WO2017197999A1 - 调节电磁波的方法和超材料 - Google Patents

调节电磁波的方法和超材料 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017197999A1
WO2017197999A1 PCT/CN2017/079576 CN2017079576W WO2017197999A1 WO 2017197999 A1 WO2017197999 A1 WO 2017197999A1 CN 2017079576 W CN2017079576 W CN 2017079576W WO 2017197999 A1 WO2017197999 A1 WO 2017197999A1
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Prior art keywords
metamaterial
electrically controllable
capacitance
phase difference
units
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘若鹏
季春霖
聂晶
谭艳清
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Shenzhen Super Data Link Technology Ltd
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Shenzhen Super Data Link Technology Ltd
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Priority to EP17798563.7A priority Critical patent/EP3460913B1/en
Publication of WO2017197999A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017197999A1/zh
Priority to US16/184,036 priority patent/US10727823B2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K5/00—Manipulating of pulses not covered by one of the other main groups of this subclass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/006—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces
    • H01Q15/0066—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces said selective devices being reconfigurable, tunable or controllable, e.g. using switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0086—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/14—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/14—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures
    • H01Q15/148—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures with means for varying the reflecting properties
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H11/00—Networks using active elements
    • H03H11/02—Multiple-port networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K5/00—Manipulating of pulses not covered by one of the other main groups of this subclass
    • H03K2005/00286—Phase shifter, i.e. the delay between the output and input pulse is dependent on the frequency, and such that a phase difference is obtained independent of the frequency

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of communications, and in particular to a method and a metamaterial for adjusting electromagnetic waves.
  • metamaterials used for electromagnetic regulation are fixed and unregulated after the completion of manufacturing.
  • a metamaterial used for electromagnetic regulation can only change the direction of incident electromagnetic waves. At a specific angle, the direction of the incident electromagnetic wave cannot be changed to other angles, which limits the range of applications of the metamaterial for electromagnetic regulation.
  • Method 1 The electromagnetic wave adjustable function can be realized by mechanical rotation, but there are disadvantages such as slow scanning speed, heavy mechanical metal parts, large space occupation, frequent mechanical failure, and frequent maintenance.
  • Method 2 The electromagnetic parameters of some parts of the metamaterial can also be controlled by some controllable components such as PIN diodes.
  • controllable components such as PIN diodes.
  • the control circuit is quite complicated, the processing is complicated, and the cost is very high.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a method and a metamaterial for adjusting electromagnetic waves to at least solve the technical problem that the supermaterial cannot dynamically and dynamically adjust electromagnetic waves in the prior art.
  • a method for adjusting electromagnetic waves comprising: determining, between a plurality of electromagnetic waves reflected from adjacent two electrically controllable metamaterial units in a metamaterial according to a preset angle; a phase difference, wherein the metamaterial comprises a plurality of the electrically controllable metamaterial units, the electrically controllable metamaterial unit comprising a varactor diode, wherein the predetermined angle is electromagnetic waves from the metamaterial An angle of the surface reflection, a relationship between the preset angle and the first phase difference; determining a target capacitance of the varactor in each of the electrically controllable metamaterial units according to the first phase difference Adjusting a capacitance of the varactor in each of the electrically controllable metamaterial units to the target capacitance.
  • determining, according to the first phase difference, a target capacitance of the varactor in each of the electrically controllable metamaterial units comprises: acquiring a first curve of a phase change of the metamaterial with a frequency under different capacitances; Obtaining a phase at the first frequency according to the first curve and a first frequency of an electromagnetic wave incident on a surface of the metamaterial a second curve that varies with capacitance; and the target capacitance corresponding to the first phase difference is obtained from the second curve.
  • the metamaterial includes a plurality of substructures including a plurality of row units, each of the row units including a plurality of the electrically controllable metamaterial units, obtained from the second curve
  • the target capacitance corresponding to the first phase difference includes: determining a number of the row units in the sub-structure according to the first phase difference; determining each row unit according to the number of the row units Corresponding phase; obtaining a capacitance associated with a phase corresponding to each row unit from the second curve; taking the acquired capacitance as the target capacitance of the corresponding row unit.
