WO2017008714A1 - 用于产热设备的散热围护结构、安装方法和风力发电机组 - Google Patents

用于产热设备的散热围护结构、安装方法和风力发电机组 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017008714A1
WO2017008714A1 PCT/CN2016/089628 CN2016089628W WO2017008714A1 WO 2017008714 A1 WO2017008714 A1 WO 2017008714A1 CN 2016089628 W CN2016089628 W CN 2016089628W WO 2017008714 A1 WO2017008714 A1 WO 2017008714A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heat
enclosure
generating device
coating
tower
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2016/089628
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
马盛骏
马万顺
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Beijing Goldwind Science and Creation Windpower Equipment Co Ltd
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Beijing Goldwind Science and Creation Windpower Equipment Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Beijing Goldwind Science and Creation Windpower Equipment Co Ltd filed Critical Beijing Goldwind Science and Creation Windpower Equipment Co Ltd
Priority to EP16823861.6A priority Critical patent/EP3321502B1/en
Priority to ES16823861T priority patent/ES2794704T3/es
Priority to US15/578,644 priority patent/US10914538B2/en
Priority to AU2016292053A priority patent/AU2016292053B2/en
Publication of WO2017008714A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017008714A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/80—Arrangement of components within nacelles or towers
    • F03D80/82—Arrangement of components within nacelles or towers of electrical components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/60—Cooling or heating of wind motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/80—Arrangement of components within nacelles or towers
    • F03D80/82—Arrangement of components within nacelles or towers of electrical components
    • F03D80/85—Cabling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S70/00—Details of absorbing elements
    • F24S70/20—Details of absorbing elements characterised by absorbing coatings; characterised by surface treatment for increasing absorption
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/50—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings
    • F24S80/56—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings characterised by means for preventing heat loss
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/91—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure
    • F05B2240/912—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure on a tower
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/20—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/20—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • F05B2260/221—Improvement of heat transfer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/20—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • F05B2260/231—Preventing heat transfer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/728—Onshore wind turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of heat dissipation, and in particular to a heat dissipation enclosure structure and a wind power generator set for a heat generating device.
  • Wind power generators such as towers, engine rooms, etc. are equipped with power transmission cables, transformers, reactors, motors, switchgear and other heat-generating equipment ("heat-generating equipment” is named from a thermal point of view).
  • the heat generating equipment generates heat during the work. Due to the accumulated “integration” effect of the generated heat, the temperature of the air in the tower and the cabin of the wind turbine will continue to rise for a certain period of time.
  • the enclosure structure of the wind power equipment In addition to the heat generated by the heat generating equipment, the enclosure structure of the wind power equipment, such as the tower, the engine room, etc., also receives solar radiation from the external natural environment, which also causes the temperature inside the tower and the cabin to rise. Especially in China's Xinjiang Turpan, Toksun, Pakistan, Middle East, tropical Africa, and desert regions, strong solar radiation in summer can cause significant temperature rises inside and outside wind power equipment, affecting the normal operation of wind power equipment.
  • Absorption The process by which a substance converts the intercepted radiant energy into internal thermal energy.
  • Absorption rate The fraction of projected radiation absorbed by a substance.
  • Blackbody The ideal emitter and absorber.
  • Emission The process by which a substance produces radiation at a finite temperature.
  • Emissivity The ratio of the emitted radiation to the radiation emitted by the black body at the same temperature.
  • Reflection The process by which radiation projected on a surface changes direction.
  • Reflectance The fraction of projected radiation reflected by a substance.
  • Thermal radiation The electromagnetic energy emitted by a finite temperature material is concentrated in the spectral region from 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m.
  • the so-called “environmental radiation” refers to the radiation of certain radiative components in the Earth and the atmosphere.
  • Long-wave radiation forms of environmental radiation include emissions from the Earth's surface as well as emissions from certain components of the atmosphere.
  • the emissivity is close to 1, the temperature range is -40 to +60 ° C, the emission is approximately concentrated in the 4 to 40 ⁇ m spectral region, and the peak wavelength occurs at about 10 ⁇ m.
  • Most of the atmospheric radiation comes from CO 2 and H 2 O molecules and is concentrated in the spectral regions of 5-8 ⁇ m and above.
  • the Earth's surface emission is in a much longer wavelength region, that is, the Earth's surface and the solar absorption rate of matter can be different from its emissivity.
  • the ratio ⁇ / ⁇ is an important engineering parameter, and if the surface is expected to discharge thermal energy, a low ratio is required. It can be seen from Table 1 that the use of white paint is good for heat resistance and heat insulation. Under the same conditions, the use of black paint will cause the surface temperature to be significantly higher than that of white paint.
  • Envelop enclosure refers to the walls, doors, windows, etc. surrounding the building space. Components that make up the building space and resist the adverse effects of the environment (including some accessories).
  • Envelope The structure usually refers to the outer protective structure such as the outer wall and the roof.
  • the external protection structure includes external walls, roofs, side windows, outer doors, etc., to withstand wind and rain, temperature changes, solar radiation, etc., should have thermal insulation, heat insulation, sound insulation, waterproof, moisture, fire, durability and other properties.
  • the “positive side (side)” of the building mainly points to the south side of the sun (northern hemisphere), followed by the east and west sides with sunshine conditions, and the “shadow side” mainly refers to the north side (northern hemisphere) without sunshine conditions.
  • Radiative heat transfer is an important heat transfer route during the heat transfer of the wind turbine tower body. It includes the transfer of solar radiation on the surface of the tower and the exchange of heat radiation between the inner surfaces of the tower. Although it directly affects people's feelings of hot and cold, it is not as easy to be perceived as air temperature.
  • Solar radiation reaches the outer surface of the tower body in two ways, direct and scattering.
  • the conversion of energy properties occurs at the surface: radiant energy is converted into heat energy and transmitted to the inner wall of the tower by an anti-corrosion coating. If the temperature is higher than the air temperature in the tower, the surface will release heat into the air. More importantly, there are various heat sources such as power equipment, power transmission cables, transformers, converters, and power compensation equipment.
  • the enclosed enclosure structure in the tower has heat storage capacity. In the summer, the inner wall of the tower will continuously heat the inner air in the direction of the rising height by natural convection heat exchange. There is no external driving force but there is still motion, called natural convection or free flow. The intrinsic force that causes this movement of the fluid is the temperature difference or the difference in concentration of (component).
  • the latter is a mass transfer problem.
  • the air inside the tower is continuously heated by the inner wall of the tower or heated by the internal heat source, which will cause a difference in air temperature inside the tower.
  • the buoyancy that causes natural convection actually comes from the combined effect of the density gradient of the fluid and the volumetric force proportional to the density gradient.
  • the most common volume force in the gravitational field of the Earth is gravity. There is no centrifugal force caused by the rotational motion in the tower, and the cause of the air density gradient is the temperature difference.
  • the solar radiant heat reaches the highest value of the whole day at two or three o'clock in the afternoon. After that, the temperature drops with the decrease of solar radiant heat, and reaches the lowest value at the next morning and four o'clock.
  • the thermal change of the temperature is a cyclical fluctuation of the 24-hour period.
  • the tower tube is continuously heated by solar radiation at noon, and the air temperature is high. The heat lost by the convective heat transfer between the air and the outer wall of the tower tube is small, and the heat energy effectively absorbed by the outer wall of the tower tube is large.
  • the wall of the tower is noon, and the mid-afternoon period continues to receive high solar radiant heating on the sunny side.
  • the tower is transmitted to the inner wall, causing the temperature of the inner wall to rise, and the heat exchange between the inner wall and the air in the tower.
  • the higher the temperature of the inner wall of the tower the higher the temperature of the air heated by the internal heat source.
  • the temperature rise of the electrical equipment in the tower will exceed the upper limit, and the safe operation of the electrical appliance is threatened.
  • the prior art discloses techniques for cooling with a cooling system or a fan including a compressor train and an evaporator.
  • the prior art only relates to the heat dissipation in the cabin, and does not involve the tower tube with the temperature difference between the sides of the sun and the shading surface, and prevents the heat transfer between the two sides, so the internal heat generating equipment inside the tower And the external air radiation heat transfer doubles the heated air, which acts as a “blocking” effect on the docking of the nacelle and the tower.
  • the summer operation must report the over-temperature fault, request stop or automatic when the full-power generation continues in the afternoon. Reduce generator output.
  • the heat dissipation system has a complicated structure, high manufacturing and running costs, and needs to consume additional energy.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a heat dissipation enclosure for a heat generating device, which can effectively reduce the air temperature of the environment inside the enclosure without utilizing external power, environmental protection, noiseless, and zero energy consumption.
  • Embodiments of the present invention also provide a wind power generator having such a heat dissipation enclosure.
  • a heat dissipation enclosure for a heat generating device comprising a containment structure body defining an intermediate space, at least partially applying a heat radiation absorbing coating on an inner wall of the envelope structure body.
  • a heat radiating heat dissipating coating is at least partially applied to the outer wall of the enclosure body.
  • the heat radiation heat dissipation coating is disposed on an outer wall of the shading surface of the enclosure body.
  • the thermal radiation absorbing coating is disposed on the shady surface of the enclosure body On the inner wall.
  • a first heat insulation layer is disposed on the inner wall of the male surface of the enclosure body.
  • the first heat insulation layer is a heat radiation heat insulation coating, a heat insulation layer or a radiation shielding heat shield.
  • the thermal radiation thermal barrier coating is made of a thermal infrared low emissivity coating comprising a binder and a low emissivity functional pigment, the binder comprising a chlorinated polyethylene resin, the low emissivity
  • the functional pigments include Al powder, Zn powder, Cu powder, Ni powder or single crystal Si.
  • a second insulating layer is applied to at least the outer outer wall of the enclosure body.
  • the second thermal insulation layer is a heat reflective thermal insulation coating that reflects solar radiation and ground radiation.
  • the heat reflective thermal barrier coating comprises a low infrared absorption silicone-acrylic resin, a silicone-alkyd resin, an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin or a polyurethane resin as a binder.
  • the heat reflective thermal barrier coating comprises high infrared reflectivity TiO 2 , ZnO, BaSO 4 , CaCO 3 , ZnO 3 , talc, kaolin or hollow glass microspheres as functional fillers.
  • a third thermal insulation layer is applied to the inner wall of the top layer of the enclosure body.
  • the third heat insulation layer is a heat radiation heat insulation coating.
  • a closed air heat insulation layer is disposed between the top layer of the enclosure structure and the third insulation layer.
