumonisin and ochratoxin. Phosphate NaCl buffer, pH 8 was then used as the base formulation to which the other promising extractants, ethoxylate surfactants and cyclodextrins, were added for evaluation of mycotoxin recoveries.

[00110] Figure 4 shows the results obtained for fumonisin extractions from ground corn reference materials using several different cyclodextrins in PBS, pH 8.0 as the extractant. These initial screening results were obtained using the ASIII calibration curve-set parameters supplied with the kit and extracts diluted into Q+ fumonisin diluent. Although the recoveries were greater than expected for the cyclodextrins the dilution could be adjusted to align the results to expected or a calibration curve set using cyclodextrin extractions. Cyclodextrins recovered fumonisin better than PBS alone and about equivalent recoveries were obtained with hydroxypropyl β- cyclodextrin from Ashland Chemical Co. (HP β-CD-Ash), β-cyclodextrin from Wacker

Chemical Co. (β-CD-Wack) and methyl^-cyclodextrin from Sigma Chemical Co.

β-cyclodextrin from Roquette Chemical Co. with 10% glycerol ethoxylate ^-CD...ProtG26) added to the diluent did not recover fumonisin as well as the other cyclodextrins without glycerol ethoxylate in the diluent.

[00111] Aqueous Based Extraction of Mycotoxin Reference Material Containing Multiple Concentrations of Mycotoxin

[00112] While the non-foaming surfactants like Ninex MT-630F, EcoSurf EH-3 and Toximul had good recoveries of aflatoxin, fumonisin, zearalenone and ochratoxin, these surfactants are sold in large bulk quantities. Ninex is a special order product from Stepan Chemical Co. where it is sold in orders of 7500 pounds or greater and distributors did not carry the product. EcoSurf EH-3 is made by Dow Chemical Co. and distributed by Univar USA where the product is sold in a 435 pound drum at $2.25/lb. Finally, Toximul is also a special order surfactant made by Stepan Chemical. Each of these is also supplied as a liquid and a dry powder that could be added directly to grain for extraction was the preferred material. Since the surfactants were liquids and given their supply challenges, standard grade hydroxypropyl- cyclodextrin (trade name, Cavasol®) made by Wacker Chemical Co. and distributed by Brentagg Solutions in 10 kg lots ($542 for 10 kg) was selected for further evaluation with Reveal® Col^¬ lateral flow devices and Veratox ELISA.

[00113] Shown in Figures 5A-C are Reveal® Q+ for Aflatoxin test and control line intensities and ratios of test to control line for seven different extractions of ground corn reference material containing 104.7, 52.4, 26.2, 13.1 , 6.6, 3.3 ppb and non-detect aflatoxin. The 52.4 ppb dilution was prepared by 50:50 mixing the 104.7 ppb reference material with non-detect ground corn. The other serial dilutions were prepared mixing the diluted grain 50:50 with non- detect ground. Four different operators prepared grain samples using this procedure and extracted the samples using 2.6 g of Cavasol® / PBS, pH 8.0 with 10 g of sample and 50.0 mL of Type 1 water. The solution was shaken for 3 min, filtered through a syringe filter, and then 0.6 mL of filtered extract was diluted into 0.6 mL of kit diluent. One of the operators did extractions on three different days. Test line intensity decreased and control line intensity increased with increasing aflatoxin concentration as expected (Figure 5 A and 5B). The mean ratio of test to control line is shown in Figure 5C along with one-standard deviation error bars. The precision of the results was good and quantitated amounts of aflatoxin were within the Grain Inspection, Packers & Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) acceptable ranges (Table 4) for all the data sets even when the curve sets for the data from the extremes were used to analyze the other data.

