WO2016140352A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質、正極及び非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質、正極及び非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016140352A1 WO2016140352A1 PCT/JP2016/056852 JP2016056852W WO2016140352A1 WO 2016140352 A1 WO2016140352 A1 WO 2016140352A1 JP 2016056852 W JP2016056852 W JP 2016056852W WO 2016140352 A1 WO2016140352 A1 WO 2016140352A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/54—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (Mn2O4)-, e.g. Li(NixMn2-x)O4 or Li(MyNixMn2-x-y)O4
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/30—Three-dimensional structures
- C01P2002/32—Three-dimensional structures spinel-type (AB2O4)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a positive electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a secondary battery is a battery that can be repeatedly charged and discharged.
- the secondary battery is mainly composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolytic solution, and the like. These secondary batteries can be roughly classified according to the electrolytic solution.
- the secondary battery in which the solvent of the electrolytic solution is an organic solvent is called a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a typical nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the positive electrode of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is generally composed of an active material, a conductive material, a binder, a current collector, and the like.
- An active material refers to an electrochemically active material.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery include LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , and LiMn 2 O 4 .
- the positive electrode active material of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is classified according to the structure of the active material. For example, LiCoO 2 and LiNiO 2 are classified into a layered structure. LiMn 2 O 4 is classified into a spinel structure.
- LiMn 2 O 4 is low in cost and high in safety as compared with a layered structure such as LiCoO 2 and LiNiO 2 .
- LiMn 2 O 4 having a spinel structure has a lower energy density per unit mass than LiCoO 2 and LiNiO 2 having a layered structure. In order to increase the energy density per unit mass, it is necessary to increase the operating voltage of the battery or increase the discharge capacity.
- Patent Document 1 a part of Mn of LiMn 2 O 4 is replaced with Ni to increase the operating voltage of the battery.
- a part of Mn of LiMn 2 O 4 is replaced with Ni to obtain LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 , so that the operating potential of the battery becomes 4.5 V or more. Has been.
- the LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 Li is made excessive to increase the discharge capacity of the battery.
- the discharge capacity is 160 to 180 mAh / g. It is described that it becomes.
- LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 and LiI are reacted and then annealed in a nitrogen atmosphere to increase the discharge capacity of the battery.
- LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 and LiI are reacted to synthesize Li 2 Mn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 and then annealed at 300 ° C. for 5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere. Describes that the discharge capacity is about 240 mAh / g.
- Patent Document 4 describes that the cycle characteristics are improved by electrochemically inserting Li into LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 to make Li excessive. However, in this method, the discharge capacity is insufficient even if the cycle characteristics are improved.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having good cycle characteristics, a positive electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the present invention provides the following positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a positive electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention satisfies the following conditions (1) to (5).
- (1) It contains Li, Mn, and Ni and has a spinel structure.
- the molar ratio of Ni and Mn (Ni / Mn) is in the range of 0.10 to 0.43.
- the molar ratio of Li to Mn (Li / Mn) is in the range of 0.70 to 1.80.
- the above positive electrode active material, conductive material and binder are N -Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is mixed to prepare a positive electrode coating solution, which is applied to an aluminum foil as a current collector and dried, and has a film thickness of 35 to 45 ⁇ m. Then, it is die-cut to 14 mm ⁇ and vacuum-dried to obtain a positive electrode.
- the positive electrode and negative electrode metal lithium foil: thickness 0.2 mm
- the positive electrode of the present invention includes the positive electrode active material for the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes the positive electrode of the present invention.
- a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having good cycle characteristics can be provided.
- Example 4 is a graph showing an X-ray diffraction pattern in the positive electrode active material obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- the first dQ / dV curve of the cycle characteristics in the positive electrode active material obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 (the horizontal axis is voltage (lithium reference), the vertical axis is the change in discharge capacity Q with respect to the change amount dV of voltage V. It is a graph which shows the curve made into the ratio of quantity dQ. It is a graph which shows the X-ray-diffraction pattern in the positive electrode active material obtained by the comparative example 3 produced by the method similar to patent document 4.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as the present positive electrode active material) will be described.
- This positive electrode active material contains Li, Mn, and Ni as constituent elements.
- the molar ratio of Ni and Mn (Ni / Mn) and the molar ratio of Li and Mn (Li / Mn) are in the following ranges.
- Ni / Mn 0.10 to 0.43 [-]
- Li / Mn 0.70 to 1.80 [-]
- Ni / Mn 0.17 to 0.35 [ ⁇ ]
- Li / Mn 0.80 to 1.50 [ ⁇ ]
- Ni / Mn and Li / Mn are in the above ranges since the initial discharge capacity becomes higher.
- the positive electrode active material may contain an element M other than Li, Mn, and Ni.
- the element M is preferably the following element.
- M Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, Sb, B, S
- the content of the element M is preferably such that the molar ratio of the element M to Mn (M / Mn) is in the following range.
- M / Mn 0.05 to 0.15 [ ⁇ ]
- M / Mn 0.05 to 0.07 [ ⁇ ]
- the positive electrode active material has a spinel structure.
- the presence or absence of a spinel structure can be confirmed from an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by powder X-ray diffraction measurement.
- an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by measuring the positive electrode active material of the present invention under the conditions of powder X-ray diffraction measurement described later has a spinel structure as long as it has a peak in the following 2 ⁇ range.
- the shape of the charge / discharge curve is greatly different between the first time and the second time.
- the reason why the shape of the charge / discharge curve is different between the first time and the second time is considered to be because the structure of the positive electrode active material has changed during the first charge / discharge.
- the initial charge / discharge curve has a specific shape. The shape of the initial charge / discharge curve can be specified using the dQ / dV curve.
- the charge / discharge curve is plotted with the horizontal axis indicating capacity Q and the vertical axis indicating voltage V for data obtained when the battery is charged and discharged under the battery test conditions described below.
- the dQ / dV curve is obtained by plotting the above-mentioned data as voltage V on the horizontal axis and dQ / dV on the vertical axis (ratio of change amount dQ of capacitance Q to change amount dV of voltage V).
- This positive electrode active material has one peak at the following voltage V 1 and two peaks in the range of V 2 in the first dQ / dV curve (discharge).
