WO2016121922A1 - 太陽電池及び太陽電池の製造方法 - Google Patents
太陽電池及び太陽電池の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solar cell in which a decrease in photoelectric conversion efficiency (photodegradation) due to continued irradiation with light is suppressed, and a method for manufacturing the solar cell.
- a photoelectric conversion element including a stacked body in which an N-type semiconductor layer and a P-type semiconductor layer are arranged between opposing electrodes.
- photocarriers are generated by photoexcitation, and an electric field is generated by electrons moving through an N-type semiconductor and holes moving through a P-type semiconductor.
- inorganic solar cells manufactured using an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon.
- inorganic solar cells are expensive to manufacture and difficult to increase in size, and the range of use is limited, organic solar cells manufactured using organic semiconductors instead of inorganic semiconductors are attracting attention. .
- Fullerene In organic solar cells, fullerene is almost always used. Fullerenes are known to work mainly as N-type semiconductors.
- Patent Document 1 describes a semiconductor heterojunction film formed using an organic compound that becomes a P-type semiconductor and fullerenes.
- the cause of deterioration is fullerenes (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 1), and materials that replace fullerenes are required.
- Non-Patent Document 2 a photoelectric conversion material having a perovskite structure using lead, tin, or the like as a central metal, which is called an organic-inorganic hybrid semiconductor, has been discovered and shown to have high photoelectric conversion efficiency (for example, Non-Patent Document 2).
- An object of this invention is to provide the solar cell by which the fall (photodegradation) of the photoelectric conversion efficiency by continuing irradiating light was suppressed, and the manufacturing method of this solar cell.
- the present invention is a solar cell having an electrode, a counter electrode, and a photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the electrode and the counter electrode, wherein the photoelectric conversion layer has the general formula RMX 3 (Wherein R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom), and the solar cell was irradiated with light having an intensity of ImW / cm 2 .
- the carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound immediately after is N (0, I), and the solar cell is irradiated with light of intensity ImW / cm 2 for T hours.
- the solar cell satisfies the following formula (1).
- N (T, I) / N (0, I) ⁇ 5 (1) The present invention is described in detail below.
- the present inventors use a specific organic-inorganic perovskite compound for a photoelectric conversion layer in a solar cell having an electrode, a counter electrode, and a photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the electrode and the counter electrode. investigated.
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound By using the organic / inorganic perovskite compound, an improvement in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell can be expected.
- a solar cell in which the photoelectric conversion layer contains an organic / inorganic perovskite compound exhibits high photoelectric conversion efficiency immediately after the start of light irradiation, but newly revealed that the photoelectric conversion efficiency decreases as light is continuously irradiated. (Light degradation).
- the present inventors have a carrier density of the organic inorganic perovskite compound immediately after the start of the light irradiation intensity IMW / cm 2 to the solar cell N (0, I), strength to the solar cell IMW / cm 2
- the carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound after N hours of light irradiation is N (T, I)
- the solar cell satisfying the following formula (1) has a photoelectric conversion efficiency by continuing to irradiate light.
- the inventors have found that the reduction (light degradation) is suppressed and have completed the present invention.
- the solar cell of this invention has an electrode, a counter electrode, and the photoelectric converting layer arrange
- the term “layer” means not only a layer having a clear boundary but also a layer having a concentration gradient in which contained elements gradually change.
- the elemental analysis of the layer can be performed, for example, by performing FE-TEM / EDS line analysis measurement of the cross section of the solar cell and confirming the element distribution of the specific element.
- a layer means not only a flat thin film-like layer but also a layer that can form a complicated and complicated structure together with other layers.
- the material of the said electrode and the said counter electrode is not specifically limited, A conventionally well-known material can be used.
- the counter electrode is often a patterned electrode.
- electrode materials include FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), gold, silver, titanium, sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, lithium, magnesium, aluminum, magnesium-silver mixture, magnesium-indium mixture, aluminum-lithium alloy, Al / Al 2 O 3 mixture, Al / LiF mixture and the like can be mentioned.
- Examples of the counter electrode material include metals such as gold, CuI, ITO (indium tin oxide), SnO 2 , AZO (aluminum zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), GZO (gallium zinc oxide), and ATO.
- Examples thereof include conductive transparent materials such as (antimony-doped tin oxide), conductive transparent polymers, and the like. These materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Further, the electrode and the counter electrode may be a cathode or an anode, respectively.
- the photoelectric conversion layer includes an organic / inorganic perovskite compound represented by the general formula R-MX 3 (where R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, and X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom).
- R-MX 3 an organic / inorganic perovskite compound represented by the general formula R-MX 3 (where R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, and X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom).
- the R is an organic molecule, and is preferably represented by C 1 N m H n (l, m, and n are all positive integers). Specifically, R is, for example, methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropyl.
- ions e.g., 3 NH 3
- methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, propylcarboxyamine, butylcarboxyamine, pentylcarboxyamine, formamidinium, guanidine and their ions are preferred, and methylamine, ethylamine, pentylcarboxyamine, formamidinium, guanidine and These ions are more preferred.
- methylamine, formaminidium, and these ions are more preferable because high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- M is a metal atom, for example, lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, Europium etc. are mentioned.
- lead or tin is preferable from the viewpoint of overlapping of electron orbits.
- These metal atoms may be used independently and 2 or more types may be used together.
- X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom, and examples thereof include chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulfur, and selenium. These halogen atoms or chalcogen atoms may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, the halogen atom is preferable because the organic / inorganic perovskite compound becomes soluble in an organic solvent and can be applied to an inexpensive printing method by containing halogen in the structure. Furthermore, since the energy band gap of the organic inorganic perovskite compound becomes narrow, iodine or bromine is more preferable, and iodine is still more preferable.
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound preferably has a cubic structure in which a metal atom M is disposed at the body center, an organic molecule R is disposed at each vertex, and a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom X is disposed at the face center.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a crystal structure of an organic / inorganic perovskite compound having a cubic structure in which a metal atom M is arranged at the body center, an organic molecule R is arranged at each vertex, and a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom X is arranged at the face center. It is a schematic diagram.
- the solar cell of the present invention has a carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound of N (0, I) immediately after the start of light irradiation with an intensity of ImW / cm 2 to the solar cell (within 1 minute).
- N (T, I) the carrier density of the organic-inorganic perovskite compound after the light irradiation of ImW / cm 2 is continued for T time.
- N (T, I) / N (0, I) may be less than 5, but is preferably less than 3, more preferably less than 2.
- the lower limit of N (T, I) / N (0, I) is not particularly limited, but is generally 1 or more.
- the carrier density (N (0, I) and N (T, I)) of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound can be determined by, for example, absorption spectrum, photoelectron spectroscopy, CV measurement, and the like. Specifically, for example, the carrier density of the organic-inorganic perovskite compound can be obtained by converting it into a Mott-Schottky plot based on the CV graph obtained by CV measurement.
- the strength ImW / cm 2 is not particularly limited, and is preferably 10 to 200 mW / cm 2 , for example.
- the T time is not particularly limited, and is preferably 1 to 7 hours, for example.
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is a crystalline semiconductor having a crystallinity of 70% or more, and And a method of including a part containing one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements of the periodic table, Group 11 elements of the periodic table, manganese, antimony, titanium, neodymium, iridium and lanthanum in the photoelectric conversion layer. Can be mentioned.
- a solar cell having an electrode, a counter electrode, and a photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the electrode and the counter electrode, wherein the photoelectric conversion layer has a general formula RMX 3 (where R Is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, and X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom.)
- the organic-inorganic perovskite compound is a crystalline semiconductor having a crystallinity of 70% or more
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is a crystalline semiconductor
- the carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound easily satisfies the above formula (1), and the photoelectric conversion efficiency decreases (photodegradation due to continuous irradiation of light to the solar cell). )
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is a crystalline semiconductor
- the mobility of electrons in the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is increased, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is improved.
- the crystalline semiconductor means a semiconductor that can detect a scattering peak by measuring an X-ray scattering intensity distribution.
- the crystallinity can be evaluated as an index of crystallization.
- the degree of crystallinity is determined by separating the crystalline-derived scattering peak detected by the X-ray scattering intensity distribution measurement and the halo derived from the amorphous part by fitting, obtaining the respective intensity integrals, Can be obtained by calculating the ratio. If the degree of crystallinity of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is 70% or more, the carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound easily satisfies the above formula (1), and the photoelectric conversion efficiency by continuing to irradiate the solar cell with light is improved. Reduction (photodegradation), in particular, photodegradation due to a decrease in short circuit current is suppressed. Further, the mobility of electrons in the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is increased, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is improved.
- a preferable lower limit of the crystallinity is 80%, and a more preferable lower limit is 90%
- the crystallite diameter can also be evaluated as another crystallization index.
