WO2016089176A1 - 양극 활물질, 이의 제조방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 - Google Patents
양극 활물질, 이의 제조방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016089176A1 WO2016089176A1 PCT/KR2015/013265 KR2015013265W WO2016089176A1 WO 2016089176 A1 WO2016089176 A1 WO 2016089176A1 KR 2015013265 W KR2015013265 W KR 2015013265W WO 2016089176 A1 WO2016089176 A1 WO 2016089176A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material, a method of manufacturing the same, and a lithium secondary battery including the same.
- Lithium secondary batteries have been widely used as power sources for portable devices since they emerged in 1991 as small, light and large capacity batteries. Recently, with the rapid development of electronics, telecommunications, and computer industry, camcorders, mobile phones, notebook PCs, etc. have emerged and are developing remarkably, and the demand for lithium secondary battery is increasing day by day as a power source to drive these portable electronic information communication devices. Doing.
- Lithium secondary batteries have a problem in that their lifespan drops rapidly as they are repeatedly charged and discharged. In particular, this problem is more serious under high temperature or high voltage. This is because of the phenomenon caused by decomposition of the electrolyte or deterioration of the active material due to moisture or other influences inside the battery, and increase of the internal resistance of the battery.
- LiCoO 2 having a layered structure. LiCoO 2 is most commonly used due to its excellent lifespan characteristics and charge and discharge efficiency. However, LiCoO 2 has a low structural stability and thus is not applicable to high capacity technology of batteries.
- LiNiO 2 LiNiO 2
- LiMnO 2 LiMn 2 O 4
- LiFePO 4 Li (Ni x CoyMnz) O 2
- LiNiO 2 has the advantage of exhibiting battery characteristics of high discharge capacity, but the synthesis is difficult by a simple solid phase reaction, there is a problem of low thermal stability and low cycle characteristics.
- lithium manganese oxides such as LiMnO 2 or LiMn 2 O 4 have advantages in that they are excellent in thermal safety and inexpensive, but have a small capacity and low temperature characteristics.
- LiMn 2 O 4 but a part merchandising products to low cost, since the Mn + 3 structure modification (Jahn-Teller distortion) due to the not good life property.
- LiFePO 4 has a low price and excellent safety, and a lot of research is being made for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), but it is difficult to apply to other fields due to low conductivity.
- Li (NixCoyMnz) O 2 is the most recently attracting attention as an alternative cathode active material for LiCoO 2 .
- X, y, and z are atomic fractions of independent oxide composition elements, respectively, where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1, and 0 ⁇ x + y + z ⁇ 1.
- This material is cheaper than LiCoO 2 and has advantages in that it can be used for high capacity and high voltage, but has a disadvantage in that the rate capability and the service life at high temperature are poor.
- the positive electrode active material is formed by doping a material such as Al, Ti, Sn, Ag, or Zn into the positive electrode active material, or by dry or wet coating a conductive metal on the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material is doped, since the doped material is present at a uniform concentration in the positive electrode active material, the structural stability of the positive electrode active material is improved, but there is a problem that the capacity is lowered.
- the first technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to uniformly convert the lithium composite metal oxide present on the surface of the positive electrode active material particles into a metal constituting the ceramic ion conductor by using a nanosol of a ceramic ion conductor having lithium ion conductivity. It is to provide a method for producing a positive electrode active material having improved structural stability, and can improve battery characteristics such as minimizing capacity reduction and improving cycle characteristics when applying the battery.
- the second technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a cathode active material which is manufactured by the above manufacturing method, has improved structural stability, thereby improving the capacity, rate characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery. will be.
- the third technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a positive electrode including the positive electrode active material.
- the fourth technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery, a battery module and a battery pack including the positive electrode.
- the precursor of the metal for the positive electrode active material with the nano-sol of the ceramic ion conductor, adsorbing the nano-sol of the ceramic ion conductor on the precursor surface, and
- the nano-sol adsorbed precursor of the ceramic ion conductor is mixed with a lithium raw material and then heat-treated to include lithium composite metal oxide particles, and the lithium composite metal oxide present on the particle surface side of the lithium composite metal oxide is It provides a method for producing a positive electrode active material comprising the step of preparing a positive electrode active material doped with a metal element of the ceramic ion conductor.
- the lithium composite metal oxide prepared by the manufacturing method including lithium composite metal oxide particles, present on the surface side of the lithium composite metal oxide particles is the ceramic-based ion
- a cathode active material doped with a metal element of a conductor is provided.
- a cathode including the cathode active material is provided.
- a lithium secondary battery a battery module, and a battery pack including the positive electrode.
- a method of manufacturing a positive electrode active material includes a metal element constituting a ceramic ion conductor using a nanosol of a ceramic ion conductor having lithium ion conductivity in manufacturing a positive electrode active material including a lithium composite metal oxide.
- Figure 2 shows the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) results of the nano-sol of the ceramic ion conductor prepared in Preparation Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the capacity characteristics of the lithium secondary batteries prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-6 and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-3 of the present invention.
- step 1 Admixing the precursor of the metal for the positive electrode active material with the nanosol of the ceramic ion conductor to adsorb the nanosol of the ceramic ion conductor onto the precursor surface (step 1), and
- the nano-sol adsorbed precursor of the ceramic ion conductor is mixed with a lithium raw material and then heat-treated to include lithium composite metal oxide particles, and the lithium composite metal oxide present on the particle surface side of the lithium composite metal oxide is A step (step 2) of preparing a positive electrode active material doped with a metal element of the ceramic-based ion conductor.
- step 1 is a precursor of a metal for a positive electrode active material, a metal-containing hydroxide for a positive electrode active material nanosol and a solvent of a ceramic ion conductor Mixing in the step of preparing a precursor in which the nano-sol of the ceramic ion conductor is adsorbed on the surface.
- the ceramic ion conductor may specifically include at least one of an ion conductive ceramic and a metal ceramic.
- the ion conductive ceramics are Y, Ca, Ni, such as yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ ) , calcia stabilized zirconia (CSZ), scandia-stabilized zirconia (SSZ), and the like.
- YSZ yttria stabilized zirconia
- CSZ calcia stabilized zirconia
- SSZ scandia-stabilized zirconia
- ZrO 2 zirconia
- GDC gadolinia doped ceria
- SDC samarium doped ceria
- YDC yttria-doped ceria
- LSGM Lanthanum strontium gallate magnesite
- LSM lanthanum strontium manganite
- LSCF lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite
- the YSZ is a ceramic material made of zirconium oxide (zirconia) added with yttrium oxide (yttria) to be stable at room temperature.
