WO2017020456A1 - 一种超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤 - Google Patents

一种超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤 Download PDF

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WO2017020456A1
WO2017020456A1 PCT/CN2015/096104 CN2015096104W WO2017020456A1 WO 2017020456 A1 WO2017020456 A1 WO 2017020456A1 CN 2015096104 W CN2015096104 W CN 2015096104W WO 2017020456 A1 WO2017020456 A1 WO 2017020456A1
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fiber
layer
optical fiber
core layer
low attenuation
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
朱继红
张磊
龙胜亚
吴俊�
艾靓
王瑞春
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Yangtze Optical Fibre and Cable Co Ltd
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Yangtze Optical Fibre and Cable Co Ltd
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Priority to EP15900225.2A priority Critical patent/EP3330755A4/en
Priority to KR1020177036118A priority patent/KR20180008668A/ko
Priority to JP2017564724A priority patent/JP6564074B2/ja
Publication of WO2017020456A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017020456A1/zh
Priority to US15/862,099 priority patent/US10151873B2/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
    • G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03661—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
    • G02B1/045—Light guides
    • G02B1/046—Light guides characterised by the core material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
    • G02B6/02028—Small effective area or mode field radius, e.g. for allowing nonlinear effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
    • G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03661—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only
    • G02B6/03683—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only arranged - - + +
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03694—Multiple layers differing in properties other than the refractive index, e.g. attenuation, diffusion, stress properties

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an ultra-low attenuation bending insensitive single mode fiber for an optical communication transmission system, which has ultra-low attenuation, excellent bending insensitivity, and a mode field diameter compatible with the G.657.A2 standard.
  • the field of optical communication technology is a standard for optical communication technology.
  • optical fiber communication Because of its large capacity, long transmission distance, fast transmission speed and economy, optical fiber communication has been widely used in long-distance trunk networks to metropolitan area networks and access networks.
  • the development of optical fiber communication technology has always been aimed at faster transmission rates, larger capacities, and longer transmission distances, thereby continuously improving and improving the performance specifications of optical fibers and the communication technologies of optical fibers.
  • communication networks are beginning to move toward the next generation of sustainable development, and building a fiber infrastructure with huge transmission capacity is the physical basis of the next generation network.
  • the performance indicators of optical fibers which are transmission media of optical fiber communication networks, also need to be further improved.
  • the attenuation coefficient of the fiber is one of the most important performance indicators of the fiber, which largely determines the relay distance of the fiber communication.
  • the smaller the attenuation coefficient of the optical fiber the farther the optical signal carried by it can be transmitted, and the smaller the attenuation amplitude of the optical signal carried by the same transmission distance. Reducing the attenuation coefficient can effectively improve the optical signal-to-noise ratio OSNR in optical fiber communication, and further improve the transmission quality and transmission distance of the system.
  • the optical signal In long-distance fiber-optic communication, the optical signal is transmitted through the relay station. If the attenuation coefficient of the optical fiber is smaller, the farther the transmission distance of the optical signal is, the distance between the relay stations can be increased. Reduce the settings of the relay station and reduce operating costs.
  • G.652 fiber which includes G.657.A fiber compatible with the G.652 standard and G.657.B fiber not compatible with the G.652 standard. . G.657.
  • Class A fiber has good compatibility with G.652.D fiber, and it has better bending resistance than ordinary G.652.D fiber, so it is considered to be the most likely replacement.
  • G.652 fiber One of the products with G.652 fiber. Therefore, a new generation of single-mode fiber compatible with the G.652 standard and having lower attenuation, relatively large mode field diameter and bending insensitivity has become a research hotspot in the field of communication fiber.
  • the following methods can generally be used to reduce fiber attenuation.
  • the use of higher purity raw materials, improve the production environment and equipment sealing performance to reduce the probability of introduction of external impurities, such as the patent CN201110178833.3 is to improve the airtightness of the optical fiber preform deposition process, reducing the introduction of external impurities.
  • the coating process of the bare fiber surface coating is also an important factor affecting the fiber attenuation performance.
  • the laser energy is distributed in a Gaussian distribution in the fiber profile, and the fiber laser energy is about 70%.
  • Partially doped core layer propagation that is, high energy density laser transmission is concentrated in a high concentration doped core layer with a large Rayleigh coefficient. If a reasonable non-Gaussian profile is designed through a reasonable optical section design to reduce the energy loss in the high concentration doped core layer, the attenuation performance of the fiber can be significantly reduced.
  • the core layer is co-doped with a larger amount of Ge/F.