- V 1 2.72 to 2.90 [V]
- V 2 4.50 to 4.80 [V]
- V 1 2.72 to 2.80 [V]
- V 2 4.60 to 4.74 [V]
- This positive electrode active material has a peak intensity (I 1 ) with the highest voltage and a peak intensity (I 2 ) with the lowest voltage at the peak in the range of V 2 of the first dQ / dV curve (discharge).
- the ratio (I 1 / I 2 ) is preferably in the following range. 0 ⁇ (I 1 / I 2 ) ⁇ 1.30 In particular, the ratio (I 1 / I 2 ) is preferably in the following range. 0.3 ⁇ (I 1 / I 2 ) ⁇ 1.00 When the ratio (I 1 / I 2 ) is in the above range, the cycle characteristics are excellent.
- the positive electrode active material preferably has a specific surface area (SSA) measured under the BET specific surface area measurement conditions described below in the following range.
- SSA 1 to 40 [m 2 / g] Furthermore, it is more preferable to be in the following range.
- SSA 1-30 [m 2 / g] Furthermore, it is particularly preferable to be in the following range.
- SSA 4 to 30 [m 2 / g]
- the specific surface area is larger than 40 m 2 / g, cycle characteristics may be deteriorated, which is not preferable.
- the specific surface area is smaller than 1 m 2 / g, the initial discharge capacity may be lowered, which is not preferable.
- This manufacturing method includes the following steps A and B.
- the following can be used for the compound containing Li. These compounds may contain crystal water. Moreover, these compounds can also be used in combination at a certain ratio. ⁇ Compound containing Li> Li 2 CO 3 , LiOH, LiNO 3 , CH 3 COOLi, Li 2 SO 4 , Li 3 PO 4, etc. Further, the following compounds are preferably used. ⁇ A more preferable compound containing Li> Li 2 CO 3 , LiOH, LiNO 3 , CH 3 COOLi The use of the above compound is preferable because elements other than Li and O are removed upon firing.
- the compound containing Mn the following can be used. These compounds may contain crystal water. Moreover, these compounds can also be used combining each in a fixed ratio. ⁇ Compound containing Mn> MnO 2 , Mn 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 , MnCO 3 , Mn (CH 3 COO) 2 , Mn (OH) 2 , Mn (NO 3 ) 2 , MnSO 4, etc. Further, the following compounds may be used. preferable.
- the following compounds can be used as the compound containing Ni. These compounds may contain crystal water. Moreover, these compounds can also be used combining each in a fixed ratio. ⁇ Compound containing Ni> NiO, Ni 2 O 3 , NiCO 3 , Ni (CH 3 COO) 2 , Ni (OH) 2 , Ni (NO 3 ) 2 , NiSO 4, etc. Further, the following compounds are preferably used. ⁇ A more preferable compound containing Ni> NiO, Ni 2 O 3 , NiCO 3 , Ni (CH 3 COO) 2 , Ni (OH) 2 , Ni (NO 3 ) 2 The use of the above compound is preferable because elements other than Ni and O are removed upon firing.
- the compound containing element M a conventionally known compound can be used as long as it is a compound containing M.
- those from which compounds other than M and O are removed after firing are preferred.
- This manufacturing method mixes said raw material in a raw material mixing process, and prepares a mixture.
- the mixing method may be dry mixing or wet mixing.
- the following conventionally known mixers can be used for mixing the raw materials. ⁇ Mixer> Stir mixer, mixer, ball mill, jet mill, bead mill, etc.
- the mixture obtained in the raw material mixing step preferably has a median diameter (d50) of the particle size distribution measured under the particle size distribution measurement conditions described later in the following range.
- d50 0.1 to 0.5 [ ⁇ m]
- the median diameter of the mixture is not in the above range, the Li, Mn, Ni, and M elements tend to be biased in the mixture.
- the positive electrode active material is not preferable because it may adversely affect the decrease in energy density and cycle characteristics.
- the raw materials may be preliminarily ground to a predetermined median diameter and then mixed. Moreover, you may grind
- These pulverization methods may be dry pulverization or wet pulverization.
- wet pulverization it is preferable to use wet pulverization. Since wet pulverization can be pulverized more finely than dry pulverization, it is suitable as a pulverization method for achieving the median diameter of the above mixture.
- the following conventionally known pulverizer can be used for wet pulverization. ⁇ Crusher> Bead mill, ball mill, etc.
- the mixed slurry is dried to prepare a mixture.
- the following conventionally known drying methods can be used. ⁇ Drying method> Evaporation to dryness, vacuum drying, vacuum drying, spray drying, freeze drying, etc.
- the positive electrode active material is prepared by firing the mixture prepared in the raw material mixing step in the firing step.
- the following conventionally known firing furnaces can be used for firing the mixture. ⁇ Baking furnace> Muffle furnace, roller hearth kiln, atmosphere furnace, etc.
- the mixture is preferably fired within the following firing temperature range.
- the firing temperature (T) is the atmosphere temperature of the firing furnace or the temperature of the mixture.
- T 500-900 [°C]
- the range of the following calcination temperature is preferable.
- T 700 ⁇ 850 [°C]
- the firing temperature is lower than 500 ° C.
- a positive electrode active material having a spinel structure may not be obtained, which is not preferable.
- the firing temperature is higher than 900 ° C., it is not preferable because crystals may grow excessively or foreign phases may be generated.
- the firing temperature is 700 to 850 ° C., a positive electrode active material having high energy density and good cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the temperature rise rate is within the following range.
- the heating rate (R Stay up-) the time of starting the temperature increase (temperature: T 0, time: t 0) from the time reaching a predetermined firing temperature (temperature: T 1, time: t 0) ((T 1 -T 0 ) / (t 1 -t 0 )).
- R up 10 to 500 [° C./hr]
- R up 50 to 300 [° C./hr]
- the rate of temperature rise is faster than 300 ° C./hr, temperature unevenness is likely to occur in the mixture, and uniform firing cannot be achieved.
- the firing temperature is preferably maintained within the following firing time range.
- the firing time (t) is defined as the time from the time when the predetermined firing temperature is reached to the time when the temperature is lowered by 50 ° C. or more from the predetermined firing temperature.