  • the heat generating device is disposed in a region of the heat dissipation enclosure adjacent to the inner wall of the shading surface.
  • the method further includes a heat radiation heat dissipation coating disposed on the outer wall of the heat generating device.
  • the heat radiation heat dissipation coating is applied on a side of the heat generating device facing the inner wall of the back surface of the enclosure body.
  • the heat radiation absorbing coating of the inner wall of the maintenance structure is disposed opposite to the heat radiation heat dissipation coating on the outer wall of the heat generating device.
  • the heat dissipation enclosure is a tower or a nacelle of a wind power generator
  • the heat production device is a power transmission cable or an electrical device of the wind power generator set.
  • the enclosure body is a tower, the inner wall of one half of the tower is coated with a first insulation layer with low infrared emissivity, and the other half of the inner wall of the circumference is coated with heat of high infrared absorption rate. Radiation absorbing coating; or,
  • a first thermal insulation layer with a low infrared emissivity is applied from a total of 225° inner wall surface from the east side to the northwest side of the tower, and the inner wall surface is 135° from the east side to the northwest side of the tower.
  • the first thermal insulation layer coated with a low infrared emissivity from the southeast side to the northwest side of the tower is coated with a low infrared emissivity, and is coated on the inner wall surface of the 135° from the east side to the northwest side of the tower
  • the thermal radiation absorbing coating having a high infrared absorption rate
  • the first thermal insulation layer coated with a low infrared emissivity from a wall surface of the 135° from the south side to the northwest side of the tower is coated from a total of 90° inner wall surface from the northeast side to the northwest side of the tower
  • the thermal radiation absorbing coating having a high infrared absorption rate.
  • the enclosure structure body is a tower tube, and the heat insulation layer is disposed on the west side, the east side, the southwest side, and the southeast side inner wall surface of the tower wall; or
  • the enclosure structure is a nacelle, and a heat insulation layer is disposed on the top, west and east sides of the nacelle.
  • the present invention also provides a mounting method for a heat generating device, wherein the heat generating device is disposed in an intermediate space of the heat dissipation enclosure structure according to any one of the above items, and is disposed adjacent to the enclosure structure body. There is a side of the inner wall of the thermal radiation absorbing coating.
  • a wind power generator comprising a tower and/or a nacelle configured as a heat dissipation enclosure for a heat generating device as described above.
  • the heat dissipation enclosure structure and the wind power generator set for the heat generating device provided by the embodiment of the invention can actively reduce the air temperature of the environment inside the enclosure structure without utilizing external power, environmental protection, noiseless, zero energy consumption, Thereby, the temperature of the heat generating device is lowered, and the heat generating device is operated for a long time at an allowable normal temperature.
  • the "cold surface of the shady surface” and the “cold source” with a low air temperature near the surface are excavated by means of a retaining structure such as a tower, and the wind turbine tower can be reduced.
  • the surface temperature of heat generating equipment such as internal power transmission cables prolongs the service life and ensures the safety of wind power generation.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a heat dissipation enclosure according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of radiation heat transfer of a heat dissipation enclosure structure by a heat radiation absorption coating on an inner wall according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a composition of an external summer integrated temperature of a heat dissipation enclosure according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a comprehensive temperature graph of different orientations of the periphery of the heat dissipation enclosure structure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer direction absorbed by a heat dissipation enclosure according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing the radial heat transfer of the shading surface of the heat dissipation enclosure structure according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a heat source equivalent unit network and a surface radiant heat resistance of a first heat insulating layer on an inner surface of a heat dissipation enclosure according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 9 and 10 are schematic views showing the heat insulation of the top of the heat dissipation enclosure according to the embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 9 is a view of the enclosure structure of the wind turbine set viewed from the wind direction, and FIG. 10 is a lateral direction from the direction perpendicular to the wind direction. Observe the view of the enclosure of the wind turbine.
  • enclosure structure body 5 enclosure structure body 5, power transmission cable 1, electrical equipment 2, heat radiation absorbing coating 3, heat radiation heat dissipation coating 7, first heat insulation layer 4, second heat insulation layer 6, third The heat insulation layer 8, the air heat insulation layer 9, and the top layer 10.
  • the heat dissipation enclosure for a heat generating device includes a enclosure structure 5 defining an intermediate space in which a heat generating device such as a power transmission cable 1 and an electrical device 2 are provided (for example, The heat absorbing coating 3 is at least partially applied to the inner wall of the envelope body 5.
  • the heat generating device such as the power transmission cable 1 and the electrical device 2 generates heat during operation, and the temperature rises and radiates heat outward.
  • the heat radiation absorbing coating 3 is at least partially applied on the inner wall of the enclosure body 5, Because of the high heat radiation absorption rate, the heat radiation emitted by the heat generating device can be actively and efficiently received and absorbed, and the heat absorbed by the heat radiation absorbing coating 3 is further transmitted to the outside through the enclosure body 5,
  • the heat transfer channel that realizes the heat generated by the heat generating device to realize the radial outward transmission by the enclosure structure 5 functions to heat the outer surface of the enclosure body 5, thereby avoiding the heat generated by the heat generating device.
  • the problem of rapid accumulation inside the enclosure body 5 causes the temperature to exceed the normal operating temperature of the heat generating equipment.
  • Fig. 2 shows the radiation heat exchange between the enclosure body 5 to which the heat radiation absorbing coating 3 is applied and the heat generating device.
  • q 1,3 is the radiant heat exchange rate between the heat generating device and the inner wall of the enclosure body 5
  • q rN is the radiant heat rate emitted by the outer wall of the enclosure body 5 to the external natural environment.
  • the heat radiation absorbing coating 3 mainly has the following four types depending on the material and the preparation process, and different types of coating layers may be used singly or in combination in the embodiments of the present invention.
  • the coating coating preparation method generally adopts a compressed air spraying method. Common coatings are:
  • Fe 2 O 3 -Cr 2 O 3 coating with Fe 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 and MnO 2 as pigment, silicone modified acrylic resin as binder, the absorption ratio of the coating can reach 3.26;
  • PbS (forest vine crystal) coating 0.1 ⁇ m forest vine crystal PbS as pigment, ethylene propylene rubber or fluororesin as binder, absorption rate is 0.85 ⁇ 0.91, emissivity is 0.23 ⁇ 0.40;
  • the silica sol heat-absorbing coating uses silica sol as a binder and Fe powder as a color body.
  • the coating has low cost, good weather resistance and water repellency, and the absorption rate is 0.94, and the emissivity is 0.41.
  • a phthalocyanine green coating with a pigment composition of Fe 3 CuO 5 which has good decorative properties and a high absorption to emission ratio;
  • the black chromium selective absorption coating prepared by the powder flame spraying method has the advantages of simple process, low cost, stable performance and good spectral selectivity, and the thermal radiation absorption rate is 0.91, and the emissivity is 0.15.
  • Vacuum coatings were prepared using vacuum evaporation and magnetron sputtering techniques.
  • a PbS/Al/Al coating prepared by direct evaporation.
  • Stainless steel-carbon/copper coating, AlCN coating, AlN x O y coating and Ni-Cr coating, multi-layer graded aluminum aluminum nitride (Al-N/Al) coating were obtained by magnetron sputtering.
  • Al-N/Al multi-layer graded aluminum aluminum nitride
  • Metal particles such as chrome are doped into the aluminum nitride medium to obtain a cermet composite coating; the Ni:SiO 2 cermet absorption layer has a volume ratio of Ni of 10% on the surface of the coating, and gradually changes to 90% at the bottom. Thickness is 100-170nm, absorption is 0.96, emissivity is 0.03 ⁇ 0.14; molybdenum-doped aluminum oxide (Mo-Al 2 O 3 ) cermet coating, Al 2 O 3 is used as anti-reflection layer, double-layer Mo The Al 2 O 3 cermet layer serves as an absorbing layer, and Mo or Cu serves as an antireflection layer.
  • the coating has stable performance at 350 ° C, an absorption ratio of 0.96, and an emissivity of 0.11.
  • Commonly used electrochemical coatings include aluminum anodized coatings, CuO conversion coatings, and anodized coatings of steel. Such coatings generally have an absorption rate of 0.88 to 0.95 and an emissivity of 0.15 to 0.32.
  • the aluminum anodized coating has good spectral selectivity, corrosion resistance and light resistance;
  • the CuO conversion coating has a black suede surface, which is easy to cause performance degradation;
  • the anodized coating of steel has good UV and moisture resistance;
  • Mo black chemical conversion coating with an absorption rate of up to 0.87 and an emissivity of 0.13 to 0.17.
  • Commonly used electroplating coatings mainly include black nickel coating, black chrome coating, black cobalt coating, etc., all having good optical properties.
  • the effect of black chrome and black nickel is best, and the absorption emission ratio ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) is close to 6-13.
  • electroplating black chrome production costs are high, and Cr6+ in the plating solution is polluted by the environment.
  • Electroplated black nickel consumes less energy and has low cost, and there is no toxic substance in the plating solution.
  • the black nickel coating is thin, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance. Black nickel plating absorption rate can reach 0.93, durability, Strong thermal stability and corrosion resistance.
  • the black nickel-tin alloy coating developed has the disadvantage of black nickel plating because it does not contain sulfur.
  • the heat radiation heat dissipation coating 7 is also at least partially applied to the outer wall of the enclosure body 5 in this embodiment.
  • the heat radiation heat dissipation coating 7 has a high infrared emissivity, and can promote heat to be efficiently released from the enclosure body 5 into the surrounding environment by heat radiation, reducing the temperature of the enclosure body 5.
  • the tower tower, the engine room and the like which are derived from the wind power generation equipment are also directional and temporal in accepting solar radiation.
  • the tower and the engine room are high in radiation intensity and air temperature from 12 o'clock in the afternoon to 16 o'clock in the afternoon. These envelopes continue to receive radiant heat, and there are power transmission cables, transformers, and reactances inside.
  • the heat generating equipment such as the electric motor, the electric motor, the switch electrical equipment, etc., due to the accumulated "integration" effect of the generated heat, the air temperature in the tower and the cabin of the wind power equipment will continue to rise.
  • curve c1 represents the integrated temperature outside the tower
  • curve c2 represents the temperature outside the tower
  • curve c3 represents the solar radiation equivalent temperature
  • the inventor studied the temperature of the external environment in the summer of the tower and found that the outer surface of the tower was subjected to three different ways of heat, as shown in Figure 3.