  • the relative refractive index of the core layer is generally greater than 0.35%, that is, The core layer Ge is more doped, thus causing a larger Rayleigh scattering to increase the attenuation of the fiber.
  • Document CN201310394404 proposes an ultra-low attenuation fiber design using an outer cladding design of pure silica, but because it uses a typical step profile structure, there is no use of a depressed inner cladding design to optimize the bending of the fiber, and The core layer is not doped with Ge, and thus may cause a viscosity mismatch in the preparation of the preform, and the attenuation and bending levels may be found to be relatively poor.
  • the attenuation at 600nm-1600nm is mainly from Rayleigh scattering, and the attenuation ⁇ R caused by Rayleigh scattering can be calculated by the following formula:
  • R is the Rayleigh scattering coefficient (dB/km/ ⁇ m 4 ); P is the light intensity; when the Rayleigh scattering coefficient is confirmed, B is the corresponding constant. Therefore, as long as the Rayleigh scattering coefficient R is determined, the attenuation ⁇ R (dB/km) due to Rayleigh scattering can be obtained. Rayleigh scattering is caused by density fluctuations on the one hand and concentration fluctuations on the other hand. Therefore, the Rayleigh scattering coefficient R can be expressed as:
  • R d and R c respectively represent changes in the Rayleigh scattering coefficient due to density fluctuation and concentration fluctuation.
  • R c is the concentration fluctuation factor, which is mainly affected by the partial doping concentration of the fiber glass. Theoretically, the less Ge and F or other doping, the smaller the R c is . This is also the use of pure silicon core in some foreign companies. Designed to achieve the reason for ultra-low attenuation performance.
  • the Rayleigh scattering coefficient also includes another parameter R d .
  • R d is related to the fictive temperature T F of the glass and varies with structural changes in the glass and temperature changes.
  • the hypothetical temperature T F of the glass is a physical parameter that characterizes the glass structure. It is defined as the temperature at which the glass is rapidly cooled to room temperature from a certain temperature T' and the structure is no longer adjusted to reach a certain equilibrium state.
  • T F T'
  • T F glass The transition temperature
  • T F glass The transition temperature
  • T g glass The transition temperature
  • T F glass The time required to balance is shorter, depending on the composition of the glass and the cooling rate, so T F >T' or T F ⁇ T'.
  • the core portion of the pure silicon core has a relatively high viscosity, and at the same time, the viscosity of the inner portion of the large amount of F-doping is low, thereby causing an imbalance in the viscosity matching of the optical fiber structure, thereby rapidly increasing the virtual temperature of the optical fiber of the pure silicon core structure, resulting in an optical fiber.
  • the R d increases. This not only offsets the benefits of R c reduction, but is more likely to cause fiber optic attenuation reverse anomalies.
  • a pure silicon core fiber having improved properties using viscosity changes is proposed in document US Pat. No. 6,917,740. It is doped with a large amount of F and Cl in the core layer, which utilizes the contribution of F and Cl doping to the viscosity of the core layer, and reduces the fiber Rayleigh coefficient.
  • the fiber described in the paper does not involve the cross-sectional design, and there is no Ge doping in the core layer. .
  • Document US2010022533 proposes a fiber optic design in which a pure silicon core design is used to achieve a lower Rayleigh coefficient, no co-doping of germanium and fluorine is performed in the core layer, and the design uses fluorine-doped dioxide. Silicon is used as an outer layer. For the design of this pure silicon core, it is required to carry out complex viscosity matching inside the optical fiber, and requires extremely low speed in the drawing process, avoiding the increase of attenuation caused by defects in the optical fiber caused by high-speed drawing, and the manufacturing process and its complexity. .
  • ultra low attenuation single mode fiber design For a common ultra low attenuation single mode fiber design, it uses a full F doped overclad design. From the perspective of fiber optics, such a design is relatively simple, as long as the refractive index difference between the outer cladding and the core layer is ensured, the total reflection requirement of the fiber can be satisfied.
  • the manufacturing cost of ultra-low attenuation fiber There are two main factors limiting the manufacturing cost of ultra-low attenuation fiber. First, the size of the preform with pure F-doped design is small, and the drawing process is complicated. Second, the fiber with pure F-doping design, because F is used. The doping process is very expensive to manufacture. According to the current market price, the price of the F-inlaid casing is 5-8 times that of the pure silica casing.
