WO2017111028A1 - 遷移金属担持金属間化合物、担持金属触媒、及びアンモニアの製造方法 - Google Patents
遷移金属担持金属間化合物、担持金属触媒、及びアンモニアの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B01J37/086—Decomposition of an organometallic compound, a metal complex or a metal salt of a carboxylic acid
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- C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
- C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
- C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
- C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis
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- C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
- C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
- C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis
- C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
- C01C1/0411—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst characterised by the catalyst
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- B01J23/62—Platinum group metals with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead
- B01J23/622—Platinum group metals with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead with germanium, tin or lead
- B01J23/624—Platinum group metals with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead with germanium, tin or lead with germanium
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- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a transition metal-supported intermetallic compound in which a transition metal is supported on an intermetallic compound, a supported metal catalyst, and a method for producing ammonia using the catalyst.
- An electride is a substance in which electrons behave as anions. Electrons contained in electride do not belong to a specific orbital and are localized, so they have the same charge as a monovalent anion and exhibit quantum mechanical behavior due to their small mass. Attention has been focused on its physical properties. Specifically, due to the features such as high electron donating ability derived from the low work function, the application has increased interest.
- the present inventor discovered an electride stable at room temperature for the first time in 2003 by using an inorganic compound called “mayenite type compound” (Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 2).
- the “mayenite type compound” is a calcium aluminosilicate having Ca, Al, and O as constituents, and is a so-called compound having a crystal structure of the same type as that of mayenite.
- the mayenite type compound has a typical composition represented by 12CaO ⁇ 7Al 2 O 3 , and a structure in which two oxygen atoms are included as “free oxygen” in the space in the cage formed by the crystal skeleton.
- C12A7 electride an electride that is stable at room temperature, such as Ca 2 N (patent document 2, non-patent document 4) and Y 2 C (non-patent document 5), which are layered compounds. Yes. These materials reported that electrons were confined in cages in the crystal structure or between crystal layers.
- Non-Patent Document 3 Patent Documents 3 and 4
- a supported metal catalyst in which a transition metal such as Ru is supported on a C12A7 electride (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as C12A7: e ⁇ ) is obtained from the Haber-Bosch method widely used as an ammonia synthesis method.
- the catalyst is advantageous in that it has high reaction activity even under low reaction temperature and low reaction pressure conditions.
- this supported metal catalyst is a catalyst that is not susceptible to hydrogen poisoning, which is a problem in conventional supported metal catalysts for ammonia synthesis.
- Non-Patent Documents 6 to 8 are known. These compounds are known to have a property of occluding hydrogen (for example, Non-Patent Documents 6 to 8). Practical use has been reported as a plasma-resistant member (Patent Document 5) and a ceramic member (Patent Document 6).
- Non-Patent Document 1 has a problem that it can only exist under low temperature conditions ( ⁇ 40 ° C. or lower). In particular, no stable material was found under normal temperature conditions.
- C12A7: e ⁇ and Ca 2 N found by the present inventor are stable at room temperature, but are vulnerable to oxygen and moisture. Among them, Ca 2 N easily reacts in the atmosphere and is oxidized. This produces products and hydroxides.
- the electride has a problem that the manufacturing method is complicated.
- the method for producing C12A7 electride includes a plurality of heating steps in a high temperature and in a vacuum, so that the reaction operation is complicated and the restrictions on the production apparatus are great. That is, creation of electrides that can be synthesized more easily is desired.
- intermetallic compounds such as Y 5 Si 3 have been studied for use as semiconductor materials and ceramics, but the use of the intermetallic compounds themselves for chemical reactions has hardly been studied.
- intermetallic compounds are generally considered as unsuitable materials because of their small specific surface area, so they have not usually been the subject of research.
- An object of the present invention is to provide or use an electride that is more stable and can be obtained more easily, and as a result, to provide a catalyst particularly useful for chemical synthesis using the electride.
- an intermetallic compound having a specific composition surprisingly has properties as an electride, and when a transition metal is supported on the intermetallic compound, As with known electrides, it has been found to have excellent ability as a catalyst.
- a 5 X 3 (1) (In general formula (1), A represents a rare earth element, and X represents Si or Ge.)
- A represents a rare earth element, and X represents Si or Ge.
- A represents a rare earth element, and X represents Si or Ge.
- A represents a rare earth element, and X represents Si or Ge.
- the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound according to [1] wherein a work function of the intermetallic compound is 3.0 eV or more and 4.0 eV or less.
- [4] The transition metal-supported intermetallic compound according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the ratio of the transition metal to the intermetallic compound is 0.1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less. .
- [5] A supported metal catalyst using the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound according to any one of [1] to [4].
- [6] A method for producing ammonia, comprising contacting the supported metal catalyst according to [5] above with a mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen.
- [7] The method for producing ammonia according to the above [6], wherein a reaction temperature when the mixed gas is brought into contact with the supported metal catalyst is 200 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower.
- [8] The method for producing ammonia according to the above [6] or [7], wherein a reaction pressure when the mixed gas is brought into contact with the supported metal catalyst is 0.01 MPa or more and 20 MPa or less.
- the intermetallic compound used in the present invention can be synthesized by a known and general method such as arc melting or solid phase reaction, and thus can be easily produced as compared with conventional electrides. And by making this intermetallic compound carry
- the intermetallic compound used in the present invention is an electride and is stable to water, an electride having water resistance, which has not been heretofore, could be obtained for the first time. Therefore, the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound of the present invention can be used as a catalyst regardless of the external environment such as moisture during reaction or handling, and is also advantageous in terms of reaction operation and production equipment.
- FIG. 2 is a drawing-substituting photograph showing (a) SEM images and (b) EDS images of the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound described in Example 1.
- FIG. It is a graph which shows the reaction result at the time of using the transition metal carrying
- 2 is a graph showing catalyst powder XRD after ammonia synthesis for 30 hours in Example 1.
- the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound of the present invention is obtained by supporting a transition metal on an intermetallic compound represented by the following general formula (1).
- a 5 X 3 (1) (In general formula (1), A represents a rare earth element, and X represents Si or Ge.)
- the intermetallic compound used in the present invention is a compound represented by A 5 X 3 (1).
- the rare earth element represented by A include Sc, Y and lanthanoid elements. Specifically, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu are mentioned.
- the rare earth element has a feature that even if the valence electron (atomic number) is increased, the electrons are contained in the 4f orbital, so that physical properties such as free electrons and work function are not substantially changed. That is, as long as the crystal structure does not change, the properties of A 5 X 3 usually do not depend on the type of rare earth element A.
- Y, La, and Ce are preferable because they have a high Clarke number among the rare earth elements and are relatively inexpensive, and Y is more preferable because it has a high catalyst activity, particularly ammonia synthesis activity described later.
- Examples of X include Si and Ge. When A is La, Ce, Pr, Nd, or Dy, Ge is preferable. In the case of other rare earth elements, Si exhibits a particularly high Clarke number and is inexpensive. It is preferable in that it can be obtained in
- intermetallic compound represented by A 5 X 3 include Sc 5 Si 3 , Sc 5 Ge 3 , Y 5 Si 3 , Y 5 Ge 3 , La 5 Ge 3 , Ce 5 Ge 3 , and Pr 5 Ge 3.
- Sc 5 Si 3 , Sc 5 Ge 3 , Y 5 Si 3 , Y 5 Ge 3 , La 5 Ge 3 , and Ce 5 Ge 3 are preferable, and Y 5 Si 3 and Y 5 are relatively inexpensive.
- Ge 3 , La 5 Ge 3 , and Ce 5 Ge 3 are more preferable, and the catalyst described later, particularly, ammonia synthesis activity is high, Y 5 Si 3 and Y 5 Ge 3 are more preferable, and ammonia synthesis activity is further higher.
- Y 5 Si 3 is most preferred.