- the YSZ may be part of the yttria is added by being Zr 4 + ions to be substituted for the zirconia are Y 3+. This is replaced by three O 2 ions instead of four O 2 ions, resulting in oxygen vacancy. Because of this oxygen deficiency, YSZ has O 2 -ion conductivity, and the higher the temperature, the better the conductivity.
- YSZ is Zr (1-x) Y x O 2 -x / 2 , where 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.30, and more specifically 0.08 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.10.
- normal temperature means the temperature range in 23 +/- 5 degreeC unless it is specifically defined.
- the CSZ is a ceramic material made by adding calcium oxide (calcia) to zirconium oxide (zirconia) to be stable at room temperature. By adding calcia, the thermal stability of zirconia can be improved.
- the CSZ is a mixed state of a cubic crystal structure and a tetragonal crystal structure. The tetragonal crystal structure changes to a cubic crystal structure when the temperature rises, and changes to a tetragonal crystal structure when the temperature decreases. In this process, the expansion and contraction of the volume may be repeated.
- the SSZ is a ceramic material which is stabilized at room temperature by adding scandium oxide (Scandia) to zirconium oxide (zirconia), and specifically, (ZrO 2 ) 1-2x (Sc 2 O 3 ) x , (ZrO 2 ) 1-2x (Sc 2 O) 3x- z (Y 2 O 3) z , or (ZrO 2) 1-2x- z (Sc 2 O 3) x (CeO 2) z ( wherein, 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2, 0.01 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.1).
- Scandia scandium oxide
- zirconia zirconium oxide
- GDC is ceria doped with gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 O 3 ), and has high ion conductivity like LSGM. Specifically Gd 0 . 1 Ce 0 . 9 O 1 .95 and the like.
- the LSGM is a lanthanum-strontium-gallium-magnesium oxide doped with Sr and Mg to have high lithium ion conductivity, and specifically, (La x Sr 1 -x ) (Ga y Mg 1 -y ) O 3-.
- ⁇ (0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0.05 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, and ⁇ may be defined as a value meaning a small deviation from perfect stoichiometry) and the like.
- the LSM is a lanthanum manganate doped with Sr in LaMnO 3 and has a manganese-based perovskite structure.
- LaSrMnO or La (1-x) Sr x MnO 3 (0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3) or La (1-y) Sr y Mn z O 3 - ⁇ (0.05 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0.95 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.15 , ⁇ can be defined as a value meaning a small deviation from the ideal stoichiometry).
- LSCF is a lanthanum ferrite doped with Sr and Co in LaFeO 3 , and is stable at high temperature and has high ion conductivity.
- the metal ceramic is produced by mixing and sintering the ceramic and the metal powder, and has both the characteristics of a ceramic having high heat resistance and hardness, and a metal having plastic deformation or electrical conductivity.
- the ceramic may be the ion conductive ceramic described above, and the metal may be nickel, molybdenum, cobalt, or the like. More specifically, the metal ceramic may be a cermet such as nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia cermet (Ni-YSZ cermet).
- the ceramic ion conductor may have a single phase.
- the ceramic ion conductor is specifically YSZ, GDC, LSGM, It may include any one or two or more mixtures selected from the group consisting of LSM, CSZ, SSZ and Ni-YSZ, more specifically any one or two selected from the group consisting of YSZ, GDC, LSGM, SSZ and CSZ It may be to include a mixture of the above.
- the ceramic ion conductor may include YSZ, and the YSZ is Zr (1-x) Y x O 2 -x / 2 ( At this time, 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.30, and more specifically 0.08 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.10).
- the ceramic ion conductor may be to include SSZ, (ZrO 2) 1- 2x (Sc 2 O 3) x, (ZrO 2 ) 1-2x (Sc 2 O) 3x-z (Y 2 O 3 ) z , (ZrO 2 ) 1-2x- z (Sc 2 O 3 ) x (CeO 2 ) z (0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2, 0.01 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.1) and mixtures thereof, and may include SSZ selected from the group consisting of a mixture thereof.
- the ceramic ion conductor has a CaO content in the total weight of CSZ of 1 mol% to 20 mol%, more specifically, 2 mol% to 17 mol%. It may be to include a CSZ.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the ceramic ion conductor may be 1 nm to 100 nm. When having an average particle diameter within the above range, uniform dispersion in the sol is possible. More specifically, the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the ceramic ion conductor may be 1 nm to 50 nm, and more specifically 1 nm to 5 nm.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the ceramic ion conductor may be defined as the particle size based on 50% of the particle size distribution.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the particles according to an embodiment of the present invention can be measured using, for example, a laser diffraction method.
- the laser diffraction method can measure the particle diameter of several mm from the submicron region, and high reproducibility and high resolution can be obtained.
- the method for measuring the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the YSZ is introduced into a commercially available laser diffraction particle size measuring apparatus (eg, Microtrac MT 3000) for nanosols of YSZ, and outputs ultrasonic waves of about 28 kHz. was irradiated with W, it is possible to calculate the average particle diameter (D 50) of from 50% based on the particle size distribution of the measuring device.
- a commercially available laser diffraction particle size measuring apparatus eg, Microtrac MT 3000
- the nano-sol of the ceramic ion conductor is the content of the ceramic ion conductor-derived metal element doped to the lithium transition metal oxide in the positive electrode active material to be finally produced Depending on the amount of use can be appropriately selected.
- the nano-sol of the ceramic ion conductor, the content of the ceramic ion conductor-derived metal in the final positive electrode active material is 50ppm to 300,000ppm, more specifically 100ppm to 10,000ppm relative to the total weight of the positive electrode active material It may be used in an amount as much as possible.
- the nano-sol of the ceramic-based ion conductor is dissolved in the glycol-based solvent by forming a precursor of the metal for forming a ceramic-based ion conductor, followed by the addition of water to the hydroxide Can be manufactured
- the ceramic ion conductor is crystalline, it does not exhibit lithium ion conductivity and has very low reactivity with lithium. Therefore, uniform doping hardly occurs when doping the surface of the active material.
- a hydroxide-based ceramic type having a nano-scale particle size and amorphous, having a hydroxyl group on the surface An ion conductor is formed.
- Such a ceramic ion conductor not only exhibits lithium ion conductivity per se, but also has excellent reactivity with lithium, and enables uniform and efficient doping with respect to the lithium composite metal oxide in the final active material.