  • the manufacturing cost of the optical fiber will be significantly reduced. Assuming that only F-doped materials are used from 30 micrometers to 80 micrometers in diameter, and ordinary pure silica is used in 80 to 125 micrometers, this design is superior to traditional ultra-low attenuation fiber designs using full F-doped materials. 40% reduction; if F-doped materials are used from 30 microns to 60 microns, and ordinary pure silica is used from 60 to 125 microns, the material cost is reduced by 65%.
  • the suppression of the fundamental mode cutoff the difference in refractive index between the outer cladding material and the core material is too small, which may cause leakage of the fundamental mode of the optical fiber, thereby affecting the attenuation of the optical fiber. Therefore, an ultra-low attenuation fiber designed with a non-F-clad material must be in the middle of the outer cladding and the core layer to suppress the leakage of the fundamental mode through a reasonable fiber profile design.
  • the layer defined as the closest to the axis is the core layer according to the change of the refractive index, and the outermost layer of the fiber, that is, the pure silicon dioxide layer is defined as the outer layer of the fiber.
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n i of each layer of the fiber is defined by the following equation:
  • n i is the refractive index of the core and n c is the refractive index of the outer cladding, ie the refractive index of pure silica.
  • the relative refractive index difference contribution ⁇ Ge of the fiber core Ge doping is defined by the following equation:
  • n Ge is a hypothetical core Ge dopant, and in pure silica doped with no other dopants, the absolute refractive index of the silica glass is increased, and n c is the most The refractive index of the outer cladding, that is, the absolute refractive index of pure silica without Ge or F doping.
  • the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standard 60793-1-44 defines: the cable cut-off wavelength ⁇ cc is the wavelength at which the optical signal no longer propagates as a single-mode signal after it has propagated for 22 meters in the fiber.
  • the data should be obtained by winding a fiber around a circle with a radius of 14 cm and two circles with a radius of 4 cm.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an ultra-low attenuation bending insensitive single mode fiber having a lower fiber manufacturing cost, a lower attenuation coefficient, and excellent bending performance.
  • the technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the above-mentioned problems is to include a core layer and a cladding layer, wherein the core layer radius r 1 is 3.0 to 3.9 ⁇ m, and the core layer relative refractive index difference ⁇ n 1 is - 0.04% ⁇ 0.12%, the outer layer of the core layer is covered from the inside to the outside, and the inner cladding layer is depressed, and the outer cladding layer and the outer cladding layer are assisted.
  • the inner cladding radius r 2 is 8-14 ⁇ m, and the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n 2 is - 0.35% ⁇ -0.10%, the depressed inner cladding radius r 3 is 14-20 ⁇ m, the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n 3 is ⁇ 0.6% ⁇ 0.2%, and the auxiliary outer cladding radius r 4 is 35-50 ⁇ m.
  • the relative refractive index ⁇ n 4 ranges from -0.4% to -0.15%; the outer cladding is a pure silica glass layer.
  • the core layer is a silica glass layer which is co-doped with fluorine and an alkali metal, or a silica glass layer which is co-doped with an alkali metal, and the relative refractive index contribution of germanium in the core layer is 0.02. % to 0.10%, preferably in the range of 0.04% to 0.08%, and the doping amount of the alkali metal is from 5 to 3,000 ppm.
  • the alkali metal in the core layer is one or more of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and strontium alkali metal ions.
  • the mode diameter of the optical fiber at a wavelength of 1310 nm is 8.4 to 9.1 ⁇ m, preferably 8.5 to 8.8 ⁇ m.
  • the cable cut-off wavelength of the optical fiber is equal to or less than 1260 nm.
  • the zero dispersion point of the optical fiber is 1300 to 1324 nm.
  • the zero dispersion slope of the optical fiber is less than or equal to 0.092.
  • the dispersion of the optical fiber at a wavelength of 1310 nm is equal to or less than 18 ps/nm*km.
  • the attenuation of the optical fiber at a wavelength of 1310 nm is equal to or less than 0.314 dB/km; preferably, it is equal to or less than 0.300 dB/km.
  • the attenuation of the optical fiber at a wavelength of 1550 nm is equal to or less than 0.174 dB/km; preferably, it is equal to or less than 0.164 dB/km.
  • the macrobend loss of the optical fiber at a wavelength of 1550 nm, the bending radius of R15 mm is 10 turns is equal to or less than 0.03 dB, and the macrobend loss of one turn of the bending radius of R10 mm is equal to or less than 0.1 dB.
  • the fiber is coated to have a diameter of 250 ⁇ m or 200 ⁇ m.