- This A 5 X 3 is an intermetallic compound having a crystal structure of Mn 5 Si 3 type and has performance as an electride. That is, A 5 X 3 , such as Y 5 Si 3, has a three-dimensional crystal skeleton, but has a quasi-one-dimensional hole having a diameter of about 4 mm in the lattice. Its electronic state and physical properties have not been elucidated for a long time, but the calculation using the density functional theory of the present inventors showed that the electride has a finite anionic electron density in the vacancies. . These anionic electrons lack the on-site electron-nucleus interaction found in normal free electrons, which increases the chemical potential of the electrons, resulting in a lower work function.
- the work function of the intermetallic compound A 5 X 3 used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually lower than that of a transition metal described later, preferably 3.0 eV or more and 4.0 eV or less.
- the work function represents the minimum energy required to extract one electron from the surface of the material, and usually represents the energy difference between the vacuum level and the Fermi level.
- the work function of the transition metal is not particularly limited, but the work function of the transition metal that is particularly preferable when used as a catalyst described later is usually 4.5 eV or more and 5.5 eV or less.
- the work function of the A 5 X 3 is sufficiently smaller than that of the transition metal described later, and has a high electron supply capacity from the A 5 X 3 to the transition metal.
- the A 5 X 3 used in the present invention exhibits remarkable chemical stability. Specifically, the A 5 X 3 is stable not only in the air but also in water, and its chemical properties do not change after exposure to water. Chemical stability to water of the A 5 X 3, the C12A7: e - and other high projects compared to known electride. It is considered that the anion electrons encapsulated in the A 5 X 3 form a chemical bond with the 4d electrons and contribute to improvement in chemical stability, particularly water resistance. Since A 5 X 3 is easy to store and handle, it can be easily used as an electride even in an environment that could not be used conventionally.
- the A 5 X 3 can be used as an electride in the air or in a water-containing atmosphere in a field that has been proposed to be used. That is, the intermetallic compound A 5 X 3 used in the present invention can be used as a reactant or a reaction accelerator for supplying electrons contained in the structure. Specifically, it can be used as a reaction accelerator for supplying electrons to the transition metal by using it together with the transition metal by a method such as supporting a transition metal, and more specifically, supplying electrons. It can be used as a catalyst material.
- the intermetallic compound A 5 X 3 used in the present invention reacts with hydrogen to occlude hydrogen into the crystal structure as hydride (H ⁇ ) and reversibly release the hydride. That is, the A 5 X 3 can be used as a reaction accelerator that supplies electrons, reacts with the resulting hydrogen, occludes, and reversibly releases it.
- the method for synthesizing A 5 X 3 is not particularly limited and can be produced by a commonly used known method. Specifically, it is synthesized by a solid phase reaction method, an arc melting method or the like. In the solid phase reaction, a rare earth element represented by A and Si or Ge are mixed in a stoichiometric ratio and fired. As A and X, those that can be usually used as raw materials, such as granular and lump, can be used as appropriate. Although a calcination temperature is not specifically limited, Usually, it is 1000 degreeC or more, Preferably it is 1100 degreeC or more, and is 1200 degrees C or less normally.
- a 5 X 3 is obtained by melting a mixture of A and X together under an argon atmosphere.
- Conditions of arc melting method is not particularly limited, the melted and A and X, in the range of forming the A 5 X 3, can be done by appropriately selecting the conditions that are normally used. Since the obtained A 5 X 3 is stable in air or water, it can be easily pulverized and processed into various shapes.
- the pulverization and powder processing of A 5 X 3 can be appropriately performed by a known method, for example, using an agate mortar or a ball mill.
- the intermetallic compound represented by A 5 X 3 may be a lump or powder, or a molded body such as a porous body, a solid sintered body, or a thin film, and the shape of the molded body is not particularly limited.
- the particle diameter is not particularly limited, but is usually 100 nm or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the BET specific surface area of the intermetallic compound used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually preferably 1 m 2 / g or more and 50 m 2 / g or less.
- the metal supported on the intermetallic compound (1) is a transition metal.
- the transition metal may be any metal from Group 4 to Group 11 of the periodic table, but a Group 8, 9 or 10 metal is more preferred. Specific examples include Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt. Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, and Pd are more preferable, and Fe, Ru, Co, Rh is more preferable. In particular, Fe, Ru and Co are more preferable in terms of being suitable for an ammonia synthesis catalyst described later, and Ru is most preferable in terms of the highest activity. These transition metals can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the support of the transition metal on the intermetallic compound (1) is not particularly limited, and can be carried out by a known method, and can be a transition metal or a compound that becomes a transition metal precursor (hereinafter referred to as transition metal compound). Is produced.
- a transition metal compound to be supported which can be converted into a transition metal by reduction, thermal decomposition, etc., is supported on the intermetallic compound and then converted into a transition metal. It is done.
- a transition metal compound and an intermetallic compound (1) can be mixed and thermally decomposed.
- the transition metal compound is not particularly limited, and an inorganic compound or organic transition metal complex of a transition metal that is easily thermally decomposed can be used.
- transition metal salts such as transition metal complexes, transition metal oxides, nitrates, and hydrochlorides can be used.
- Ru compound triruthenium dodecacarbonyl [Ru 3 (CO) 12 ], dichlorotetrakis (triphenylphosphine) ruthenium (II) [RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 4 ], dichlorotris (triphenylphosphine) ruthenium (II) ) [RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 3 ], tris (acetylacetonato) ruthenium (III) [Ru (acac) 3 ], ruthenocene [Ru (C 5 H 5 )], ruthenium nitrosyl nitrate [Ru (NO) (NO 3 ) 3 ], potassium ruthenate, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitrate, ruthenium chloride and the like.
- Fe compounds include pentacarbonyl iron [Fe (CO) 5 ], dodecacarbonyl triiron [Fe 3 (CO) 12 ], nonacarbonyl iron [Fe 2 (CO) 9 ], tetracarbonyl iron iodide [Fe (CO ) 4 I], tris (acetylacetonato) iron (III) [Fe (acac) 3 ], ferrocene 2 [Fe (C 5 H 5 ) 2 ], iron oxide, iron nitrate, iron chloride (FeCl 3 ), etc. Can be mentioned.
- Co compound examples include cobalt octacarbonyl [Co 2 (CO) 8 ], tris (acetylacetonato) cobalt (III) [Co (acac) 3 ], cobalt (II) acetylacetonate [Co (acac) 2 ], Examples include cobaltocene [Co (C 5 H 5 ) 2 ], cobalt oxide, cobalt nitrate, and cobalt chloride.
- transition metal-supported intermetallic compound of the present invention [Ru 3 (CO) 12 ], [Fe (CO) 5 ], [Fe 3 (CO) 12 ], [Fe 2 (CO) 9 ], [Co 2 (CO) 8
- the reduction treatment described later can be omitted because the transition metal is supported by heating the carbonyl complex of the transition metal such as This is preferable.
- the amount of the transition metal compound used is not particularly limited, and an amount for realizing a desired loading amount can be appropriately used.
- the amount of the transition metal compound is usually based on the mass of the intermetallic compound used. 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.05% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and usually 30% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less. .
- the intermetallic compound is added to the solution of the transition metal compound and stirred.
- the solvent at this time is not particularly limited, and water or various organic solvents can be used.
- the transition metal compound may be dissolved or dispersed in a solvent.
- it is heated to dryness in an inert gas stream such as nitrogen, argon, helium or under vacuum.
- the heating temperature at this time is not particularly limited, but is usually 50 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower.
- the heating time is not particularly limited, but is usually 30 minutes or longer and 20 hours or shorter.
- the transition metal compound is converted into a transition metal by pyrolysis
- the transition metal is usually supported at this stage, and the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as “the metal support of the present invention”).
- the metal carrier of the present invention is obtained by usually reducing the dried transition metal compound.
- the method for reducing the transition metal compound (hereinafter referred to as reduction treatment) is not particularly limited as long as it does not impair the object of the present invention.
- a method performed in an atmosphere containing a reducing gas A method of adding a reducing agent such as NaBH 4 , NH 2 NH 2 or formalin to the solution containing the solution and precipitating it on the surface of the intermetallic compound is preferable, but it is preferably performed in an atmosphere containing a reducing gas.
- the reducing gas include hydrogen, ammonia, methanol (steam), ethanol (steam), methane, and ethane.