  • determining the number of the row units in the substructure according to the first phase difference comprises: determining the number of the row units by using the following formula: Where N is the number of the row units in each of the substructures, Is the first phase difference.
  • adjusting the capacitance of the varactor in each of the electrically controllable metamaterial units to the target capacitance comprises: searching for a target corresponding to the target capacitance in a preset relationship between capacitance and voltage a voltage; applying the target voltage on the varactor.
  • determining, according to the preset angle, the first phase difference between the electromagnetic waves reflected from the adjacent two electrically controllable metamaterial units in the metamaterial includes: Determining the first phase difference, wherein ⁇ is the preset angle, Is the first phase difference, ⁇ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave, p is the length of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit, and the length and width of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit are equal, two adjacent The distance between the center points of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit is the same as the length.
  • a metamaterial comprising: a substrate material; an array of electrically controllable metamaterial units disposed on the substrate material, including a plurality of electrically controllable super a material unit, wherein the electrically controllable metamaterial unit comprises: a metal microstructure; a varactor diode, the varactor diode being disposed at an opening of the metal microstructure; and a coaxial via disposed at the metal micro Structurally, the metal microstructure is connected to the feed network through the coaxial via for applying a voltage to the varactor.
  • the metal microstructure is a double K-type metal microstructure.
  • the material of the metal microstructure is any one of the following: copper, silver or gold.
  • the base material is a non-magnetic dielectric material having a dielectric constant between 2 and 10 and a magnetic permeability of 1.
  • the electromagnetic waves incident perpendicular to the surface of the metal microstructure are plane waves whose amplitude and phase are equal in perpendicular to the incident direction.
  • the metamaterial includes a plurality of substructures including a plurality of row units, and the number of the row cells in each of the substructures satisfies a relationship with the first phase difference: Where N is the number of the row units in each of the substructures, Is the first phase difference.
  • the length and width of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit are equal, and the distance between the center points of two adjacent electrically controllable metamaterial units is the same as the length.
  • the metamaterial further includes: a ground plate; a foam layer disposed between the ground plate and the base material.
  • the frequency of the electromagnetic wave incident on the surface of the metamaterial is from 0.3 GHz to 300 GHz.
  • the capacitance of the varactor is between 0.06 pF and 3 pF.
  • the reflection loss of electromagnetic waves reflected from the surface of the metamaterial is less than -2 dB.
  • the metamaterial comprises: a substrate material; an array of electrically controllable metamaterial units disposed on the substrate material, comprising a plurality of electrically controllable metamaterial units, wherein the electrically controllable metamaterial unit comprises: metal Microstructure; varactor diode, varactor diode is disposed at the opening of the metal microstructure; coaxial via hole is disposed on the metal microstructure, and the metal microstructure is connected to the feed network through the coaxial via hole for varactor The diode applies a voltage.
  • the first phase difference is determined according to the angle of the reflection direction of the electromagnetic wave (preset angle) obtained, wherein between the preset angle and the first phase difference There is an association relationship, and then determining a target capacitance of the varactor in each electrically controllable metamaterial unit according to the first phase difference, and determining a target voltage to be applied to the varactor according to the target capacitance, after applying the target voltage to the varactor
  • the capacitance of the varactor is the target capacitance
  • the phase difference between the electromagnetic waves reflected from the adjacent two electrically controllable metamaterial units is the first phase difference
  • the angle of the reflection direction of the obtained electromagnetic wave is a preset angle, due to the pre-
  • the angle can be any angle within a wide range, and only a voltage corresponding to the preset angle needs to be applied to the variable diode, so that the direction of reflection of the electromagnetic wave from the surface of the super material can be adjusted in a large continuous range
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a metamaterial according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an electrically controllable metamaterial unit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view of a metamaterial according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method of adjusting a direction of reflection of electromagnetic waves on a surface of a metamaterial according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of a first curve in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a second curve when the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is 14 GHz according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • 7-1 is a first phase difference according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • 7-2 is a first phase difference according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • 7-3 is a first phase difference according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • 7-4 is a first phase difference according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the reflection loss of electromagnetic waves incident on a surface of a metamaterial as a function of frequency when capacitances take different values according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a metamaterial.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a metamaterial, including a substrate material 10 and an electrically controllable metamaterial cell array 20, as shown in FIG.