- t 0.1 to 24 [hr]
- t 0.1 to 10.0 [hr]
- a firing time shorter than 0.1 hr is not preferable because a positive electrode active material having a spinel structure may not be obtained. Further, when the firing time is longer than 10.0 hr, productivity is lowered, which is not preferable.
- the rate of temperature decrease (R down ) is the average value (temperature: 300 ° C., time: t 1 ) from the point in time when temperature decrease is started (temperature: T 0 , time: t 0 ). (T 0 -300) / (t 0 -t 1 )).
- R down 10 to 500 [° C./hr]
- R down 50 to 200 [° C./hr]
- productivity is lowered, which is not preferable.
- the temperature lowering rate is faster than 200 ° C./hr, it is not preferable because sufficient oxygen is not supplied to the spinel crystal structure and an oxygen deficient structure is easily generated.
- the firing atmosphere in the firing step is not particularly limited.
- the firing may be performed in an air atmosphere, or the air may be circulated and fired.
- the positive electrode of the present invention includes the positive electrode active material of the present invention.
- the positive electrode of the present invention can contain an active material other than the positive electrode active material of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as other active material), a conductive material, a binder, a current collector, and the like as necessary.
- active materials that can be used in the positive electrode of the present invention for example, the following conventionally known compounds can be used.
- Other active materials that can be used for the positive electrode of the present invention are not limited to the following compounds as long as they are compounds capable of inserting and extracting Li. ⁇ Other active materials> LiCoO 2, LiNiO 2, LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2, LiMn 2 O 4, LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 , etc.
- the conductive material that can be used for the positive electrode of the present invention for example, the following conventionally known conductive materials can be used.
- the conductive material that can be used for the positive electrode of the present invention is not limited to the following conductive material as long as it can conduct electrons. ⁇ Conductive material> Activated carbon, various cokes, carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, etc.
- the binder that can be used in the positive electrode of the present invention for example, the following conventionally known binders can be used.
- the binder that can be used in the positive electrode of the present invention is not limited to the following binders as long as it can bind a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, a current collector, and the like.
- the current collector that can be used in the positive electrode of the present invention for example, the following conventionally known current collectors can be used.
- the current collector that can be used in the positive electrode of the present invention is not limited to the following current collectors as long as it can conduct electrons and is not oxidized or reduced during charging or discharging.
- ⁇ Current collector> Metal foil such as aluminum, titanium and stainless steel, expanded metal, punching metal, foam metal, carbon cloth, carbon paper, etc.
- Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes the positive electrode, the negative electrode, the electrolytic solution, and the outer package of the present invention. Moreover, you may provide a separator as needed. Furthermore, you may provide a solid electrolyte as electrolyte solution.
- the negative electrode of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention contains a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode of the present invention can contain a binder, a current collector and the like as necessary.
- the negative electrode active material that can be used for the negative electrode of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention
- the substance which can be used for the negative electrode of this invention will not be limited to the following substance, if it is a substance which can occlude / release Li.
- ⁇ Negative electrode active material> Soft carbon, hard carbon, graphite powder, mesophase carbon fiber, mesophase microsphere, carbon material, Li metal, alloy, oxide, nitride, etc.
- the binder that can be used for the negative electrode of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention for example, the following conventionally known substances can be used.
- the binder that can be used in the negative electrode of the present invention is not limited to the following binders as long as it can bind a negative electrode active material, a current collector, and the like.
- ⁇ Binder> Carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene cross-linked rubber latex, acrylic latex, PVDF, etc.
- the current collector that can be used for the negative electrode of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention for example, the following conventionally known current collector can be used.
- the current collector that can be used in the negative electrode of the present invention is not limited to the following current collectors as long as they can conduct electrons and are not oxidized or reduced during charging or discharging.
- ⁇ Current collector> Metal foil such as copper, nickel, stainless steel, expanded metal, punching metal, foam metal, carbon cloth, carbon paper, etc.
- the electrolytic solution that can be used for the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes a nonaqueous solvent and an electrolyte.
- the nonaqueous solvent which can be used for the electrolyte solution of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this invention will not be limited to the following nonaqueous solvent, if it has Li ion conductivity and is not decomposed
- the electrolyte that can be used for the electrolyte solution of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention for example, the following conventionally known electrolytes can be used.
- the electrolyte which can be used for the electrolyte solution of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this invention will not be limited to the following electrolyte, if it contains Li and melt
- the separator that can be used in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention for example, the following conventionally known separators can be used.
- the separator which can be used for the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is not limited to the following separator as long as it has Li ion permeability and can electrically separate the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the exterior body that can be used for the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention for example, the following conventionally known exterior body can be used.
- the exterior body which can be used for the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is not limited to the following exterior body as long as it does not deteriorate even when a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolytic solution, or the like is sealed.
- ⁇ Wet grinding process> While stirring the mixed slurry obtained in the raw material mixing step, the mixture was pulverized using a wet pulverizer (manufactured by Ashizawa Finetech Co., Ltd .: Star Mill Lab Star LMZ-06). The pulverization was performed until the median diameter of the raw material in the mixed slurry became 0.35 ⁇ m.
- the median diameter of the raw material in the mixed slurry was measured using a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measuring device (Horiba, Ltd .: LA-950 type particle size distribution measuring device). Specifically, a small amount of the mixed slurry was collected, an aqueous sodium hexametaphosphate solution was added, and then ultrasonic treatment was performed. Thereafter, the mixed slurry after ultrasonic treatment was dropped into a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measuring apparatus to adjust the transmittance to 40 to 60%, and then the particle size distribution was measured.
- the mixed slurry obtained in the wet pulverization step was spray-dried using a nozzle type spray dryer (Okawara Kako Co., Ltd .: L-8 type spray dryer). Air was used as the drying gas for the nozzle type spray dryer. After adjusting the flow rate of the drying gas so that the cyclone differential pressure was 0.7 kPa, the temperature of the drying gas was adjusted to 200 ° C. After the drying gas temperature reached 200 ° C., the mixed slurry was added at a flow rate of 2.5 kg / h. At this time, the nozzle spraying pressure was 1.5 MPa.
- BET specific surface area measurement About the positive electrode active material obtained in said baking process, the BET specific surface area measurement was performed on condition of the following.