- components other than the reducing gas that do not inhibit the object of the present invention, particularly the ammonia synthesis reaction may coexist in the reaction system.
- a gas such as argon or nitrogen that does not inhibit the reaction may coexist, and it is preferable to coexist nitrogen.
- the reduction treatment in addition to a reducing gas such as hydrogen, a gas such as argon or nitrogen that does not inhibit the reaction may coexist, and it is preferable to coexist nitrogen.
- a gas containing hydrogen it can be performed in parallel with the production of ammonia, which will be described later, by coexisting nitrogen with hydrogen. That is, when the metal carrier of the present invention is used as an ammonia synthesis catalyst to be described later, the transition metal compound supported on the intermetallic compound is placed in the reaction conditions of the ammonia synthesis reaction. The transition metal compound may be reduced and converted to a transition metal.
- the temperature during the reduction treatment is not particularly limited, but is usually 200 ° C. or higher, preferably 300 ° C. or higher, usually 1000 ° C. or lower, preferably 600 ° C. or lower. This is because the transition metal grows sufficiently and in a preferable range by performing the reduction treatment within the temperature range.
- the pressure in the said reduction process is not specifically limited, Usually, it is 0.01 MPa or more and 10 MPa or less. If the pressure during the reduction treatment is the same as the ammonia synthesis conditions described later, a complicated operation is unnecessary, which is advantageous in terms of production efficiency.
- the time for the reduction treatment is not particularly limited, but when it is carried out at normal pressure, it is usually 1 hour or longer and preferably 2 hours or longer. When the reaction is performed under a high reaction pressure, for example, 1 MPa or more, 1 hour or more is preferable.
- the physical mixing method is a method in which the intermetallic compound and the transition metal compound are solid-phase mixed and then heated in an inert gas stream such as nitrogen, argon, helium, or under vacuum.
- the heating temperature and heating time are the same as in the above impregnation method.
- the metal carrier of the present invention is obtained.
- ions may be accelerated by applying a voltage to ions such as Ar + , collided with the surface of the transition metal, and the surface metal may be evaporated to form directly on the surface of the intermetallic compound.
- the CVD method evaporates the transition metal complex by heating in vacuum, adheres to the intermetallic compound, and subsequently reduces the transition metal compound by heating in a reducing atmosphere or vacuum. A transition metal-supported intermetallic compound is obtained.
- the reduction method is the same as the above-described reduction treatment method.
- the heating temperature is preferably 100 to 400 ° C.
- the ratio of the transition metal to the intermetallic compound (1) is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less from the viewpoint of catalytic activity and cost when used as a supported metal catalyst described later.
- the ratio is more preferably 0.02% by mass or more, further preferably 0.05% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or less, and further preferably 10% by mass or less.
- the BET specific surface area of the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound of the present invention is preferably about 1 to 3 m 2 / g. Note that the BET specific surface area of the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound is usually the same value as the BET specific surface area of the intermetallic compound.
- the degree of dispersion of the transition metal such as Ru supported on A 5 X 3 is not particularly limited, but is usually 2.0% or more and 40% or less.
- the degree of dispersion (%) of the transition metal is a physical quantity indicating the uniformity of the catalytically active metal on the surface of the substrate, and is preferably as large as possible. When determining the degree of dispersion, it was assumed that one CO molecule was adsorbed on one Ru atom.
- the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound can be used as a molded body using a normal molding technique. Specific examples include granular shapes, spherical shapes, tablet shapes, ring shapes, macaroni shapes, four-leaf shapes, dice shapes, and honeycomb shapes. It can also be used after coating the support with an intermetallic compound carrying a transition metal.
- the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound of the present invention is an electride having a strong electron supply capability for the supported transition metal, and is stable in the air and water, and thus is useful as various supported metal catalysts. That is, the supported metal catalyst of the present invention is a supported metal catalyst in which a transition metal is supported on an intermetallic compound represented by the general formula (1).
- a 5 X 3 (1) In general formula (1), A represents a rare earth element, and X represents Si or Ge.
- the supported metal catalyst of the present invention may be used in the reaction as it is, or may be subjected to molding or the like as needed, and the metal may be used as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- components other than the intercalation compound and the transition metal may be included, it is usually preferable to use the metal support of the present invention as it is.
- SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , MgO, activated carbon, graphite, SiC, and the like may further be included as a support for the intermetallic compound.
- the shape of the supported metal catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is the same as the transition metal-supported intermetallic compound.
- the particle size of the supported metal catalyst is not particularly limited, but is usually 10 nm or more and 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle diameter of the transition metal in the supported metal catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 nm or more and 100 nm or less. Preferably, it is 10 nm or less, more preferably 5 nm or less, where the number of step sites, which are active sites for nitrogen dissociation, increases.
- the supported metal catalyst of the present invention is useful as a catalyst for various hydrogenation reactions such as hydrogenation, hydrogen transfer and hydrocracking of organic compounds, and is particularly useful as a catalyst for ammonia production. This is because the supported metal catalyst of the present invention has a strong electron supply capability (low work function) because the intermetallic compound having properties as an electride is included in its constitution. In particular, when used as an ammonia synthesis catalyst, it promotes strong dissociation of nitrogen molecules, which is preferable as an ammonia production catalyst.
- the method for producing ammonia of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the production method of the present invention) is a method for producing ammonia by using the supported metal catalyst of the present invention as a catalyst and reacting hydrogen and nitrogen on the catalyst. It is.
- a specific production method is not particularly limited as long as it is a method of synthesizing ammonia by bringing hydrogen and nitrogen into contact with each other on the catalyst, and can be produced according to known production methods as appropriate.
- the catalyst is heated to produce ammonia.
- the reaction temperature in the production method of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 200 ° C. or higher, preferably 250 ° C. or higher, more preferably 300 ° C. or higher, usually 600 ° C. or lower, preferably 500 ° C. or lower. Yes, more preferably 450 ° C or lower. Since ammonia synthesis is an exothermic reaction, the low temperature region is more advantageous for ammonia production in terms of chemical equilibrium. However, in order to obtain a sufficient ammonia production rate, the reaction is preferably performed in the above temperature range.
- the molar ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen to be brought into contact with the catalyst is not particularly limited, but is usually a ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen (H 2 / N 2 (volume / volume)), usually 0. It is 4 or more, preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 1 or more, usually 10 or less, preferably 5 or less.
- the reaction pressure in the production method of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.01 MPa or more, preferably 0.1 MPa or more, usually 20 MPa or less, preferably 15 MPa or less, more preferably the pressure of a mixed gas containing nitrogen and hydrogen. Is 10 MPa or less. In consideration of practical use, it is preferable to carry out the reaction under a pressurized condition of atmospheric pressure or higher.
- the water content in nitrogen and hydrogen used in the production method of the present invention is small, and although not particularly limited,
- the total water content in the mixed gas of hydrogen and hydrogen is 100 ppm or less, preferably 50 ppm or less.
- the type of the reaction vessel is not particularly limited, and a reaction vessel that can be usually used for the ammonia synthesis reaction can be used.
- a specific reaction format for example, a batch type reaction format, a closed circulation system reaction format, a circulation system reaction format, or the like can be used.
- the flow reaction system is preferable.
- any one method of a reactor filled with a catalyst, a method of connecting a plurality of reactors, or a reactor having a plurality of reaction layers in the same reactor can be used.
- reaction for synthesizing ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen is an exothermic reaction with volume shrinkage
- a known reaction apparatus may be used. For example, specifically, a method of removing a heat by connecting a plurality of reactors filled with a catalyst in series and installing an intercooler at the outlet of each reactor may be used.
- the present invention will be described in more detail based on the following examples.
- the amount of ammonia produced was measured by passing a gas through a dilute sulfuric acid solution to monitor pH fluctuations or by quantifying the resulting ammonium ions by ion chromatography.
- BET specific surface area measurement method The BET specific surface area was measured from an adsorption / desorption isotherm based on adsorption / desorption of nitrogen gas at ⁇ 196 ° C. by adsorbing nitrogen gas on the surface of the object at liquid nitrogen temperature.