[00114] Table 4: Reveal® Q+ for Aflatoxin Results for Cavasol® / PBS, pH 8.0

Extractions of Ground Corn Reference Material

Mean

Expected Observed % Passing

ppb ppb SD cv GIPSA

ND 1.9 0.50 26% 100%

3.3 3.8 0.46 12% 100%

6.6 6.4 0.74 11% 100%

13.1 12.0 1.59 13% 100%

26.2 25.2 2.00 8% 100%

52.4 56.7 4.04 7% 98%

104.7 102.5 14.82 14% 100%

[00115] Shown in Figures 6A-C are Reveal® Q+ for DON test and control line intensities and ratios of test to control line for seven different extractions of ground wheat reference material containing 4.8, 3.6, 2.4, 1.2, 0.6 ppm and non-detect DON. The 3.6 ppm dilution was prepared by 75:25 mixing the 4.8 ppm reference material with non-detect ground wheat. The other serial dilutions were prepared by 50:50 mixing the 4.8 ppm reference material with non- detect ground. Four different operators prepared grain samples using this procedure and extracted the samples using 2.6 g of Cavasol® / PBS, pH 8.0 with 10 g of sample and 50.0 mL of Type 1 water. The solution was shaken for 3 min, filtered through a syringe filter, and then 50 μί, of filtered extract was diluted into 1.5 mL of kit diluent. Test line intensity decreased and control line intensity increased with increasing DON concentration as expected (Figure 6A and 6B). The ratio of test to control line is shown in Figure 6C along with one-standard deviation error bars. The precision of the results was good and quantitated amounts of DON were within GIPS A acceptable ranges (Table 5) for all the data sets even when the curve sets for the data from the extremes were used to analyze the other data.

[00116] Table 5: Reveal® Q+ for DON Results for Cavasol® / PBS, pH 8.0 Extractions of Ground Wheat Reference Material

Mean

:pected Observed % Passing

ppm ppm SD cv GIPSA

ND 0.1 0.03 29% 100%

0.6 0.6 0.06 11% 100%

1.2 1.2 0.09 7% 100%

2.4 2.4 0.09 4% 100%

3.6 3.7 0.13 4% 100%

4.8 4.7 0.14 3% 100%

[00117] Calibration curve-sets were also established for Fumonisin, Zearalenone and Ochratoxin using Cavasol® / PBS, pH 8.0 as the extractant for ground corn reference materials. Calibration curve sets for Cavasol® extractions of these mycotoxins are shown in Figures 7, 8, and 9, respectively. For each of these extractions, 2.6 g of Cavasol® / PBS, pH 8.0 was added to 10 g of ground corn and then 50 mL of Type 1 water was added. The solution was shaken for 3 min, filtered through a syringe filter, and then the filtered extract added to kit diluent. The dilution was dependent on the mycotoxin. Reveal® Q+ devices were placed in 100 μΐ^, of the diluted extract, developed and the data acquired on AccuScan Gold readers.

[00118] A summary of results for Cavasol® extractions of mycotoxins using the

AccuScan Gold reader is provided in Table 6A. The last 2 columns in Table 6A compare the overall dilution of the current Reveal ® Q+ extraction methods and the Cavasol® extraction. The total dilution for aflatoxin and ochratoxin extractions with Cavasol® were the same at 1 :10, but less dilution was necessary compared to the current solvent extractions. Total dilution for fumonisin, zearalenone were similar at 1 :40 and 1 :35, but greater dilution was required than for the solvent extractions. Dilution for DON was significantly greater than the other toxins for both the Cavasol® and current water extractions. [00119] Table 6B provides a summary of the average test and control line intensities for non-detect samples and samples containing mycotoxin at the high end of the calibration range. The last column of the table provides the dynamic range of the Cavasol® extractions for each mycotoxin. Greater dynamic range provides greater resolution between samples at the high range of the calibration and non-detect samples; this can also be useful for discriminating intermediate levels of mycotoxin.

[00120] Tables 6A and 6B: Summary of Calibration Curve Set Results for Cavasol® Extraction of Mycotoxins

Table 6A

Table 6B

[00121] Extraction of Specific Mycotoxins with Carbohydrates

[00122] Tables 7-19 provide the results of the extraction of the mycotoxins aflatoxin, zearalenone, fumonisin , and ochratoxin from ground corn with compositions comprising various extractants.