- the glycol-based solvent that can be used in the preparation of the nanosol is a dihydric alcohol having two hydroxyl groups in the molecule, and specifically, may be ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, and any one of them. Or mixtures of two or more may be used.
- the metal-containing compound for forming the ceramic ion conductor specifically, hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, alkoxide, carbonate, acetate, oxalate, citrate, nitrate, nitride, Sulfates, sulfides, halides or hydrates thereof, and the like, and any one or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- the metal for forming the ceramic ion conductor may be a metal constituting the ceramic ion conductor, specifically, rare earth elements such as Y, Sc, Gd, Sm, Ce, or La; And one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Zr, or alkaline earth metal elements such as Ca, Mg, or Sr; Transition metals such as Mg, Co or Fe; And a mixed element with one or more elements selected from the group consisting of post-transition metals such as Ga.
- the precursors of YSZ include zirconium dinitrate dihydrate (ZrO (NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O) as a Zr-containing raw material and yttrium nitrate hexahydrate Y (NO 3 ) 3 ⁇ 6H as a Y-containing raw material. 2 O can be used.
- additives such as a chelating agent, a pH adjusting agent or a dispersing agent are further added to increase the solubility of the precursor of the metal for forming the ceramic ion conductor and to increase the dispersibility of the ceramic ion conductor to be manufactured.
- a chelating agent such as sodium EDTA
- a pH adjusting agent such as sodium bicarbonate
- a dispersing agent is further added to increase the solubility of the precursor of the metal for forming the ceramic ion conductor and to increase the dispersibility of the ceramic ion conductor to be manufactured.
- the pH adjusting agent may be an organic acid such as acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, or formic acid, or a basic compound such as ammonia, and may be included in an amount such that the pH of the nanosol is 6.5 to 8.
- the dispersant may be a polymer dispersant or a surfactant in detail, and may be included in an amount of 1 part by weight or less, or 0.1 to 0.5 part by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the ceramic ion conductor.
- a stirring or heat treatment process may be optionally further performed to increase the solubility.
- the stirring may be performed according to a conventional mixing process.
- the heat treatment process may be carried out at a temperature of 120 °C or more below the boiling point of the glycol solvent, specifically 120 °C to 300 °C, more specifically 120 °C to 200 °C, even more specifically 120 °C to It may be carried out at 180 °C.
- a cooling process may be further performed as necessary.
- the cooling process may be performed according to a conventional method such as natural cooling or cold wind cooling.
- an amorphous ceramic-based ion conductor at the nanoparticle level is generated by the reaction between the precursors.
- a hydroxide process using water may be performed on the resulting reactant containing ceramic ion conductor.
- a mixed solvent of a solvent containing water and a hydroxyl group may be used, and the hydroxyl group-containing solvent may be specifically an alcohol (eg, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, etc.), or a polyol (eg, ethylene glycol).
- an alcohol eg, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, etc.
- a polyol eg, ethylene glycol
- Propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, butane diol, glycerin, etc. Propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, butane diol, glycerin, etc.
- the hydroxide process may exhibit excellent reactivity with respect to lithium by bonding water molecules to the ceramic ion conductor, and uniform and efficient doping with respect to the lithium composite metal oxide in the active material to be finally manufactured.
- nano sol of any one or two or more mixed metals selected from the group consisting of molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) may be further used.
- the metals may be doped into the lithium composite metal oxide present on the surface of the final cathode active material, thereby further improving the structural stability of the cathode active material.
- Such metal nanosol may be appropriately selected according to the amount of the metal doped in the lithium composite metal oxide in the positive electrode active material to be finally prepared.
- the nano sol of the metal in an amount such that the content of the nano sol-derived metal of the metal in the final cathode active material is 50ppm to 300,000ppm, more specifically 100ppm to 10,000ppm relative to the total weight of the cathode active material Can be used.
- the nanosol of the metal may be prepared by dissolving and reacting a precursor of a metal in a glycol solvent to prepare a metal nanosol, and then adding water to hydrate the same as in the preparation of the nanosol of the ceramic ion conductor. .
- Precursors of the metal are aluminum (Al), niobium (Nb), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn). It may be a compound including any one or two or more mixed metals selected from the group consisting of. Specifically, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, alkoxides, carbonates, acetates, oxalates, citrates, nitrates, nitrides, sulfates, sulfides, halides or hydrates thereof, and the like, or any one or a mixture of two or more thereof. This can be used.
- the precursor of the metal for the cathode active material reacting with the nanosol is a lithium composite metal oxide capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium.
- the metal-containing hydroxide for a positive electrode active material may be used.
- the metal-containing hydroxide for the positive electrode active material may be prepared by co-precipitation reaction by adding an ammonium cation-containing complex former and a basic compound to an aqueous solution of the metal-containing raw material for the positive electrode active material.
- the metal-containing raw material for the positive electrode active material it may be determined according to the composition of the lithium composite metal oxide constituting the target active material. Specifically, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, nitrates, halides, carbonates, acetates, oxalates, citrates or sulfates containing metals constituting the lithium composite metal oxide may be used.
- the positive electrode active material metal may be any one or two or more mixed metals selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Zr, Nb, Cu, V, Mo, Ti, Zn, Al, Ga, and Mg. It may be, more specifically, any one or two or more mixed metals selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, and Mn.
- the cathode active material includes a lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese compound as a lithium composite metal compound
- a nickel (Ni) -containing raw material as a raw material for the preparation of the metal-containing hydroxide for the cathode active material, a nickel (Ni) -containing raw material, Cobalt-containing raw materials and manganese-containing raw materials may be used.
- the Co-containing raw material Co (OH) 2 , CoO, CoOOH, Co (OCOCH 3 ) 2 4H 2 O, Co (NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O or Co (SO 4 ) 2. 7H 2 O, and the like, any one or a mixture of two or more of the above compounds can be used.
- the metal-containing raw material for the positive electrode active material is preferably used in an appropriate content ratio in consideration of the content of metals in the lithium composite metal oxide in the final active material.
- the metal-containing raw material for the positive electrode active material is water; Or it can be used as an aqueous solution by dissolving in the mixture of the organic solvent (specifically alcohol etc.) and water which can be mixed uniformly with water.
- the organic solvent specifically alcohol etc.
- ammonium cation-containing complex forming agent which can be used for the preparation of the metal-containing hydroxide for the positive electrode active material is specifically NH 4 OH, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 , NH 4 Cl, CH 3 COONH 4 , or NH 4 CO 3 and the like, any one or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- the ammonium cation-containing complex forming agent may be used in the form of an aqueous solution, wherein the solvent is water; Alternatively, a mixture of water and an organic solvent (specifically alcohol or the like) that can be mixed with water uniformly can be used.