- the analysis conditions are as follows. [Measurement condition] Measuring device: High-speed / specific surface / pore distribution measuring device BELSORP-mini 2 (manufactured by Microtrac BEL) Adsorption gas: Nitrogen 99.99995% by volume Adsorption temperature: Liquid nitrogen temperature -196 ° C
- the degree of dispersion was measured by a pulse adsorption method using carbon monoxide.
- a carbon monoxide / helium mixed gas is repeatedly introduced into the surface of the object in pulses, and the amount of carbon monoxide adsorbed is determined from the difference between the amount of carbon monoxide gas introduced and the amount discharged. Then, assuming that one carbon monoxide molecule is chemisorbed per one atom of the transition metal supported, the degree of dispersion was calculated from the amount of carbon monoxide adsorbed.
- Measurement condition Measuring device: CO pulse method device BELCAT-A, manufactured by MicrotracBEL Adsorbed gas: Carbon monoxide / helium mixed gas (CO 9.5% by volume) Adsorption temperature: 50 ° C
- the work function was estimated by measuring the light energy dependence of photoelectrons using the ultraviolet electron spectroscopy (UPS) method. Specifically, the work function was estimated by irradiating the object with light in the energy region of 0 to 21 eV and measuring the cut-off energy from the density of photoelectrons emitted from the object surface.
- Measurement condition Measuring device: UV electron spectrometer DA30, manufactured by Scienta Micron, Inc. Measuring pressure: 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 Pa or less Measuring temperature: normal temperature
- Example 1 ⁇ Preparation of Y 5 Si 3 and Y 5 Ge 3> 1.62 g (18.2 mmol) of yttrium (manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Co., Ltd .: granular, purity 99.9%) and 0.311 g (10.9 mmol) of silicon (manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Co., Ltd .: purity 99.999%) were weighed, respectively. Then, they were subjected to arc melting in an argon atmosphere to synthesize Y 5 Si 3 . The obtained Y 5 Si 3 was massive, and its mass was 1.9 g and its mass loss was 1.9% by mass.
- the obtained massive Y 5 Si 3 was pulverized using an agate mortar under an argon atmosphere to prepare powdery Y 5 Si 3 .
- the surface area of the obtained powdery Y 5 Si 3 was 1 m 2 / g, and the particle diameter was distributed in the range of 100 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
- the specific surface area of Y 5 Si 3 was determined by the BET specific surface area measurement method. Moreover, the particle diameter was calculated
- the resulting Y 5 Si 3, the work function obtained by the method was 3.5 eV.
- the Ru / Y 5 Si 3 was used as a catalyst, and this catalyst was brought into contact with a mixed gas of nitrogen and hydrogen to carry out an ammonia synthesis reaction.
- the Ru / Y 5 Si 3 0.2 g was packed in a quartz glass tube, and the reaction was performed using a fixed bed flow type reactor.
- the moisture concentrations of the raw material nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas were each below the detection limit.
- the flow rates of the source gases during this reaction were 15 mL / min nitrogen and 45 mL / min hydrogen (total 60 mL / min).
- the reaction pressure during this reaction was atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa), the reaction temperature was 400 ° C., and the reaction time was 30 hours.
- the production rate of ammonia produced by the ammonia synthesis reaction was measured over time by chromatography. As a result, the ammonia production rate was 0.9 mol / g ⁇ hr, and the activation energy was 48 kJ / mol. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Further, after completion of the ammonia synthesis reaction, the XRD of the catalyst used in the reaction was measured. The results are shown in FIG.
- Example 2 A supported material Ru / Y 5 Si 3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of supported Ru / Y 5 Si 3 in Example 1 was 5% by mass.
- the obtained support had a specific surface area of 2 m 2 / g and a degree of dispersion of 2.4%.
- an ammonia synthesis reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1.
- the ammonia production rate was 1.6 mmol / g ⁇ hr, and the activation energy was 50 kJ / mol.
- Table 1 The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 A supported material Ru / Y 5 Si 3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of metal Ru supported on Ru / Y 5 Si 3 in Example 1 was 10% by mass. The specific surface area and dispersity of the obtained support were 3 m 2 and 2.8%, respectively. Using this support as a catalyst, an ammonia synthesis reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1. The production rate of ammonia was 2.2 mmol / g ⁇ hr, and the activation energy was 52 kJ / mol. The results are shown in Table 1, Table 2 and FIG.
- Example 4 Powdered Y 5 Si 3 obtained by the same method as in Example 1 was immersed in water for 1 hour, and then water was dried. Subsequently, a supported material Ru / Y 5 Si 3 having a metal Ru loading of 10% by mass was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3. Using this support as a catalyst, an ammonia synthesis reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1. The production rate of ammonia was 1.9 mmol / g ⁇ hr, which was almost the same value as in Example 3 in which no water treatment was performed. The results are shown in FIG.
- Example 5 An ammonia synthesis reaction was performed under the same conditions as in Example 3 except that the reaction pressure was changed to 0.3 MPa. The production rate of ammonia was 2.6 mmol / g ⁇ hr. Table 2 shows the results.
- Example 6 An ammonia synthesis reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 3 except that the reaction pressure was changed to 0.5 MPa. The production rate of ammonia was 3.3 mmol / g ⁇ hr. Table 2 shows the results.
- Example 7 An ammonia synthesis reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 3 except that the reaction pressure was changed to 1.0 MPa. The production rate of ammonia was 3.8 mmol / g ⁇ hr. Table 2 shows the results.
- Example 8 Yttrium (manufactured by Kosei Chemical Co., Ltd .: granular, purity 99.9%) 0.88 g (10.0 mmol) and germanium (manufactured by Kosei Chemical Co., Ltd .: purity 99.99%) 0.44 g were weighed and carried out.
- Arc melting was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain 1.3 g of massive Y 5 Ge 3 .
- the mass loss due to arc melting was 3.9%.
- the obtained massive Y 5 Ge 3 was pulverized in the same manner as in Example 1 to prepare powdery Y 5 Ge 3 .
- the specific surface area of the obtained powdery Y 5 Ge 3 was 1 m 2 / g.
- the work function of the obtained Y 5 Ge 3 determined by the above method was 3.5 eV.
- the metal Ru is is supported so as to be 2% by mass relative to Y 5 Ge 3, to prepare a supported material Ru / Y 5 Ge 3.
- An ammonia synthesis reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that Ru / Y 5 Ge 3 was used as a catalyst.
- the production rate of ammonia was 1.5 mmol / g ⁇ hr.
- the Cs—Ru / MgO had a BET specific surface area of 12 m 2 / g. The degree of dispersion was 18.6%.
- An ammonia synthesis reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that Cs—Ru / MgO was used as a catalyst.
- the production rate of ammonia at 400 ° C. was 3.4 mmol / g ⁇ hr, and the activation energy was 73 kJ / mol. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 CaO is used in place of Y 5 Si 3 in Example 1, and the amount of supported metal Ru is set to 1.5% by mass.
- a supported product (hereinafter referred to as Ru / CaO) was prepared.
- the BET specific surface area of the Ru / CaO was 3 m 2 / g.
- the degree of dispersion was 4.9%.
- An ammonia synthesis reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that Ru / CaO was used as a catalyst.
- the production rate of ammonia at 400 ° C. was 0.2 mmol / g ⁇ hr, and the activation energy was 120 kJ / mol. The results are shown in Table 1.
- a conductive mayenite type compound (C12A7: e ⁇ ) was synthesized.
- a mayenite type compound a mayenite type compound having a molar ratio of Ca atom to Al atom of 11:14 was synthesized, and the corresponding C12A7: e ⁇ was obtained.
- the conduction electron concentration of the C12A7: e ⁇ was 2 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 .
- Ru was supported under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the supported amount of Ru was changed to 4% by mass, and a supported material supporting 4% by mass Ru (hereinafter referred to as Ru / C12A7: e ⁇ ). ) was prepared.
- the Ru / C12A7: e ⁇ had a BET specific surface area of 1.0 m 2 / g. The degree of dispersion was 2.0%.
- an ammonia synthesis reaction was performed under the same conditions as in Example 1.