[00123] Table 7: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing aflatoxin (non-detect (control) & 18.7 ppb) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 1% nanofibrillated cellulose (diluent = aflatoxin + 21.66% EtOH).

ND 1% Nanofibrillated Cellulose 2.2 2.2

18.7

ppb 1% Nanofibrillated Cellulose 12.6 12.6 12.6

[00124] Table 8: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing anatoxin (non-detect (control) & 18.7 ppb) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 1% nanofibrillated cellulose (diluent = a atoxin only).

[00125] Table 9: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing zearalenone (194.9 ppb and <5.0 ppb) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 1% nanofibrillated cellulose or 1% D-Sorbitol in MQ water.

[00126] Table 10: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing fumonisin (ND & 4.2 ppm) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 1% nanofibrillated cellulose or 1% D-Sorbitol. Diluent included 32.5% ethanol.

[00127] Table 11: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing ochratoxin (ND & 43.7 ppb) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 1% nanofibrillated cellulose, 1% D-Sorbitol, or buffer alone. Diluent included 38.5% methanol.

[00128] Table 12: Provides the results for 10 grams of ground corn containing 21 ppb aflatoxin extracted with 30.0 mL of 1 % 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose.

[00129] Table 13: Provides the results for 10 grams of ground corn containing 21 ppb aflatoxin extracted with 30 mL of 1% D-Sorbitol.

[00130] Table 14: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing aflotoxin (ND & 17.8 ppb) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 3% Neosorb-D-Sorbitol in MQ water only (200 μΐ filtrate in 400 Aflatoxin diluent).

ND 3% Neosorb-D-Sorbitol 1 1 .2 0.4

21 .0

3% Neosorb-D-Sorbitol

ppb 19.3 1 .1

[00131] Table 15: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing aflotoxin (7 levels) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 3% Neosorb-D-Sorbitol in MQ water with 10% Phoenoxol G-26 (600 μΐ filtrate in 1200 μΐ, Aflatoxin diluent).

[00132] Table 16: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing aflatoxin (ND & 18.7 ppb) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 1% D-sorbitol - 200 filtrate in 200 μί diluent.

[00133] Table 17: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing aflatoxin (ND, 17.8 and 109.7 ppb) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 3 %Neosorb-D-Sorbitol with 10% Protachem G-26 (200 filtrate in 200 μΐ. aflatoxin diluent).

[00134] Table 18: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing aflatoxin (ND, 17.8 and 109.7 ppb) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 3% Neosorb-D-Sorbitol with 10% Protachem G-26 (200 μΐ. filtrate in 400 μΐ, aflatoxin diluent).

[00135] Table 19: provides the results of an experiment where 10 grams of ground corn containing zeorelenone (ND and 194.9 ppb) was extracted with 30.0 mL of a composition containing 1%-D-Sorbitol (100 μΐ, filtrate in 300 μΙ_ or 600 μΐ. diluent).

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

[00136] All publications and patents referred to in this disclosure are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Should the meaning of the terms in any of the patents or publications incorporated by reference conflict with the meaning of the terms used in this disclosure, the meaning of the terms in this disclosure are intended to be controlling. Furthermore, the foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion and from the accompanying drawings and claims, that various changes, modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of extracting one or more mycotoxins from foodstuffs, comprising contacting said foodstuffs with a fully aqueous composition comprising a cyclodextrin, polyol, non- foaming surfactant, or a carbohydrate.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous composition comprises a

carbohydrate.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, and sucrose.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the carbohydrate is sucrose.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the carbohydrate is cellulose.

6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous composition comprises a polyol.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the polyol is selected from maltitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, and isomalt.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the polyol is sorbitol.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the polyol is D-sorbitol.

10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous composition comprises a non- foaming surfactant.