- BET specific surface area measuring device Macsorb HM model-1220 (manufactured by Mountec) Sample amount: 1g Pretreatment: 300 °C -1hr The measurement results are shown in Table 1.
- the electrochemical characteristics (initial discharge capacity, cycle characteristics, dQ / dV curve) of this positive electrode active material were evaluated by preparing a half cell of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using lithium as a counter electrode.
- ⁇ Create half-cell> The positive electrode active material obtained in the above baking step, acetylene black and KS6 as a conductive material, and polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder were weighed in a mass ratio of 80: 5: 5: 10.
- the positive electrode active material, conductive material and binder were mixed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to prepare a positive electrode coating solution.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- This positive electrode coating solution was applied to an aluminum foil as a current collector, dried, and then rolled to a thickness in the range of 35 to 45 ⁇ m. Actually, it was 40 ⁇ m. Thereafter, it was punched to 14 mm ⁇ and vacuum dried to obtain a positive electrode.
- the above positive electrode and negative electrode (metal lithium foil: thickness 0.2 mm) are laminated on a coin-type battery case via a separator (glass filter), and a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate (volume ratio 1: 2). Then, an electrolytic solution in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / L was injected to prepare a half cell.
- ⁇ Battery evaluation> About the half cell produced by said method, the initial stage discharge capacity, cycling characteristics, and dQ / dV curve were evaluated with the following method.
- ⁇ Initial discharge capacity> The counter electrode (lithium electrode) was charged to 4.8 V with a current corresponding to 0.05 C, and then discharged to 2.0 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C. The discharge capacity at this time was defined as the initial discharge capacity. The results are shown in Table 2. At this time, the discharge capacity was converted per mass of the positive electrode active material. Note that the current corresponding to 0.05 C refers to the current density at which the battery is completely discharged in 20 hours.
- the first time (first cycle) was charged to 4.8 V with a current corresponding to 0.05 C, and discharged to 2.0 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C. Thereafter, after the second time, a current corresponding to 0.2 C was supplied in the range of 2.0 to 4.8 V to charge and discharge, and this was repeated, and the discharge capacity after 50 cycles was measured.
- the current corresponding to 0.2 C refers to the current density that completely discharges the battery in 5 hours.
- the dQ / dV curve is a curve in which the horizontal axis is voltage (lithium reference) and the vertical axis is the ratio of the change amount dQ of the discharge capacity Q to the change amount dV of the voltage V.
- the initial dQ / dV curve is shown in FIG.
- the dQ / dV curve of the positive electrode active material is obtained by picking up the discharge capacity Q at intervals of 0.1 V from the initial discharge curve data of the cycle characteristics, and the change amount dV of the voltage V and the change amount dQ of the discharge capacity Q. was created by plotting.
- Table 1 shows the presence or absence of peaks and their intensities. At this time, in a peak in the range of V 2, the ratio between the intensity of the highest peak voltage (I 1) and the voltage is the lowest peak intensity (I 2) (I 1 / I 2) is 0.39 Met.