- the basic compound usable for the preparation of the metal-containing hydroxide for the positive electrode active material may be a hydroxide of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal such as NaOH, KOH, or Ca (OH) 2 , or a hydrate thereof, any one or two of them. Mixtures of the above may be used.
- the basic compound may also be used in the form of an aqueous solution, and as the solvent, a mixture of water or an organic solvent (specifically, alcohol, etc.) that can be mixed uniformly with water may be used.
- the coprecipitation reaction for forming the particles of the metal-containing hydroxide for the positive electrode active material may be performed under the condition that the pH of the aqueous solution of the metal-containing raw material is 8 to 12.
- the pH value means a pH value at the temperature of the liquid 25 °C.
- the coprecipitation reaction may be carried out in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 30 °C to 60 °C.
- a nanosol of a ceramic ion conductor is introduced into an aqueous solution in which particles of the metal-containing hydroxide for a positive electrode active material are precipitated, followed by a mixing step.
- the mixing process of the nanosol and the precursor of the ceramic ion conductor may be performed by dispersing using a ball mill, a bead mill, a high pressure homogenizer, a high speed homogenizer, or an ultrasonic dispersion device.
- the nanosol of the ceramic ion conductor is adsorbed to the precursor by the mixing process as described above.
- adsorption means that the precursor component is present at a higher concentration than the surroundings through physical or chemical bonding on the surface of the nanosol of the ceramic ion conductor.
- a separation and drying process for the precursor to which the nanosol of the ceramic ion conductor prepared in step 1 is adsorbed may be further performed.
- the separation and drying process may be performed according to a conventional method.
- step 2 is a positive electrode by mixing the precursor with the nano-sol of the ceramic ion conductor adsorbed on the surface prepared in step 1 with a lithium raw material and heat treatment It is a step of preparing an active material.
- the lithium raw material include hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, nitrates, halides, carbonates, acetates, oxalates or citrates containing lithium. More specifically, the lithium raw material is Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 , LiNO 2 , LiOH, LiOHH 2 O, LiH, LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, CH 3 COOLi, Li 2 O, Li 2 SO 4 , Any one or two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of CH 3 COOLi and Li 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 can be used. The amount of the lithium raw material may be determined according to the lithium content in the final lithium transition metal oxide to be produced.
- Mixing of the precursor and lithium source material, in which the nano-sol of the ceramic-based ion conductor is adsorbed on the surface may also be performed by dispersing using a ball mill, a bead mill, a high pressure homogenizer, a high speed homogenizer, or an ultrasonic dispersing apparatus. have.
- the heat treatment of a mixture of a precursor and a lithium raw material adsorbed a nano-sol of a ceramic ion conductor on the surface is performed at a temperature of 700 °C to 950 °C It can be performed in. If the heat treatment temperature is lower than 700 ° C, there is a risk of lowering the discharge capacity per unit weight, cycle characteristics and lowering of operating voltage due to residual unreacted raw materials, and if it exceeds 950 ° C, There is a fear of lowering the discharge capacity, lowering the cycle characteristics and lowering the operating voltage.
- the heat treatment may be performed in the air or under an oxygen atmosphere, and may be performed for 5 to 30 hours.
- the diffusion reaction between the particles of the mixture can be sufficiently made.
- a positive electrode active material containing lithium composite metal oxide particles wherein the lithium composite metal oxide present on the surface side of the particles is doped with a metal element derived from the ceramic ion conductor.
- the positive electrode active material prepared according to the above-described manufacturing method is a lithium composite metal oxide in which metals derived from ceramic ion conductors, including Zr and the like, exist on the surface of active material particles, as compared with the conventional dry mixing method.
- metals derived from ceramic ion conductors, including Zr and the like exist on the surface of active material particles, as compared with the conventional dry mixing method.
- a cathode active material prepared by the above-described manufacturing method is provided.
- the positive electrode active material includes particles of a lithium composite metal oxide, and the lithium composite metal oxide present on the surface side of the particles is doped with a metal element of the ceramic ion conductor.
- the 'surface side' of the lithium composite metal oxide particles means a region close to the surface except for the center of the particles, specifically, the distance from the surface of the lithium composite metal oxide particles to the center, that is, the lithium composite metal oxide Means a region corresponding to a distance of 0% or more and less than 100% from the particle surface, more specifically 0% to 50% from the particle surface, and more specifically 0% to 30% from the particle surface with respect to the semi-diameter of .
- the lithium composite metal oxide doped with a metal element of the ceramic ion conductor may be a compound of Formula 1 below:
- M ' is a metal element derived from a ceramic ion conductor, specifically, Y, Zr, La, Sr, Ga, Mg, Sc, Gd, Sm, Ca, Ce, Co, Mn and Fe It may be any one selected from the group consisting of two or more mixed elements thereof, more specifically any one or two or more selected from the group consisting of Y, Zr, La, Sr, Ga, Sc, Gd, Sm and Ce It may be a mixed element, and more specifically, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y and Zr.
- M ′′ is derived from a metal nanosol that may be selectively included in the nanosol, specifically, in the group consisting of Al, Nb, Ti, W, Mo, Cr, Cu, V and Zn Any one or two or more mixed elements selected, and more specifically, any one or two or more mixed elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Nb and Ti.
- M 'and M may be independently distributed in a concentration gradient gradually decreasing from the particle surface to the center in the particles of the lithium composite metal oxide.
- concentration of the metal to be doped is distributed in a concentration gradient that gradually changes, so that there is no abrupt phase boundary region in the active material, so that the crystal structure is stabilized and thermal stability is increased.
- concentration gradient that is distributed at a high concentration and decreases in concentration toward the particle center, it is possible to prevent a decrease in capacity while showing thermal stability.
- the total atomic weight of each of the doping elements M' and M" included in the positive electrode active material is based on The concentration of M 'in a region within 10% by volume of the particle center (hereinafter simply referred to as' Rc 10 region') and a region within 10% by volume of the particle surface (hereinafter simply referred to as' Rs 10 region ')
- the difference may be 10 to 90 atomic% and the difference in concentration of M ′′ may be 10 to 90 atomic%.
- the concentration gradient structure and concentration of the doping element in the positive electrode active material particles are determined by an electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-). AES) or Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and more specifically, using EPMA to move from the center of the cathode active material to the surface. While measuring the atomic ratio of each metal (atomic ratio) can be measured.