1 1. The method according to claim 10, wherein the non-foaming surfactant is selected from Butylpolyalkylene oxide block copolymer, alkyl ethoxylate, Tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate, Nonylphenol ethoxylate, Octylphenol ethoxylate, Tristyrylphenol ethoxylate,

Decylalcohol ethoxylate, Alkylphenol alkoxylate, Alcohol ethoxylate, Alcohol ethoxylate, Ethoxylate phosphate ester, a-(4-Nonylphenyl)-a>-hydroxy-poly(oxy-l,2- ethanediyl), Fatty acid ethoxylate, and Triton CF-32.

12. The method according to claim 1 1 , wherein the non-foaming surfactant is selected from Butylpolyalkylene oxide block copolymer, alkyl ethoxylate, and Fatty acid ethoxylate.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous composition comprises a

cyclodextrin.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the aqueous composition further comprises a buffer.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the buffer is a phosphate buffer.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the aqueous composition comprises:

a. 1 -15 g/L of sodium chloride NaCl);

b. 5-20 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

c. 0.1-2.0 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and

d. 10-150 g/L of a cyclodextrin.

17. The method according to any one of claims 13-16, wherein the cyclodextrin is an alpha, beta, or gamma cyclodextrin

I

wherein

n is 6, 7, or 8;

each R is independently hydrogen or a substituent having the formula A -E— OH .

A

wherein each E is independently selected from C|.₈ aliphatic, Ci_-8 cycloaliphatic, and Ci_-8 heterocycloaliphatic, or combinations thereof; and

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein n is 7.

19. The method according to claim 17 or claim 18, wherein an exemplary sample of the cyclodextrin of formula I possesses, on average, 3 - 6 substituents of formula A per cyclodextrin molecule.

20. The method according to any one of claims 17-19, wherein an exemplary sample of the cyclodextrin of formula I possesses, on average, 4.1 - 5.1 substituents of formula A per cyclodextrin molecule.

21. The method according to any one of claims 17-20, wherein each E is C|.₈ alkyl.

22. The method according to any one of claims 17-21, wherein each E is independently

23. The method according to any one of claims 17-22, wherein each E is isopropylene.

24. The method according to any one of claims 17-23, wherein the substituent having the formula A is

25. The method according to any one of claims 13-24, wherein the cyclodextrin is a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

26. The method according to any one of claims 16-25, wherein the sodium chloride is present in an amount of 6-10 g/L.

27. The method according to any one of claims 16-26, wherein the sodium chloride is present in an amount of about 8 g/L.

28. The method according to any one of claims 16-27, wherein the disodium phosphate is present in an amount of 10-16 g L.

29. The method according to any one of claims 16-28, wherein the disodium phosphate is present in an amount of about 13.8 g/L.

30. The method according to any one of claims 16-29, wherein the sodium dihydrogen

phosphate is present in an amount of 0.35-0.70 g/L.

31. The method according to any one of claims 16-30, wherein the sodium dihydrogen

phosphate is present in an amount of about 0.51 g/L.

32. The method according to any one of claims 16-31 , wherein the cyclodextrin is present in an amount of 20-40 g/L.

33. The method according to any one of claims 16-32, wherein the cyclodextrin is present in an amount of about 30 g/L. The method according to any one of claims 16-33, wherein the aqueous composition comprises:

a. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

b. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

c. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and d. about 30 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

35. The method according to any one of claims 16-33, wherein the aqueous composition consists essentially of:

a. water;

b. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

c. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

d. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and e. about 30 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

36. The method according to any one of claims 16-33, wherein the aqueous composition comprises:

a. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

b. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

c. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and d. about 120 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

The method according to any one of claims 16-33, wherein the aqueous composition consists essentially of:

a. water;

b. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

c. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

d. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and e. about 120 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. The method according to any one of claims 1-37, wherein the foodstuff is a grain.