  • the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: 1. Reasonably designing the cross-sectional structure of the optical fiber core cladding layer and the viscosity matching inside the optical fiber, reducing defects in the preparation process of the optical fiber, and reducing the attenuation parameter of the optical fiber; 2. adding alkali metal doping in the core layer Optimize the viscosity of the core layer, control the viscosity of the core layer by doping with alkali metal ions in the core layer; through the difference between the inner cladding and the depressed inner cladding Fluorine doping concentration optimizes the viscosity of the glass outside the core layer to reduce the defect of the interface position and reduce the virtual temperature, thereby reducing the fiber attenuation; 3.
  • the reasonable design of the layer profile is such that the fiber has an MFD equal to or greater than 8.4; 4.
  • the comprehensive performance parameters of the cutoff wavelength, bending loss, dispersion, etc. of the present invention are good in the application band, and the cable cut-off wavelength is small enough to ensure the class.
  • the single-mode state of the optical signal in the C-band transmission application the fiber profile adopts a multi-layered stepped depressed cladding structure, and has a wide depressed trap structure for limiting the leakage of the fundamental mode, and has good bending loss for the optical fiber. Improvement effect; compatible with G657.A2 standard; 5, the outermost outer cladding structure adopts pure silica design, which reduces the proportion of fluorine-doped glass in the optical fiber, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost of optical fiber manufacturing.
  • FIG. 1 is a distribution diagram of a refractive index profile structure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the core layer comprises a core layer and a cladding layer