- EPMA electron probe micro analyzer
- ICP- inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer
- TOF-SIMS Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
- the lithium composite metal oxide on the surface of the active material due to the characteristic manufacturing method using a nano-sol is a metal element derived from a ceramic-based ion conductor, and optionally a metal nanosol As it can be uniformly doped by a metal element, it may further include a surface treatment layer made of the lithium composite metal oxide of the formula (1).
- the surface treatment layer may be formed in a thickness ratio of 0.001 to 0.1 with respect to the semi-diameter of the lithium composite metal oxide particles on the surface of the lithium composite metal oxide particles, more specifically, may be formed in a thickness range of 1nm to 1000nm. .
- the lithium composite metal oxide may be to include a compound of formula (2):
- the lithium composite metal oxide is LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (eg, Li (Ni 0.6) in that the capacity characteristics and stability of the battery can be improved Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 ) O 2 , LiNi 0 . 5 Mn 0 . 3 Co 0 . 2 O 2 , or LiNi 0 . 8 Mn 0 . 1 Co 0 . 1 O 2, etc.) may include any one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of, and more specifically, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the positive electrode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention may be 3 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, and also improve the rate characteristics and initial capacity characteristics of the battery according to the optimization of the specific surface area and the positive electrode mixture density In consideration of the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the positive electrode active material may be more specifically 5 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the cathode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention may be primary particles of a lithium composite metal oxide, or secondary particles formed by assembling the primary particles.
- the positive electrode active material is a primary particle of a lithium composite metal oxide
- generation of surface impurities such as Li 2 CO 3 , LiOH, and the like caused by reaction with moisture in the air or CO 2 is reduced, and thus there is a low risk of deterioration of battery capacity and gas generation. Also, excellent high temperature stability can be exhibited.
- the cathode active material is secondary particles in which primary particles are assembled, output characteristics may be more excellent.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the primary particles may be 10 nm to 200 nm.
- the form of such active material particles may be appropriately determined according to the composition of the lithium composite metal oxide constituting the active material.
- a positive electrode including the positive electrode active material prepared by the above manufacturing method.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by a conventional positive electrode manufacturing method known in the art, except for using the positive electrode active material described above.
- a slurry is prepared by mixing and stirring a solvent, a binder, a conductive material, or a dispersant in a positive electrode active material, if necessary, and then coating (coating) and drying the positive electrode current collector to form a positive electrode active material layer. can do.
- the positive electrode current collector is a metal having high conductivity, and may be any metal as long as the slurry of the positive electrode active material is not easily reactive in a voltage range of a battery.
- Non-limiting examples of the positive electrode current collector include a foil made of aluminum, nickel, or a combination thereof.
- the solvent for forming the positive electrode includes an organic solvent such as NMP (N-methyl pyrrolidone), DMF (dimethyl formamide), acetone, dimethyl acetamide or water, and these solvents alone or 2 It can mix and use species.
- the amount of the solvent used is sufficient to dissolve and disperse the positive electrode active material, the binder, and the conductive material in consideration of the coating thickness of the slurry and the production yield.
- the binder includes vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, poly Vinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylic acid, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), liquor Fonned EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluorine rubber, poly acrylic acid and polymers in which hydrogen thereof is replaced by Li, Na or Ca, or the like, or Various kinds of binder polymers such as various copolymers can be used.
- the binder may be included in an amount of 1 to 30 wt% based on the total weight of the cathode active material layer.
- the conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery.
- Examples of the conductive material include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; Carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, farnes black, lamp black, thermal black, carbon nanotubes or carbon fibers; Metal powder or metal fibers such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; Conductive whiskers such as fluorocarbon, zinc oxide or potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Or conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives, and any one or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- the conductive material may be included in an amount of 1 to 30 wt% based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- a lithium secondary battery including the cathode active material manufactured by the above-described manufacturing method.
- the lithium secondary battery specifically includes a separator interposed between the positive electrode, the negative electrode, the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a carbon material lithium metal, silicon, tin, or the like, in which lithium ions may be occluded and released, may be used.
- a carbon material may be used, and as the carbon material, both low crystalline carbon and high crystalline carbon may be used.
- Soft crystalline carbon and hard carbon are typical low crystalline carbon, and high crystalline carbon is natural graphite, Kish graphite, pyrolytic carbon, liquid crystal pitch carbon fiber.
- High temperature calcined carbon such as (mesophase pitch based carbon fiber), meso-carbon microbeads, Mesophase pitches and petroleum or coal tar pitch derived cokes.
- the negative electrode current collector is generally made of a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m.
- a negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery.
- the surface of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, copper or stainless steel Surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, and the like, and aluminum-cadmium alloys may be used.
- fine concavities and convexities may be formed on the surface to enhance the bonding strength of the negative electrode active material, and may be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, and a nonwoven fabric.
- the binder and the conductive material used for the negative electrode may be used as can be commonly used in the art as the positive electrode.
- the negative electrode may prepare a negative electrode by mixing and stirring the negative electrode active material and the additives to prepare a negative electrode active material slurry, and then applying the same to a current collector and compressing the negative electrode.
- porous polymer films conventionally used as separators for example, polyolefins such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene / butene copolymer, ethylene / hexene copolymer and ethylene / methacrylate copolymer, etc.
- the porous polymer film made of the polymer may be used alone or by laminating them, or a conventional porous nonwoven fabric, for example, a non-woven fabric made of high melting point glass fiber, polyethylene terephthalate fiber, or the like may be used. It is not.
- Examples of the electrolyte used in the present invention include an organic liquid electrolyte, an inorganic liquid electrolyte, a solid polymer electrolyte, a gel polymer electrolyte, a solid inorganic electrolyte, a molten inorganic electrolyte, and the like, which can be used in manufacturing a lithium secondary battery. no.
- the lithium salt which can be included as an electrolyte used in the present invention can be used without limitation, those which are commonly used in a lithium secondary battery electrolyte, such as the lithium salt, the anion is F -, Cl -, Br -, I -, NO 3 -, N (CN) 2 -, BF 4 -, ClO 4 -, PF 6 -, (CF 3) 2 PF 4 -, (CF 3) 3 PF 3 -, (CF 3) 4 PF 2 -, (CF 3) 5 PF -, (CF 3) 6 P -, CF 3 SO 3 -, CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 -, (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N -, (FSO 2) 2 N -, CF 3 CF 2 (CF 3) 2 CO -, (CF 3 SO 2) 2 CH -, (SF 5) 3 C -, (CF 3 SO 2) 3 C -, CF 3 (CF 2) 7 SO 3 -, CF 3 CO 2 - may be any one
- the lithium secondary battery having the above configuration may be manufactured by manufacturing an electrode assembly through a separator between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, placing the electrode assembly inside a case, and then injecting an electrolyte solution into the case.