  • the heat flow q obtained from the outer surface of the tower and the outer coating of the nacelle can be expressed as: q 1 represents the share of the tower and the cabin enclosure surface on the surface of the solar radiation projected on the surface; q 2 represents the tower, When there is a temperature difference between the surface of the cabin enclosure structure and the air temperature t e outside the tower and the cabin, the heat exchange between the two is in the form of convective heat transfer (convection heat transfer surface ⁇ e ).
  • ⁇ s the absorption coefficient (share) of the solar radiant energy of the outer coating of the tower and the engine room envelope structure
  • the combined temperature of the tower and the outside of the cabin represents the thermal effect of outdoor air temperature, solar radiation and atmospheric long-wave radiation on a given outer surface.
  • the integrated temperature outside the tower and the engine room is composed of three parts: 1 the outside air temperature; 2 the solar radiation absorbed by the outer surface; 3 the long-wave radiation exchange with the external environment.
  • the outdoor integrated temperature is the theoretical air temperature under the assumption that there is no radiation, and its thermal effect on a given outer surface is the same as the heat effect under the action of solar radiation, atmospheric long-wave radiation and air temperature.
  • the average inner diameter of the tower is 3.9 meters, and the height of the tower is 90 meters.
  • the air volume in the tower cylinder is 915m 3
  • the air pressure in the tower cylinder is 50 ° C.
  • the specific pressure is 1.005kJ/(kg ⁇ K) and the density is 1.093kg/m 3 .
  • the air is heated to produce a lift:
  • the change in air density is mainly caused by temperature changes.
  • the same tower and the different directions of the engine room are different in heat, and the size and variation law of the integrated temperature outside the tower and the engine room are different.
  • the thermal radiation of the engine roof, the west side, the east side, the southwest side and the southeast side are different.
  • the role is the biggest.
  • the thermal performance and required cooling load of these peripheral protection structures were calculated using a tower and an integrated thermometer outside the cabin.
  • the tower and the outer structure of the nacelle are affected by the outdoor temperature and the solar radiation. The two are combined into one, called the “comprehensive temperature”. Considering the increase of the surface heat exchange by the solar radiation, it is equivalent to increasing the outdoor temperature.
  • An equivalent temperature value for solar radiation It is designed to calculate an equivalent outdoor temperature that is easily introduced. Therefore, the integrated temperature outside the tower and the engine room is not a completely objective parameter, but has the influence of human factors.
  • the main purpose of the thermal insulation measures on the west, east, southwest and southeast sides of the tower is to control the temperature of the inner surface, increase the attenuation and delay time. Avoid excessive temperature on the inner surface, radiate a large amount of radiant heat to the north side of the tower and the power equipment, causing the electrical equipment to overheat.
  • the ground After the ground is heated, it takes some time to raise the temperature. After noon, the heat released by the ground is still less than the heat supplied by the sun. Until two or three o'clock in the afternoon, the ground temperature will rise to the highest and the temperature will be the highest. After the solar radiation continues to heat, heat transfer and then enter the inner surface of the tower and the nacelle of the enclosure, the temperature of the inner surface rises, so that the heat generated inside is greatly weakened by the heat dissipation of the maintenance structure. Due to the internal “integration” effect, the air temperature in the enclosure of the wind power equipment will continue to rise. It is necessary to use the power cooling device to suppress and control the temperature rise. This “cost” includes the absorption part of the solar energy by the enclosure. .
  • the inventor created the core idea of “blocking” the above-mentioned enclosure structure to absorb solar energy and “create and construct” the cooling channel of the tower-side surface of the tower surface, that is, to construct a retaining structure with heat generating equipment inside. Heat dissipation inside and outside The heat transfer channel, and for the enclosure applied in areas with strong solar radiation, also provides a heat transfer layer to block the transfer of solar radiant heat from the outside to the inside.
  • the outer surface of the tower adopts a light-colored finish to reduce the absorption of solar radiation.
  • the special functional coating material is used, which has low absorption rate for short-wave radiation of the sun and large surface emissivity and lower surface temperature.
  • Insulation and heat insulation measures shall be taken on the west side, east side, southwest side and southeast side inner wall surface of the tower wall.
  • the heat dissipation enclosure for the heat generating apparatus of this embodiment includes a enclosure structure 5 defining an intermediate space in which heat generating equipment such as a power transmission cable 1 and an electrical equipment 2 are provided. (For example, a current transformer), a heat radiation absorbing coating 3 is applied to the shading surface on the inner wall of the envelope body 5.
  • Figure 5 shows the integrated temperature in all directions outside the enclosure, and curves c4, c5 and c6 represent the combined temperatures of the horizontal, eastward and westward vertical planes, respectively.
  • curves c4, c5 and c6 represent the combined temperatures of the horizontal, eastward and westward vertical planes, respectively.
  • solar radiation is directional and temporal, mainly concentrated in the horizontal (top), eastward, and westward vertical planes. It can be seen from Fig. 5 that after the solar radiation, the temperature of the top surface of the enclosure and the east side from the east to the west after noon is much higher than that of the northward side.
  • the heat radiation absorbing coating 3 on the shading surface of the main body 5 of the enclosure structure, the low temperature of the northward shading surface is utilized, and the heat dissipation channel on the north side is opened, and the heat is strengthened. heat radiation.
  • an infrared high emissivity heat radiation heat dissipation coating 7 is applied corresponding to the heat radiation absorbing coating 3, and the heat radiation heat dissipation coating 7 can be insulated by solar heat reflection.
  • the paint is made of, for example, the existing RLHY-A05 heat reflective heat insulating coating.
  • the solar heat reflective heat-insulating coating is a highly environmentally-friendly reflective and insulating filler made of hollow glass microbeads and infrared emitting splits as the main insulating filler combined with high-quality inorganic modified resin emulsion to form a dense layer on the surface of the substrate.
  • the vacuum layer has many advantages such as high efficiency, thin layer, decoration, waterproof, fireproof, anti-corrosion, insulation, etc.
  • the coating integrates the functions of reflection, radiation and hollow microbead insulation, and can be used for solar infrared and ultraviolet rays in the range of 400 to 2500 nm. Carrying out high reflection, not allowing the heat of the sun to accumulate, and heat radiation and cooling on cloudy and nighttime, reducing the surface temperature of the object, and inserting hollow microspheres with extremely low thermal conductivity in the coating to isolate thermal energy. Transmission, even when the atmospheric temperature is very high, can block the external heat to the inside of the object. The three functions ensure that the object coated with the paint cools down, ensuring that the internal space of the object can maintain a constant temperature.
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of the radial transfer of the heat of the shady surface.
  • q 1,3 represents the rate of radiant heat exchange between the power transmission cable 1 and the inner wall of the tower 5
  • q rN represents the radiation heat transfer rate of the outer wall of the tower 5
  • q conv represents the outer wall of the tower 5 and the outer tower of the tower
  • the rate of air convective heat exchange in the environment, q updraft represents the rate of heat flow obtained by the air surrounding the power transmission cable 1.
  • a first heat insulating layer 4 is disposed on the inner wall of the male surface of the envelope structure 5.
  • the solar radiant heat absorbed by the enclosure body 5, after reaching the first insulation layer 4 blocks the radially inward transmission path due to the thermal isolation of the first insulation layer 4, and only It can be transmitted along the circumferential direction and the vertical height direction of the enclosure structure 5, thereby preventing the solar radiation from causing an increase in the temperature inside the enclosure body 5, which is advantageous for heat dissipation of the heat generating device disposed in the enclosure structure 5.
  • the first heat insulating layer 4 may be made of a thermal insulating material such as rock wool, microporous calcium silicate or perlite, and the thermal conductivity thereof is at a very low temperature of 0.025 to 0.05 W/(m ⁇ K). Within the range, it can effectively prevent heat from being transferred to the inside of the enclosure by heat conduction.
  • a thermal insulating material such as rock wool, microporous calcium silicate or perlite
  • the first insulating layer 4 can also be an infrared low emissivity thermal radiant thermal barrier coating applied to the enclosure body 5.
  • the thermal radiation thermal barrier coating can be made of a thermal infrared low emissivity coating comprising a binder and a low emissivity functional pigment, the binder comprising a chlorinated polyethylene resin, the low emissivity functional pigment comprising Al Powder, Zn powder, Cu powder, Ni powder or single crystal Si.
  • the infrared low emissivity coating through the inner surface of the enclosure body 5 "blocks" the passage of heat flow along the radially inward heat transfer.
  • the first heat insulation layer 4 may also be provided as a radiation shielding heat shield covering the inner wall, for example, an aluminum foil having low infrared emissivity and high reflectivity.
  • a second heat insulating layer 6 is applied on the outer surface of the male surface of the enclosure body 5.
  • the second heat insulation layer 6 is a heat reflective heat insulation coating.
  • the heat-reflecting heat-insulating coating prevents the absorption of the heat radiation from the sun and the surrounding environment by the enclosure body 5, reducing the temperature of the enclosure body 5 and its interior.
  • a 1 is the outer wall coating area of the envelope structure body 5
  • T 1 is the outer wall coating temperature of the envelope structure body 5
  • ⁇ 1 is the emissivity of the outer wall coating of the enclosure body 5
  • ⁇ 1 is the coating reflectivity of the outer wall of the enclosure body 5
  • ⁇ 1 is the absorption rate of the outer wall coating of the enclosure body 5
  • q 1 is the transmission of the sun and the surrounding environment.
  • the radiant heat flow to the enclosure body 5 q r is the radiant heat flow of the inner wall of the enclosure body 5
  • a 4 is the coating area of the inner wall of the enclosure body 5
  • T 4 is the coating temperature of the inner wall of the enclosure body 5
  • ⁇ 4 is the coating emissivity of the inner wall of the enclosure body 5
  • ⁇ 4 is the coating reflectance of the inner wall of the enclosure body 5
  • ⁇ 4 is the coating absorption rate of the inner wall of the enclosure body 5 .
  • E b represents the emission force of the inner wall coating, corresponding to the temperature of the inner wall coating, formula The surface radiant heat resistance of the inner wall coating is expressed.
  • the emissivity ⁇ 4 is reduced from 0.8 to 0.1, and the surface thermal resistance is increased by 36 times, which reduces the effective radiation intensity of the coating surface.
  • the second thermal insulation layer 6 can also be designed as another thermal insulation layer like the first thermal insulation layer 4.
  • thermal insulation mechanism and common material composition of the heat reflective thermal barrier coating are described in detail below.
  • Solar thermal radiation can be divided into three parts according to the wavelength. The proportion of each part in the total energy is different, see Table 3.