- the crystallite diameter can be calculated by the holder-Wagner method from the half width of the scattering peak derived from the crystal detected by the X-ray scattering intensity distribution measurement.
- the crystallite diameter of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is 5 nm or more, the carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound easily satisfies the above formula (1), and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is lowered by continuously irradiating the solar cell with light. (Light degradation), in particular, light degradation due to a decrease in short circuit current is suppressed.
- a preferable lower limit of the crystallite diameter is 10 nm, and a more preferable lower limit is 20 nm.
- Examples of the method for increasing the crystallinity and crystallite size of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound include thermal annealing (heat treatment), irradiation with intense light such as a laser, and plasma irradiation.
- the temperature at which the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is heated is not particularly limited, but is preferably 100 ° C. or higher and lower than 200 ° C.
- the heating temperature is 100 ° C. or higher, the degree of crystallinity and the crystallite size of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound can be sufficiently increased.
- the said heating temperature is less than 200 degreeC, it can heat-process, without thermally degrading the said organic-inorganic perovskite compound.
- a more preferable heating temperature is 120 ° C. or higher and 170 ° C. or lower.
- the heating time is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3 minutes or longer and 2 hours or shorter. When the heating time is 3 minutes or more, the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound can be sufficiently increased. If the heating time is within 2 hours, the organic inorganic perovskite compound can be heat-treated without causing thermal degradation. When the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is thermally deteriorated, the crystallinity is lost.
- These heating operations are preferably performed in a vacuum or under an inert gas, and the dew point temperature is preferably 10 ° C or lower, more preferably 7.5 ° C or lower, and further preferably 5 ° C or lower.
- the photoelectric conversion layer contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements of the periodic table, Group 11 elements of the periodic table, antimony, manganese, neodymium, iridium, titanium, and lanthanum.
- the carrier density of the organic-inorganic perovskite compound containing the element is likely to satisfy the above formula (1), and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is lowered (photodegradation) by continuing to irradiate the solar cell with light. In particular, photodegradation due to a short circuit current and a decrease in fill factor is suppressed.
- At least one element selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements of the periodic table Group 11 elements of the periodic table, antimony, manganese, neodymium, iridium and titanium, specifically, for example, calcium, strontium, silver, copper, Examples include antimony, manganese, neodymium, iridium, titanium, and lanthanum.
- calcium, strontium, silver, copper, neodymium, and iridium are particularly preferable because they easily satisfy the above formula (1). From the viewpoint of increasing the initial conversion efficiency, calcium, strontium, silver, copper, manganese, and lanthanum are more preferable, and calcium, strontium, silver, and copper are particularly preferable.
- the content ratio (mole) of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements of the periodic table, Group 11 elements of the periodic table, antimony, manganese, neodymium, iridium, titanium and lanthanum is not particularly limited.
- a preferable lower limit for the metal element (M represented by RMX- 3 ) 100 in the organic-inorganic perovskite compound is 0.01, and a preferable upper limit is 20. If the content ratio (mole) is 0.01 or more, light resulting from a decrease in photoelectric conversion efficiency (photodegradation) caused by continuing to irradiate light to the solar cell, particularly a short circuit current density and a fill factor. Deterioration is suppressed. When the content ratio (mole) is 20 or less, it is possible to suppress a decrease in initial conversion efficiency due to the presence of the element.
- the more preferable lower limit of the content ratio (mole) is 0.1, and the more preferable upper limit is 10.
- the organic inorganic perovskite compound contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements of the periodic table, Group 11 elements of the periodic table, antimony, manganese, neodymium, iridium, titanium and lanthanum in particular.
- the method of mixing the halide of the said element with the solution used when forming the layer of an organic inorganic perovskite compound is mentioned.
- Examples of the method for adjusting the carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound so as to satisfy the above formula (1) include a method for reducing the amount of the amine compound in the photoelectric conversion layer to a certain level or less.
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is generally prepared by reacting a metal halide compound with an amine compound.
- components such as an amine compound remaining without being reacted in the reaction step of forming the organic / inorganic perovskite compound remain.
- Such a residual amine compound causes a decrease in short-circuit current and causes a decrease in photoelectric conversion efficiency (photodegradation) due to continuous irradiation of light to the solar cell.
- the amount of the remaining amine compound with respect to 1 mol of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound in the photoelectric conversion layer is 0.5 mol or less, the adverse effect of the remaining amine compound is suppressed, and the carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is reduced.
- the above formula (1) can be satisfied.
- the upper limit of the amount of the remaining amine compound is preferably 0.3 mol, more preferably 0.1 mol, and most preferably 0.05 mol.
- a solar cell having an electrode, a counter electrode, and a photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the electrode and the counter electrode, wherein the photoelectric conversion layer has a general formula RMX 3 (where R Is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, and X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom.)
- the organic-inorganic perovskite compound is a reaction product of a metal halide compound and an amine compound.
- a solar cell in which the amount of the remaining amine compound with respect to 1 mol of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound in the photoelectric conversion layer is 0.5 mol or less is also one aspect of the present invention.
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound remaining in the photoelectric conversion layer As a specific method for adjusting the amount of the amine compound remaining in the photoelectric conversion layer to the above range, when preparing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound by reacting a metal halide compound as a raw material with an amine compound.
- a method is preferred in which the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is not dissolved, and the photoelectric conversion layer is immersed in a solvent in which the amine compound is dissolved to reduce the remaining amine compound.
- the starting metal halide compound constitutes the metal atom M and the halogen atom X in the organic / inorganic perovskite compound.
- the metal halide compound include compounds containing the metal atom M and the halogen atom X, and more specifically, for example, lead iodide, lead bromide, lead chloride, tin iodide, Examples thereof include tin bromide and tin chloride. These metal halide compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amine compound as a raw material constitutes the organic molecule R and the halogen atom X in the organic / inorganic perovskite compound.
- examples of the amine compound include compounds containing the organic molecule R and the halogen atom X. More specifically, examples include methylammonium iodide, methylammonium bromide, methylammonium chloride, and formaldehyde iodide. Examples include midinium, formamidinium bromide, formamidinium chloride, guanidine iodide, guanidine bromide, and guanidine chloride. These amine compounds may be used independently and 2 or more types may be used together.
- the halogen atom X in the amine compound and the halogen atom X in the metal halide compound may be different. These metal halide compounds and amine compounds can be appropriately combined according to the structure of the target organic / inorganic perovskite compound.
- Examples of the method for measuring the amount of the amine compound remaining in the photoelectric conversion layer include the following methods. First, the solar cell is washed with a solvent such as propanol from which only the amine compound elutes, and the amine compound contained in the washing liquid or the halogen element contained in the amine compound is analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) (for example, JEOL Ltd.). Quantification). Or after substituting the solvent of the said washing
- GCMS gas chromatography mass spectrometry
- the photoelectric conversion layer is washed with a solvent such as DMF from which the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is eluted, and the organic / inorganic perovskite compound contained in the washing liquid is quantified by element peak detection of a metal by Rutherford backscattering method (RBS method). The amount of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is detected.
- a solvent such as DMF from which the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is eluted
- RBS method Rutherford backscattering method
- the organic inorganic perovskite compound has a crystallinity of 70% or more or a crystallite diameter of 5 nm or more, and the photoelectric conversion layer has periodic group 2 elements, periodic table 11 elements, manganese, antimony, titanium, neodymium.
- the method of including a site containing one or more elements selected from the group consisting of iridium and lanthanum, and the method of reducing the amount of the amine compound remaining in the photoelectric conversion layer to a certain level are independent. You may go or use together.
- the photoelectric conversion layer may further contain an organic semiconductor or an inorganic semiconductor in addition to the organic / inorganic perovskite compound as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the organic semiconductor or inorganic semiconductor referred to here may serve as an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer described later.
- the organic semiconductor include compounds having a thiophene skeleton such as poly (3-alkylthiophene).
- conductive polymers having a polyparaphenylene vinylene skeleton, a polyvinyl carbazole skeleton, a polyaniline skeleton, a polyacetylene skeleton, and the like can be given.
- compounds having a porphyrin skeleton such as a phthalocyanine skeleton, a naphthalocyanine skeleton, a pentacene skeleton, or a benzoporphyrin skeleton, a spirobifluorene skeleton, etc.
- carbon-containing materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerene that may be surface-modified Also mentioned.
- the inorganic semiconductor examples include titanium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, gallium oxide, tin sulfide, indium sulfide, zinc sulfide, CuSCN, Cu 2 O, CuI, MoO 3 , V 2 O 5 , WO 3 , MoS 2, MoSe 2, Cu 2 S , and the like.