- the lithium secondary battery including the cathode active material according to the present invention stably exhibits excellent discharge capacity, output characteristics, and capacity retention rate, portable devices such as mobile phones, notebook computers, digital cameras, and hybrid electric vehicles It is useful in the field of electric vehicles.
- a battery module including the lithium secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the same are provided.
- the battery module or the battery pack is a power tool (Power Tool); Electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); Or it can be used as a power source for any one or more of the system for power storage.
- Power Tool Electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); Or it can be used as a power source for any one or more of the system for power storage.
- NiCl 2 nickel chloride
- ethylene glycol (C 2 H 6 O 2 ) solution 20 g was dispersed in 400 g of ethylene glycol (C 2 H 6 O 2 ) solution, followed by stirring to prepare a mixed solution.
- the mixed solution was heated at a temperature of 160 ° C. for 5 hours with stirring, cooled to 90 ° C., and water was added to prepare Ni nanosols having an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 10 nm.
- the lithium composite metal oxide constituting the positive electrode active material is LiNi 0 . 6 Mn 0 . 2 Co 0 .
- Nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate and manganese sulfate were each added in water so as to have a composition of 2 O 2 to prepare an aqueous solution of a transition metal-containing raw material.
- the total concentration of the transition metal-containing raw material in the aqueous solution was 2M.
- NH 4 OH and NaOH were added to the aqueous solution so that the pH of the aqueous solution was 12 in a molar ratio of 1:10.
- the content of the YSZ nanosol-derived metal elements is 0.2 to the total weight of the lithium composite metal oxide doped with the YSZ nanosol prepared in Preparation Example 1 in the solution in which the particles of the transition metal-containing hydroxide were precipitated.
- the resulting YSZ surface-adsorbed particles of the transition metal-containing hydroxide was separated, washed with water and dried in an oven at 120 °C.
- the YSZ surface adsorption transition metal-containing hydroxide particles prepared above were dry mixed with LiOH (H 2 O) as a lithium raw material, and then heat-treated at 850 ° C., to the surface side of the LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 particles.
- YSZ ceramic ion conductor-derived ceramic elements (Y and Zr) of the lithium composite metal oxide doped with (. 0.998LiNi 0 6 Mn 0. 2 Co 0 .2 ⁇ 0.002Y 0. 09 Zr 0. 91 O 2) is formed,
- a positive electrode active material (average particle diameter (D 50 ): 5 ⁇ m) was prepared.
- Example 1-1 LiNi was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except for using the CSZ nanosol prepared in Preparation Example 2 instead of the YSZ nanosol prepared in Preparation Example 1. 0 . 6 Mn 0 . 2 Co 0 .
- CSZ ceramic ion conductor-derived ceramic elements (Ca and Zr) of the lithium-metal composite oxide (0.998LiNi 0. 6 Mn doped with 0. 2 Co 0 .2 ⁇ 0.002Ca 0.2 Zr 0.85 O 2 ) to form a positive electrode active material (average particle diameter (D 50 ): 5 ⁇ m).
- Example 1-1 LiNi 0 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except for using the SSZ nanosol prepared in Preparation Example 3 instead of the YSZ nanosol prepared in Preparation Example 1. . 6 Mn 0 . 2 Co 0 . On the surface of the particles 2 O 2, SSZ-derived ceramic ceramic-based ion conductor elements (Sc and Zr). The lithium-metal composite oxide (0.998LiNi 0 doped with 6 Mn 0. 2 Co 0 .2 ⁇ 0.002Sc 0.09 Zr 0.91 O 2 ) to form a positive electrode active material (average particle diameter (D 50 ): 5 ⁇ m).
- Example 1-1 LiNi 0 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except for using the GDC nanosol prepared in Preparation Example 4 instead of the YSZ nanosol prepared in Preparation Example 1. . 6 Mn 0 . 2 Co 0 . On the surface of the particles 2 O 2, GDC ceramic ion conductor-derived ceramic elements (Gd and Ce). The lithium-metal composite oxide (0.998LiNi 0 doped with 6 Mn 0. 2 Co 0 .2 ⁇ 0.002Gd 0.15 Ce 0.85 O 2 ) to form a positive electrode active material (average particle diameter (D 50 ): 5 ⁇ m).
- Example 1-1 LiNi 0 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except for using the LSGM nanosol prepared in Preparation Example 5 instead of the YSZ nanosol prepared in Preparation Example 1. . 6 Mn 0 . 2 Co 0 .
- LSGM ceramic ion conductor-derived ceramic elements La, Sr, Ga, and Mg
- the lithium composite metal oxide doped with (0.998LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 ⁇ 0.002La 0.4 Sr 0.1 Ga 0.4 Mg 0.1 O 2 ) was formed to prepare a cathode active material (average particle diameter (D 50 ): 5 ⁇ m).
- Ni nanosol prepared in Preparation Example 6 further mixed so that the Ni content of the Ni nanosol derived from the total weight of the lithium composite metal oxide doped is 0.2% by weight Except for using, in the same manner as in Example 1-1 was carried out LiNi 0 . 6 Mn 0 . 2 Co 0 .
- YSZ ceramic ion conductor-derived ceramic elements Y and Zr
- a lithium composite metal oxide doped with a Ni (0.998LiNi 0.62 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 ⁇ 0.002Y 0.09 Zr 0.91 O 2 is formed, A positive electrode active material (average particle diameter (D 50 ): 5 ⁇ m) was prepared.
- a positive active material (average particle diameter (D 50 ): 5 ⁇ m) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that YSZ nanosol was not added in Example 1-1.
- the lithium transition metal oxide constituting the positive electrode active material is LiNi 0 . 6 Mn 0 . 2 Co 0 .
- Nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate were each added in water so as to have a composition of 2 O 2 to prepare an aqueous solution of a transition metal-containing raw material.
- the total concentration of the transition metal-containing raw material in the aqueous solution was 2M.
- NH 4 OH and NaOH were added to the aqueous solution so that the pH of the aqueous solution was 12 in a molar ratio of 1:10.
- the hydroxide particles were separated and washed with water and dried in an oven at 120 ° C.