- the ammonia production rate at a reaction temperature of 400 ° C. was 2.1 mmol / g ⁇ hr, and the activation energy was 56 kJ / mol.
- Table 1 The results are shown in Table 1.
- FIG. 2 shows the dependency of the production rate of ammonia on the amount of Ru supported in the ammonia synthesis reaction using Ru / Y 5 Si 3 as a catalyst.
- the production rate of ammonia increased with an increase in the amount of Ru supported on Y 5 Si 3 , the reaction efficiency was improved, and Ru / Y 5 Si 3 carrying 10% by mass showed the highest production rate.
- FIG. 3 shows the time dependency of the ammonia synthesis reaction using Ru / Y 5 Si 3 as a catalyst.
- the catalytic activity is not attenuated and shows good chemical stability.
- the catalytic activity with Y 5 Si 3 as catalyst by supporting Ru after water exposure is not lost.
- most of the catalysts used in the ammonia synthesis reaction contain alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides, and thus are vulnerable to moisture.
- Y 5 Si 3 has outstanding chemical stability in view of the entire ammonia synthesis catalyst.
- FIG. 4 shows a chart of Ru / Y 5 Si 3 powder XRD after the ammonia synthesis reaction for 30 hours.
- the obtained Bragg peaks are all derived from Y 5 Si 3 and Ru metal that occludes hydrogen. From the results of this powder XRD, no decomposition of Y 5 Si 3 or chemical reaction with metal Ru was observed, and it was concluded that Ru / Y 5 Si 3 acts catalytically in ammonia synthesis.
- Table 1 compares a case where Ru / Y 5 Si 3 is used as a catalyst and a supported Ru catalyst in which Ru is supported on an existing carrier.
- the ammonia production rate of Ru / Y 5 Si 3 was similar to that of a known supported Ru catalyst, although the surface area was small, and the activation energy of the reaction tended to be small. From this, it is considered that ammonia synthesis is possible in a lower temperature region.
- the intermetallic compound used in the present invention has a property as an electride, and an electron contained in the structure reacts with hydrogen generated by a catalytic reaction, so that a crystal structure with hydrogen as a hydride (H ⁇ ). It is considered that hydrogen poisoning can be suppressed because it is occluded inside and the hydride can be reversibly released.
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Abstract
Description
エレクトライド中に含まれる電子は、特定の軌道に属さず、局在化しているため、1価のアニオンと同様の電荷を有するとともに、その質量の小ささから量子力学的な挙動を示すことから、その物性に注目が集まっている。具体的には、その低い仕事関数に由来する高い電子供与能力等の特徴により、その応用に関心が高まっている。
「マイエナイト型化合物」とは、Ca、Al、Oを構成成分とするアルミノケイ酸カルシウムであって、マイエナイトと同型の結晶構造を有する呼ばれる化合物である。前記マイエナイト型化合物は、その代表組成が、12CaO・7Al2O3で表わされ、その結晶骨格で形成されるケージ内の空間に「フリー酸素」として2個の酸素原子が包摂されている構造を有する。
本発明者は、前記マイエナイト型化合物中のフリー酸素を電子で置換したマイエナイト型化合物がエレクトライド(以下、C12A7エレクトライドという)であることを見出した。
また本発明者は、C12A7エレクトライド以外にも、層状化合物であるCa2N(特許文献2、非特許文献4)やY2C(非特許文献5)といった常温で安定のエレクトライドを見出している。これらの物質は、その結晶構造中のケージ内、または結晶の層間に電子が閉じ込められていることを報告した。
具体的には、C12A7エレクトライド(以下、C12A7:e-と略記することがある)にRu等の遷移金属を担持した担持金属触媒は、アンモニア合成方法として広く用いられているハーバー・ボッシュ法よりも低い反応温度、低い反応圧力条件下でも高い反応活性を有する点で有利な触媒である。さらにこの担持金属触媒は、従来のアンモニア合成用の担持金属触媒において問題となる水素被毒を受けにくい触媒であることが見出されている。
そして本発明者が見出した、C12A7:e-やCa2Nは、常温では安定であるものの、酸素や水分に対しては脆弱であり、中でもCa2Nは大気中で容易に反応し、酸化物や水酸化物を生じる。
すなわち、より化学的に安定なエレクトライドが引き続き求められている。
すなわち、より簡易に合成が可能なエレクトライドの創成が望まれている。
[1]下記一般式(1)で表わされる金属間化合物に、遷移金属を担持した遷移金属担持金属間化合物。
A5X3 ・・・ (1)
(一般式(1)において、Aは希土類元素を示し、XはSi又はGeを示す。)
[2]前記金属間化合物の仕事関数が3.0eV以上、4.0eV以下である、前記[1]に記載の遷移金属担持金属間化合物。
[3]前記遷移金属が、周期表第8族、第9族又は第10族の遷移金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種である、前記[1]又は[2]に記載の遷移金属担持金属間化合物。
[4]前記遷移金属の、前記金属間化合物に対する比が、0.1質量%以上、30質量%以下である、前記[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の遷移金属担持金属間化合物。
[5]前記[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の遷移金属担持金属間化合物を用いた担持金属触媒。
[6]アンモニアの製造方法であって、水素と窒素の混合ガスに、前記[5]に記載の担持金属触媒を接触させることを特徴とする、アンモニアの製造方法。
[7]前記混合ガスと、前記担持金属触媒を接触させる際の反応温度が、200℃以上、600℃以下である、前記[6]に記載のアンモニアの製造方法。
[8]前記混合ガスと、前記担持金属触媒を接触させる際の反応圧力が、0.01MPa以上、20MPa以下である、前記[6]又は[7]に記載のアンモニアの製造方法。
本発明で用いられる金属間化合物は、エレクトライドでありながら、水に対して安定であるため、従来には無かった、耐水性を有するエレクトライドを初めて得ることができた。そのため、本発明の遷移金属担持金属間化合物は反応時や取扱い時の水分等の外部環境によらず触媒として利用することができ、さらには反応操作や製造設備の面でも有利である。