- the photoelectric conversion layer includes the organic-inorganic perovskite compound and the organic semiconductor or the inorganic semiconductor
- the photoelectric conversion layer is a laminated body in which a thin-film organic semiconductor or an inorganic semiconductor portion and a thin-film organic-inorganic perovskite compound portion are stacked.
- a composite film in which an organic semiconductor or inorganic semiconductor part and an organic / inorganic perovskite compound part are combined may be used.
- a laminated body is preferable in that the production method is simple, and a composite film is preferable in that the charge separation efficiency in the organic semiconductor or the inorganic semiconductor can be improved.
- the preferable lower limit of the thickness of the thin-film organic / inorganic perovskite compound site is 5 nm, and the preferable upper limit is 5000 nm. If the thickness is 5 nm or more, light can be sufficiently absorbed, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased. If the said thickness is 5000 nm or less, since it can suppress that the area
- the more preferable lower limit of the thickness is 10 nm, the more preferable upper limit is 1000 nm, the still more preferable lower limit is 20 nm, and the still more preferable upper limit is 500 nm.
- a preferable lower limit of the thickness of the composite film is 30 nm, and a preferable upper limit is 3000 nm. If the thickness is 30 nm or more, light can be sufficiently absorbed, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased. If the said thickness is 3000 nm or less, since it becomes easy to reach
- the more preferable lower limit of the thickness is 40 nm, the more preferable upper limit is 2000 nm, the still more preferable lower limit is 50 nm, and the still more preferable upper limit is 1000 nm.
- an electron transport layer may be disposed between the electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer.
- the material of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited.
- N-type conductive polymer, N-type low molecular organic semiconductor, N-type metal oxide, N-type metal sulfide, alkali metal halide, alkali metal, surface activity Specific examples include, for example, cyano group-containing polyphenylene vinylene, boron-containing polymer, bathocuproine, bathophenanthrene, hydroxyquinolinato aluminum, oxadiazole compound, benzimidazole compound, naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid compound, perylene derivative, Examples include phosphine oxide compounds, phosphine sulfide compounds, fluoro group-containing phthalocyanines, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, gallium oxide, tin sulfide, indium sulfide, and zinc sulfide
- the electron transport layer may consist of only a thin film electron transport layer (buffer layer), but preferably includes a porous electron transport layer.
- the photoelectric conversion layer is a composite film in which an organic semiconductor or an inorganic semiconductor site and an organic / inorganic perovskite compound are combined, a more complex composite film (a more complicated structure) is obtained, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved.
- the composite film is preferably formed on the porous electron transport layer.
- the preferable lower limit of the thickness of the electron transport layer is 1 nm, and the preferable upper limit is 2000 nm. If the thickness is 1 nm or more, holes can be sufficiently blocked. If the said thickness is 2000 nm or less, it will become difficult to become resistance at the time of electron transport, and photoelectric conversion efficiency will become high.
- the more preferable lower limit of the thickness of the electron transport layer is 3 nm, the more preferable upper limit is 1000 nm, the still more preferable lower limit is 5 nm, and the still more preferable upper limit is 500 nm.
- a material for a hole transport layer may be laminated between the photoelectric conversion layer and the counter electrode.
- the material of the hole transport layer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a P-type conductive polymer, a P-type low molecular organic semiconductor, a P-type metal oxide, a P-type metal sulfide, and a surfactant. Examples thereof include compounds having a thiophene skeleton such as poly (3-alkylthiophene).
- conductive polymers having a triphenylamine skeleton, a polyparaphenylene vinylene skeleton, a polyvinyl carbazole skeleton, a polyaniline skeleton, a polyacetylene skeleton, and the like can be given.
- compounds having a porphyrin skeleton such as a phthalocyanine skeleton, a naphthalocyanine skeleton, a pentacene skeleton, a benzoporphyrin skeleton, a spirobifluorene skeleton, etc., molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, tin oxide, sulfide Examples thereof include molybdenum, tungsten sulfide, copper sulfide, tin sulfide, etc., fluoro group-containing phosphonic acid, carbonyl group-containing phosphonic acid, copper compounds such as CuSCN and CuI, and carbon-containing materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene.
- a porphyrin skeleton such as a phthalocyanine skeleton, a naphthalocyanine skeleton, a pentacene skeleton, a benzoporphyrin
- a part of the material for the hole transport layer may be immersed in the photoelectric conversion layer, or may be disposed in a thin film on the photoelectric conversion layer.
- the preferred lower limit is 1 nm and the preferred upper limit is 2000 nm. If the thickness is 1 nm or more, electrons can be sufficiently blocked. If the said thickness is 2000 nm or less, it will become difficult to become resistance at the time of hole transport, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency will become high.
- the more preferable lower limit of the thickness is 3 nm, the more preferable upper limit is 1000 nm, the still more preferable lower limit is 5 nm, and the still more preferable upper limit is 500 nm.
- the solar cell of the present invention may further have a substrate or the like.
- substrate is not specifically limited, For example, transparent glass substrates, such as soda-lime glass and an alkali free glass, a ceramic substrate, a metal substrate, a transparent plastic substrate, etc. are mentioned.
- the solar cell of the present invention has the electrode, the electron transport layer, the photoelectric conversion layer, the hole transport layer, and the hole transport layer, as necessary.
- the laminate in which the counter electrode is formed may be sealed with a sealing material.
- a sealing material Although it will not specifically limit if it has barrier property as said sealing material, A thermosetting resin, a thermoplastic resin, or an inorganic material etc. are mentioned.
- thermosetting resin and thermoplastic resin examples include epoxy resin, acrylic resin, silicon resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, urea resin, butyl rubber, polyester, polyurethane, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol, poly Examples include vinyl acetate, ABS resin, polybutadiene, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyisobutylene and the like.
- a preferable minimum is 100 nm and a preferable upper limit is 100000 nm.
- a more preferable lower limit of the thickness is 500 nm, a more preferable upper limit is 50000 nm, a still more preferable lower limit is 1000 nm, and a still more preferable upper limit is 20000 nm.
- the inorganic material examples include Si, Al, Zn, Sn, In, Ti, Mg, Zr, Ni, Ta, W, Cu, or an oxide, nitride, or oxynitride of an alloy containing two or more of these. .
- oxides, nitrides, or oxynitrides of metal elements containing both metal elements of Zn and Sn are preferable.
- the thickness of a sealing layer is an inorganic material
- a preferable minimum is 30 nm and a preferable upper limit is 3000 nm.
- the inorganic layer can have a sufficient water vapor barrier property, and the durability of the solar cell is improved. If the thickness is 3000 nm or less, even if the thickness of the inorganic layer is increased, the generated stress is small, and therefore, the peeling between the inorganic layer and the laminate can be suppressed.
- the more preferable lower limit of the thickness is 50 nm, the more preferable upper limit is 1000 nm, the still more preferable lower limit is 100 nm, and the still more preferable upper limit is 500 nm.
- the thickness of the inorganic layer can be measured using an optical interference film thickness measuring device (for example, FE-3000 manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.).
- the method for sealing the laminate with the thermosetting resin and the thermoplastic resin is not particularly limited, for example, a method for sealing the laminate with a sheet-like sealing material, A method in which a sealing material solution in which a sealing material is dissolved in an organic solvent is applied to the laminate, a liquid monomer serving as a sealing material is applied to the laminate, and then the liquid monomer is crosslinked or polymerized by heat or UV. And a method of cooling after sealing the sealing material by applying heat.
- a vacuum deposition method a sputtering method, a gas phase reaction method (CVD), and an ion plating method are preferable as a method of covering the stacked body with the inorganic material.
- the sputtering method is preferable for forming a dense layer, and the DC magnetron sputtering method is more preferable among the sputtering methods.
- an inorganic layer made of an inorganic material can be formed by using a metal target and oxygen gas or nitrogen gas as raw materials and depositing the raw material on the laminate to form a film.
- the sealing material may be a combination of the thermosetting resin and thermoplastic resin and the inorganic material.
- the sealing material may be further covered with other materials such as a glass plate, a resin film, a resin film coated with an inorganic material, and a metal foil. That is, the solar cell of the present invention may have a configuration in which the laminate and the other materials are sealed, filled, or bonded with the sealing material. Thereby, even if there is a pinhole in the sealing material, water vapor can be sufficiently blocked, and the durability of the solar cell can be further improved.
- the method for producing the solar cell of the present invention is not particularly limited, and for example, the electrode, the electron transport layer, the photoelectric conversion layer, if necessary, on the substrate disposed as necessary.
- Examples include a method of forming the hole transport layer and the counter electrode in this order to produce the laminate, and then sealing the laminate with the sealing material.
- the metal halide compound and the amine compound are reacted to form a photoelectric conversion layer containing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound.