  • the core layer is a silica glass layer co-doped with fluorinated fluorine and an alkali metal (one or more of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, strontium alkali metal ions) Or a silica glass layer co-doped with an alkali metal, and the inner layer, the depressed inner cladding layer, the auxiliary outer cladding layer and the outer cladding layer are sequentially coated from the inside to the outside of the core layer.
  • the outer cladding is a pure silica glass layer and the outer cladding has a diameter of 125 ⁇ m.
  • Table 1 lists the refractive index profile parameters of a preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein ⁇ Ge is the amount of refractive index contribution of Ge doping in the core layer, and K is the content of potassium element in the core layer.
  • Table 2 shows the optical parameter characteristics corresponding to the fiber described in Table 1.

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
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Abstract

一种用于光通信传输系统的超低衰减弯曲不敏感单模光纤，包括有芯层和包层，芯层半径ｒ１为３．０～３．９μｍ，芯层相对折射率差Δｎ１为－０．０４％～０．１２％。芯层外从内向外依次包覆内包层，下陷内包层，辅助外包层和外包层。内包层半径ｒ２为８～１４μｍ，相对折射率差Δｎ２为－０．３５％～－０．１０％；下陷内包层半径ｒ３为１４～２０μｍ，相对折射率差Δｎ３为－０．６％～－０．２％；辅助外包层半径ｒ４为３５～５０μｍ，相对折射率Δｎ４范围为－０．４％～－０．１５％；外包层为纯二氧化硅玻璃层。芯层中加入碱金属掺杂以对芯层粘度进行优化，不仅具有较低衰减系数和优异弯曲性能，而且能兼容Ｇ６５７．Ａ２标准，光纤制造成本低。

Description

一种超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤 技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于光通信传输系统的超低衰减弯曲不敏感单模光纤，该光纤具有超低衰耗，优异的弯曲不敏感特性，且模场直径兼容G.657.A2标准，属于光通信技术领域。
背景技术
光纤通信因其具有容量大、传输距离远、传输速度快、经济等特点，已被广泛应用于长途干线网到城域网以及接入网。光纤通信技术的发展，一直以来都是以更快的传输速率、更大的容量以及更远的传输距离为目标，从而不断提升和改进光纤的性能指标以及光纤的通信技术。特别是近几年来，随着IP业务量的爆炸式增长，通信网络正开始向下一代可持续发展的方向迈进，而构筑具有巨大传输容量的光纤基础设施是下一代网络的物理基础。为了满足光纤通信系统的发展需要，作为光纤通信网络传输媒质的光纤的相关性能指标也需要进一步改进。
光纤的衰减系数是光纤最重要的性能指标之一，在很大程度上决定了光纤通信的中继距离。光纤的衰减系数越小，则其携带的光信号可传输距离就越远，而在同样的传输距离下，其携带的光信号衰减幅度就越小。降低衰减系数可以有效提高光纤通信中的光信噪比OSNR，进一步提高系统的传输质量和传输距离。在长距离的光纤通信中，光信号是通过中继站来完成传输的，如果光纤的衰减系数越小，光信号的无中继传输距离就越远，那么就可以增加中继站之间的距离，从而大大减少中继站的设置，降低运营成本。因此，降低光纤的衰减系数无论是从优化系统结构还是降低运营成本方面，都具有非常重要的意义。而另一方面，随着近年来FTTX的不断发展，原有G.652光纤的性能已经难以满足用户要求，实际应用环境要求光纤具有一定的抗弯曲性能，于是在G.652光纤的基础上，开发出了新一代的弯曲不敏感单模光纤——G.657光纤，其中包含能够兼容G.652标准的G.657.A类光纤和不能兼容G.652标准的G.657.B类光纤。G.657.A类光纤和G.652.D光纤有很好的兼容性，且其相对于普通G.652.D光纤具有更好的抗弯曲性能，因此它被认为是最有可能替代现有G.652光纤的产品之一。所以发明一种和G.652标准兼容，并且具有更低衰减、相对较大模场直径同时还具有弯曲不敏感特性的新一代单模光纤成为通信光纤领域内的一个研究热点。