  • the solar energy is mainly concentrated in the visible and near-infrared regions of 400-2500 nm, and the solar thermal radiation is the strongest at a wavelength of 500 nm. It can be seen from Table 3 that visible light and near-infrared light account for 95% of the total solar radiation energy, so that the isolation of sunlight and near-infrared light can reduce the surface temperature of the tower, the engine room and other enclosure structures under solar radiation. Reduce the cost of the equipment in the tower and the cabin to reduce the air temperature.
  • the solar heat reflective thermal barrier coating is a functional coating that has a significant reflection effect on near-infrared radiation.
  • the coating generally applies particles having a reflective function to near-infrared radiation to the substrate to emit solar radiation. The near-infrared reflection in the infrared light is scattered into the external space to reduce the surface temperature of the object and the internal environment temperature under thermal radiation.
  • Heat reflective thermal barrier coatings typically include a resin and a functional filler.
  • the resin generally includes a silicone-acrylic resin, a silicone-alkyd resin, an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin or a polyurethane resin.
  • heat-reflective thermal insulation coatings are generally applied directly to the surface of the substrate to provide thermal insulation.
  • the main factors affecting the thermal insulation properties of the coatings are resin and functional fillers. Type, particle size distribution, amount and coating thickness.
  • Resin is an indispensable component in heat-reflecting insulation materials and acts to connect functional particles to the matrix.
  • the resin acts as a carrier for the functional particles.
  • Different resins have little effect on the solar heat reflection and heat insulation effect of the coating.
  • Table 4 shows the absorption of sunlight by several different resin coatings using TiO 2 as a filler.
  • Functional fillers are the most important component of solar thermal reflective thermal barrier coatings. Commonly used functional fillers are TiO 2 , ZnO, BaSO 4 , CaCO 3 , ZnO 3 , talc, kaolin or hollow glass microspheres. Its main function is to reflect near-infrared radiation in solar radiation and reduce the heat absorption rate on the surface of the object. .
  • the functional filler selected for the solar heat reflective thermal barrier coating is characterized by high reflectivity and low absorptivity to solar radiation.
  • the forbidden band width Eg of the functional filler selected should be greater than 3.1 eV or less than 0.5 eV.
  • Table 5 gives the refractive index (also known as refractive index or refractive index) and the forbidden band width Eg of several fillers.
  • Table 6 shows the reflectance (reflectance) of several white powder fillers for near-infrared radiation.
  • a third partition is applied to the inner wall of the top layer 10 (e.g., the top wall of the nacelle) of the enclosure body 5 Thermal layer 8. The transfer of solar radiant heat from the top layer of the enclosure body 5 to the interior is isolated by the third insulation layer 8.
  • the third heat insulating layer 8 is implemented as an infrared low emissivity thermal barrier coating or a attached low emissivity material such as aluminum foil. Further, the enclosure body 5 further includes a closed air insulation layer 9 disposed between the third insulation layer 8 and the top layer 10.
  • the third heat insulating layer 8 and the closed air heat insulating layer 9 may be implemented separately or in combination. Through the combination of the third heat insulation layer 8 and the closed air heat insulation layer 9 which are implemented as infrared low emissivity heat insulation coating, the heat conduction and heat radiation are transmitted from the heat insulation amount to the inside of the enclosure structure, and the heat insulation is insulated. better result.
  • the heat generating device is disposed in a region close to the shady surface, and since the shading surface of the enclosure has no solar heat radiation, the temperature in the region near the shady surface in the inner space of the enclosure structure is generally lower than the region near the sun surface.
  • the heat generating device is disposed in an area close to the shady surface, and the temperature difference between the heat generating device and the surrounding air is large, which is favorable for heat dissipation of the heat generating device.
  • an infrared high emissivity heat dissipating coating is applied to the outer wall of the heat generating device.
  • the heat dissipating coating is applied to the side of the heat generating device facing the inner wall of the shading surface of the envelope body 5.
  • the heat-dissipating coating enhances the ability of the heat-generating device to radiate heat by external heat radiation, and combines with the heat radiation absorbing coating 3 disposed on the inner wall of the enclosure body 5 to form a heat-generating device from the inside to the outside.
  • the heat dissipation channel further reduces the temperature of the heat generating equipment.
  • the heat dissipation enclosure structure may be configured as a tower or a nacelle of the wind power generator set, and the heat generation equipment may be an electric control device such as a power transmission cable 1 and an electrical device 2 disposed in the wind power generator set.