- the method of reacting the metal halide compound with the amine compound is not particularly limited, and may be a gas phase reaction method (CVD), an electrochemical deposition method, or the like, but contains the metal halide compound.
- a printing method using a solution containing the amine compound is preferable. Specifically, a substrate (having the electrode and the electron transport layer on the substrate as necessary) may be immersed in these solutions, or these solutions may be applied to the substrate. At this time, a solution containing the amine compound may be applied after the metal halide compound is formed into a film.
- a substrate (having the electrode and the electron transport layer on the substrate, if necessary) is added to the mixed solution. It may be immersed, or the solution containing the metal halide compound and the solution containing the amine compound may be mixed in advance and then applied to the substrate.
- the application method include a spin coating method and a casting method, and examples of a method using a printing method include a roll-to-roll method.
- the photoelectric conversion layer contains one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements of the periodic table, Group 11 elements of the periodic table, manganese, antimony, titanium, neodymium, iridium and lanthanum,
- the element is added to one or both of the solution containing the metal compound and the solution containing the amine compound.
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is a crystalline semiconductor
- the solvent can be efficiently removed, and the organic / inorganic perovskite compound can be crystallized without deteriorating the solar cell.
- the heating temperature in the step of heating the photoelectric conversion layer is preferably 100 ° C. or higher and lower than 200 ° C., and more preferably 120 ° C. or higher and 170 ° C. or lower.
- the heating time in the step of heating the photoelectric conversion layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3 minutes or more and 2 hours or less from the viewpoint of preventing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound from being thermally deteriorated.
- the heating operation in the step of heating the photoelectric conversion layer is preferably performed in a vacuum or under an inert gas, and the dew point temperature is preferably 10 ° C or lower, more preferably 7.5 ° C or lower, and further preferably 5 ° C or lower.
- the step of heating the photoelectric conversion layer may be performed immediately after the formation of the photoelectric conversion layer, but when the step of reducing the remaining amine compound in the photoelectric conversion layer described below is further performed, The remaining amine compound can be efficiently reduced by performing after the step.
- An electrode, a counter electrode, and a general formula RMX 3 (where R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, and X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom) disposed between the electrode and the counter electrode.
- the method for manufacturing the solar cell which contains one or more elements selected from the group consisting of iridium and lanthanum is also one of the present invention.
- a step of reducing the remaining amine compound in the photoelectric conversion layer is performed.
- the step of reducing the remaining amine compound in the photoelectric conversion layer include a method of immersing the photoelectric conversion layer in a solvent in which the amine compound is dissolved without dissolving the organic / inorganic perovskite compound. By immersing the photoelectric conversion layer in such a solvent, the remaining amine compound can be efficiently reduced, and the amount of the remaining amine compound can be adjusted to the above range.
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is not dissolved, and the solvent in which the amine compound is dissolved is appropriately selected according to the organic / inorganic perovskite compound and the amine compound. These solvents may be used independently and 2 or more types may be used together. Since the solvent preferably contains as little water as possible, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, butanol and the like are preferable.
- the temperature at which the photoelectric conversion layer is immersed in the solvent is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 100 ° C., more preferably 15 to 80 ° C.
- the time for immersing the photoelectric conversion layer in the solvent is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 second or more and 1 hour or less. By soaking for 1 second or longer, the amine compound can be reduced efficiently, and when it is 1 hour or shorter, the influence of water or the like existing in a minute amount in the solvent can be suppressed.
- An electrode, a counter electrode, and a general formula RMX 3 (where R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, and X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom) disposed between the electrode and the counter electrode.
- a method for producing a solar cell comprising a step of forming a photoelectric conversion layer containing an inorganic perovskite compound and a step of immersing the photoelectric conversion layer in a solvent in which the organic compound is dissolved without dissolving the organic inorganic perovskite compound is also provided by the present invention. It is one of.
- Example 1 Preparation of coating solution containing titanium 10 mmol of titanium powder was precisely weighed and placed in a beaker, 40 g of hydrogen peroxide solution was added, and 10 g of ammonia solution was further added. After cooling this with water for 2 hours, 30 mmol of L-lactic acid was added and heated on a hot plate set at 80 ° C. for one day, and 10 ml of distilled water was added thereto to prepare a coating solution containing titanium.
- An FTO film having a thickness of 1000 nm was formed as an electrode (cathode) on a glass substrate, ultrasonically cleaned using pure water, acetone, and methanol in this order for 10 minutes each and then dried.
- a coating solution containing titanium was applied by a spin coating method at a rotation speed of 1500 rpm. After coating, the film was baked at 550 ° C. for 10 minutes in the atmosphere to form a thin film electron transport layer.
- a titanium oxide paste containing polyisobutyl methacrylate as an organic binder and titanium oxide (a mixture of an average particle size of 10 nm and 30 nm) is applied onto the thin film electron transport layer by a spin coat method, and then heated to 500 ° C.
- a layer containing CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 which is an organic / inorganic perovskite compound, was formed by immersing the sample formed of lead iodide in the solution. After immersion, the obtained sample was heat-treated at 80 ° C. for 30 minutes. Furthermore, a 1 wt% chlorobenzene solution of Poly (4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine) (manufactured by 1-Material) was laminated on the organic / inorganic perovskite compound site to a thickness of 50 nm by spin coating to form a hole transport layer. On the obtained hole transport layer, a gold film having a thickness of 100 nm was formed by vacuum vapor deposition as a counter electrode (anode) to obtain a solar cell.
- Poly (4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine) manufactured by 1-Material
- Example 2 to 14 In preparing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound forming solution, the copper chloride 0.01M of Example 1 was changed to the compound / addition amount shown in Table 1, and the hole transport layer was changed to the material shown in Table 1. Except for this, a solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. In the same manner as in Example 1, the crystallinity and carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound were measured.
- Example 15 and 16 On the porous electron transport layer of Example 1, as a solution for forming an organic / inorganic perovskite compound, CH 3 NH 3 I and PbI 2 were dissolved at a molar ratio of 1: 1 using N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. , Pb concentration was adjusted to 1M. Further, in order to add strontium or titanium, strontium chloride or titanium iodide is dissolved as an additive in the prepared solution so as to have a concentration of 0.01M, and this is dissolved into the porous electron transport layer. A film was formed thereon by spin coating.
- DMF N, N-dimethylformamide
- a 1 wt% chlorobenzene solution of Poly (4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine) (manufactured by 1-Material) was laminated as a hole transport layer on the organic / inorganic perovskite compound site to a thickness of 50 nm by a spin coating method. Formed.
- a gold film having a thickness of 100 nm was formed as a counter electrode (anode) by vacuum vapor deposition to obtain a solar cell.
- Example 17 As a solution for forming an organic / inorganic perovskite compound, CH 3 NH 3 I and PbCl 2 were dissolved at a molar ratio of 3: 1 on the porous electron transport layer of Example 1 using N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. , Pb concentration was adjusted to 1M. Further, in order to add strontium, strontium chloride was dissolved in the prepared solution so as to have a concentration of 0.01 M, and this was formed on the porous electron transport layer by a spin coating method.
- DMF N, N-dimethylformamide
- a 1 wt% chlorobenzene solution of Poly (4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine) (manufactured by 1-Material) was laminated as a hole transport layer on the organic / inorganic perovskite compound site to a thickness of 50 nm by a spin coating method. Formed.
- a gold film having a thickness of 100 nm was formed as a counter electrode (anode) by vacuum vapor deposition to obtain a solar cell.
- Example 1 A solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that no additive was used when preparing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound forming solution. In the same manner as in Example 1, the crystallinity and carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound were measured.
- Example 2 A solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that no additive was used when preparing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound forming solution. In the same manner as in Example 1, the crystallinity and carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound were measured.
- Example 8 A solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Example 15 except that no additive was used when preparing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound forming solution. In the same manner as in Example 1, the crystallinity and carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound were measured.
- Example 9 A solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Example 17 except that no additive was used when preparing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound forming solution. In the same manner as in Example 1, the crystallinity and carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound were measured.
- Example 10 A solar cell was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a layer containing CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 which is an organic / inorganic perovskite compound was formed, and then the obtained sample was heat-treated at 200 ° C. for 30 minutes. Obtained. In the same manner as in Example 1, the crystallinity and carrier density of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound were measured.
- Photo-degradation test A power source (manufactured by KEITHLEY, 236 model) was connected between the electrodes of the solar cell, and irradiated with light having an intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 using solar simulation (manufactured by Yamashita Denso Co., Ltd.). The photoelectric conversion efficiency immediately after starting light irradiation and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after continuing light irradiation for 1 hour were measured, respectively.