  • the electrically controllable metamaterial unit array is disposed on the substrate material and includes a plurality of electrically controllable metamaterial units.
  • the electrically controllable metamaterial unit includes a metal microstructure 30, a varactor diode 32, and a coaxial via 34.
  • the material of the metal microstructure is any one of the following: copper, silver or gold.
  • the metal microstructure is a double K-type metal microstructure, that is, the metal microstructure is formed by two “K”-shaped metal sheets arranged axially symmetrically along a horizontal axis, and each “K”-shaped metal piece is formed. It consists of a linear metal piece and a semi-annular metal piece.
  • the substrate material is a non-magnetic dielectric material, the substrate material having a dielectric constant between 2 and 10 and a magnetic permeability of one.
  • Metal microstructure 30 consists of two “K” shaped structures. There is an opening between the two “K”, that is, an opening of the metal microstructure 30, and a varactor is disposed at the opening of the metal microstructure 30.
  • a coaxial via 34 is disposed over the metal microstructure 30, and the metal microstructure 30 is coupled to the feed network via a coaxial via for applying a voltage to the varactor.
  • the capacitance of the varactor is different.
  • the backplane feed network is connected through the coaxial via, and the DAC is used to switch to the CPU programming control, and the voltage is applied to the varactor through the backplane feed network and the metal microstructure.
  • the metal microstructure itself can act as a wire without the need for additional wires, thereby avoiding the additional effects of the wire on the electromagnetic properties of the metamaterial.
  • the first phase difference is determined according to the angle of the reflection direction of the electromagnetic wave (preset angle) obtained, wherein between the preset angle and the first phase difference There is an association.
  • the target capacitance of the varactor in each electrically controllable metamaterial unit is determined according to the first phase difference, and the target voltage to be applied to the varactor is determined according to the target capacitance.
  • Adjusting the capacitance of the varactor can change the electromagnetic properties of the metamaterial so that the electromagnetic waves reflected from the adjacent two electrically controllable metamaterial elements of the metamaterial have a specific phase difference, since the phase difference corresponds to the preset angle Therefore, adjusting the phase difference can change the direction of reflection of electromagnetic waves incident on the surface of the metamaterial.
  • the capacitance of the varactor is the target capacitance
  • the phase difference between the electromagnetic waves reflected from the adjacent two electrically controllable metamaterial units is the first phase difference
  • the reflected direction of the obtained electromagnetic wave is obtained.
  • the angle is a preset angle. Since the preset angle can be any angle within a wide range, it is only necessary to apply a voltage corresponding to the preset angle to the variable diode, so that the electromagnetic wave can be adjusted from the metamaterial in a large continuous range.
  • the direction of the surface reflection solves the technical problem that the super material with metamaterial in the prior art cannot dynamically and dynamically adjust the electromagnetic wave, and achieves the technical effect of dynamically and dynamically adjusting the electromagnetic wave.
  • the electromagnetic wave is incident on the surface of the metamaterial, and the reflection angle is not zero, that is, the super material resists the reflection angle of the electromagnetic wave, and the frequency of the electromagnetic wave does not change.
  • the electromagnetic waves incident perpendicular to the surface of the metal microstructure are plane waves, and the amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic waves are equal in perpendicular to the incident direction.
  • the metamaterial includes a plurality of substructures, and the substructure includes a plurality of row units, and the number of row cells in each substructure satisfies a relationship with the first phase difference: Where N is the number of row units in each substructure. Is the first phase difference. Since the metamaterial includes at least one substructure, N can also be regarded as the minimum of the number of row units in the metamaterial.
  • the metamaterial includes a plurality of identical substructures. Each substructure includes a number of rows, each row comprising a plurality of electrically controllable metamaterial units. When adjusting the capacitance of the varactor, the capacitance of the varactors in the plurality of electrically controllable metamaterial units of each row is equal.
  • each substructure includes 3 row units and the metamaterial has a total of 12 rows
  • the metamaterial includes 4 identical substructures, each substructure comprising 3 rows, each row comprising 12 electrically controllable metamaterial units.