  • the main beneficial effect of the embodiment of the present invention is that the air temperature of the environment inside the enclosure structure is actively reduced without utilizing external power, environmental protection, noise-free, zero energy consumption, thereby reducing the temperature of the heat generating equipment, which helps to ensure The heat generating equipment is operated for a long time at an allowable normal temperature.
  • the embodiment provides a wind power generator comprising a tower and/or a nacelle, the tower
  • a wind power generator comprising a tower and/or a nacelle, the tower
  • the first embodiment and the second embodiment are not mentioned in the embodiment, and the air-conditioning enclosure is configured according to the first embodiment or the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • the arrangement of the corresponding azimuthal surface heat radiation absorbing coating 3 and the first heat insulating layer 4 on the inner side of the tower wall preferably adopts the following four schemes (as shown in Figs. 1 and 6):
  • the high-infrared absorption rate heat radiation absorbing coating 3 is applied from the east side of the tower to the northeast side ⁇ the north side ⁇ the northwest side ⁇ the inner wall surface of the 180° half circumference of the west side.
  • the high-infrared absorption rate heat radiation absorbing coating 3 is applied from the east side of the tower to the northeast side ⁇ the north side ⁇ the inner wall surface of the northwest side 135°.
  • the high-infrared absorption rate heat radiation absorbing coating 3 is applied from the east side of the tower to the northeast side ⁇ the north side ⁇ the inner wall surface of the northwest side 135°.
  • a high-infrared absorption rate heat radiation absorbing coating 3 is applied from the northeast side of the tower to the north side of the tower to the north side of the half-circumferential 90° inner wall surface.
  • a plurality of power transmission cables 1 are fixedly disposed near the wall surface of the tower back, as shown in FIG.
  • the power transmission cable 1 of a large-scale wind turbine has a diameter of more than 185 mm (including large heat-generating equipment such as transformers and a heat source), and the purpose is to use a cold wall surface with a lower temperature of the tower back surface as a passage for heat transmission and loss transmission of the power transmission cable 1.
  • the method is to strengthen the radiant heat exchange between the outer surface of the power transmission cable 1 and the inner surface of the tower back wall.
  • the geometric relationship between the shady surface and the power transmission cable 1 corresponds to the radiant heat exchange between the infinitely long arc and a limited number of cylinders.
  • the plurality of cables are arranged in parallel arcs to maintain equal spacing or unequal spacing from the inner wall of the tower.

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Abstract

一种用于产热设备的散热围护结构、安装方法和风力发电机组，该散热围护结构包括限定中间空间的围护结构本体，在所述围护结构本体(5)的内壁上至少部分地施加热辐射吸收涂层(3)、隔热材料或红外低发射率高反射率材料。上述结构在无噪声、环保、不借助外界动力、零能耗条件下主动降低了围护结构内环境的空气温度，从而降低产热设备的温度，保证产热设备长时间地工作在允许的正常温度下。

Description

用于产热设备的散热围护结构、安装方法和风力发电机组
本申请要求于2015年07月10日提交中国专利局、申请号为201510405679.7、发明名称为“用于产热设备的散热围护结构和风力发电机组”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及散热技术领域，尤其涉及一种用于产热设备的散热围护结构和风力发电机组。
背景技术
一、概述
风力发电机组的围护结构如塔筒、机舱等内部设有电力传输电缆、变压器、电抗器、电动机、开关电器设备等产热设备(“产热设备”是从热学角度来命名的)，这些产热设备在工作中会产生热量，由于产生的热量累计“积分”效应，风力发电机组的围护结构塔筒、机舱内空气温度在一定时间段内会持续上升。
除了产热设备产生的热量，风力发电装备的围护结构如塔筒、机舱等从外部自然环境还接受太阳辐射，也会导致塔筒、机舱内部温度升高。尤其是在中国新疆吐鲁番、托克逊地区、巴基斯坦地域、中东地区、非洲热带地区、沙漠地带，在夏季强烈的太阳辐射能够导致风力发电装备内外温度显著升高，影响风力发电装备的正常工作。
因此，需要同时投入相应的冷却设备对整机内部环境，也包括塔筒、机舱、轮毂内腔、变流柜内部等局部环境强行进行主动冷却。
二、本发明中用到的相关辐射术语
吸收：物质将所拦截的辐射能转换为内部热能的过程。
吸收率：物质所吸收的投射辐射的份额。
黑体：理想的发射体和吸收体。
发射：在有限温度下的物质产生辐射的过程。
发射率：表示发射的辐射和同温度下的黑体发射的辐射之比。
反射：投射在表面上的辐射改变方向的过程。
反射率：物质所反射的投射辐射的份额。
热辐射：有限温度的物质发射的电磁能，集中在从0.1～100μm光谱区。
三、太阳辐射与环境辐射
所谓“环境辐射”是指地球以及大气层中某些具有辐射能力成分的辐射。环境辐射的长波辐射形式包括地球表面的发射以及来自大气中某些成分的发射。地球表面的发射功率可按照常规方法计算，即：E＝εσT4，式中，ε和T分别为地表面的发射率和热力学温度。发射率接近于1，温度范围-40～+60℃，发射近似集中在4～40μm光谱区，峰值波长约发生在10μm。大气辐射大部分来自CO2和H2O分子，并集中在5～8μm和13μm以上的光谱区。来自大气发射的投射辐射可表示为：Gatm＝σT4 sky式中，Tsky称为有效天空温度。其值与大气条件有关，其值范围可由冷的晴朗天空条件时的230K到暖和时的285K。在夜间，大气发射是地球表面上唯一的投射辐射源。
由于太阳辐射是集中在光谱的短波区，而地球表面发射是在长得多的波长区，即一个地球表面及物质的太阳吸收率可以不同于它的发射率。比值α/ε是一个重要的工程参数，如果希望表面排出热能，就要求低的比值。由表1看出：使用白色漆利于阻热、隔热，同样条件下，使用黑色漆会造成表面温度明显高于涂白色漆。
表1 不同材料及涂层的吸收发射比
Figure PCTCN2016089628-appb-000001
四、塔筒机舱围护结构内外热环境
《建筑工程建筑面积计算规范》GB/T 50353-2005中规定：围护结构(envelop enclosure)是指围合建筑空间四周的墙体、门、窗等。构成建筑空间，抵御环境不利影响的构件(也包括某些配件)。围护结 构通常是指外墙和屋顶等外围护结构。外围护结构包括外墙、屋顶、侧窗、外门等，用以抵御风雨、温度变化、太阳辐射等，应具有保温、隔热、隔声、防水、防潮、耐火、耐久等性能。
建筑“阳面(侧)”主要指向阳的南面(北半球)，其次是指有日照条件的东西面，“背阴面”主要是指无日照条件的北面(北半球)。在风力机塔筒本体传热过程中，辐射换热是重要的一个传热路线，它包括太阳辐射在塔筒表面的传递和在塔筒内表面间的热辐射交换。它虽然也直接影响着人的冷热感觉，却不像空气温度那样容易被人觉察。
太阳辐射以直射、散射两种方式到达塔筒本体外表面。在表面发生能量性质的转化：辐射能转化成热能，在经热传导方式传递到塔筒内壁防腐涂层。如果温度高于塔筒内空气温度，表面就会将热量释放到空气里。更重要的是：塔筒内有各种电力设备，电力传输电缆、变压器、变流器以及电力补偿设备等各种产热热源。塔筒内封闭围护结构具备蓄热能力，在夏季，塔筒内壁会对其内空气沿着上升高度方向以自然对流换热方式持续加热。没有外界驱动力但仍然存在运动的情况，称之为自然对流或自由流动。引起流体这种运动的内在力量是温度差或者(组分的)浓度差。后者属于传质问题。在夏季，塔筒内部空气接受塔筒内壁持续加热、或接受内热源加热，将在塔筒内部造成空气温度差。引起自然对流的浮升力实际上来自流体的密度梯度以及与该密度梯度成正比的体积力的联合作用。在地球引力场范围内，最普遍存在的体积力是重力。在塔筒内不存在旋转运动导致的离心力，造成空气密度梯度的原因就是温度差。
太阳辐射热量在下午两、三点钟达到全天的最高值，此后气温又随太阳辐射热的减小而下降，到下一个凌晨四、五点又达最低值。显然，在一段时间内，可以认为气温的热变化是以24小时为周期的周期性波动。塔筒在中午时段持续接受太阳辐射加热，同时空气温度较高，空气与塔筒外壁通过对流换热散失的热量较小，塔筒外壁有效吸收的热能较大。
塔筒壁正午、正午后时段向阳侧持续接受太阳高辐射加热，经过 塔筒传递到内壁，造成内壁温度升高，内壁与塔筒内空气之间热交换，塔筒内壁温度越高，内部受热源加热后的空气温度会越高。塔筒内的电气设备温升会超过上限，电器安全运行受到威胁。
五、现有技术的问题
现有技术公开了用包括压缩机组及蒸发器的冷却系统或者风扇进行冷却的技术。