- Example 18 Fabrication of solar cell An FTO film having a thickness of 1000 nm was formed as an electrode (cathode) on a glass substrate, ultrasonically cleaned using pure water, acetone, and methanol in this order for 10 minutes each and then dried. A coating solution containing titanium was applied by a spin coating method at a rotation speed of 1500 rpm. After coating, the film was baked at 550 ° C. for 10 minutes in the atmosphere to form a thin film electron transport layer.
- a titanium oxide paste containing polyisobutyl methacrylate as an organic binder and titanium oxide (a mixture of an average particle size of 10 nm and 30 nm) is applied onto the thin film electron transport layer by a spin coat method, and then heated to 500 ° C. Was fired for 10 minutes to form a porous electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 nm.
- lead iodide as a metal halide compound was dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to prepare a 1M solution. This was formed on the titanium oxide layer by spin coating. Further, methylammonium iodide as an amine compound was dissolved in 2-propanol to prepare a 1M solution.
- a layer containing CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 which is an organic / inorganic perovskite compound, was formed by immersing the sample formed of lead iodide in the solution. Further, a treatment (cleaning treatment) was performed in which the obtained layer was immersed in 2-propanol (a solvent in which methylammonium iodide is dissolved) for 20 seconds. After the immersion treatment, the obtained sample was subjected to heat treatment at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- Spiro-OMeTAD having a spirobifluorene skeleton
- Tert-butylpyridine at 55 mM
- Lithium Bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide salt at a thickness of 50 nm on the organic inorganic perovskite compound site by a thickness of 50 n
- Example 19 A solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Example 18 except that the heating temperature or the heating time in the heat treatment after the immersion treatment (cleaning treatment) was changed or the heat treatment was not performed.
- Example 22 A solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Example 18 except that formamidinium iodide was used instead of methylammonium iodide and the heating temperature or heating time in the heat treatment after the immersion treatment (cleaning treatment) was changed.
- Examples 23 to 25 By changing the time of the treatment (cleaning treatment) soaked in 2-propanol, the amount of the remaining amine compound (residual amount) in the layer containing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound was changed to the value shown in Table 2, and A solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Example 18 except that the type of metal halide compound and the type of amine compound were changed to those shown in Table 2.
- Example 26 A solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Example 18 except that ethanol was used in place of 2-propanol as a solvent for the immersion treatment (cleaning treatment).
- Comparative Example 12 A solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 11 except that the heat treatment after the immersion treatment (cleaning treatment) was not performed.
- Photo-degradation test A power source (manufactured by KEITHLEY, 236 model) is connected between the electrodes of the solar cell, and light with an intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 is irradiated using solar simulation (manufactured by Yamashita Denso). The open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current immediately after starting and the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current after irradiation with light for 20 minutes were measured, respectively.
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Abstract
Description
N(T,I)/N(0,I)<5 (1)
以下、本発明を詳述する。
しかしながら、光電変換層が有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含む太陽電池は、光照射を開始した直後は高い光電変換効率を示すものの、光を照射し続けると光電変換効率が低下していくことが新たに明らかとなった(光劣化)。これに対して、本発明者らは、太陽電池に強度ImW/cm2の光照射を開始した直後の有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度をN(0,I)、太陽電池に強度ImW/cm2の光照射をT時間続けた後の有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度をN(T,I)としたとき、下記式(1)を満たす太陽電池は、光を照射し続けることによる光電変換効率の低下(光劣化)が抑制されることを見出し、本発明を完成させるに至った。
N(T,I)/N(0,I)<5 (1)
なお、本明細書中、層とは、明確な境界を有する層だけではなく、含有元素が徐々に変化する濃度勾配のある層をも意味する。なお、層の元素分析は、例えば、太陽電池の断面のFE-TEM/EDS線分析測定を行い、特定元素の元素分布を確認する等によって行うことができる。また、本明細書中、層とは、平坦な薄膜状の層だけではなく、他の層と一緒になって複雑に入り組んだ構造を形成しうる層をも意味する。
電極材料として、例えば、FTO(フッ素ドープ酸化スズ)、金、銀、チタン、ナトリウム、ナトリウム-カリウム合金、リチウム、マグネシウム、アルミニウム、マグネシウム-銀混合物、マグネシウム-インジウム混合物、アルミニウム-リチウム合金、Al/Al2O3混合物、Al/LiF混合物等が挙げられる。対向電極材料として、例えば、金等の金属、CuI、ITO(インジウムスズ酸化物)、SnO2、AZO(アルミニウム亜鉛酸化物)、IZO(インジウム亜鉛酸化物)、GZO(ガリウム亜鉛酸化物)、ATO(アンチモンドープ酸化スズ)等の導電性透明材料、導電性透明ポリマー等が挙げられる。これらの材料は単独で用いられてもよく、2種以上が併用されてもよい。また、上記電極及び上記対向電極は、それぞれ陰極になっても、陽極になってもよい。
上記光電変換層に上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を用いることにより、太陽電池の光電変換効率を向上させることができる。
上記Rは、具体的には例えば、メチルアミン、エチルアミン、プロピルアミン、ブチルアミン、ペンチルアミン、ヘキシルアミン、ジメチルアミン、ジエチルアミン、ジプロピルアミン、ジブチルアミン、ジペンチルアミン、ジヘキシルアミン、トリメチルアミン、トリエチルアミン、トリプロピルアミン、トリブチルアミン、トリペンチルアミン、トリヘキシルアミン、エチルメチルアミン、メチルプロピルアミン、ブチルメチルアミン、メチルペンチルアミン、ヘキシルメチルアミン、エチルプロピルアミン、エチルブチルアミン、イミダゾール、アゾール、ピロール、アジリジン、アジリン、アゼチジン、アゼト、イミダゾリン、カルバゾール、メチルカルボキシアミン、エチルカルボキシアミン、プロピルカルボキシアミン、ブチルカルボキシアミン、ペンチルカルボキシアミン、ヘキシルカルボキシアミン、ホルムアミジニウム、グアニジン、アニリン、ピリジン及びこれらのイオン(例えば、メチルアンモニウム(CH3NH3)等)やフェネチルアンモニウム等が挙げられる。なかでも、メチルアミン、エチルアミン、プロピルアミン、プロピルカルボキシアミン、ブチルカルボキシアミン、ペンチルカルボキシアミン、ホルムアミジニウム、グアニジン及びこれらのイオンが好ましく、メチルアミン、エチルアミン、ペンチルカルボキシアミン、ホルムアミジニウム、グアニジン及びこれらのイオンがより好ましい。中でも高い光電変換効率が得られることから、メチルアミン、ホルムアミニジウム及びこれらのイオンが更に好ましい。