- Example 2 A positive electrode active material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was 700 ° C. Measurement and evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using the obtained positive electrode active material. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. At this time, in a peak in the range of V 2, the ratio between the intensity of the highest peak voltage (I 1) and the voltage is the lowest peak intensity (I 2) (I 1 / I 2) is 1.0 Met.
- Example 3 A positive electrode active material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was 900 ° C. Measurement and evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using the obtained positive electrode active material. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. At this time, in the peak in the range of V 2 , the ratio (I 1 / I 2 ) between the intensity (I 1 ) of the peak with the highest voltage and the intensity (I 2 ) of the peak with the lowest voltage is 0.65. Met.
- Comparative Example 3 Using a positive electrode active material obtained by the same method as in Comparative Example 1, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in accordance with the above-described method for producing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and Li was inserted electrochemically. . Specifically, the battery was discharged to 2.5 V with a current corresponding to 0.05C. Thereafter, the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was disassembled, the positive electrode was taken out, washed, and fired at 480 ° C. to obtain a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode subjected to the X-ray diffraction measurement includes an Al foil of the electrode. Therefore, the X-ray diffraction pattern shown in FIG. 3 also includes a diffraction peak derived from the Al foil of the electrode, as indicated by the black circles in FIG.
- Example 4 A positive electrode active material A having a layered structure was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the raw material charge molar ratio was adjusted to the following molar ratio.
- measurement and evaluation were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. At this time, in a peak in the range of V 2, the ratio between the intensity of the highest peak voltage (I 1) and the voltage is the lowest peak intensity (I 2) (I 1 / I 2) is 1.38 Met.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の非水電解質二次電池用の正極活物質は、下記(1)~(5)の条件を満たすものである。
(1)Li,Mn,Niを含み、スピネル構造を有する。
(2)NiとMnのモル比(Ni/Mn)が、0.10~0.43の範囲にある。
(3)LiとMnのモル比(Li/Mn)が、0.70~1.80の範囲にある。
(4)X線回折パターンで、2θ=19.7~22.5°の範囲にピークを有する。
(5)前記正極活物質を下記の方法でハーフセルとした際に測定される初回のdQ/dV曲線(放電)において、下記の電圧V1にピークを少なくとも1本有し、V2の範囲にピークを少なくとも2本有する。
V1= 2.72~2.90[V]
V2= 4.50~4.80[V]
(方法:正極活物質と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック及びKS6、バインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデンを、80:5:5:10の質量比で秤量する。上記の正極活物質、導電材及びバインダーを、N-メチル-2-ビロリドン(NMP)中で混合し、正極用塗布液を調製する。この正極用塗布液を、集電体であるアルミニウム箔に塗布し、乾燥後、膜厚が35~45μmの範囲になるよう圧延する。その後、14mmφに型抜きし、真空乾燥して正極を得る。この正極と負極(金属リチウム箔:厚さ0.2mm)を、セパレーター(ガラスフィルター)を介してコイン型電池ケースに積層し、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(体積比1:2)に1mol/Lの濃度でLiPF6を溶解した電解液を注入してハーフセルを作成する。このハーフセルを、0.05Cに相当する電流で4.8Vまで充電し、0.2Cに相当する電流で2.0Vまで放電する。この時得られる初回の放電曲線のデータから、0.1V間隔で放電容量Qをピックアップし、電圧Vの変化量dVと放電容量Qの変化量dQをプロットしてdQ/dV曲線(放電)を作成する。)
本発明の正極は、前記本発明の非水電解質二次電池用の正極活物質を含むものである。
本発明の非水電解質二次電池は、前記本発明の正極を含むものである。
本正極活物質は、構成元素としてLi、Mn、Niを含む。本正極活物質におけるLi、Mn、Niの含有量は、NiとMnのモル比(Ni/Mn)と、LiとMnのモル比(Li/Mn)が、下記の範囲にある。
Ni/Mn=0.10~0.43[-]
Li/Mn=0.70~1.80[-]
更に、下記の範囲にあることがより好ましい。
Ni/Mn=0.17~0.35[-]
Li/Mn=0.80~1.50[-]
更に、下記の範囲にあることが特に好ましい。
Ni/Mn=0.20~0.35[-]
Li/Mn=1.20~1.50[-]
Ni/Mn及びLi/Mnが上記の範囲にあると、初期放電容量がより高くなるため好ましい。
M=Na,K,Mg,Ca,Zn,Sr,Ba,Al,Ga,In,Si,Ge,Sn,P,Sb,B,S
また、元素Mの含有量は、元素MとMnのモル比(M/Mn)が、下記の範囲にあることが好ましい。
M/Mn=0.05~0.15[-]
更に、下記の範囲にあることがより好ましい。
M/Mn=0.05~0.07[-]
M/Mnが上記の範囲にない場合、初期放電容量やサイクル特性の低下を招くことがある。
本正極活物質は、スピネル構造を有する。スピネル構造の有無は、粉末X線回折測定により得られるX線回折パターンから確認することができる。本発明では、後述する粉末X線回折測定の条件で本発明の正極活物質を測定して得られたX線回折パターンにおいて、下記の2θの範囲にピークを有すれば、スピネル構造を有しているとする。
2θ= 17.0~20.0[°]