39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the grain is selected from barley, corn, fonio, kamut, millet, oats, popcorn, rice, rye, sorghum, spelt, teff, triticale, wheat, dry distiller grain, and corn gluten meal.

40. The method according to claim 39, wherein the grain is selected from corn, barley, wheat, and rice.

41. The method according to any one of claims 1-40, wherein the mycotoxin is selected from aflatoxin, ochratoxin, fumonisin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, T2 toxin, and ergot toxin.

42. The method according to claim 41 , wherein the mycotoxin is selected from fumonisin, aflatoxin, zearalenone, and ochratoxin.

43. The method according to any one of claims 1-42, wherein the method comprises the steps of:

a) contacting the foodstuff with the composition;

44. An aqueous composition comprising:

a. 1 -15 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

b. 5-20 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

c. 0.1 -2.0 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and

d. 10-150 g/L of a cyclodextrin.

45. The composition according to claim 44, wherein the cyclodextrin is an alpha, beta, or gamma cyclodextrin of formula I

I

wherein

n is 6, 7, or 8;

each R is independently hydrogen or a substituent having the formula A

A

wherein each E is independently selected from C|_-8 aliphatic, Ci.g cycloaliphatic, and Ci.g heterocycloaliphatic, or combinations thereof; and

The composition according to claim 45, wherein

47. The composition according to claim 45 or claim 46, wherein an exemplary sample of the cyclodextrin of formula I possesses, on average, 3 - 6 substituents of formula A per cyclodextrin molecule.

48. The composition according to any one of claims 45-47, wherein an exemplary sample of the cyclodextrin of formula I possesses, on average, 4.1 - 5.1 substituents of formula A per cyclodextrin molecule.

49. The composition according to any one of claims 45-48, wherein each E is Ci_-8 alkyl. The composition according to any one of claims 45-49, wherein each E is independently selected from methylene, ethylene, n-pro lethylene,

The composition according to any one of claims 45-50, wherein each E is isopropylene.

The composition according to any one of claims 45-51 , wherein substituent having the formula A is

The composition according to any one of claims 44-52, wherein the cyclodextrin is a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

The composition according to any one of claims 44-53, wherein the sodium chloride is present in an amount of 6-10 g/L.

The composition according to any one of claims 44-54, wherein the sodium chloride is present in an amount of about 8 g/L.

The composition according to any one of claims 44-55, wherein the disodium phosphate is present in an amount of 10-16 g/L.

The composition according to any one of claims 44-56, wherein the disodium phosphate is present in an amount of about 13.8 g/L.

The composition according to any one of claims 44-57, wherein the sodium dihydi phosphate is present in an amount of 0.35-0.70 g/L.

59. The composition according to any one of claims 44-58, wherein the sodium dihydrogen phosphate is present in an amount of about 0.51 g/L.

60. The composition according to any one of claims 44-59, wherein the cyclodextrin is

present in an amount of 20-40 g/L.

61. The composition according to any one of claims 44-60, wherein the cyclodextrin is

present in an amount of about 30 g/L.

62. The aqueous composition according to any one of claims 44-61 , wherein the composition comprises:

a. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

b. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

c. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate ( aFfePC ); and

d. about 30 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

63. The aqueous composition according to any one of claims 44-61 , wherein the composition consists essentially of:

a. water;

b. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

c. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

d. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and

e. about 30 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

64. The aqueous composition according to any one of claims 44-61 , wherein the composition comprises:

a. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

b. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

c. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and

d. about 120 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

65. The aqueous composition according to any one of claims 44-61 , wherein the composition consists essentially of:

a. water;

b. about 8 g/L of sodium chloride (NaCl);

c. about 13.8 g/L of disodium phosphate (Na₂HP0₄);

d. about 0.51 g/L of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂P0₄); and

e. about 120 g/L of a standard grade hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

66. A pack or kit comprising

a. a composition according to any one of claims 37-56;

c. instructions for extracting mycotoxins from a sample of foodstuff with said