図1は、体心に金属原子M、各頂点に有機分子R、面心にハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子Xが配置された立方晶系の構造である、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶構造の一例を示す模式図である。詳細は明らかではないが、上記構造を有することにより、結晶格子内の八面体の向きが容易に変わることができるため、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物中の電子の移動度が高くなり、太陽電池の光電変換効率が向上すると推定される。
N(T,I)/N(0,I)<5 (1)
なお、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度(N(0,I)及びN(T,I))は、例えば、吸収スペクトル、光電子分光法、C-V測定等により求めることができる。具体的には例えば、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度は、C-V測定により得られたC-Vグラフをもとにモット-ショットキープロットに変換することにより求めることができる。
電極と、対向電極と、上記電極と上記対向電極との間に配置された光電変換層とを有する太陽電池であって、上記光電変換層は、一般式R-M-X3(但し、Rは有機分子、Mは金属原子、Xはハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子である。)で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含み、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物が結晶化度70%以上の結晶性半導体であり、かつ、上記光電変換層が周期表2族元素、周期表11族元素、マンガン、アンチモン、チタン、ネオジム、イリジウム及びランタンからなる群から選択される1種以上の元素を含有する部位を有する太陽電池もまた、本発明の1つである。
なお、本明細書において結晶性半導体とは、X線散乱強度分布を測定し、散乱ピークが検出できる半導体を意味している。
上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度が70%以上であれば、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度が上記式(1)を満たしやすくなり、太陽電池に光を照射し続けることによる光電変換効率の低下(光劣化)、特に短絡電流の低下に起因する光劣化が抑制される。また、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物中の電子の移動度が高くなり、太陽電池の光電変換効率が向上する。上記結晶化度の好ましい下限は80%、更に好ましい下限は90%である。
上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶子径が5nm以上であれば、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度が上記式(1)を満たしやすくなり、太陽電池に光を照射し続けることによる光電変換効率の低下(光劣化)、特に短絡電流の低下に起因する光劣化が抑制される。また、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物中の電子の移動度が高くなり、太陽電池の光電変換効率が向上する。上記結晶子径の好ましい下限は10nm、より好ましい下限は20nmである。
上記熱アニール(加熱処理)を行う場合、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を加熱する温度は特に限定されないが、100℃以上、200℃未満であることが好ましい。上記加熱温度が100℃以上であれば、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度及び結晶子径を充分に上げることができる。上記加熱温度が200℃未満であれば、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を熱劣化させることなく加熱処理を行うことができる。より好ましい加熱温度は、120℃以上、170℃以下である。また、加熱時間も特に限定されないが、3分以上、2時間以内であることが好ましい。上記加熱時間が3分以上であれば、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度及び結晶子径を充分に上げることができる。上記加熱時間が2時間以内であれば、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を熱劣化させることなく加熱処理を行うことができる。なお、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物が熱劣化すると、結晶性が崩れる。
これらの加熱操作は真空又は不活性ガス下で行われることが好ましく、露点温度は10℃以下が好ましく、7.5℃以下がより好ましく、5℃以下が更に好ましい。
上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物は、一般に、ハロゲン化金属化合物とアミン化合物とを反応させることにより調製される。得られた有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物には、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を形成する反応工程において、反応しきれずに残ったアミン化合物等の成分が残存している。このような残存アミン化合物は、短絡電流の低下をもたらし、太陽電池に光を照射し続けることによる光電変換効率の低下(光劣化)の原因となる。上記光電変換層中における上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物1モルに対する残存したアミン化合物の量が0.5モル以下とすることにより、残存アミン化合物の悪影響を抑えて、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度を、上記式(1)を満たすようにすることができる。上記残存した上記アミン化合物の量は、好ましい上限が0.3モル、より好ましい上限が0.1モルであり、最も好ましい上限は0.05モルである。
電極と、対向電極と、上記電極と上記対向電極との間に配置された光電変換層とを有する太陽電池であって、上記光電変換層は、一般式R-M-X3(但し、Rは有機分子、Mは金属原子、Xはハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子である。)で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含み、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物は、ハロゲン化金属化合物とアミン化合物との反応物であり、上記光電変換層中における上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物1モルに対する残存したアミン化合物の量が0.5モル以下である太陽電池もまた、本発明の1つである。
原料となるアミン化合物は、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物において上記有機分子R及び上記ハロゲン原子Xを構成するものである。従って、上記アミン化合物としては、例えば、上記有機分子R及び上記ハロゲン原子Xを含む化合物が挙げられ、より具体的には例えば、ヨウ化メチルアンモニウム、臭化メチルアンモニウム、塩化メチルアンモニウム、ヨウ化ホルムアミジニウム、臭化ホルムアミジニウム、塩化ホルムアミジニウム、ヨウ化グアニジン、臭化グアニジン、塩化グアニジン等が挙げられる。これらのアミン化合物は単独で用いられてもよく、2種以上が併用されてもよい。上記アミン化合物におけるハロゲン原子Xと、上記ハロゲン化金属化合物におけるハロゲン原子Xとは、異なるものであってもよい。
これらのハロゲン化金属化合物及びアミン化合物は、目的とする有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の構造にあわせて、適宜組み合わせることができる。
上記有機半導体として、例えば、ポリ(3-アルキルチオフェン)等のチオフェン骨格を有する化合物等が挙げられる。また、例えば、ポリパラフェニレンビニレン骨格、ポリビニルカルバゾール骨格、ポリアニリン骨格、ポリアセチレン骨格等を有する導電性高分子等も挙げられる。更に、例えば、フタロシアニン骨格、ナフタロシアニン骨格、ペンタセン骨格、ベンゾポルフィリン骨格等のポルフィリン骨格、スピロビフルオレン骨格等を有する化合物や、表面修飾されていてもよいカーボンナノチューブ、グラフェン、フラーレン等のカーボン含有材料も挙げられる。
上記電子輸送層の材料は特に限定されず、例えば、N型導電性高分子、N型低分子有機半導体、N型金属酸化物、N型金属硫化物、ハロゲン化アルカリ金属、アルカリ金属、界面活性剤等が挙げられ、具体的には例えば、シアノ基含有ポリフェニレンビニレン、ホウ素含有ポリマー、バソキュプロイン、バソフェナントレン、ヒドロキシキノリナトアルミニウム、オキサジアゾール化合物、ベンゾイミダゾール化合物、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸化合物、ペリレン誘導体、ホスフィンオキサイド化合物、ホスフィンスルフィド化合物、フルオロ基含有フタロシアニン、酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛、酸化インジウム、酸化スズ、酸化ガリウム、硫化スズ、硫化インジウム、硫化亜鉛等が挙げられる。
上記ホール輸送層の材料は特に限定されず、例えば、P型導電性高分子、P型低分子有機半導体、P型金属酸化物、P型金属硫化物、界面活性剤等が挙げられ、具体的には例えば、ポリ(3-アルキルチオフェン)等のチオフェン骨格を有する化合物等が挙げられる。また、例えば、トリフェニルアミン骨格、ポリパラフェニレンビニレン骨格、ポリビニルカルバゾール骨格、ポリアニリン骨格、ポリアセチレン骨格等を有する導電性高分子等も挙げられる。更に、例えば、フタロシアニン骨格、ナフタロシアニン骨格、ペンタセン骨格、ベンゾポルフィリン骨格等のポルフィリン骨格、スピロビフルオレン骨格等を有する化合物、酸化モリブデン、酸化バナジウム、酸化タングステン、酸化ニッケル、酸化銅、酸化スズ、硫化モリブデン、硫化タングステン、硫化銅、硫化スズ等、フルオロ基含有ホスホン酸、カルボニル基含有ホスホン酸、CuSCN、CuI等の銅化合物、カーボンナノチューブ、グラフェン等のカーボン含有材料等が挙げられる。
なお、上記無機層の厚みは、光学干渉式膜厚測定装置(例えば、大塚電子社製のFE-3000等)を用いて測定することができる。
上記スパッタリング法においては、金属ターゲット、及び、酸素ガス又は窒素ガスを原料とし、上記積層体上に原料を堆積して製膜することにより、無機材料からなる無機層を形成することができる。
上記封止材は、上記熱硬化性樹脂及び熱可塑性樹脂と、上記無機材料との組み合わせでもよい。
上記ハロゲン化金属化合物と、上記アミン化合物とを反応させる方法としては、特に限定されず、気相反応法(CVD)、電気化学沈積法等であってもよいが、上記ハロゲン化金属化合物を含有する溶液と、上記アミン化合物を含有する溶液とを用いた印刷法が好ましい。具体的には、基板(必要に応じて、基板上に上記電極及び上記電子輸送層を有する)をこれらの溶液に浸漬したり、これらの溶液を基板に塗布したりしてもよい。この際、上記ハロゲン化金属化合物を製膜後に、上記アミン化合物を含有する溶液を塗布してもよい。予め上記ハロゲン化金属化合物を含有する溶液と、上記アミン化合物を含有する溶液とを混合した後に該混合液に、基板(必要に応じて、基板上に上記電極及び上記電子輸送層を有する)を浸漬したり、予め上記ハロゲン化金属化合物を含有する溶液と、上記アミン化合物を含有する溶液とを混合した後に該混合液を基板に塗布したりしてもよい。
印刷法を採用することで、高い光電変換効率を発揮できる太陽電池を大面積で簡易に形成することができる。塗布する方法として、例えば、スピンコート法、キャスト法等が挙げられ、印刷法を用いた方法としてはロールtoロール法等が挙げられる。
上記光電変換層を加熱する工程における加熱温度は100℃以上、200℃未満であることが好ましく、120℃以上、170℃以下であることがより好ましい。
上記光電変換層を加熱する工程における加熱時間は特に限定されないが、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を熱劣化させない観点からは、3分以上、2時間以内であることが好ましい。
上記光電変換層を加熱する工程における加熱操作は真空又は不活性ガス下で行われることが好ましく、露点温度は10℃以下が好ましく、7.5℃以下がより好ましく、5℃以下が更に好ましい。