本発明の遷移金属担持金属間化合物は、下記一般式(1)で表される金属間化合物に、遷移金属を担持したものである。
A5X3 ・・・ (1)
(一般式(1)中、Aは希土類元素を示し、XはSi又はGeを示す。)
本発明に用いられる金属間化合物は、A5X3(1)で表される化合物である。Aで示される希土類元素としては、Sc、Y及びランタノイド元素が挙げられ、具体的には、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Luが挙げられる。
前記希土類元素は価電子(原子番号)が増加しても4f軌道に電子が収められるため、自由電子や仕事関数などの物理的性質はほぼ変化しない特徴がある。すなわち、結晶構造が変化しない限りにおいて、A5X3の性質は通常、希土類元素Aの種類に依存しない。中でも、Y、La、Ceは希土類元素の中でもクラーク数が高く、比較的安価であるため好ましく、後述する触媒、特にアンモニア合成活性が高い点で、Yがさらに好ましい。
また、XとしてはSi、Geが挙げられ、AがLa、Ce、Pr、Nd、Dyの場合は、Geが好ましく、それ以外の希土類元素の場合は、Siが特に高いクラーク数を示し、安価に入手できる点で好ましい。
なお仕事関数とは、物質表面において、表面から1個の電子を取り出すのに必要な最小エネルギーを表わし、通常は真空準位とフェルミ準位とのエネルギー差を表わす。遷移金属の仕事関数は、特に限定はされないが、特に後述する触媒として用いられる場合に好ましい遷移金属の仕事関数は、通常4.5eV以上5.5eV以下である。前記A5X3の仕事関数は、後述する遷移金属と比較して十分に小さく、A5X3から遷移金属に対する高い電子供給能力を有する。
前記A5X3は、その保管や取り扱いが容易であるため、従来用いることができなかった環境でも容易にエレクトライドとして使用することができる。すなわち、前記A5X3は、従来、使用することが提案されている分野において、大気中や水分含有雰囲気中でもエレクトライドとして使用することができる。
すなわち本発明で用いられる金属間化合物A5X3は、その構造中に含有する電子を供給する反応剤又は反応促進剤として使用することができる。具体的には、例えば遷移金属を担持する等の方法で、遷移金属と共に使用することで、遷移金属に電子を供給する反応促進剤として使用することができ、より具体的には電子を供給する触媒用の材料として使用することができる。そして本発明で用いられる金属間化合物A5X3は、水素と反応することで水素をヒドリド(H-)として結晶構造内部に吸蔵し、またそのヒドリドを可逆的に放出することができる。すなわち前記A5X3が電子を供給し、その結果生じた水素と反応し、吸蔵し、さらにはそれを可逆的に放出する反応促進剤として使用することもできる。
固相反応は、Aで示される希土類元素とSi又はGeとを化学量論比で混合し焼成する。A及びXは、粒状、塊状等、それぞれの原料として通常用いることができるものを適宜使用することができる。焼成温度は特に限定されないが、通常、1000℃以上であり、好ましくは1100℃以上であり、通常、1200℃以下である。
アーク溶解法は、AとXの混合物をアルゴン雰囲気下で共に融解させることでA5X3を得る。アーク溶解法の条件は、特に限定はされず、前記AとXとが溶融し、A5X3を形成する範囲において、通常用いられる条件を適宜選択して行なうことができる。
得られたA5X3は空気中又は水中にて安定であるため、容易に粉砕し様々な形状に加工して使用することが可能である。A5X3の粉砕及び粉末加工は既知の方法で適宜行なうことができ、例えばメノウ乳鉢やボールミル等を用いて行う。
粉末の場合、その粒子径は特に限定されないが、通常100nm以上10μm以下である。
本発明で用いられる金属間化合物のBET比表面積は、特に限定はされないが、通常1m2/g以上、50m2/g以下が好ましい。
前記金属間化合物(1)に担持される金属は、遷移金属である。遷移金属としては、周期表第4族から第11族の金属であればよいが、第8族、第9族又は第10族の金属がより好ましい。具体的な例としては、Fe、Co、Ni、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Ptが挙げられ、さらにFe、Ru、Co、Rh、Ni、Pdがより好ましく、Fe、Ru、Co、Rhが、さらに好ましい。特に後述するアンモニア合成用触媒に好適な点ではFe、Ru、Coがさらに好ましく、そのうち最も活性が高い点でRuが最も好ましい。これらの遷移金属は、1種又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
遷移金属の金属間化合物(1)への担持は、特に限定されるものではなく、既知の方法により行なうことができ、遷移金属、又は遷移金属の前駆体となる化合物(以下、遷移金属化合物)を担持させて製造する。通常は、担持する遷移金属の化合物であって、還元や熱分解等により遷移金属に変換することができる遷移金属化合物を、前記金属間化合物に担持させた後、遷移金属に変換する方法が用いられる。例えば遷移金属の化合物と金属間化合物(1)とを混合し、熱分解することにより行うことができる。
前記遷移金属化合物は特に限定されないが、熱分解し易い遷移金属の無機化合物又は有機遷移金属錯体等を用いることができる。具体的には遷移金属の錯体、遷移金属の酸化物、硝酸塩、塩酸塩等の遷移金属塩等を用いることができる。
これらの遷移金属化合物のうち、[Ru3(CO)12]、[Fe(CO)5]、[Fe3(CO)12]、[Fe2(CO)9]、[Co2(CO)8]等の遷移金属のカルボニル錯体は、担持した後、加熱することにより、遷移金属が担持されることから、本発明の遷移金属担持金属間化合物を製造する上で、後述する還元処理を省略できる点で好ましい。
含浸法としては、次の工程を採用できる。例えば、前記金属間化合物を、前記遷移金属化合物の溶液、に加えて撹拌する。このときの溶媒は特に限定はされず、水や各種有機溶媒を用いることができる。また前記遷移金属化合物は、溶媒に溶解させても、分散させてもよい。
次に窒素、アルゴン、ヘリウム等の不活性ガス気流中、又は真空下で加熱し、乾固する。このときの加熱温度は特に限定はされないが、通常50℃以上、300℃以下である。加熱時間は特に限定はされないが、通常30分以上、20時間以下である。
熱分解により遷移金属に変換される遷移金属化合物以外のものを用いた場合は、乾固した遷移金属化合物を、通常還元することにより、本発明の金属担持体となる。
前記遷移金属化合物を還元する方法(以下、還元処理という)は、本発明の目的を阻害しない限りにおいて特に限定されないが、例えば、還元性ガスを含む雰囲気下で行なう方法や、前記遷移金属化合物を含む溶液に、NaBH4、NH2NH2又は、ホルマリン等の還元剤を加えて前記金属間化合物の表面に析出させる方法が挙げられるが、好ましくは還元性ガスを含む雰囲気下で行なう。前記還元性ガスとしては水素、アンモニア、メタノール(蒸気)、エタノール(蒸気)、メタン、エタン等が挙げられる。
また前記還元処理の際に、本発明の目的、特にアンモニア合成反応を阻害しない、還元性ガス以外の成分が反応系を共存していてもよい。具体的には、還元処理の際に、水素等の還元性ガスの他に反応を阻害しないアルゴンや窒素といったガスを共存させてもよく、窒素を共存させることが好ましい。
前記還元処理を、水素を含むガス中で行なう場合、水素と共に窒素を共存させることで、後述するアンモニアの製造と並行して行なうことができる。すなわち、本発明の金属担持体を後述するアンモニア合成用触媒として用いる場合は、前記遷移金属化合物を、前記金属間化合物に担持させたものを、アンモニア合成反応の反応条件中に置くことにより、前記遷移金属化合物を還元し、遷移金属に変換してもよい。
前記還元処理の際の圧力は、特に限定はされないが、通常、0.01MPa以上、10MPa以下である。還元処理時の圧力は、後述するアンモニア合成条件と同じ条件にすると、煩雑な操作は不要になり製造効率の面で有利である。
前記還元処理の時間は、特に限定されないが、常圧で実施する場合は、通常1時間以上であり、2時間以上が好ましい。
また反応圧力の高い条件、例えば1MPa以上で行う場合は、1時間以上が好ましい。
スパッタリング法では、例えばAr+等のイオンに電圧をかけることで加速させ、遷移金属の表面にに衝突させ、表面の金属を蒸発させることで前記金属間化合物の表面に直接形成してもよい。
加熱温度は100~400℃が好ましい。
遷移金属の金属間化合物(1)に対する比は、後述する担持金属触媒として用いた際の触媒活性及びコストの点から、0.1質量%以上30質量%以下が好ましい。当該比は、0.02質量%以上がより好ましく、0.05質量%以上がさらに好ましく、また20質量%以下がより好ましく、10質量%以下がさらに好ましい。
また、A5X3上に担持されるRu等の遷移金属の分散度は、特に限定はされないが、通常2.0%以上、40%以下である。遷移金属の分散度(%)は基材表面の触媒活性金属の均一性を示す物理量であり、大きい程好ましい。なお、分散度を求める際には1つのRu原子に1つのCO分子が吸着されると仮定した。
すなわち本発明の担持金属触媒は、遷移金属を、前記一般式(1)で表される金属間化合物に、遷移金属を担持した担持金属触媒である。
A5X3 ・・・ (1)