但是，现有技术都仅仅涉及机舱内散热，未涉及包含塔筒借助阳面与背阴面两侧有温差，阻止两面之间的热传递在内的整机散热，因此，塔筒内在内部产热设备及外部太阳辐射传热双重作用下被加热的空气上升，对机舱底部与塔筒对接环节起到“封堵”作用，夏季运行必然在午后持续满功率发电时报出过温故障、请求停机或自动降低发电机出力。并且现有技术中散热系统结构复杂，制造及运行成本高，需要消耗附加能量。
发明内容
本发明的实施例提供一种用于产热设备的散热围护结构，以在不借助外界动力、环保、无噪声、零能耗条件下主动降低围护结构内环境的空气温度，有效解决围护结构内热量蓄积造成的空气温度超过产热设备允许的正常工作环境温度的技术问题。
本发明的实施例还提供一种具有这种散热围护结构的风力发电机组。
为达到上述目的，本发明的实施例采用如下技术方案：
一种用于产热设备的散热围护结构，该散热围护结构包括限定中间空间的围护结构本体，在所述围护结构本体的内壁上至少部分地施加热辐射吸收涂层。
可选的，在所述围护结构本体的外壁上至少部分地施加热辐射散热涂层。
可选的，所述热辐射散热涂层设在所述围护结构本体的背阴面的外壁上。
可选的，所述热辐射吸收涂层设在所述围护结构本体的背阴面的 内壁上。
可选的，在所述围护结构本体的阳面内壁上设置第一隔热层。
可选的，所述第一隔热层为热辐射隔热涂层、热绝缘层或辐射屏蔽遮热板。
可选的，所述热辐射隔热涂层由包含粘结剂和低发射率功能颜料的热红外低发射率涂料制成，所述粘结剂包含氯化聚乙烯树脂，所述低发射率功能颜料包含Al粉、Zn粉、Cu粉、Ni粉或单晶Si。
可选的，在所述围护结构本体的至少阳面外壁上施加第二隔热层。
可选的，所述第二隔热层为热反射隔热涂层，对太阳辐射和地面辐射实施反射。
可选的，所述热反射隔热涂层包括作为粘结剂的低红外吸收率的有机硅-丙烯酸树脂、有机硅-醇酸树脂、丙烯酸树脂、环氧树脂或聚氨酯树脂。
可选的，所述热反射隔热涂层包括作为功能填料的高红外反射率的TiO2、ZnO、BaSO4、CaCO3、ZnO3、滑石粉、高岭土或空心玻璃微珠。
可选的，在所述围护结构本体的顶层内壁上施加第三隔热层。
可选的，所述第三隔热层为热辐射隔热涂层。
可选的，所述围护结构本体的顶层与所述第三隔热层之间设有封闭空气隔热层。
可选的，所述产热设备设置在所述散热围护结构的靠近背阴面内壁的区域中。
可选的，还包括设置于所述产热设备外壁的热辐射散热涂层。
可选的，所述热辐射散热涂层施加在所述产热设备的面向围护结构本体背阴面内壁的一侧上。
可选的，所述维护结构本体内壁的所述热辐射吸收涂层与所述产热设备外壁上的所述热辐射散热涂层相对设置。
可选的，所述散热围护结构为风力发电机组的塔筒或机舱，所述产热设备为风力发电机组的电力传输电缆或电气设备。
可选的，所述围护结构本体为塔筒，所述塔筒一半圆周内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的第一隔热层，另一半圆周内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的热辐射吸收涂层；或者，
自所述塔筒正东侧至西北侧共225°内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的第一隔热层，自所述塔筒正东侧至西北侧共135°内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的所述热辐射吸收涂层；或者，
自所述塔筒东南侧至西北侧共180°内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的所述第一隔热层，自所述塔筒正东侧至西北侧共135°内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的所述热辐射吸收涂层；或者，
自所述塔筒正南侧至西北侧共135°内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的所述第一隔热层，自所述塔筒东北侧至西北侧共90°内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的所述热辐射吸收涂层。
可选的，所述围护结构本体为塔筒，所述塔筒壁西侧、东侧、西南侧、东南侧内壁面设置有隔热层；或者，
所述围护结构本体为机舱，所述机舱顶面、西面和东面设置有隔热层。
此外，本发明还提供了一种用于产热设备的安装方法，将所述产热设备设置于上述任一项所述的散热围护结构的中间空间，并且靠近所述围护结构本体设置有热辐射吸收涂层的内壁一侧。
一种风力发电机组，该风力发电机组包括塔筒和/或机舱，所述塔筒和/或机舱构造成上述的用于产热设备的散热围护结构。
本发明实施例提供的用于产热设备的散热围护结构和风力发电机组，能在不借助外界动力、环保、无噪声、零能耗条件下主动降低了围护结构内环境的空气温度，从而降低产热设备的温度，保证产热设备长时间地工作在允许的正常温度下。
进一步地，在热力学第二定律指导下，借助塔筒这样的围护结构，挖掘其“背阴面内壁面”以及附近表面空气温度较低的这个“冷源”，发挥其能够降低风电机组塔筒内电力传输电缆等产热设备的表面温度，延长其使用寿命，保证风力发电运行安全的作用。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明实施例的散热围护结构的剖视示意图；
图2为本发明实施例的散热围护结构借助内壁上热辐射吸收涂层辐射换热示意图；
图3为本发明实施例的散热围护结构外部夏季综合温度的组成；
图4为本发明实施例的散热围护结构夏季各朝向太阳辐射及出现高温方向的范围；
图5为本发明实施例的散热围护结构外围不同朝向的综合温度曲线图；
图6为本发明实施例的散热围护结构吸收的热量传递方向示意图；
图7所示表示本发明实施例的散热围护结构背阴面热量径向传递示意图；
图8表示本发明实施例的散热围护结构内表面第一隔热层热源等效单元网络及表面辐射热阻；
图9和10为本发明实施例的散热围护结构顶部隔热示意图，其中，图9为从来风方向观察风力发电机组的围护结构的视图，图10为从垂直于来风方向的侧向观察风力发电机组的围护结构的视图。
附图标记汇总：围护结构本体5、电力传输电缆1、电气设备2、热辐射吸收涂层3、热辐射散热涂层7、第一隔热层4、第二隔热层6、第三隔热层8、封闭空气隔热层9、顶层10。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明实施例的用于产热设备的散热围护结构 和风力发电机组进行详细描述。
实施例一
如图1所示，该用于产热设备的散热围护结构包括限定中间空间的围护结构本体5，在该中间空间中设有产热设备例如电力传输电缆1和电气设备2(例如变流器)，在围护结构本体5的内壁上至少部分地施加热辐射吸收涂层3。
电力传输电缆1和电气设备2等产热设备在工作中会发热，温度升高并向外辐射热量，本实施例通过在围护结构本体5内壁上至少部分地施加热辐射吸收涂层3，其因具有高的热辐射吸收率，能主动高效地对产热设备发出的热辐射进行接收和吸收，被热辐射吸收涂层3吸收的热量进一步地经由围护结构本体5向外传递，也就“开通”了产热设备产生的热量借助围护结构本体5实现径向向外传输的热传递通道，发挥了围护结构本体5向外表面导热的功能，从而避免产热设备产生的热量在围护结构本体5内部迅速聚集而导致温度超过产热设备正常工作温度的问题。
图2表示施加了热辐射吸收涂层3的围护结构本体5与产热设备之间的辐射换热情况。其中，q1,3为产热设备与围护结构本体5内壁之间的辐射热交换速率，qrN为围护结构本体5外壁向外部自然环境发射的辐射热速率。热辐射吸收涂层3的吸收率越高，产热设备与围护结构本体5内壁之间的辐射热交换速率q1,3越大，越有利于产热设备的散热降温，围护结构本体5外壁的发射率越大，则qrN越大，越有利于围护结构本体5的散热降温，围护结构本体5的温度低了，产热 设备与围护结构本体5之间的温差将会变大或保持在一个有利的范围内，则产热设备与围护结构本体5内壁之间的辐射热交换速率q1,3会提高或者至少保持在一个较高的水平，如此形成良性循环，能保证产热设备良好的散热降温。
热辐射吸收涂层3根据材料及制备工艺的不同，主要有以下四类，不同类型的涂层可以单独地，也可以组合地用在本发明实施例中。
(1)涂料涂层
涂料涂层制备方法一般采用压缩空气喷涂法。常用的涂料涂层有：
Fe2O3-Cr2O3涂层，以Fe2O3、Cr2O3和MnO2为颜料，有机硅改性丙烯酸树脂为粘结剂，涂层的吸收发射比可达3.26；
PbS(林蔓状晶体)涂层，以0.1μm林蔓状晶体PbS为颜料，乙丙橡胶或氟树脂为粘结剂，吸收率为0.85～0.91，发射率为0.23～0.40；
硅溶胶吸热涂层，以硅溶胶作粘结剂，Fe粉作发色体，涂层成本低、耐候性和防水性好，吸收率为0.94，发射率为0.41。
酞菁绿涂层，颜料成分为Fe3CuO5，其具有良好的装饰性和高的吸收发射比；
采用粉末火焰喷涂法制备的黑铬选择性吸收涂层，工艺简单、成本低、性能稳定、光谱选择性好，其热辐射吸收率为0.91，发射率为0.15。
(2)真空镀膜涂层
真空镀膜涂层利用真空蒸发和磁控溅射技术制取。如利用直接蒸发制取的PbS/Al/Al涂层。利用磁控溅射制取的有不锈钢—碳/铜涂层、AlCN涂层、AlNx Oy涂层和Ni-Cr涂层，多层渐变铝氮铝(Al -N/Al)涂层。还有采用射频溅射制备的金属陶瓷复合涂层，主要应用在中高温领域，它是近年来新开发的工艺，如Ni-Al2O3涂层；Wu-AlNx涂层，是将钨、铬等金属粒子掺入氮化铝介质，得到金属陶瓷复合涂层；Ni∶SiO2金属陶瓷吸收层，Ni在涂层表面的体积比为10％，到底部逐渐变化为90％，涂层厚度为100～170nm，吸收率为0.96，发射率为0.03～0.14；掺钼的三氧化二铝(Mo-Al2O3)金属陶瓷涂层，Al2O3作减反射层，双层Mo-Al2O3金属陶瓷层作吸收层，Mo或Cu作减反射层，该涂层在350℃下性能稳定，吸收率为0.96，发射率为0.11。
(3)电化学转化涂层
常用的电化学涂层有铝阳极氧化涂层、CuO转化涂层和钢的阳极氧化涂层等。这类涂层一般吸收率为0.88～0.95，发射率为0.15～0.32。铝阳极氧化涂层光谱选择性、耐腐蚀、耐光照性能良好；CuO转化镀涂层有一层黑色绒面，保护不好容易导致性能下降；钢的阳极氧化涂层抗紫外线和抗潮湿性能好；还有Mo黑化学转化涂层，吸收率最大能达到0.87，发射率为0.13～0.17。
(4)电镀涂层
常用的电镀涂层主要有黑镍涂层、黑铬涂层、黑钴涂层等，均具有良好的光学性能。以黑铬和黑镍的效果最好，吸收发射比(α/ε)接近6～13。但电镀黑铬生产成本高，同时镀液中的Cr6+对环境有污染。电镀黑镍耗能少、成本低，镀液中不存在有毒物质。但黑镍涂层薄、热稳定性、耐蚀性较差。黑镍镀层吸收率能达到0.93，耐久性、 热稳定性、抗腐蚀能力较强。研制的黑色镍—锡合金镀层，由于其中不含硫，所以能克服黑镍镀层所具有的缺点。
为了进一步改善散热效果，本实施例中还在围护结构本体5的外壁上至少部分地施加热辐射散热涂层7。热辐射散热涂层7因具有高的红外发射率，能够促使热量从围护结构本体5以热辐射方式高效地释放到周围环境中，降低围护结构本体5的温度。
实施例二
一、本实施例的应用环境分析及核心构思
1，塔筒、机舱等围护结构受热分析
如图3和图4所示，源于风力发电装备的围护结构塔筒、机舱等接受太阳辐射同样具有方向性、时间性。塔筒、机舱这些围护结构在正午时段12点至午后16点)日辐射强度和空气温度均较高，这些围护结构持续接受辐射热的同时，其内部又有电力传输电缆、变压器、电抗器、电动机、开关电器设备等产热设备，由于产生的热量累计“积分”效应，风电装备的围护结构塔筒、机舱内空气温度会持续上升。这就需要同时投入相应的冷却设备对整机内部环境，也包括塔筒、机舱、轮毂内腔、变桨控制柜内部、变流柜内部等局部环境强行进行主动冷却。风力发电装备在向电网输送电能的同时，以上这种消耗在内部设备上的电耗在传统能源发电(火力发电、水力发电)方式下被称之为“厂用电”。一直以来，传统能源转化利用中持续在为降低“厂用电率”增加网侧输出电能不断做出努力。风力发电装备运行也需要降低“厂用电率”，即：降低在向网侧输出电能时所付出的代价。
图3中曲线c1表示塔筒外综合温度，曲线c2表示塔筒外空气温度，曲线c3表示太阳辐射当量温度。
发明人研究塔筒所在地夏季外部环境综合温度后发现，塔筒外表面受到三种不同方式的热作用，如图3所示。
(1)太阳辐射热的作用。当太阳辐射热投射到塔筒、机舱这样的围护结构的外表面时，一部分辐射热被外表面防护涂层吸收。
(2)塔筒外空气的传热。当塔筒、机舱的外表面涂层温度与塔筒、机舱外空气温度存在温度差时，二者之间会以对流换热形式进行热交换。
(3)在塔筒外表面受到上述两种作用后，外表面温度升高，辐射能力增大，向自然环境发射长波辐射热，失去一部分热能。
在夏季建筑热工计算的室外气候条件中，最主要的是太阳辐射和室外气温，尽管它们与塔筒外表涂层之间换热方式不同，但效果都是使塔筒、机舱的外表涂层温度θe增加。为了简化计算，用一个假想的“塔筒、机舱外综合温度”tsa来代替太阳辐射和室外气温两者的共同作用。塔筒、机舱的外表涂层从塔筒外部环境得到的热流q可表示为：q1表示塔筒、机舱围护结构表面对太阳辐射投射在其表面被吸收的份额；q2表示塔筒、机舱围护结构表面与塔筒、机舱外空气温度te存在温度差时，二者之间以对流换热形式(对流换热表面传热系数αe)进行的热交换份额。