在光纤预制棒的制造过程中一般可以采用以下几种方法来降低光纤衰减。比如，采用更高纯度的原材料，提高生产环境和设备密封性能降低外界杂质引入的几率，如专利CN201110178833.3即采用提高光纤预制棒沉积过程中的气密性的方法，降低外界杂质的引入。或者采用更大外径的预制棒制造工艺，通过大尺寸预制棒的稀释效应降低光纤的整体衰 减。另外，在光纤制造过程中，裸光纤表面涂层的涂覆工艺也是影响光纤衰减性能的一个重要因素。但是，无论从理论上还是实际光纤制备中的成本和工艺控制上来讲，降低光纤的掺杂并优化光纤的剖面是较简单且有效的降低光纤衰减的方法。一般来说，掺杂材料的浓度越低，则瑞利散射所引起的损耗越小。在传统的单模光纤中，为了保证光纤中的全反射，芯层和内包层之间必须保证足够的折射率差值，芯层的相对折射率远远大于光纤的内包层；为了保证这样的设计，必须在芯层中进行大量的Ge或者Ge/F共掺形式的掺杂，而传统的光纤剖面设计中，激光能量在光纤剖面中成高斯分布形式分布，光纤激光能量有70％左右在相对掺杂较多的芯层部分传播，即高能量密度的激光传输集中在瑞利系数较大的高浓度掺杂芯层中传播。如果通过合理的光学剖面设计，设计一种能量非高斯分布的剖面，减少高浓度掺杂芯层中能量的损失，就可以显著降低光纤的衰减性能。
但在这些常规G.657光纤的剖面设计及制造方法中，芯层使用较大量的Ge/F共掺，为了获得最优的宏弯性能，芯层的相对折射率一般都大于0.35％，即芯层Ge掺杂较多，因此会带来较大的瑞利散射从而增加光纤的衰减。
文献CN201310394404提出一种超低衰减光纤的设计，其使用了纯二氧化硅的外包层设计，但因为其使用的是典型的阶跃剖面结构，没有使用下陷内包层设计优化光纤的弯曲，且其芯层没有使用Ge进行掺杂，因此可能造成预制棒制备时出现粘度失配，可以发现其衰减和弯曲水平，相对较差。
对于石英光纤在600nm-1600nm的衰减主要来自于瑞利散射，由瑞利散射所引起的衰减αR可由下式计算：
Figure PCTCN2015096104-appb-000001
式中，λ为波长(μm)，R为瑞利散射系数(dB/km/μm4)；P为光强；当瑞利散射系数确认时，B为相对应的常数。因而只要确定了瑞利散射系数R就可得到因瑞利散射所引起的衰减αR(dB/km)。瑞利散射一方面是由于密度波动引起的，另一方面是由于浓度波动引起的。因而瑞利散射系数R可表示为：
R＝Rd+Rc
上式中，Rd和Rc分别表示由于密度波动和浓度波动所引起的瑞利散射系数变化。其中Rc为浓度波动因子，其主要受到光纤玻璃部分掺杂浓度的影响，理论上采用越少的Ge和F或者其他掺杂，Rc越小，这也是目前国外某些企业采用纯硅芯设计，实现超低衰减性能的原因。
但是我们需要注意到，瑞利散射系数中还包括另外一个参数Rd。Rd与玻璃的假想温度TF相关，且伴随玻璃的结构变化和温度变化而变化。玻璃的假想温度TF是表征玻璃结构一个 物理参数，定义为从某温度T’将玻璃迅速冷却到室温玻璃的结构不再调整而达到某平衡状态对应的温度。当T’>TF(玻璃的软化温度)，由于玻璃的粘度较小，玻璃结构易于调整，因而每一瞬间玻璃均处于平衡状态，故TF＝T’；当T’<Tg(玻璃的转变温度)，由于玻璃的粘度较大，玻璃结构难于调整，玻璃的结构调整滞后于温度变化，故TF>T’；当Tg<T’<TF(玻璃的软化温度)，玻璃趋向于平衡所需要的时间较短一些，具体与玻璃的组分和冷却速度有关，故TF>T’或TF<T’。
在使用纯硅芯设计时，为了保证光纤的全反射，必须使用相对较低折射率的F掺杂内包层进行匹配，以保证芯层和内包层之间保持足够的折射率差异。这样纯硅芯的芯层部分粘度相对较高，而同时大量F掺杂的内包层部分粘度较低，从而造成光纤结构粘度匹配失衡，从而使纯硅芯结构的光纤虚拟温度迅速增加，造成光纤的Rd增加。这样就不仅抵消掉Rc降低带来的好处，更可能造成光纤衰减反向异常。
文献US6917740中提出了一种利用粘度变化获得性能改进的纯硅芯光纤。其在芯层中掺杂大量的F和Cl，利用了F和Cl掺杂对芯层粘度的贡献，降低光纤瑞利系数，文中所述光纤没有涉及剖面设计，且芯层中没有Ge掺杂。
文献US2010022533提出了一种光纤的设计，为了得到更低的瑞利系数，其采用纯硅芯的设计，在芯层中没有进行锗和氟的共掺杂，并且其设计采用掺氟的二氧化硅作为外包层。对于这种纯硅芯的设计，其要求光纤内部必须进行复杂的粘度匹配，并要求在拉丝过程中采用极低的速度，避免高速拉丝造成光纤内部的缺陷引起的衰减增加，制造工艺及其复杂。