(一般式(1)中、Aは希土類元素を示し、XはSi又はGeを示す。)
本発明の担持金属触媒の形状は、特に限定はされず、前記遷移金属担持金属間化合物同様である。前記担持金属触媒の粒子径は特に限定はされないが、通常、10nm以上、50μm以下である。
本発明の担持金属触媒における遷移金属の粒子径は、特に限定はされないが、通常、1nm以上、100nm以下である。好ましくは、窒素解離の活性点であるステップサイト数が多くなる10nm以下、より好ましくは5nm以下である。
本発明のアンモニアの製造方法(以下、本発明の製造方法ということがある)は、本発明の担持金属触媒を触媒として用い、水素と窒素とを前記触媒上で反応させてアンモニアを製造する方法である。
具体的な製造方法としては、水素と窒素とを前記触媒上で接触させてアンモニアを合成する方法であれば、特に限定されず、適宜既知の製造方法に準じて製造をすることができる。
本発明の製造方法における反応温度は特に限定はされないが、通常200℃以上、好ましくは250℃以上であり、より好ましくは300℃以上であり、通常600℃以下であり、好ましくは500℃以下であり、より好ましくは450℃以下である。アンモニア合成は発熱反応であることから、低温領域のほうが化学平衡論的にアンモニア生成に有利であるが、十分なアンモニア生成速度を得るためには上記の温度範囲で反応を行うことが好ましい。
本発明の製造方法において、前記触媒に接触させる窒素と水素のモル比率は、特に限定はされないが、通常、窒素に対する水素の比率(H2/N2(体積/体積))で、通常0.4以上、好ましくは0.5以上、より好ましくは1以上、通常10以下、好ましくは5以下で行う。
水素と窒素からアンモニアを合成する反応は、体積収縮を伴う発熱反応であることから、アンモニア収率を上げるために工業的には反応熱を除去することが好ましく、通常用いられる除熱手段を伴う既知の反応装置を用いてもよい。例えば具体的には触媒が充填された反応器を直列に複数個連結し、各反応器の出口にインタークーラーを設置して除熱する方法等を用いてもよい。
実施例におけるアンモニア生成量は希硫酸溶液にガスを通しpHの変動をモニターする方法や生じたアンモニウムイオンをイオンクロマトグラフにより定量する方法等を用いた。
BET比表面積の測定は、対象物の表面に液体窒素温度で窒素ガスを吸着させ、-196℃における窒素ガスの吸脱着に基づく吸脱着等温線から求めた。分析条件は以下の通り。
[測定条件]
測定装置:高速・比表面/細孔分布測定装置 BELSORP-mini 2(MicrotracBEL社製)
吸着ガス:窒素 99.99995体積%
吸着温度:液体窒素温度 -196℃
下記の条件により走査型電子顕微鏡(Scanning Electron Microscope、以下SEM)の測定を行ない、粒子径の大きさを見積もった。
[測定条件]
SEMを用いた試料観察は粉末試料をカーボンテープ上に張り付け、下記条件下で行った。
測定装置:JSM-7600F(JEOL社製)
測定温度:常温
反応圧力:1×10-3Pa以下
分散度の測定は、一酸化炭素を用いたパルス吸着法により求めた。対象物の表面に一酸化炭素/ヘリウム混合ガスをパルス状に繰り返し導入し、一酸化炭素ガスの導入量と排出量の差から一酸化炭素の吸着量を求める。そして担持した遷移金属1原子当たりに1分子の一酸化炭素分子が化学吸着していることを仮定し、前記一酸化炭素の吸着量から分散度を算出した。
[測定条件]
測定装置:COパルス法用装置 BELCAT-A,MicrotracBEL社製
吸着ガス:一酸化炭素/ヘリウム混合ガス(CO 9.5体積%)
吸着温度:50℃
仕事関数の測定は紫外電子分光(UPS)法を用いて、光電子の光エネルギー依存性を測定することで見積もった。具体的には対象物に対して0~21eVのエネルギー領域の光を照射し、対象物表面から出てくる光電子の密度からカットオフエネルギーを測定することで仕事関数を見積もった。
[測定条件]
測定装置:紫外電子分光装置 DA30, Scienta Omicron社製
測定圧力:1×10-8Pa以下
測定温度:常温
<Y5Si3及びY5Ge3の調製>
イットリウム(高純度化学社製:粒状、純度99.9%)1.62g(18.2mmol)及びケイ素(高純度化学社製:純度99.999%)0.311g(10.9mmol)をそれぞれ秤量し、それらをアルゴン雰囲気中でアーク融解を行ない、Y5Si3を合成した。得られたY5Si3は塊状であり、その質量は1.9g、質量損失は1.9質量%であった。
得られた塊状のY5Si3をアルゴン雰囲気下でメノウ乳鉢を用いて粉砕し、粉末状のY5Si3を調製した。得られた粉末状のY5Si3の表面積は1m2/gであり、またその粒子径は100nm~10μmに分布していた。Y5Si3の比表面積は前記BET比表面積測定方法により求めた。またその粒子径はSEMによる観察からそれぞれ求めた(図1a)。
得られたY5Si3の、前記方法で求めた仕事関数は、3.5eVであった。
前記の方法で得られた粉末状Y5Si30.72gと、Ru3(CO)12(Aldrich社製、99%)0.033g(Y5Si3に対し、担持される金属Ruとして2質量%に相当)をシリカガラス管内に挿入し、真空中にて70℃で1時間加熱し、その後引き続き120℃で1時間加熱し、粉末状Y5Si3の表面にRu3(CO)12を付着させた。最後に250℃で2時間加熱し、Ru3(CO)12を熱分解することにより、Y5Si3にRuを担持した担持物(以下、Ru/Y5Si3)を得た(図1b)。
前記Ru/Y5Si3の比表面積は1m2/gであり、パルスCO吸着法により求めた分散度は2.2%であった。
前記Ru/Y5Si3を触媒とし、この触媒を窒素と水素の混合ガスと接触させ、アンモニア合成反応を行った。前記Ru/Y5Si30.2gを石英ガラス管に詰め、固定床流通式反応装置を用いて反応を行った。原料の窒素ガスと水素ガスの水分濃度はそれぞれ検出限界以下であった。この反応時の原料ガスの流量は、窒素15mL/minと水素45mL/min(計60mL/min)であった。またこの反応時の反応圧力は大気圧(0.1MPa)であり、反応温度は400℃であり、反応時間は30時間であった。アンモニア合成反応によって生成したアンモニアの生成速度を経時的にクロマトグラフにより測定した結果、アンモニア生成速度は0.9mol/g・hr、活性化エネルギーは48kJ/molであった。結果を表1及び表2に示した。
また前記アンモニア合成反応終了後、反応に用いた触媒のXRDを測定した。結果を図4に示した。
実施例1におけるRu/Y5Si3の金属Ru担持量が5質量%となるようにした以外は、実施例1と同様に担持物Ru/Y5Si3を調製した。得られた担持物の比表面積は2m2/g、分散度は2.4%であった。
この担持物を触媒として用いて、実施例1と同条件下でアンモニア合成反応を行った。アンモニア生成速度は1.6mmol/g・hr、活性化エネルギーは50kJ/molであった。結果を表1に示した。
実施例1におけるRu/Y5Si3の金属Ru担持量が10質量%となるようにした以外は実施例1と同様に担持物Ru/Y5Si3を調製した。得られた担持物の比表面積と分散度はそれぞれ3m2、2.8%であった。
この担持物を触媒として用いて、実施例1と同条件下でアンモニア合成反応を行った。アンモニアの生成速度は2.2mmol/g・hr、活性化エネルギーは52kJ/molであった。結果を表1、表2及び図3に示した。
実施例1と同様の方法により得られた粉末状のY5Si3を、水中に1時間浸した後、水分を乾燥させた。引き続き実施例3と同様に金属Ru担持量が10質量%である担持物Ru/Y5Si3を調製した。
この担持物を触媒として用いて、実施例1と同条件下でアンモニア合成反応を行った。アンモニアの生成速度は1.9mmol/g・hrであり、水処理していない実施例3とほぼ同等の値を示した。結果を図3に示した。
反応圧力を0.3MPaに変えた以外は実施例3と同じ条件下でアンモニア合成反応を行った。アンモニアの生成速度は2.6mmol/g・hrであった。表2に結果を示した。
反応圧力を0.5MPaに変えた以外は実施例3と同じ条件下でアンモニア合成反応を行った。アンモニアの生成速度は3.3mmol/g・hrであった。表2に結果を示した。
反応圧力を1.0MPaに変えた以外は実施例3と同じ条件下でアンモニア合成反応を行った。アンモニアの生成速度は3.8mmol/g・hrであった。表2に結果を示した。
イットリウム(高純度化学社製:粒状、純度99.9%)0.88g(10.0mmol)及びゲルマニウム(高純度化学社製:純度99.99%)0.44gをそれぞれ秤量し、それらを実施例1と同様にアーク融解を行ない、塊状のY5Ge31.3gを得た。アーク融解による質量損失は3.9%であった。
得られた塊状のY5Ge3は、実施例1同様の方法で粉砕し、粉末状のY5Ge3を調製した。得られた粉末状のY5Ge3の比表面積は1m2/gであった。
得られたY5Ge3の、前記方法で求めた仕事関数は、3.5eVであった。
実施例1と同様の方法で、金属RuがY5Ge3に対して2質量%となるように担持させ、担持物Ru/Y5Ge3を調製した。
前記のRu/Y5Ge3を触媒として用いた以外は実施例1と同条件下でアンモニア合成反応を行った。アンモニアの生成速度は1.5mmol/g・hrであった。