q＝q1+q2
q＝ρsI+αe(te-θe)
Figure PCTCN2016089628-appb-000002
q＝αe(tsa-θe)
Figure PCTCN2016089628-appb-000003
其中，I—太阳辐射照度；
ρs—塔筒、机舱围护结构的外表涂层对太阳辐射能的吸收系数(份额)；
tsa—塔筒、机舱围护结构外的综合温度；
Figure PCTCN2016089628-appb-000004
—太阳辐射的等效温度。
塔筒、机舱外综合温度以温度值表示室外气温、太阳辐射和大气长波辐射对给定外表面的热作用。塔筒、机舱外综合温度由三部分构成：①外界空气温度；②外表面所吸收的太阳辐射；③与外界环境的长波辐射交换。实际上室外综合温度是假设没有任何辐射作用下的理论空气温度，它对给定的外表面的热作用与在太阳辐射、大气长波辐射和空气温度共同作用下的热作用相同。
表2部分材料对太阳辐射热的吸收系数
表面 αs ε(300K) αs/ε
涂在金属底板上的白漆 0.21 0.96 0.22
涂在金属底板上的白漆 0.97 0.97 1
无光泽的不锈钢 0.5 0.21 2.4
红砖 0.63 0.93 0.68
雪 0.28 0.97 0.29
玉米叶子 0.76 0.97 0.78
以目前金风科技2.5MW机组为例，已经对行业公开的数据：塔筒内径均值3.9米，塔筒高度90米。塔筒容积内空气915m3，塔筒内空气50℃时定压比热容1.005kJ/(kg·K)，密度1.093kg/m3。于是可知，塔筒内空气温度每上升或下降1℃(摄氏度)，空气需要吸收或必须释放出的热量为：1005kJ(1.005×1.093×915×1＝1005kJ)。空气受热产生浮升力：
Figure PCTCN2016089628-appb-000005
这里，空气密度变化主要是由温度变化引起。
这1005kJ的热能以不断浮升的热空气为载体，涌入上方较高位置的机舱，将会破坏原来机舱与发电机气隙之间联通状态的热平衡，增加发电机冷却系统的热负荷，在夏季必然会导致发电机气隙空气温度超标。按照能量守恒定律：这股热流在极限情况下(发电机停机、冷却系统停止工作，机舱绝热，单独考虑这股热流对绝热机舱的贡献)，会使机舱温度持续上升。另一方面，这股气流路经机舱底部与 塔筒结合处，这个空间又是与风力机叶轮轮毂内空间相通，该处也有变桨驱动(电动机)及电机伺服控制系统(电力电子系统)，它们都会有相当数额(“千瓦”数量级)热耗产生。上升热气流对机舱这个空间的热气流起到“封堵”作用。夏季运行必然在午后持续满功率发电时报出过温故障、请求停机或自动降低发电机出力。
2，塔筒、机舱外综合温度的特点
(1)以24h为周期波动；
(2)朝向不同，塔筒、机舱外综合温度不同；
同一天、同一地点、不同朝向、太阳辐射强度的大小、变化、最大值出现的时间均不同；
同一塔筒、机舱不同方向的部位所受热作用不同，塔筒、机舱外综合温度的大小及变化规律也就不同，其中，机舱平顶，西侧、东侧、西南侧、东南侧所受热辐射作用最大。
(3)塔筒、机舱外表面防护涂层表面太阳吸收系数对塔筒、机舱外综合温度有着重要影响。
3，塔筒、机舱外综合温度的功用
采用塔筒、机舱外综合温度计算出这些外围护结构的热性能、需要的冷负荷。塔筒、机舱外围结构受到室外温度和太阳辐射两部分的作用，将两者合二为一称为“综合温度”，考虑到太阳辐射对表面换热量的增强，相当于在室外气温上增加了一个太阳辐射的等效温度值。它是为了计算方便推出的一个当量室外温度。因此，塔筒、机舱外综合温度并非完全客观的参数，而是具有人为因素影响。
对塔筒西侧、东侧、西南侧、东南侧采取隔热措施主要目的就是控制其内表面温度，增加衰减度和延迟时间。避免内表面温度过高，向塔筒内部北侧、电力设备辐射大量辐射热，引起电气设备过温。
二、核心构思
分析风力发电装备的围护结构塔筒、机舱等接受太阳辐射具有方向性、时间性后发现：天气的冷热，主要决定于空气温度的高低，而影响空气温度的主要因素，是由太阳辐射强度所决定的。但是，太阳光热并不是直接使气温升高的主要原因。空气直接吸收阳光的热能总共只有14％左右，而有43％左右被地面吸收了。当地面吸收了太阳的辐射热量之后，再通过辐射、对流等形式向空气中传导，这是气温升高的主要原因。太阳光照射到地面上，地面吸收转化成热能，地面吸收的热再以辐射热释放出去、以对流换热方式加热空气，所以地面受热以后，还需要一段时间，才能使气温升高。在中午以后，地面放出的热量，仍少于太阳供给的热量时，直到下午二、三点钟，地面温度才能升到最高，气温也才是最高。经过太阳辐射持续加热、传热再进入塔筒、机舱这些围护结构的内表面，内表面温度升高，使得内部产生的热量通过维护结构散热这条途径被大幅度削弱了。由于内部存在累计“积分”效应，致使风电装备的围护结构内空气温度会持续走高，需要借助动力冷却装置进行抑制、控制温升，这个“代价”中包含着围护结构对太阳能的吸收部分。于是，发明人产生了“阻止”以上围护结构吸收太阳能、“创造并构建”塔筒水平面背阴面塔筒壁散热通道的核心构思，即对内部设有产热设备的围护结构构建一个由内向外散热的 热流传递通道，并且对于应用在太阳辐射强烈地区的围护结构，还通过设置隔热层来阻断太阳辐射热由外向内的传递通道。
其中，具体隔热设计思路为：
①机舱外围护结构隔热的重点在机舱顶面，其次是西面和东面。
②降低塔筒外综合温度，塔筒外表面采用浅色饰面，减少对太阳辐射吸收，选用特殊功能涂层材料，对太阳短波辐射的吸收率少而对长波发射率大，降低表面温度。
③对塔筒壁西侧、东侧、西南侧、东南侧内壁面采取隔热阻热措施。
三、具体实施方案
如图1所示，该实施例的用于产热设备的散热围护结构包括限定中间空间的围护结构本体5，在该中间空间中设有产热设备例如电力传输电缆1和电气设备2(例如变流器)，在围护结构本体5的内壁上背阴面施加热辐射吸收涂层3。
图5表示围护结构外部各方向的综合温度，曲线c4、c5和c6分别表示水平面、东向垂直面和西向垂直面的综合温度。当围护结构暴露在太阳下时，太阳辐射具有方向性和时间性，主要集中在水平面(顶面)、东向和西向垂直面。由图5可以看出，经太阳辐射之后，在正午之后围护结构的顶面、自东至西的阳面温度会大大高于北向的背阴面。
本实施例中通过将热辐射吸收涂层3设在围护结构本体5的背阴面，利用了北向背阴面温度低的特点，开通北侧的散热通道，强化了 散热效果。
相应地，在围护结构本体5的背阴侧外壁上，与热辐射吸收涂层3相对应地施加红外高发射率的热辐射散热涂层7，热辐射散热涂层7可由太阳热反射隔热涂料制成，例如现有的RLHY-A05型热反射隔热涂料。太阳热反射隔热涂料是由空心玻璃微珠和红外发射分体为主要隔热填料，结合优质无机改性树脂乳液而成的高环保型的反射隔热填料，在基体表面形成一层致密的真空层，具有高效、薄层、装饰、防水、防火、防腐、绝缘等多种优点，涂料集反射、辐射与空心微珠隔热等功能于一体，能对400～2500nm范围的太阳红外线和紫外线进行高反射，不让太阳的热量进行累积升温，又能在阴天和夜晚下进行热量辐射散热降温，降低物体的表面温度，同时在涂料中放入导热系数极低的空心微珠隔绝热能的传递，即使在大气温度很高时也能隔住外部热量向物体内部传导，三大功效保证了涂刷涂料的物体降温，确保了物体内部空间能保持恒温的状态。
如图7所示，表示背阴面热量径向传递示意图。其中，q1,3表示电力传输电缆1与塔筒5内壁辐射热交换的速率，qrN表示塔筒5背阴面外壁辐射换热速率，qconv表示塔筒5背阴面外壁与塔筒外自然环境中的空气对流换热速率，q上升气流表示电力传输电缆1周围空气获得的热流速率。
进一步地，在围护结构本体5的阳面内壁上设置第一隔热层4。如图6所示，围护结构本体5吸收的太阳辐射热在到达第一隔热层4后，因第一隔热层4的热隔离作用阻断了径向向内传递的路径，而只 能沿围护结构本体5的周向和竖直高度方向传递，从而避免太阳辐射引起围护结构本体5内部温度升高，有利于设置在围护结构本体5内的产热设备的散热。
第一隔热层4可以是用岩棉、微孔硅酸钙、珍珠岩等热绝缘材料制作大的热绝缘层，它们的热导率处于很低的0.025～0.05W/(m·K)范围内，能有效阻止热量以热传导的方式传递到围护结构内部。
第一隔热层4也可以为涂覆在围护结构本体5上的红外低发射率的热辐射隔热涂层。该热辐射隔热涂层可以由包含粘结剂和低发射率功能颜料的热红外低发射率涂料制成，所述粘结剂包含氯化聚乙烯树脂，所述低发射率功能颜料包含Al粉、Zn粉、Cu粉、Ni粉或单晶Si。通过围护结构本体5内表面的红外低发射率涂层“阻断”热流沿着径向向内以热辐射方式传递的通道。
在本实施例中，第一隔热层4还可以设置为覆盖在内壁上的辐射屏蔽遮热板，例如具有红外低发射率、高反射率的铝箔。
进一步地，参阅图1，在围护结构本体5的阳面外壁上施加第二隔热层6，本实施例中，第二隔热层6为热反射隔热涂层。通过热反射隔热涂层阻止围护结构本体5对太阳及周围环境的热辐射的吸收，降低了围护结构本体5及其内部的温度。
图8表示内表面第一隔热层4热源等效单元网络及表面辐射热阻，图中A1为围护结构本体5外壁涂层面积，T1为围护结构本体5外壁涂层温度，ε1为围护结构本体5外壁涂层发射率，ρ1为围护结构本体5外壁涂层反射率，α1为围护结构本体5外壁涂层吸收率，q1 为太阳和周围环境传递给围护结构本体5的辐射热流，qr为围护结构本体5内壁涂层辐射热流，A4为围护结构本体5内壁涂层面积，T4为围护结构本体5内壁涂层温度，ε4为围护结构本体5内壁涂层发射率，ρ4为围护结构本体5内壁涂层反射率，α4为围护结构本体5内壁涂层吸收率。图8中，Eb表示内壁涂层的发射力，对应于内壁涂层的温度，公式
Figure PCTCN2016089628-appb-000006
表示该内壁涂层的表面辐射热阻，从该公式可以看出，作为围护结构本体5内壁涂层的第一隔热层4的发射率ε4越小，其表面辐射热阻越大，隔热效果越好。借助选用低发射率ε4材料，例如发射率ε4由0.8降至0.1，表面热阻增加为原来的36倍，降低了涂层表面有效辐射强度。
在其他实施方式中，第二隔热层6也可以像第一隔热层4那样设计为其它形式的隔热层。
下面对热反射隔热涂层的隔热机理和常用材料组成进行详细说明。
一、热反射隔热涂层隔热机理
太阳光热辐射按照波长不同可划分为3个部分。各部分在总能量中所占的比例是不同的，见表3。太阳光能量主要集中在400-2500nm的可见光和近红外光区，在波长500nm时，太阳光热辐射最强。从表3可以看出，可见光和近红外光占太阳总辐射能量的95％，所以隔绝了太阳光和近红外光就可以使得太阳辐射下的塔筒、机舱等围护结构的表面温度降低，降低塔筒、机舱内环境为降低空气温度投入的设备费用。
表3太阳光不同波段所占太阳总能量的比例
光区 波长(nm) 占总能量的比例％
紫外光 200-400 5
可见光 400-720 45
近红外光 720-2500 50
在不影响外观的情况下，通过使近红外光反射比最大化可明显降低太阳辐射下塔筒壁、机舱壁的温度。近红外占太阳辐射总能量的50％，所以，抑制了近红外热辐射，就可以隔绝大部分热辐射能量。太阳热反射隔热涂层是一种对近红外辐射具有显著反射作用的功能型涂层，这种涂层一般是将对近红外辐射具有反射功能作用的粒子涂覆到基质上，将太阳辐射中的近红外反射、散射到外部空间中去，降低热辐射下物体表面及内部环境温度。
二，热反射隔热涂层的基本材料组成
热反射隔热涂层通常包括树脂和功能填料。树脂一般包括有机硅-丙烯酸树脂、有机硅-醇酸树脂、丙烯酸树脂、环氧树脂或聚氨酯树脂。
对于硬质基(金属、墙体等)，一般是直接将热反射隔热涂料涂覆在基材表面上而起隔热作用的，影响涂层隔热性能的主要因素有树脂和功能填料的种类、粒径分布、用量及涂层厚度。树脂是热反射隔热材料中必不可少的组份，它起着将功能粒子与基质连接起来的作用。树脂对于功能粒子来说起到一个载体的作用。不同的树脂对涂料的太阳热反射隔热效果没有太大的影响。但在实际应用过程中，选择树脂时应当考虑选用结构中少含C-O-C、C＝O、O-H等吸热基团的树脂。表4给出以TiO2为填料，几种不同树脂涂层对太阳光的吸收率。
功能填料是太阳热反射隔热涂层中最主要的组份。常用功能填料有TiO2、ZnO、BaSO4、CaCO3、ZnO3、滑石粉、高岭土或空心玻璃微珠等，它的主要作用是反射太阳辐射中的近红外辐射，降低物体表面的热量吸收率。太阳热反射隔热涂层所选择的功能填料的要求是：对太阳辐射具有高反射率、低吸收率的性质。禁带宽度Eg＝0.5～1.8eV的物质吸收近红外辐射，禁带宽度Eg＝1.8～3.1eV的物质吸收可见光 辐射。因此，要避免物体对可见光和近红外光的吸收，选用的功能填料的禁带宽度Eg应大于3.1eV，或者小于0.5eV。表5给出几种填料的折光指数(也称为折射率或折光率)和禁带宽度Eg。表6给出了几种白色粉末填料对近红外辐射的反射率(反射比)。
表4几种不同树脂涂层的热吸收率
涂层 吸收率α
有机硅-丙烯酸树脂 0.19
有机硅-醇酸树脂 0.22
丙烯酸树脂 0.24
环氧树脂 0.25
聚氨酯树脂 0.26
表5若干典型填料的折光指数和禁带宽度Eg