2θ= 35.0~37.5[°]
2θ= 37.5~39.0[°]
2θ= 41.5~46.0[°]
2θ= 47.7~50.0[°]
2θ=19.7~22.5[°]
このピークがどのような構造に帰属されるピークかは不明であるが、本正極活物質の構造はスピネル構造と層状構造の混晶構造と推察される。本正極活物質は、このような混晶構造を有することで異なる結晶構造間のリチウムと電子の供受が良好になるので、単にスピネル構造を有する化合物と層状構造を有する化合物を混合した場合と比較してサイクル特性に優れるものと推察される。なお、前述の特許文献1~4のように、電気化学的にリチウムを挿入する場合やヨウ化リチウムを用いてリチウムを挿入する場合、得られるスピネル型マンガン酸リチウムのX線回折パターンは、上記の2θの範囲にピークを有さない。
このピークの高さの2θ=17.0~20.0°のピークの高さに対する比率RP[(2θ=19.7~22.5°のピークの高さ)/(2θ=17.0~20.0°のピークの高さ)×100]が、下記の範囲にあることが好ましい。
0%<RP≦7%
特に、下記の範囲にあることが好ましい。
2%≦RP≦5%
RPがこの範囲にある本正極活物質は、特に初期放電容量とサイクル特性が優れる。
本正極活物質は、後述する電池試験の条件で充電と放電を繰り返すと、初回と2回目以降で充放電曲線の形状が大きく異なる。初回と2回目以降で充放電曲線の形状が異なる理由は、初回の充放電の際に正極活物質の構造が変化したためと考えられる。本発明の正極活物質は、初回の充放電曲線が特定の形状を有する。初回の充放電曲線の形状は、dQ/dV曲線を用いて特定することができる。
V1= 2.72~2.90[V]
V2= 4.50~4.80[V]
特に、下記の電圧V1及びV2の範囲にピークを有することが好ましい。
V1= 2.72~2.80[V]
V2= 4.60~4.74[V]
上述の範囲にピークがある場合、サイクル特性に優れる。
0<(I1/I2)≦1.30
特に、比率(I1/I2)が下記の範囲にあることが好ましい。
0.3≦(I1/I2)≦1.00
比率(I1/I2)が上述の範囲にある場合、サイクル特性に優れる。
本正極活物質は、後述するBET比表面積の測定条件で測定した比表面積(SSA)が、下記の範囲にあることが好ましい。
SSA=1~40[m2/g]
更に、下記の範囲にあることがより好ましい。
SSA=1~30[m2/g]
更に、下記の範囲にあることが特に好ましい。
SSA=4~30[m2/g]
比表面積が40m2/gより大きい場合、サイクル特性が低下する可能性があるため好ましくない。また、比表面積が、1m2/gより小さい場合、初期放電容量が低下する可能性があるため好ましくない。
本製造方法は、下記A、Bの工程を備えている。
A.原料混合工程(原料を混合し、混合物を調製する工程)
B.焼成工程(混合物を焼成し、本発明の正極活物質を調製する工程)
本製造方法は、原料混合工程において、Li、Mn、Niを含む公知の化合物を原料として使用することができる。また、元素Mを含む場合も、公知の化合物を原料として使用することができる。
<Liを含む化合物>
Li2CO3、LiOH、LiNO3、CH3COOLi、Li2SO4、Li3PO4等
更に、下記の化合物を使用することが好ましい。
<より好ましいLiを含む化合物>
Li2CO3、LiOH、LiNO3、CH3COOLi
上記の化合物を使用すると、焼成した際にLi、O以外の元素が除去されるため好ましい。
<Mnを含む化合物>
MnO2、Mn2O3、Mn3O4、MnCO3、Mn(CH3COO)2、Mn(OH)2、Mn(NO3)2、MnSO4等
更に、下記の化合物を使用することが好ましい。
<より好ましいMnを含む化合物>
MnO2、Mn3O4、MnCO3、Mn(CH3COO)2、Mn(NO3)2、Mn(OH)2
上記の化合物を使用すると、焼成した際にMn、O以外の元素が除去されるため好ましい。
<Niを含む化合物>
NiO、Ni2O3、NiCO3、Ni(CH3COO)2、Ni(OH)2、Ni(NO3)2、NiSO4等
更に、下記の化合物を使用することが好ましい。
<より好ましいNiを含む化合物>
NiO、Ni2O3、NiCO3、Ni(CH3COO)2、Ni(OH)2、Ni(NO3)2
上記の化合物を使用すると、焼成した際にNi、O以外の元素が除去されるため好ましい。
<混合器>
撹拌混合器、ミキサー、ボールミル、ジェットミル、ビーズミル等
d50=0.1~0.5[μm]
混合物のメジアン径が上述の範囲にない場合、混合物中においてLi、Mn、Ni、Mの元素に偏りが生じやすい。Li、Mn、Ni、Mの元素に偏りがある混合物を使用した場合、焼成工程を経て得られる正極活物質に未反応の原料が残留したり、予期しない副生成物が生成する可能性がある。このような正極活物質は、エネルギー密度の低下やサイクル特性に悪影響を与える可能性があるため好ましくない。
<粉砕機>
ビーズミル、ボールミル等
<乾燥方法>
蒸発乾固法、真空乾燥法、減圧乾燥法、噴霧乾燥法、凍結乾燥法等
本製造方法は、原料混合工程において調整した混合物を、焼成工程で焼成して正極活物質を調製する。混合物の焼成には、下記の従来公知の焼成炉を使用することができる。
<焼成炉>
マッフル炉、ローラーハースキルン、雰囲気炉等
T=500~900[℃]
更に、下記の焼成温度の範囲が好ましい。
T=700~850[℃]
焼成温度が500℃より低い場合、スピネル構造を有する正極活物質が得られない可能性があるため好ましくない。また、焼成温度が900℃より高い場合、結晶が成長しすぎたり、異相が生成する可能性があるため好ましくない。焼成温度が700~850℃にあることで、エネルギー密度が高く、サイクル特性の良好な正極活物質がえられる。
Rup=10~500[℃/hr]
更に、下記の昇温速度の範囲で保持することが好ましい。
Rup=50~300[℃/hr]
昇温速度が50℃/hrより遅い場合、昇温時間が長くなり生産性が低下するため好ましくない。また、昇温速度が300℃/hrより早い場合、混合物中で温度ムラができやすくなり、均一に焼成することができなくなるため好ましくない。
t=0.1~24[hr]
更に、下記の焼成時間の範囲で保持することが好ましい。
t=0.1~10.0[hr]
焼成時間が0.1hrより短い場合、スピネル構造を有する正極活物質が得られない可能性があるため好ましくない。また、焼成時間が10.0hrより長い場合、生産性が低下するため好ましくない。
Rdown=10~500[℃/hr]
更に、下記の降温速度の範囲で保持することが好ましい。
Rdown=50~200[℃/hr]
降温速度が50℃/hrより遅い場合、生産性が低下するため好ましくない。また、降温速度が200℃/hrより早い場合、スピネル結晶構造に充分な酸素供給がされず酸素欠損構造を発生し易くなるため好ましくない。
本発明の正極は、本発明の正極活物質を含む。本発明の正極は、必要に応じて本発明の正極活物質以外の活物質(以下、他の活物質という。)、導電材、結着剤、集電体等を含むことができる。
<他の活物質>
LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2、LiMn2O4、LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4等
<導電材>
活性炭、各種コークス、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、黒鉛等
<結着剤>
PVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)、PTFE(ポリテトラフルオロエチレン)、フッ化ゴム等
<集電体>
アルミニウム、チタン、ステンレス等の金属箔、エキスパンドメタル、パンチングメタル、発泡メタル、カーボンクロス、カーボンペーパー等
本発明の非水電解質二次電池は、本発明の正極、負極、電解液、外装体を備える。また、必要によってセパレーターを備えてもよい。更に、電解液として固体電解質を備えてもよい。
<負極活物質>
ソフトカーボン、ハードカーボン、黒鉛粉末、メソフェーズ炭素繊維、メソフェーズ小球体、炭素材料、Li金属、合金、酸化物及び窒化物等
<結着剤>
カルボキシメチルセルロース、スチレン-ブタジエンの架橋ゴムラテックス、アクリル系ラテックス、PVDF等
<集電体>
銅、ニッケル、ステンレス等の金属箔、エキスパンドメタル、パンチングメタル、発泡メタル、カーボンクロス、カーボンペーパー等
<非水溶媒>
エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、1,2-ブチレンカーボネート、2,3-ブチレンカーボネート、1,2-ペンチレンカーボネート、2,3-ペンチレンカーボネート、トリフルオロメチルエチレンカーボネート、フルオロエチレンカーボネート、4,5-ジフルオロエチレンカーボネート、γ-ブチロラクトン、γ‐バレロラクトン、スルホラン、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、エチルメチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルイソプロピルカーボネート、ジプロピルカーボネート、メチルブチルカーボネート、ジブチルカーボネート、エチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルトリフルオロエチルカーボネート、アセトニトリル、ジメチルエーテル、プロピオン酸メチル、ジメトキシエタン等
<電解質>
LiPF6、LiClO4、LiAsF6、Li2SiF6、LiOSO2CkF(2k+1)[kは1~8の整数]、LiN(SO2CkF(2k+1))2[kは1~8の整数]、LiPFn(CkF(2k+1))6-n[nは1~5の整数、kは1~8の整数]、LiPF4(C2O4)、LiPF2(C2O4)2、LiBF4、LiAlO4、LiAlCl4、Li2B12FbH12-b[bは0~3の整数]、LiBFq(CsF(2s+1))4-q[qは1~3の整数、sは1~8の整数]、LiB(C2O4)2、LiBF2(C2O4)、LiB(C3O4H2)2、LiPF4(C2O2)等
<セパレーター>
セルロースや芳香族ポリアミドやフッ素樹脂やポリオレフィン等の樹脂とアルミナ、シリカ等の無機物との混合物を含む構造体(不織布、抄紙、多孔膜等)
<外装体>
ステンレスやアルミニウム等の金属、金属の表面を樹脂で被覆したラミネートフィルム等
<原料混合工程>
リチウム源としてLiOH・H2O、ニッケル源としてNiO、マンガン源としてMn
O2を用意した。これらの原料を、下記のモル比で秤量した。原料濃度が33.3質量%となるように、秤量した原料をイオン交換水の中で撹拌混合して混合スラリーを調製した。
Li:Mn:Ni=2.0:1.5:0.5
Ni/Mn=0.33
Li/Mn=1.33
上記の原料混合工程において得られた混合スラリーを撹拌しながら、湿式粉砕機(アシザワファインテック社製:スターミルラボスターLMZ-06)を用いて粉砕した。粉砕は、混合スラリー中の原料のメジアン径が0.35μmとなるまで行った。
ここで、混合スラリー中の原料のメジアン径は、レーザー回折/散乱式粒度分布測定装置(堀場製作所:LA-950型粒度分布測定装置)を用いて測定した。具体的には、混合スラリーを少量採取し、ヘキサメタリン酸ナトリウム水溶液を添加した後、超音波処理を行った。その後、レーザー回折/散乱式粒度分布測定装置に超音波処理後の混合スラリーを滴下して、透過率が40~60%となるように調節した後、粒度分布を測定した。
上記の湿式粉砕工程において得られた混合スラリーを、ノズル型スプレードライヤー(大川原化工機社製:L-8型スプレードライヤー)を用いて噴霧乾燥した。ノズル型スプレードライヤーの乾燥ガスは、空気を用いた。サイクロン差圧が0.7kPaとなるように乾燥ガスの流量を調整した後、乾燥ガスの温度を200℃に調整した。乾燥ガスの温度が200℃に達した後、混合スラリーを2.5kg/hの流量で添加した。このとき、ノズル噴霧圧力を1.5MPaとした。
上記の噴霧乾燥工程において得られた混合物を、下記の焼成条件で焼成し、正極活物質を調製した。
焼成炉:マッフル炉
雰囲気:大気
仕込量:30g
焼成温度:600℃
昇温速度:150[℃/hr]
焼成時間:6hr
降温速度:100[℃/hr]
上記の焼成工程において得られた正極活物質について、下記の条件で粉末X線回折測定を行った。
X線回折装置:SmartLab(株式会社リガク製)
線源:Cu-Kα線
加速電圧、電流:45KV、200mA
受光スリット:13mm
スキャン速度:5.1°/min
ステップ幅:0.02°
測定範囲(2θ):5~90°
正極活物質を粉末X線回折測定して得られたX線回折パターンを図1に示す。図1のX線回折パターンは、2θ=17.0~20.0°、35.0~37.5°、37.5~39.0°、2θ=41.5~46.0°、2θ=47.7~50.0°にピークを有しているので、この正極活物質はスピネル構造を有しているものと考えられる。また、2θ=19.7~22.5°にスピネル以外のピークを有していた。なお、ピークの有無は、統合粉末X線解析ソフトウェアPDXL(株式会社リガク製)に測定データを読み込ませてデフォルトの条件でピーク検出やバックグラウンド除去等のデータ処理を自動で行い、検出されたピークデータから判断した。また、このピークデータから、2θ=17.0~20.0°のピークの高さと2θ=19.7~22.5°のピークの高さを求めて、その比率RP[(2θ=19.7~22.5°のピークの高さ)/(2θ=17.0~20.0°のピークの高さ)×100]を算出した。
上記の焼成工程において得られた正極活物質について、下記の条件でBET比表面積測定を行った。
BET比表面積測定装置:Macsorb HM model-1220(マウンテック社製)
サンプル量:1g
前処理:300℃―1hr
測定結果を表1に示す。
<ハーフセルの作成>
上記の焼成工程において得られた正極活物質と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック及びKS6、バインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデンを、80:5:5:10の質量比で秤量した。上記の正極活物質、導電材及びバインダーを、N-メチル-2-ビロリドン(NMP)中で混合し、正極用塗布液を調製した。この正極用塗布液を、集電体であるアルミニウム箔に塗布し、乾燥後、膜厚が35~45μmの範囲になるよう圧延した。実際には40μmとなった。その後、14mmφに型抜きし、真空乾燥して正極を得た。
上記の正極と負極(金属リチウム箔:厚さ0.2mm)を、セパレーター(ガラスフィルター)を介してコイン型電池ケースに積層し、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(体積比1:2)に1mol/Lの濃度でLiPF6を溶解した電解液を注入してハーフセルを作成した。
上記の方法で作成したハーフセルについて、以下の方法で初期放電容量、サイクル特性、及びdQ/dV曲線を評価した。
<初期放電容量>
対極(リチウム極)に対し、0.05Cに相当する電流で4.8Vまで充電した後、0.2Cに相当する電流で2.0Vまで放電した。このときの放電容量を初期放電容量とした。結果を表2に示す。このとき、放電容量は正極活物質の質量当たりに換算した。なお、0.05Cに相当する電流とは、電池を20時間で完全に放電させる電流密度を指す。
<サイクル特性>
本明細書において、サイクル特性は、50サイクル後の放電容量で評価するものとする。放電容量の測定と同様に初回(1サイクル目)は0.05Cに相当する電流で4.8Vまで充電し、0.2Cに相当する電流で2.0Vまで放電した。その後2回目以降は0.2Cに相当する電流を2.0-4.8Vの範囲で流し充放電させそれを繰り返し、50サイクル後の放電容量を測定した。なお、0.2Cに相当する電流とは、電池を5時間で完全に放電させる電流密度を指す。
<dQ/dV曲線>
dQ/dV曲線は、横軸を電圧(リチウム基準)、縦軸を電圧Vの変化量dVに対する放電容量Qの変化量dQの割合とした曲線である。初回のdQ/dV曲線を図2に示す。なお、正極活物質のdQ/dV曲線は、上記サイクル特性の初回の放電曲線のデータから、0.1V間隔で放電容量Qをピックアップし、電圧Vの変化量dVと放電容量Qの変化量dQをプロットして作成した。また、ピークの有無及びその強度を表1に示す。この時、V2の範囲にあるピークにおいて、電圧が最も高いピークの強度(I1)と電圧が最も低いピークの強度(I2)との比率(I1/I2)は、0.39であった。
焼成温度を700℃にしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を得た。得られた正極活物質を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法で測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1及び2に示す。この時、V2の範囲にあるピークにおいて、電圧が最も高いピークの強度(I1)と電圧が最も低いピークの強度(I2)との比率(I1/I2)は、1.0であった。
焼成温度を900℃にしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を得た。得られた正極活物質を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法で測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1及び2に示す。この時、V2の範囲にあるピークにおいて、電圧が最も高いピークの強度(I1)と電圧が最も低いピークの強度(I2)との比率(I1/I2)は、0.65であった。