- LiOH (H 2 O) and YSZ powder (average particle diameter (D 50 ) 50 nm) were dry mixed with the particles of the transition metal-containing hydroxide prepared as a lithium raw material, followed by heat treatment at 850 ° C. to obtain a positive electrode active material (average particle diameter). (D 50 ): 5 ⁇ m) was prepared.
- the YSZ powder was used in an amount such that the content of the YSZ-derived metal element was 0.2% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide doped.
- a positive electrode active material (average particle diameter (D 50 ): 5 ⁇ m) was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, except that NiO 2 powder was mixed with YSZ powder in Comparative Example 1-2. . At this time, the NiO 2 powder was used so that the Ni content of the Ni nanosol was 0.2% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium composite metal oxide doped.
- N-methyl-2 Positive electrode slurry was prepared by addition to pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP pyrrolidone
- the positive electrode slurry was applied to a thin film of aluminum (Al), which is a positive electrode current collector having a thickness of about 20 ⁇ m, dried to prepare a positive electrode, and then roll rolled to prepare a positive electrode.
- LiPF 6 was added to a non-aqueous electrolyte solvent prepared by mixing ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate as a electrolyte in a volume ratio of 30:70 to prepare a 1 M LiPF 6 non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a cell was prepared by injecting a lithium salt-containing electrolyte solution through a separator of porous polyethylene between the positive electrode and the negative electrode prepared above.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured by the same method as in Example 2-1, except for using the cathode active materials prepared in Examples 1-2 to 1-7, respectively.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured by the same method as in Example 2-1, except that the cathode active material prepared in Comparative Example 1-1 was used.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured by the same method as in Example 2-1, except that the cathode active material prepared in Comparative Example 1-2 was used.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured by the same method as in Example 2-1, except that the cathode active material prepared in Comparative Example 1-3 was used.
- the nanosol of the ceramic ion conductor prepared in Preparation Example 1 was observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was performed.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- XRD X-ray diffraction analysis
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) in the nanosol is 5 nm or less, and the amorphous YSZ without a crystal pattern is prepared in the hydroxide state.
- the contents of Y and Zr represent the contents of Y and Zr based on the total moles of the elements included in the lithium composite metal oxide.
- Lithium secondary batteries (Examples 2-1 to 2-6, and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2) including the cathode active materials prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-3
- an electrochemical evaluation experiment was performed as follows.
- the capacity evaluation is the lithium secondary batteries prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-6, and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-3 until the constant current (CC) of 0.1C at 25 °C until 4.25V
- the battery was charged at a constant voltage (CV) of 4.25V and charged for the first time until the charging current became 0.05 mAh.
- the battery was discharged until it became 3.0V with a constant current of 0.1C (cut-off proceeded to 0.05C). Through this, the discharge capacity was evaluated and compared. The results are shown in FIG.
- the capacity characteristic of the battery is reduced.
- the battery of Comparative Example 2-1 including the positive electrode active material of the undoped lithium transition metal oxide showed the highest capacity characteristic.
- the battery of Examples 2-1 to 2-6 doped with a nano-sol ceramic ion conductor as in the present invention showed a slightly reduced capacity characteristics compared to Comparative Example 2-1, but powder Compared with Comparative Examples 2-2 and 2-3 including the negative electrode active material doped by the dry method used, it showed a high capacity characteristics. From this, doping using nanosol is expected to ensure stability while minimizing cell capacity reduction.
- Lithium secondary batteries (Examples 2-1 to 2-6, and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 1) including the cathode active materials prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-3
- an electrochemical evaluation experiment was performed as follows.
- the lithium secondary batteries prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-6 and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-3 were charged at 25 ° C. until a constant current (CC) of 4.25V was obtained at 25 ° C., and then The battery was charged at a constant voltage (CV) of 4.25V and charged for the first time until the charging current became 0.05 mAh. After standing for 20 minutes, the battery was discharged until it became 3.0V with a constant current of 1C (cut-off proceeded to 0.05C). This was repeated for 1 to 50 cycles. The results are shown in FIG.
- Examples 2-1 to 2-6 including a doped cathode active material, and Comparative Examples 2-2 and 2-3 a cathode active material of an undoped lithium transition metal oxide was included.
- the capacity decreases as the number of cycles increases. It was confirmed that the positive electrode active material doped therefrom exhibited less capacity reduction than the positive electrode active material without doping, and thus exhibited excellent cycle performance.
- the positive electrode active material doped with the nanosol-type ceramic ion conductor according to the present invention has improved structural stability, thereby minimizing capacity reduction in battery applications, and as a result, excellent cycle characteristics are achieved. It confirmed that it was shown.