Figure PCTCN2016089628-appb-000007
表6几种白色粉末填料对近红外辐射的反射率(反射比)
Figure PCTCN2016089628-appb-000008
由图5可以看出，暴露在太阳下的围护结构，处于水平面中的顶层吸收的太阳热辐射是最多的，在没有隔热措施的情况下温度也是最高的。为此，如图9和图10所示(图中qR表示太阳辐射热)，在一 个具体实现方式中，在围护结构本体5的顶层10(例如机舱顶壁)内壁上施加第三隔热层8。通过第三隔热层8隔离太阳辐射热从围护结构本体5的顶层向内部的传递。
本实施例中，第三隔热层8实施为红外低发射率的隔热涂层或贴附的低发射率的材料如铝箔。进一步地，围护结构本体5还包括封闭空气隔热层9，该封闭空气隔热层9设置在第三隔热层8与顶层10之间。
第三隔热层8和封闭空气隔热层9既可以分别单独实施，也可以组合实施。通过实施为红外低发射率的隔热涂层的第三隔热层8和封闭空气隔热层9的组合，从热传导和热辐射两个方式上阻隔热量向围护结构内部的传递，隔热效果更好。
进一步地，产热设备设置在靠近背阴面的区域中，由于围护结构的背阴面没有太阳热辐射，因此，围护结构内部空间中靠近背阴面的区域中温度通常低于靠近阳面的区域，将产热设备设置在靠近背阴面的区域中，产热设备与其周围空气的温差大，有利于产热设备的散热。
本实施例中，在产热设备的外壁上施加红外高发射率的散热涂层，优选地，该散热涂层施加在产热设备的面向围护结构本体5背阴面内壁的一侧上。通过该散热涂层，加强了产热设备向外以热辐射方式散热的能力，并与设置在围护结构本体5内壁上的热辐射吸收涂层3相结合，一起构成产热设备由内向外的散热通道，进一步地降低产热设备温度。
本实施例中，散热围护结构可以构造为风力发电机组的塔筒或机舱，产热设备可以为设在风力发电机组内的电力传输电缆1、电气设备2等电控设备。
本发明实施例的主要有益效果在于，在不借助外界动力、环保、无噪声、零能耗条件下主动降低了围护结构内环境的空气温度，从而降低产热设备的温度，有助于保证产热设备长时间地工作在允许的正常温度下。
实施例三
本实施例提供一种风力发电机组，其包括塔筒和/或机舱，该塔筒 和/或机舱构造成根据本发明实施例一或实施例二的散热围护结构，本实施例未提及之处请参见实施例一和实施例二。
塔筒壁内侧相应方位表面热辐射吸收涂层3和第一隔热层4布置优选采用如下四个方案(如图1、图6所示)：
方案一：自塔筒正东侧起→东南侧→正南侧→西南侧→止于正西侧半圆周180°内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的第一隔热层4；
自塔筒正东侧起→东北侧→正北侧→西北侧→止于正西侧半圆周180°内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的热辐射吸收涂层3。
方案二：自塔筒正东侧→东南侧→正南侧→西南侧→正西侧→止于西北45°半圆周225°内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的第一隔热层4；
自塔筒正东侧起→东北侧→正北侧→止于西北侧半圆周135°内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的热辐射吸收涂层3。
方案三：自塔筒东南45°侧→正南侧→西南侧→正西侧→止于西北45°半圆周180°内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的第一隔热层4；
自塔筒正东侧起→东北侧→正北侧→止于西北侧半圆周135°内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的热辐射吸收涂层3。
方案四：自塔筒正南侧→西南侧→正西侧→止于西北45°半圆周135°内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的第一隔热层4；
自塔筒东北侧45°→正北侧→止于西北侧半圆周90°内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的热辐射吸收涂层3。
在本实施例的风力发电机组中，多根电力传输电缆1(至少6根以上)固定设置在塔筒背阴面壁面附近，如图1所示。大型风力发电机组的电力传输电缆1直径达到185mm以上(还有变压器等大型产热设备、热源)，目的是借助塔筒背阴面温度较低的冷壁面作为电力传输电缆1热量散失传输的通道，方法是强化电力传输电缆1外表面与塔筒背阴面壁内表面之间的辐射热交换。对于背阴面与电力传输电缆1的几何关系相当于无限长大圆弧与有限几个圆柱体之间的辐射换热。建立电力传输电缆与背阴面内壁之间热量传递的数学模型。多根电缆并行弧形排布，保持与塔筒内壁相等间距、或不等间距。
本发明实施例的风力发电机组具有以下有益效果：
给塔筒内电气设备(例如变流器)、电力传输电缆等产热热源创造一个低速率热量蓄积的塔筒环境；
降低机组冷却设备配置容量，间接降低初次投资；
降低机组运行成本；
降低以上“热源”的运行温度，延长电力传输电缆等的使用寿命，提高电力传输的系统安全性；
对密闭机舱，顶部采取隔热措施后在冬季风机运行、检修都会利于人员、设备，如油系统不至于温度过低，难于启动，电子设备不至于温度过低导致无法显示，如智能化设备的液晶屏等。
以上所述，仅为本发明的具体实施方式，但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此，任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内，可轻易想到变化或替换，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。因此，本发明的保护范围应以所述权利要求的保护范围为准。

Claims (23)

  1. 一种用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，该散热围护结构包括限定中间空间的围护结构本体(5)，在所述围护结构本体(5)的内壁上至少部分地施加热辐射吸收涂层(3)。
  2. 根据权利要求1的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，在所述围护结构本体(5)的外壁上至少部分地施加热辐射散热涂层(7)。
  3. 根据权利要求2的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述热辐射散热涂层(7)设在所述围护结构本体(5)的背阴面的外壁上。
  4. 根据权利要求1或2的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述热辐射吸收涂层(3)设在所述围护结构本体(5)的背阴面的内壁上。
  5. 根据权利要求4的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，在所述围护结构本体(5)的阳面内壁上设置第一隔热层(4)。
  6. 根据权利要求5的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述第一隔热层(4)为热辐射隔热涂层、热绝缘层或辐射屏蔽遮热板。
  7. 根据权利要求6的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述热辐射隔热涂层由包含粘结剂和低发射率功能颜料的热红外低发射率涂料制成，所述粘结剂包含氯化聚乙烯树脂，所述低发射率功能颜料包含Al粉、Zn粉、Cu粉、Ni粉或单晶Si。
  8. 根据权利要求1-7任一项的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，在所述围护结构本体(5)的至少阳面外壁上施加第二隔热层(6)。
  9. 根据权利要求8的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述第二隔热层(6)为热反射隔热涂层，对太阳辐射和地面辐射实施反射。
  10. 根据权利要求9的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在 于，所述热反射隔热涂层包括作为粘结剂的低红外吸收率的有机硅-丙烯酸树脂、有机硅-醇酸树脂、丙烯酸树脂、环氧树脂或聚氨酯树脂。
  11. 根据权利要求9的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述热反射隔热涂层包括作为功能填料的高红外反射率的TiO2、ZnO、BaSO4、CaCO3、ZnO3、滑石粉、高岭土或空心玻璃微珠。
  12. 根据权利要求1-7任一项的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，在所述围护结构本体(5)的顶层(10)内壁上施加第三隔热层(8)。
  13. 根据权利要求12的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述第三隔热层(8)为热辐射隔热涂层。
  14. 根据权利要求12的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述围护结构本体(5)的顶层(10)与所述第三隔热层(8)之间设有封闭空气隔热层(9)。
  15. 根据权利要求1-7任一项的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述产热设备设置在所述散热围护结构的靠近背阴面内壁的区域中。
  16. 根据权利要求15的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，还包括设置于所述产热设备外壁的热辐射散热涂层。
  17. 根据权利要求16的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述热辐射散热涂层施加在所述产热设备的面向围护结构本体(5)背阴面内壁的一侧上。
  18. 根据权利要求16的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述维护结构本体内壁的所述热辐射吸收涂层(3)与所述产热设备外壁上的所述热辐射散热涂层相对设置。
  19. 根据权利要求1的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述散热围护结构为风力发电机组的塔筒或机舱，所述产热设备为风力发电机组的电力传输电缆(1)或电气设备(2)。
  20. 根据权利要求5的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述围护结构本体为塔筒，所述塔筒一半圆周内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的第一隔热层(4)，另一半圆周内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收 率的热辐射吸收涂层(3)；或者，
    自所述塔筒正东侧至西北侧共225°内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的第一隔热层(4)，自所述塔筒正东侧至西北侧共135°内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的所述热辐射吸收涂层(3)；或者，
    自所述塔筒东南侧至西北侧共180°内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的所述第一隔热层(4)，自所述塔筒正东侧至西北侧共135°内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的所述热辐射吸收涂层(3)；或者，
    自所述塔筒正南侧至西北侧共135°内壁面上涂覆低红外发射率的所述第一隔热层(4)，自所述塔筒东北侧至西北侧共90°内壁面上涂覆高红外吸收率的所述热辐射吸收涂层(3)。
  21. 根据权利要求1至4任一项所述的用于产热设备的散热围护结构，其特征在于，所述围护结构本体为塔筒，所述塔筒壁西侧、东侧、西南侧、东南侧内壁面设置有隔热层；或者，
    所述围护结构本体为机舱，所述机舱顶面、西面和东面设置有隔热层。
  22. 一种风力发电机组，其特征在于，该风力发电机组包括塔筒和/或机舱，所述塔筒和/或机舱构造成根据权利要求1-21任一项所述的用于产热设备的散热围护结构。
  23. 一种用于产热设备的安装方法，其特征在于，将所述产热设备设置于权利要求1至21任一项所述的散热围护结构的中间空间，并且靠近所述围护结构本体(5)设置有热辐射吸收涂层(3)的内壁一侧。
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