なお、上記光電変換層を加熱する工程は、上記光電変換層を形成した直後に行ってもよいが、後述する光電変換層中の残存するアミン化合物を減少させる工程を更に行う場合には、該工程の後に行った方が、残存したアミン化合物を効率よく減少させることができる。
上記光電変換層中の残存するアミン化合物を減少させる工程としては、例えば、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物は溶解せず、上記アミン化合物が溶解する溶媒に上記光電変換層を浸漬させる方法等が挙げられる。このような溶媒に上記光電変換層を浸漬させることにより、残存したアミン化合物を効率よく減少させ、残存したアミン化合物の量を上記範囲に調整することができる。
上記溶媒に上記光電変換層を浸漬させる温度は、特に限定されないが、10~100℃が好ましく、15~80℃がより好ましい。
上記溶媒に上記光電変換層を浸漬させる時間は、特に限定されないが、1秒以上、1時間以下が好ましい。1秒以上浸漬させることにより効率よく上記アミン化合物を減少させることができ、1時間以下であることにより上記溶媒中に微少量存在する水等による影響を抑制できる。
(1)チタンを含有する塗布液の作製
チタン粉末10mmolを精秤し、ビーカーに入れ、過酸化水素水40gを加え、さらにアンモニア水10gを加えた。これを2時間水冷した後、L-乳酸30mmolを添加し、80℃に設定したホットプレートで一日加温し、そこへ蒸留水10mlを添加しチタンを含有する塗布液を作製した。
ガラス基板上に、電極(陰極)として厚み1000nmのFTO膜を形成し、純水、アセトン、メタノールをこの順に用いて各10分間超音波洗浄した後、乾燥させた。
チタンを含有する塗布液を回転数1500rpmの条件でスピンコート法により塗布した。塗布後、大気中550℃で10分間焼成し、薄膜状の電子輸送層を形成した。更に、薄膜状の電子輸送層上に、有機バインダとしてのポリイソブチルメタクリレートと酸化チタン(平均粒子径10nmと30nmとの混合物)とを含有する酸化チタンペーストをスピンコート法により塗布した後、500℃で10分間焼成し、厚み300nmの多孔質状の電子輸送層を形成した。
次いで、ハロゲン化金属化合物としてヨウ化鉛をN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)に溶解させて1Mの溶液を調製した。さらに銅を添加するために、上記ヨウ化鉛のDMF溶液に0.01Mの濃度になるように添加物として塩化銅を溶解させて、これを上記多孔質状の電子輸送層上にスピンコート法によって製膜した。更に、アミン化合物としてヨウ化メチルアンモニウムを2-プロパノールに溶解させて1Mの溶液を調製した。この溶液内に上記のヨウ化鉛を製膜したサンプルを浸漬させることによって有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物であるCH3NH3PbI3を含む層を形成した。浸漬後、得られたサンプルに対して80℃にて30分間加熱処理を行った。
更に、Poly(4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine)(1-Material社製)の1wt%クロロベンゼン溶液を有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物部位上にスピンコート法によって50nmの厚みに積層し、ホール輸送層を形成した。
得られたホール輸送層上に、対向電極(陽極)として真空蒸着により厚み100nmの金膜を形成し、太陽電池を得た。
X線散乱強度分布測定により検出されたスペクトルの2θが13°~15°の領域において、結晶質由来の散乱ピークと非晶質部由来のハローとをフィッティングにより分離し、それぞれの強度積分を求めて、全体のうちの結晶部分の比を算出することにより、結晶化度を求めた。また、得られたスペクトルから、rigaku data analysis softwareのpdxlを用い、halder-wagner法にて結晶子径を算出した。
朝日分光社製のHAL-320を用いて、太陽電池に100mW/cm2の擬似太陽光を照射しながら、インピーダンスアナライザ(ソーラートロン社製、Sl1287)を用いて、太陽電池のC-V測定を行った。測定は周波数1000Hzにて行い、+2Vから-2Vまで100mV/sの挿引速度で測定した。光照射を開始した直後の有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度N(0,I)と光照射を1時間続けた後の有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度N(T,I)とを、C-V測定により得られたC-Vグラフをもとにモット-ショットキープロットに変換することにより求め、N(T,I)/N(0,I)を算出した。
有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物形成用溶液を調製する際に実施例1の塩化銅0.01Mを表1に記載の化合物・添加量に変更したこと、またホール輸送層を表1に記載の材料に変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、太陽電池を得た。実施例1と同様にして、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度やキャリア密度等の測定を行った。
実施例1の多孔質状の電子輸送層上に有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物形成用溶液として、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)を溶媒としてCH3NH3IとPbI2をモル比1:1で溶かし、Pbの濃度が1Mになるように調製した。さらにストロンチウム、又はチタンを添加するために、上記の調製した溶液に0.01Mの濃度になるように添加物として塩化ストロンチウム又はヨウ化チタンを溶解させて、これを上記多孔質状の電子輸送層上にスピンコート法によって製膜した。更に、ホール輸送層としてPoly(4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine)(1-Material社製)の1wt%クロロベンゼン溶液を有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物部位上にスピンコート法によって50nmの厚みに積層し、光電変換層を形成した。光電変換層上に、対向電極(陽極)として真空蒸着により厚み100nmの金膜を形成し、太陽電池を得た。
実施例1の多孔質状の電子輸送層上に有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物形成用溶液として、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)を溶媒としてCH3NH3IとPbCl2をモル比3:1で溶かし、Pbの濃度が1Mになるように調製した。さらにストロンチウムを添加するために、上記の調製した溶液に0.01Mの濃度になるように塩化ストロンチウムを溶解させて、これを上記多孔質状の電子輸送層上にスピンコート法によって製膜した。更に、ホール輸送層としてPoly(4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine)(1-Material社製)の1wt%クロロベンゼン溶液を有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物部位上にスピンコート法によって50nmの厚みに積層し、光電変換層を形成した。光電変換層上に、対向電極(陽極)として真空蒸着により厚み100nmの金膜を形成し、太陽電池を得た。
有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物形成用溶液を調製する際に添加物を使用しないこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、太陽電池を得た。実施例1と同様にして、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度やキャリア密度等の測定を行った。
有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物形成用溶液を調製する際に添加物を使用しないこと以外は実施例3と同様にして、太陽電池を得た。実施例1と同様にして、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度やキャリア密度等の測定を行った。
有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物形成用溶液を調製する際に使用した添加物の種類及び濃度を、表1に記載の通りに変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、太陽電池を得た。実施例1と同様にして、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度やキャリア密度等の測定を行った。
有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物形成用溶液を調製する際に添加物を使用しないこと以外は実施例15と同様にして、太陽電池を得た。実施例1と同様にして、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度やキャリア密度等の測定を行った。
有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物形成用溶液を調製する際に添加物を使用しないこと以外は実施例17と同様にして、太陽電池を得た。実施例1と同様にして、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度やキャリア密度等の測定を行った。
有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物であるCH3NH3PbI3を含む層を形成した後、得られたサンプルに対して200℃にて30分間加熱処理したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、太陽電池を得た。実施例1と同様にして、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度やキャリア密度等の測定を行った。
実施例1~17及び比較例1~9で得られた太陽電池について、以下の評価を行った。結果を表1に示した。
太陽電池の電極間に電源(KEITHLEY社製、236モデル)を接続し、ソーラーシミュレーション(山下電装社製)を用いて強度100mW/cm2の光を照射した。光照射を開始した直後の光電変換効率と光照射を1時間続けた後の光電変換効率とをそれぞれ測定した。光照射を1時間続けた後の光電変換効率/光照射を開始した直後の光電変換効率の値を求め、その値が0.9以上であった場合を○○○、0.8以上、0.9未満であった場合を○○、0.6以上、0.8未満であった場合を○、0.6未満であった場合を×とした。
太陽電池の電極間に電源(KEITHLEY社製、236モデル)を接続し、ソーラーシミュレーション(山下電装社製)を用いて強度100mW/cm2の光を照射し光電変換効率を測定した。実施例1-14、比較例2-7については比較例1の変換効率を1に規格化した際、1以上であった場合を○、1未満であった場合を×とし、実施例15-16については比較例8の変換効率を1に規格化した際、1以上であった場合を○、1未満であった場合を×とし、実施例17については比較例9の変換効率を1に規格化した際、1以上であった場合を○、1未満であった場合を×とした。
(1)太陽電池の作製
ガラス基板上に、電極(陰極)として厚み1000nmのFTO膜を形成し、純水、アセトン、メタノールをこの順に用いて各10分間超音波洗浄した後、乾燥させた。
チタンを含有する塗布液を回転数1500rpmの条件でスピンコート法により塗布した。塗布後、大気中550℃で10分間焼成し、薄膜状の電子輸送層を形成した。更に、薄膜状の電子輸送層上に、有機バインダとしてのポリイソブチルメタクリレートと酸化チタン(平均粒子径10nmと30nmとの混合物)とを含有する酸化チタンペーストをスピンコート法により塗布した後、500℃で10分間焼成し、厚み300nmの多孔質状の電子輸送層を形成した。