对于常见的超低衰减单模光纤设计，其使用的全F掺杂的外包层设计。从光纤光学的角度上来说，这样的设计相对简单，只要保证了外包层和芯层的折射率差值，就能满足光纤的全反射要求。但是目前限制超低衰减光纤制造成本的主要因素有两个：第一，采用纯掺F设计的预制棒尺寸较小，拉丝工艺复杂；第二，采用纯F掺杂设计的光纤，因为使用F掺杂工艺，制造成本非常高。按照目前市场价格进行初步估算，掺F套管价格是纯二氧化硅套管价格的5-8倍。按照F掺杂材料是纯二氧化硅材料成本6倍的初步关系计算，如果通过合理的工艺设计，适当减少F掺杂层的厚度，光纤制造成本将显著降低。假设只是从光纤直径30微米到80微米位置使用F掺杂材料，80到125微米使用普通纯二氧化硅，则这种设计相对于传统使用全F掺杂材料的超低衰减光纤设计，材料成本降低40％；如果从30微米到60微米使用F掺杂材料，60到125微米使用普通纯二氧化硅，则材料成本降低65％。
从上面的分析我们可以发现，存在使用非纯硅芯和部分氟掺杂包层进行超低衰减光纤工艺设计的可行性。但是受到前面两个限制因素的影响，如何在这样的设计下，控制光纤的光学参数，是我们面临的的一个挑战。
因为如果使用没有氟掺杂的纯二氧化硅作为外包层材料，会面临3个问题。
第一，抑制基模截止：外包层材料和芯层材料折射率差值太小，会造成光纤基模泄露，从而影响光纤的衰减。所以采用非掺F外包层材料设计的超低衰减光纤，必须在外包层和芯层中间位置，通过合理的光纤剖面设计，抑制基模泄露。
第二，考虑粘度匹配：如果外包层材料中没有做任何的粘度优化设计，其粘度与内包层和芯层粘度梯度失配。
第三，考虑光学剖面匹配：如果使用纯二氧化硅玻璃作为外包层材料，在考虑负责粘度匹配设计时，就限定了各个部分掺杂的浓度，而为了证光纤的光学参数满足G652或G654光纤的参数要求，即保证光纤的MFD，色散和弯曲性能符合标准要求，又要求我们必须考虑光学剖面设计。这就要求我们在进行粘度设计时，综合考虑光纤的光学设计，增加了工艺实现的难度。
发明内容
以下为本发明中涉及的一些术语的定义和说明：
ppm：百万分之一的重量比
从光纤纤芯轴线开始算起，根据折射率的变化，定义为最靠近轴线的那层为纤芯层，光纤的最外层即纯二氧化硅层定义为光纤外包层。
光纤各层相对折射率差Δni由以下方程式定义：
Figure PCTCN2015096104-appb-000002
其中ni为纤芯的折射率，而nc为外包层折射率，即纯二氧化硅的折射率。
光纤芯层Ge掺杂的相对折射率差贡献量ΔGe由以下方程式定义：
Figure PCTCN2015096104-appb-000003
其中nGe为假设纤芯的Ge掺杂物，在掺杂到没有其他掺杂物的纯二氧化硅中，引起二氧化硅玻璃折射率升高而得到的绝对折射率，而nc为最外包层折射率，即没有进行Ge或F掺杂的纯二氧化硅的绝对折射率。
光缆截止波长λcc：
IEC(国际电工委员会)标准60793-1-44中定义：光缆截止波长λcc是光信号在光纤中传播了22米之后不再作为单模信号进行传播的波长。在测试时需通过对光纤绕一个半径14cm的 圈，两个半径4cm的圈来获取数据。
本发明所要解决的技术问题旨在提供一种具有较低光纤制造成本、较低衰减系数和优异弯曲性能的超低衰减弯曲不敏感单模光纤。
本发明为解决上述提出的问题所采用的技术方案为：包括有芯层和包层，其特征在于所述的芯层半径r1为3.0～3.9μm，芯层相对折射率差Δn1为-0.04％～0.12％，芯层外从内向外依次包覆内包层，下陷内包层，辅助外包层和外包层，所述的内包层半径r2为8～14μm，相对折射率差Δn2为-0.35％～-0.10％，所述的下陷内包层半径r3为14～20μm，相对折射率差Δn3为-0.6％～-0.2％，所述的辅助外包层半径r4为35～50μm，相对折射率Δn4范围为-0.4％～-0.15％；所述外包层为纯二氧化硅玻璃层。
按上述方案，所述的芯层为锗氟及碱金属共掺的二氧化硅玻璃层，或锗与碱金属共掺的二氧化硅玻璃层，芯层中锗的相对折射率贡献量为0.02％～0.10％，优选范围0.04％～0.08％，碱金属的掺杂量为5～3000ppm。
按上述方案，所述芯层中的碱金属为锂、钠、钾、铷、铯、钫碱金属离子中的一种或多种。
按上述方案，所述光纤在1310nm波长的模场直径为8.4～9.1μm，优选条件下为8.5～8.8μm。
按上述方案，所述光纤的成缆截止波长等于或小于1260nm。
按上述方案，所述光纤的零色散点为1300～1324nm。
按上述方案，所述光纤的零色散斜率小于或等于0.092。
按上述方案，所述光纤在波长1310nm处的色散等于或小于18ps/nm*km。
按上述方案，所述光纤在波长1310nm处的衰耗等于或小于0.314dB/km；优选条件下等于或小于0.300dB/km。
按上述方案，所述光纤在波长1550nm处的衰耗等于或小于0.174dB/km；优选条件下等于或小于0.164dB/km。
按上述方案，所述光纤在波长1550nm处，R15mm弯曲半径弯曲10圈的宏弯损耗等于或小于0.03dB，R10mm弯曲半径弯曲1圈的宏弯损耗等于或小于0.1dB.