原料の仕込みモル比を、下記モル比にて調製したこと以外は、実施例3と同様の方法で正極活物質を得た。得られた正極活物質を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法で測定及び評価を行った。結果を図1、表1及び2に示す。この時、V2の範囲にあるピークにおいて、電圧が最も高いピークの強度(I1)と電圧が最も低いピークの強度(I2)との比率(I1/I2)は、1.37であった。
Li:Mn:Ni=1.0:1.5:0.5
Ni/Mn=0.33
Li/Mn=0.67
原料の仕込みモル比を下記モル比にて調製したこと、焼成温度を700℃にしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で正極活物質を得た。得られた正極活物質を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法で測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1及び2に示す。
Li:Mn:Ni=2.8:1.5:0.5
Ni/Mn=0.33 Li/Mn=1.87
比較例1と同様の方法で得られる正極活物質を用いて、前述の非水電解質二次電池の作成方法に準拠して非水電解質二次電池を作製し、電気化学的にLiを挿入した。具体的には、0.05Cに相当する電流で2.5Vまで放電した。その後、非水電解質二次電池を分解して正極を取り出し、洗浄後480℃で焼成して正極活物質を得た。
Li:Mn:Ni=1.2:1.5:0.5
Ni/Mn=0.33
Li/Mn=0.8
なお、X線回折測定のみ、取り出した正極を洗浄後、そのままX線回折装置にセットして、2θ=15~70°の範囲で測定を行った。結果を表1及び2に示す。また、そのX線回折パターンを図3に示す。なお、X線回折測定を行った正極には、電極のAl箔が含まれている。そのため、図3に示すX線回折パターンには、図3中の黒丸印で示すように、電極のAl箔由来の回折ピークも含まれている。
原料の仕込みモル比を、下記モル比にて調製したこと以外は、実施例3と同様の方法で層状構造を有する正極活物質Aを得た。得られた正極活物質Aと比較例1で得られたスピネル構造を有する正極活物質BをA:B=6:4の重量比で混合して、混合物Cを得た。得られた混合物Cを用いて、実施例1と同様の方法で測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1及び2に示す。この時、V2の範囲にあるピークにおいて、電圧が最も高いピークの強度(I1)と電圧が最も低いピークの強度(I2)との比率(I1/I2)は、1.38であった。
<層状構造を有する正極活物質A>
Li:Mn:Ni=3:1.5:0.5
Ni/Mn=0.33
Li/Mn=0.8
<スピネル構造を有する正極活物質B>
Li:Mn:Ni=1.0:1.5:0.5
Ni/Mn=0.33
Li/Mn=0.67
<混合物C>
Li:Mn:Ni=2.2:1.5:0.5
Ni/Mn=0.33
Li/Mn=1.47
Claims (4)
- 下記(1)~(5)の条件を満たす非水電解質二次電池用の正極活物質。
(1)Li,Mn,Niを含み、スピネル構造を有する。
(2)NiとMnのモル比(Ni/Mn)が、0.10~0.43の範囲にある。
(3)LiとMnのモル比(Li/Mn)が、0.70~1.80の範囲にある。
(4)X線回折パターンで、2θ=19.7~22.5°の範囲にピークを有する。
(5)前記正極活物質を下記の方法でハーフセルとした際に測定される初回のdQ/dV曲線(放電)において、下記の電圧V1にピークを少なくとも1本有し、V2の範囲にピークを少なくとも2本有する。
V1= 2.72~2.90[V]
V2= 4.50~4.80[V]
(方法:正極活物質と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック及びKS6、バインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデンを、80:5:5:10の質量比で秤量する。上記の正極活物質、導電材及びバインダーを、N-メチル-2-ビロリドン(NMP)中で混合し、正極用塗布液を調製する。この正極用塗布液を、集電体であるアルミニウム箔に塗布し、乾燥後、膜厚が35~45μmの範囲になるよう圧延する。その後、14mmφに型抜きし、真空乾燥して正極を得る。この正極と負極(金属リチウム箔:厚さ0.2mm)を、セパレーター(ガラスフィルター)を介してコイン型電池ケースに積層し、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(体積比1:2)に1mol/Lの濃度でLiPF6を溶解した電解液を注入してハーフセルを作成する。このハーフセルを、0.05Cに相当する電流で4.8Vまで充電し、0.2Cに相当する電流で2.0Vまで放電する。この時得られる初回の放電曲線のデータから、0.1V間隔で放電容量Qをピックアップし、電圧Vの変化量dVと放電容量Qの変化量dQをプロットしてdQ/dV曲線(放電)を作成する。) - V2の範囲にあるピークにおいて、電圧が最も高いピークの強度(I1)と電圧が最も低いピークの強度(I2)との比率(I1/I2)が、下記の範囲にある請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用の正極活物質。
0<(I1/I2)≦1.30 - 請求項1または2のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用の正極活物質を含む正極。
- 請求項3の正極を含む非水電解質二次電池。
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| CN201680013716.2A CN107431202A (zh) | 2015-03-04 | 2016-03-04 | 非水电解质二次电池用正极活性物质、正极和非水电解质二次电池 |
| KR1020177024936A KR20170118775A (ko) | 2015-03-04 | 2016-03-04 | 비수 전해질 이차 전지용 정극 활물질, 정극 및 비수 전해질 이차 전지 |
| EP16759044.7A EP3267516A4 (en) | 2015-03-04 | 2016-03-04 | Positive electrode active substance for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, positive electrode and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| US15/554,198 US10236505B2 (en) | 2015-03-04 | 2016-03-04 | Positive electrode active substance for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, positive electrode and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
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| ES2991479T3 (es) * | 2019-08-23 | 2024-12-03 | Lg Energy Solution Ltd | Método para predecir el estado de salud de una batería y grupo de baterías que lo emplea |
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| KR20170118775A (ko) | 2017-10-25 |
| CN107431202A (zh) | 2017-12-01 |
| US10236505B2 (en) | 2019-03-19 |
| EP3267516A4 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
| US20180034052A1 (en) | 2018-02-01 |
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