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Abstract
Description
| 에칭시간 (초) | 입자 표면으로부터의 거리(nm) | 실시예 1-1 | |
| Y(atom%) | Zr(atom%) | ||
| 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1 |
| 10 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.8 |
| 30 | 3 | 0.04 | 0.6 |
| 50 | 5 | 0.01 | 0.7 |
| 100 | 10 | 0 | 0.5 |
| 200 | 20 | 0 | 0.2 |
| 300 | 30 | 0 | 0.3 |
| 500 | 50 | 0 | 0.2 |
| 1000 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Claims (27)
- 양극 활물질용 금속의 전구체를 세라믹계 이온전도체의 나노졸과 혼합하여 상기 전구체 표면에 세라믹계 이온전도체의 나노졸을 흡착시키는 단계, 및상기 세라믹계 이온전도체의 나노졸이 흡착된 전구체를 리튬 원료물질과 혼합한 후 열처리하여, 리튬 복합금속 산화물 입자를 포함하고, 상기 리튬 복합금속 산화물 입자의 표면 측에 존재하는 리튬 복합금속 산화물이 상기 세라믹계 이온전도체의 금속 원소로 도핑된 양극 활물질을 제조하는 단계를 포함하는 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 세라믹계 이온전도체는 지르코니아계 세라믹, 세리아계 세라믹, 란타늄계 세라믹 및 이들의 서멧으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 혼합물을 포함하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 세라믹계 이온전도체는 이트리아 안정화 지르코니아, 가돌리니아 도핑된 세리아, 란타늄 스트론튬 갈레이트 마그네사이트, 란타늄 스트론튬 망가네이트, 칼시아 안정화 지르코니아, 스칸디아 안정화 지르코니아, 및 니켈-이트리아 안정화 지르코니아 서멧으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 혼합물을 포함하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 세라믹계 이온전도체는 이트리아 안정화 지르코니아, 칼시아 안정화 지르코니아, 가돌리니아 도핑된 세리아, 란타늄 스트론튬 갈레이트 마그네사이트 및 스칸디아 안정화 지르코니아로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 혼합물을 포함하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 4 항에 있어서,상기 이트리아 안정화 지르코니아는 Zr(1-x)YxO2 -x/2 (0.01≤x≤0.30)인 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 4 항에 있어서,상기 칼시아 안정화 지르코니아는, 칼시아 안정화 지르코니아 총 중량에 대해 CaO를 1몰% 내지 20몰%로 포함하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 4 항에 있어서,상기 스칸디아 안정화 지르코니아는 (ZrO2)1- 2x(Sc2O3)X, (ZrO2)1- 2x(Sc2O3)x -z(Y2O3)z 및 (Zr02)1-2x- z(Sc2O3)x(CeO2)z(0.01≤x≤0.2, 0.01≤z≤0.l)로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 혼합물을 포함하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 세라믹계 이온전도체는 비정질인 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 세라믹계 이온전도체는 수산화물 형태를 갖는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 세라믹계 이온전도체의 평균 입경(D50)이 1 nm 내지 100 nm인 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 세라믹계 이온전도체의 나노졸은, 글리콜계 용매 중에 세라믹계 이온전도체 형성용 금속의 전구체를 용해시켜 반응시킨 후, 물을 첨가하여 제조되는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 글리콜계 용매는 에틸렌 글리콜, 프로필렌 글리콜, 디에틸렌 글리콜, 트리에틸렌 글리콜 및 폴리에틸렌 글리콜로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 혼합물을 포함하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 세라믹계 이온전도체 형성용 금속의 전구체의 용해 후 물을 첨가하기 전에, 120 ℃ 내지 글리콜계 용매의 비점 이하의 온도에서 열처리하는 공정이 더 수행되는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 양극 활물질용 금속의 전구체와 세라믹계 이온전도체의 나노졸의 혼합시, 알루미늄(Al), 니오븀(Nb), 티타늄(Ti), 텅스텐(W), 몰리브덴(Mo), 크롬(Cr), 구리(Cu), 바나듐(V) 및 아연(Zn)으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 금속을 포함하는 나노졸이 더 첨가되는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 양극 활물질용 금속의 전구체는 Ni, Co 및 Mn를 포함하는 니켈코발트망간의 수산화물인 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 열처리는 700 ℃ 내지 950 ℃의 온도 범위에서 수행되는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항 내지 제 16 항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 제조방법에 의해 제조되며,리튬 복합금속 산화물의 입자를 포함하고,상기 리튬 복합금속 산화물 입자의 표면 측에 존재하는 리튬 복합금속 산화물이 세라믹계 이온전도체의 금속 원소로 도핑된 것인 양극 활물질.
- 제 17 항에 있어서,상기 세라믹계 이온전도체의 금속원소는 리튬 복합금속 산화물 입자의 반직경에 대해 입자 표면에서부터 0% 내지 30%의 거리에 해당하는 영역 내에 분포하는 것인 양극 활물질.
- 제 17 항에 있어서,상기 세라믹계 이온전도체의 금속원소로 도핑된 리튬 복합금속 산화물은 하기 화학식 1의 화합물을 포함하는 것인 양극 활물질:<화학식 1>ALi1+aNi1-b-cMnbCoc· (1-A)M'sM"vO2상기 화학식 1에서,M'는 Y, Zr, La, Sr, Ga, Mg, Sc, Gd, Sm, Ca, Ce, Co, Mn 및 Fe로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 2종 이상의 혼합 원소를 포함하며,M"는 Al, Nb, Ti, W, Mo, Cr, Cu, V 및 Zn로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 2종 이상의 혼합 원소를 포함하며, 그리고0<A<1, 0≤a≤0.33, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.5, 0<s≤0.2, 0≤v≤0.2이다.
- 제 19 항에 있어서,상기 화학식 1에 있어서, 0≤a≤0.09인 양극 활물질.
- 제 19 항에 있어서,상기 화학식 1에서, M' 및 M"은 각각 독립적으로 리튬 복합금속 산화물의 입자 표면에서부터 중심으로 갈수록 감소하는 농도구배로 분포하는 것인 양극 활물질.
- 제 17 항에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극.
- 제 22 항에 따른 양극을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지.
- 제 23 항에 따른 리튬 이차전지를 단위셀로 포함하는 전지모듈.
- 제 24 항에 따른 전지모듈을 포함하는 전지팩.
- 제 25 항에 있어서,중대형 디바이스의 전원으로 사용되는 것인 전지팩.
- 제 26 항에 있어서,상기 중대형 디바이스가 전기자동차, 하이브리드 전기자동차, 플러그-인 하이브리드 전기자동차 및 전력 저장용 시스템으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 것인 전지팩.
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| US15/531,113 US10340517B2 (en) | 2014-12-05 | 2015-12-04 | Positive electrode active material, method for preparing the same and lithium secondary battery including the same |
| CN201580067642.6A CN107004846B (zh) | 2014-12-05 | 2015-12-04 | 正极活性材料、制备其的方法以及包含其的锂二次电池 |
| JP2017526952A JP6536918B2 (ja) | 2014-12-05 | 2015-12-04 | 正極活物質、この製造方法、及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
| EP15864385.8A EP3229294B1 (en) | 2014-12-05 | 2015-12-04 | Cathode active material, method for preparing same, and lithium secondary battery comprising same |
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| KR1020150172358A KR101748963B1 (ko) | 2014-12-05 | 2015-12-04 | 양극 활물질, 이의 제조방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
| KR10-2015-0172358 | 2015-12-04 |
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| JP2019508869A (ja) * | 2016-07-04 | 2019-03-28 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法およびこれにより製造された二次電池用正極活物質 |
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| CN111164806A (zh) * | 2017-11-22 | 2020-05-15 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 锂二次电池用正极活性材料及其制备方法 |
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| CN115894023A (zh) * | 2022-09-17 | 2023-04-04 | 浙江大学温州研究院 | 由纳米颗粒组装的薄片状Cu@La1/2Sr1/2CoO3导电陶瓷粉体的制备方法 |
| CN117012919A (zh) * | 2023-06-29 | 2023-11-07 | 北京当升材料科技股份有限公司 | 正极材料及其制备方法与应用 |
| CN120097306A (zh) * | 2025-03-07 | 2025-06-06 | 安徽大学 | 一种锰酸锶镧包覆磷酸铁锰锂复合材料的制备与应用 |
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