次いで、ハロゲン化金属化合物としてヨウ化鉛をN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)に溶解させて1Mの溶液を調製した。これを上記酸化チタンの層上にスピンコート法によって製膜した。更に、アミン化合物としてヨウ化メチルアンモニウムを2-プロパノールに溶解させて1Mの溶液を調製した。この溶液内に上記のヨウ化鉛を製膜したサンプルを浸漬させることによって有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物であるCH3NH3PbI3を含む層を形成した。更に得られた層を2-プロパノール(ヨウ化メチルアンモニウムが溶解する溶媒)に20秒間浸漬させる処理(洗浄処理)を行った。浸漬させる処理後、得られたサンプルに対して150℃にて30分間加熱処理を行った。
更に、Spiro-OMeTAD(スピロビフルオレン骨格を有する)を68mM、Tert-butylpyridineを55mM、Lithium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide塩を9mM溶解させた溶液を有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物部位上にスピンコート法によって50nmの厚みに積層し、ホール輸送層を形成した。
得られたホール輸送層上に、対向電極(陽極)として真空蒸着により厚み100nmの金膜を形成し、太陽電池を得た。
朝日分光社製のHAL-320を用いて、太陽電池に100mW/cm2の擬似太陽光を照射しながら、インピーダンスアナライザ(ソーラートロン社製、Sl1287)を用いて、太陽電池のC-V測定を行った。測定は周波数1000Hzにて行い、+2Vから-2Vまで100mV/sの挿引速度で測定した。光照射を開始した直後の有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度N(0,I)と光照射を1時間続けた後の有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度N(T,I)とを、C-V測定により得られたC-Vグラフをもとにモット-ショットキープロットに変換することにより求め、N(T,I)/N(0,I)を算出した。
浸漬させる処理(洗浄処理)後の加熱処理における加熱温度又は加熱時間を変更するか、加熱処理を行わなかった以外は実施例18と同様にして太陽電池を得た。
ヨウ化メチルアンモニウムの代わりにヨウ化ホルムアミジニウムを用い、浸漬させる処理(洗浄処理)後の加熱処理における加熱温度又は加熱時間を変更した以外は実施例18と同様にして太陽電池を得た。
2-プロパノールに浸漬させる処理(洗浄処理)の時間を変更することで、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含む層中における残存したアミン化合物の量(残存量)を表2に示される数値に変更し、また、ハロゲン化金属化合物の種類、アミン化合物の種類を表2に示されるものに変更したこと以外は実施例18と同様にして太陽電池を得た。
浸漬させる処理(洗浄処理)を行う溶媒として2-プロパノールの代わりにエタノールを用いた以外は実施例18と同様にして太陽電池を得た。
CH3NH3PbI3を含む層を形成後、2-プロパノール(ヨウ化メチルアンモニウムが溶解する溶媒)に浸漬させる処理(洗浄処理)を行わなかったこと以外は実施例18と同様にして太陽電池を得た。
浸漬させる処理(洗浄処理)後の加熱処理を行わなかったこと以外は比較例11と同様にして太陽電池を得た。
実施例18~26及び比較例11、12で得られた太陽電池について、以下の評価を行った。結果を表2に示した。
太陽電池の電極間に、電源(KEITHLEY社製、236モデル)を接続し、ソーラーシミュレーション(山下電装社製)を用いて強度100mW/cm2の光を照射し、光照射を開始した直後の光電変換効率を測定した。
○:光電変換効率が10%以上
△:光電変換効率が10%未満、7%以上
×:光電変換効率が7%未満
太陽電池の電極間に、電源(KEITHLEY社製、236モデル)を接続し、ソーラーシミュレーション(山下電装社製)を用いて強度100mW/cm2の光を照射し、光照射を開始した直後の開放電圧及び短絡電流と光を20分間照射した後の開放電圧及び短絡電流とをそれぞれ測定した。光を20分間照射した後の開放電圧/光照射を開始した直後の開放電圧の値(開放電圧の相対値)、及び、光を20分間照射した後の短絡電流/光照射を開始した直後の短絡電流の値(短絡電流の相対値)を求めた。
光劣化試験終了後、太陽電池を2-プロパノール(ヨウ化メチルアンモニウム及びヨウ化ホルムアミジニウムのみが溶出する溶媒)で洗浄し、洗浄液をガスクロマトグラフ質量分析法(GCMS)(JMS-Q1050GC、日本電子社製)により元素分析した。その後、DMFにより有機無機ハイブリッド化合物を溶出させた洗浄液をRBS法により元素分析することで有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物1モルに対し、残存したアミン化合物の量(モル)を定量化した。
Claims (8)
- 電極と、対向電極と、前記電極と前記対向電極との間に配置された光電変換層とを有する太陽電池であって、
前記光電変換層は、一般式R-M-X3(但し、Rは有機分子、Mは金属原子、Xはハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子である。)で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含み、
前記太陽電池に強度ImW/cm2の光照射を開始した直後の前記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度をN(0,I)、前記太陽電池に強度ImW/cm2の光照射をT時間続けた後の前記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物のキャリア密度をN(T,I)としたとき、下記式(1)を満たす
ことを特徴とする太陽電池。
N(T,I)/N(0,I)<5 (1) - 電極と、対向電極と、前記電極と前記対向電極との間に配置された光電変換層とを有する太陽電池であって、
前記光電変換層は、一般式R-M-X3(但し、Rは有機分子、Mは金属原子、Xはハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子である。)で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含み、
前記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物が結晶化度70%以上の結晶性半導体であり、かつ、前記光電変換層が周期表2族元素、周期表11族元素、マンガン、アンチモン、チタン、ネオジム、イリジウム及びランタンからなる群から選択される1種以上の元素を含有する部位を有する
ことを特徴とする太陽電池。 - 電極と、対向電極と、前記電極と前記対向電極との間に配置された光電変換層とを有する太陽電池であって、
前記光電変換層は、一般式R-M-X3(但し、Rは有機分子、Mは金属原子、Xはハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子である。)で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含み、
前記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物は、ハロゲン化金属化合物とアミン化合物との反応物であり、前記光電変換層中における前記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物1モルに対する残存した前記アミン化合物の量が0.5モル以下である
ことを特徴とする太陽電池。 - 一般式R-M-X3で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物において、Mが鉛又はスズであることを特徴とする請求項1、2又は3記載の太陽電池。
- 一般式R-M-X3で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物において、Xがヨウ素又は臭素であることを特徴とする請求項1、2、3又は4記載の太陽電池。
- 一般式R-M-X3で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物において、Rがホルムアミジニウム又はそのイオンであることを特徴とする請求項1、2、3、4又は5記載の太陽電池。
- 電極と、対向電極と、前記電極と前記対向電極との間に配置された、一般式R-M-X3(但し、Rは有機分子、Mは金属原子、Xはハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子である。)で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含む光電変換層を有する太陽電池の製造方法であって、
ハロゲン化金属化合物を含有する溶液とアミン化合物を含有する溶液とを用いた印刷法により有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含む光電変換層を形成する工程と、前記光電変換層を加熱温度100℃以上、200℃未満、加熱時間3分以上、2時間以内の条件で加熱する工程とを有し、
前記ハロゲン化金属化合物を含有する溶液とアミン化合物を含有する溶液とのいずれか一方又は両方に周期表2族元素、周期表11族元素、マンガン、アンチモン、チタン、ネオジム、イリジウム及びランタンからなる群から選択される1種以上の元素を含有させる
ことを特徴とする太陽電池の製造方法。 - 電極と、対向電極と、前記電極と前記対向電極との間に配置された、一般式R-M-X3(但し、Rは有機分子、Mは金属原子、Xはハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子である。)で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含む光電変換層を有する太陽電池の製造方法であって、
ハロゲン化金属化合物を含有する溶液とアミン化合物を含有する溶液とを用いた印刷法により有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含む光電変換層を形成する工程と、前記光電変換層を有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物は溶解せず、アミン化合物が溶解する溶媒に浸漬させる工程を有する
ことを特徴とする太陽電池の製造方法。
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2016
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- 2016-01-29 CN CN201680005704.5A patent/CN107112420B/zh active Active
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- 2016-01-29 WO PCT/JP2016/052637 patent/WO2016121922A1/ja not_active Ceased
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| JP2018148070A (ja) * | 2017-03-07 | 2018-09-20 | 株式会社東芝 | 半導体素子およびその製造方法 |
| KR101955581B1 (ko) * | 2017-05-15 | 2019-03-07 | 아주대학교산학협력단 | Uv 및 청색광을 이용한 페로브스카이트 박막의 결정성 향상 방법 |
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| TW201639209A (zh) | 2016-11-01 |
| US20180019066A1 (en) | 2018-01-18 |
| US11101079B2 (en) | 2021-08-24 |
| AU2016213091A1 (en) | 2017-08-10 |
| JP6745214B2 (ja) | 2020-08-26 |
| JP2017079334A (ja) | 2017-04-27 |
| EP3252839A1 (en) | 2017-12-06 |
| EP3252839B1 (en) | 2024-10-02 |
| JPWO2016121922A1 (ja) | 2017-11-09 |
| CN107112420A (zh) | 2017-08-29 |
| EP3252839A4 (en) | 2018-10-24 |
| AU2016213091B2 (en) | 2020-11-26 |
| TWI693732B (zh) | 2020-05-11 |
| CN107112420B (zh) | 2020-11-06 |
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