按上述方案，所述光纤涂覆后的直径为250微米或200微米。
本发明的有益效果在于：1、合理的设计了光纤芯包层剖面结构和光纤内部的粘度匹配，减少光纤制备过程中缺陷，降低光纤的衰减参数；2、芯层中加入碱金属掺杂以对芯层粘度进行优化，通过芯层中碱金属离子掺杂对芯层粘度进行控制；通过内包层和下陷内包层的不同 氟掺杂浓度对芯层外部的玻璃粘度进行优化，以减少界面位置的缺陷以及降低虚拟温度，从而降低光纤衰减；3、设计了合理的光纤氟掺杂下陷结构，并通过对光纤各芯包层剖面的合理设计，使光纤具有等于或大于8.4的MFD；4、本发明的截止波长、弯曲损耗、色散等综合性能参数在应用波段良好，足够小的的成缆截止波长，以保证该类光纤在C波段传输应用中光信号的单模状态，光纤剖面采用多层阶梯状下陷包层结构，具有较宽的下陷包层结构用于限制基模泄露，对光纤的弯曲损耗具有较好的改进作用；能兼容G657.A2标准；5、最外层的外包层结构采用了纯二氧化硅的设计，降低了氟掺杂玻璃在光纤中的比重，从而降低了光纤制造生产成本。
附图说明
图1为本发明一个实施例的折射率剖面结构分布图。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例进行详细描述。
包括有芯层和包层，所述的芯层为锗氟及碱金属(锂、钠、钾、铷、铯、钫碱金属离子中的一种或多种)共掺的二氧化硅玻璃层，或为锗与碱金属共掺的二氧化硅玻璃层，芯层外从内向外依次包覆内包层、下陷内包层、辅助外包层和外包层。所述外包层为纯二氧化硅玻璃层，外包层的直径为125μm。
表一所列为本发明优选的实施例的折射率剖面参数，其中ΔGe为芯层中Ge掺杂的折射率贡献量，K为芯层中钾元素的含量。表二为表一所述光纤所对应的光学参数特性。
表一、本发明实施例的光纤剖面参数
序号 r1[μm] Δn1[％] ΔGe[％] K[ppm] r2[μm] Δn2[％] r3[μm] Δn3[％] r4[μm] Δn4[％]
1 3.5 0.04 0.07 300 10 -0.25 13.5 -0.52 42 -0.2
2 3.7 0.03 0.02 100 11.2 -0.33 15.5 -0.4 48 -0.38
3 3.6 0.01 0.06 200 12.1 -0.25 15.5 -0.45 45 -0.4
4 3.1 0.02 0.05 500 11.1 -0.24 14.5 -0.38 38 -0.36
5 3.2 0.1 0.1 300 9.2 -0.15 14 -0.38 41 -0.18
6 3.8 0.04 0.05 2000 12.1 -0.18 17 -0.55 40 -0.22
7 3.4 0 0.08 50 10.2 -0.28 12.8 -0.51 46 -0.25
8 3.6 0.05 0.01 1000 12 -0.21 18 -0.45 47 -0.27
9 3.2 -0.03 0.03 400 8.5 -0.32 13.7 -0.58 44 -0.38
10 3.4 -0.02 0.02 900 12.2 -0.21 19 -0.5 42 -0.3
表二、本发明实施例的光纤参数
Figure PCTCN2015096104-appb-000004

Claims (10)

  1. 一种超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤，包括有芯层和包层，其特征在于所述的芯层半径r1为3.0～3.9μm，芯层相对折射率差Δn1为-0.04％～0.12％，芯层外从内向外依次包覆内包层，下陷内包层，辅助外包层和外包层，所述的内包层半径r2为8～14μm，相对折射率差Δn2为-0.35％～-0.10％，所述的下陷内包层半径r3为14～20μm，相对折射率差Δn3为-0.6％～-0.2％，所述的辅助外包层半径r4为35～50μm，相对折射率Δn4范围为-0.4％～-0.15％；所述外包层为纯二氧化硅玻璃层。
  2. 按权利要求1所述的超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤，其特征在于所述的芯层为锗氟及碱金属共掺的二氧化硅玻璃层，或锗与碱金属共掺的二氧化硅玻璃层，芯层中锗的相对折射率贡献量为0.02％～0.10％，碱金属的掺杂量为5～3000ppm。
  3. 按权利要求2所述的超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤，其特征在于所述芯层中的碱金属为锂、钠、钾、铷、铯、钫碱金属离子中的一种或多种。
  4. 按权利要求1或2所述的超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤，其特征在于所述光纤在1310nm波长的模场直径为8.4～9.1μm。
  5. 按权利要求1或2所述的超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤，其特征在于所述光纤的成缆截止波长等于或小于1260nm。
  6. 按权利要求1或2所述的超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤，其特征在于所述光纤的零色散点为1300～1324nm；所述光纤的零色散斜率小于或等于0.092。
  7. 按权利要求1或2所述的超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤，其特征在于所述光纤在波长1310nm处的色散等于或小于18ps/nm*km。
  8. 按权利要求1或2所述的超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤，其特征在于所述光纤在波长1310nm处的衰耗等于或小于0.314dB/km。
  9. 按权利要求1或2所述的超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤，其特征在于所述光纤在波长1550nm处的衰耗等于或小于0.174dB/km。
  10. 按权利要求1或2所述的超低衰耗弯曲不敏感单模光纤，其特征在于所述光纤在波长1550nm处，R15mm弯曲半径弯曲10圈的宏弯损耗等于或小于0.03dB，R10mm弯曲半径弯曲1圈的宏弯损耗等于或小于0.1dB。
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