Ru3(CO)12を溶解させたテトラヒドロフラン(THF)(60mL)に、MgO2gを分散させた後、蒸発乾固し、真空中450℃で加熱することにより、MgOに2質量%Ruを担持した担持物(以下、Ru/MgO)を得た。さらに、前記Ru/MgOとCsCO3とを、Cs原子/Ru原子のモル比=1となるように混ぜ、エタノール中に分散させる。4時間攪拌後、溶媒を蒸発乾固させることで、Csを添加したRu触媒(以下、Cs-Ru/MgO)を調製した。
前記Cs-Ru/MgOのBET比表面積は12m2/gであった。また分散度は18.6%であった。
前記Cs-Ru/MgOを触媒として用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の条件でアンモニア合成反応を実施した。400℃におけるアンモニアの生成速度は、3.4mmol/g・hr、活性化エネルギーは73kJ/molであった。結果を表1に示した。
実施例1のY5Si3に代えて活性炭(BET表面積310m2/g)を用い、Ru3(CO)12をTHFに溶解させ、金属Ruの担持量が9.1質量%となるように担持した。さらにBa(NO3)2をBa/Ru原子比=1となるように含浸担持した担持物(以下、Ba-Ru/C)を調製した。前記Ba-Ru/CのBET比表面積は310m2/gであった。また分散度は14.3%であった。前記Ba-Ru/Cを触媒に用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の条件でアンモニア合成反応を実施した。400℃におけるアンモニアの生成速度は、2.2mmol/g・hr、活性化エネルギーは、73kJ/molであった。結果を表1に示した。
実施例1のY5Si3に代えてCaOを用い、金属Ruの担持量を1.5質量%とした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法により、CaOに金属Ruが1.5質量%担持された担持物(以下、Ru/CaO)を調製した。前記Ru/CaOのBET比表面積は3m2/gであった。また分散度は4.9%であった。前記Ru/CaOを触媒として用いた以外は実施例1と同様の条件でアンモニア合成反応を実施した。400℃におけるアンモニアの生成速度は、0.2mmol/g・hr、活性化エネルギーは、120kJ/molであった。結果を表1に示した。
実施例1のY5Si3に代えてAl2O3を用い、金属Ruの担持量を6.0質量%とした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法により、Al2O3に金属Ruが6.0質量%担持された担持物(以下、Ru/Al2O3)を調製した。前記Ru/Al2O3のBET比表面積は170m2/gであった。また分散度は12.5%であった。前記Ru/Al2O3を触媒として用いた以外は実施例1と同様の条件でアンモニア合成反応を実施した。400℃におけるアンモニアの生成速度は、0.1mmol/g・hr、活性化エネルギーは、64kJ/molであった。結果を表1に示した。
WO2012/077658の実施例1に記載の方法に準拠し、導電性マイエナイト型化合物(C12A7:e-)を合成した。マイエナイト型化合物として、Ca原子とAl原子のモル比が11:14となるマイエナイト型化合物を合成し、これに対応する前記C12A7:e-を得た。前記C12A7:e-の伝導電子濃度は2×1021cm-3であった。
また、実施例4が示す通り、Y5Si3を水中曝露した後にRuを担持して触媒として用いても触媒活性は失われない。従来アンモニア合成反応に使用される触媒は、その多くがアルカリ金属の酸化物やアルカリ土類金属の酸化物を含むことから、水分に対して脆弱性を有する。Y5Si3はアンモニア合成触媒全体を見通して、突出した化学的安定性を有する。
実際Ru/Y5Si3を触媒に用いたアンモニア合成の活性化エネルギーがRu/C12A7:e-触媒を用いた場合と同程度であることから同様のメカニズムで反応が進行していると推察される。すなわち、窒素分子の解離が律速段階ではなくアンモニアの窒素-水素間結合の形成が律速段階になっているものと思われる。また、Ru/Y5Si3をアンモニア合成触媒に用いた場合、高圧条件下でもアンモニア合成量が飽和しない。
本発明で用いられる金属間化合物は、エレクトライドとしての性質を有し、その構造中に含有する電子が、触媒反応により発生した水素と反応することで、水素をヒドリド(H-)として結晶構造内部に吸蔵し、またそのヒドリドを可逆的に放出することができるため、水素被毒が抑制できるものと考えられる。
Claims (8)
- 下記一般式(1)で表わされる金属間化合物に、遷移金属を担持した遷移金属担持金属間化合物。
A5X3 ・・・ (1)
(一般式(1)において、Aは希土類元素を示し、XはSi又はGeを表わす。) - 前記金属間化合物の仕事関数が3.0eV以上、4.0eV以下である、請求項1に記載の遷移金属担持金属間化合物。
- 前記遷移金属が、周期表第8族、第9族又は第10族の遷移金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種である、請求項1又は2に記載の遷移金属担持金属間化合物。
- 前記遷移金属の、前記金属間化合物に対する比が、0.1質量%以上、30質量%以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の遷移金属担持金属間化合物。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の遷移金属担持金属間化合物を用いた担持金属触媒。
- アンモニアの製造方法であって、水素と窒素の混合ガスに、請求項5に記載の担持金属触媒を接触させることを特徴とする、アンモニアの製造方法。
- 前記混合ガスと、前記担持金属触媒を接触させる際の反応温度が、200℃以上、600℃以下である、請求項6に記載のアンモニアの製造方法。
- 前記混合ガスと、前記担持金属触媒を接触させる際の反応圧力が、0.01MPa以上、20MPa以下である、請求項6又は7に記載のアンモニアの製造方法。
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| CN110891681A (zh) * | 2017-07-12 | 2020-03-17 | 国立研究开发法人科学技术振兴机构 | 金属间化合物、吸放氢材料、催化剂和氨的制造方法 |
| WO2020085324A1 (ja) | 2018-10-23 | 2020-04-30 | つばめBhb株式会社 | アンモニア合成システムおよびアンモニアの製造方法 |
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| CN110891681A (zh) * | 2017-07-12 | 2020-03-17 | 国立研究开发法人科学技术振兴机构 | 金属间化合物、吸放氢材料、催化剂和氨的制造方法 |
| EP3653296A4 (en) * | 2017-07-12 | 2021-04-07 | Japan Science and Technology Agency | INTERMETALLIC COMPOUND, HYDROGEN STORAGE / RELEASE MATERIAL, CATALYST AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING AMMONIA |
| US11433378B2 (en) | 2017-07-12 | 2022-09-06 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | Intermetallic compound, hydrogen storage/release material, catalyst and method for producing ammonia |
| CN110891681B (zh) * | 2017-07-12 | 2022-11-29 | 国立研究开发法人科学技术振兴机构 | 金属间化合物、吸放氢材料、催化剂和氨的制造方法 |
| CN108927154A (zh) * | 2018-06-11 | 2018-12-04 | 大连理工大学 | 一种金属间化合物纳米催化剂的制备方法 |
| WO2020085324A1 (ja) | 2018-10-23 | 2020-04-30 | つばめBhb株式会社 | アンモニア合成システムおよびアンモニアの製造方法 |
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| US20180304237A1 (en) | 2018-10-25 |
| US10792645B2 (en) | 2020-10-06 |
| EP3395441B1 (en) | 2023-03-08 |
| EP3395441A1 (en) | 2018-10-31 |
| JPWO2017111028A1 (ja) | 2018-10-11 |
| EP3395441A4 (en) | 2019-08-07 |
| CN108472632A (zh) | 2018-08-31 |
| JP6890788B2 (ja) | 2021-06-18 |
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