  • the capacitance of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit of the first row, the fourth row, the seventh row, and the tenth row of the metamaterial is equal, both C 1 ; the second row, the fifth row, the eighth row of the metamaterial
  • the capacitance of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit on line 11 is equal, both C 2 ;
  • the capacitance of the electrically controllable metamaterial element of the third row, the sixth row, the ninth row, and the twelfth row of the metamaterial is Equal, both are C 3 .
  • the three capacitors C 1 , C 2 , and C 3 are different.
  • the metamaterial further includes: a ground plate 40 and a foam layer 38.
  • a foam layer is disposed between the ground plate and the substrate material. The role of the foam layer is to reduce reflection losses and slow down phase changes.
  • the length and width of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit are equal, and the distance between the center points of two adjacent electrically controllable metamaterial units is the same as the length.
  • the distance between the center points of two adjacent electrically controllable metamaterial units ranges from 1/2 wavelength to 1 wavelength of the electromagnetic wave incident on the surface of the metamaterial.
  • the frequency of the electromagnetic wave incident on the surface of the metamaterial may be within a certain frequency range, at this time, the frequency of the center position is selected from this frequency range as the center operating frequency, and the center operating frequency is calculated as the frequency of the electromagnetic wave. Unless otherwise specified, the frequencies of the electromagnetic waves incident on the surface of the metamaterial are referred to below as the center operating frequency.
  • the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave when the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is determined, the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave can be determined.
  • the length and width of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit are equal, 10 mm
  • the thickness of the metal microstructure is 0.035 mm
  • the thickness of the base material is 0.3 mm
  • the thickness of the foam layer is 0.5 mm.
  • the thickness of the grounding plate is 0.035 mm.
  • Each of the two "K" shaped structures of the metal microstructure is provided with a coaxial through hole 34.
  • the distance between the center points of two adjacent electrically controllable metamaterial units is also 10 mm.
  • an embodiment of a method of adjusting the direction of reflection of electromagnetic waves on a surface of a metamaterial is provided, it being noted that the steps illustrated in the flowchart of the figures may be in a set of computer executable instructions, such as The execution is performed in a computer system, and although the logical order is shown in the flowcharts, in some cases the steps shown or described may be performed in a different order than the ones described herein.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a method of adjusting the direction of reflection of electromagnetic waves on the surface of a metamaterial.
  • 4 is a flow chart of a method of adjusting a direction of reflection of electromagnetic waves on a surface of a metamaterial according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, the method includes the following steps:
  • Step S402 determining a first phase difference between electromagnetic waves reflected from two adjacent electrically controllable metamaterial units in the metamaterial according to a preset angle, wherein the metamaterial comprises a plurality of electrically controllable metamaterial units, and the electric controllable
  • the metamaterial unit includes a varactor diode, wherein the preset angle is an angle at which the electromagnetic wave is reflected from the surface of the metamaterial, and the preset angle is associated with the first phase difference.
  • Step S404 determining a target capacitance of the varactor in each electrically controllable metamaterial unit according to the first phase difference.
  • Step S406 adjusting the capacitance of the varactor in each electrically controllable metamaterial unit to the target capacitance.
  • the capacitance of the varactor is different.
  • the first phase difference is determined according to the angle of the reflection direction of the electromagnetic wave (preset angle) obtained, wherein between the preset angle and the first phase difference There is an association.
  • the target capacitance of the varactor in each electrically controllable metamaterial unit is determined according to the first phase difference, and the target voltage to be applied to the varactor is determined according to the target capacitance.
  • the capacitance of the varactor is the target capacitance
  • the phase difference between the electromagnetic waves reflected from the adjacent two electrically controllable metamaterial units is the first phase difference
  • the reflected direction of the obtained electromagnetic wave is obtained.
  • the angle is a preset angle. Since the preset angle can be any angle within a wide range, it is only necessary to apply a voltage corresponding to the preset angle to the variable diode, so that the electromagnetic wave can be adjusted from the metamaterial in a large continuous range.
  • the direction of the surface reflection solves the technical problem that the super material cannot dynamically and dynamically adjust the electromagnetic wave in the prior art, and achieves the technical effect of dynamically and dynamically adjusting the electromagnetic wave.
  • determining a target capacitance of the varactor in each electrically controllable metamaterial unit according to the first phase difference comprises: Obtaining a first curve of the phase change of the metamaterial under different capacitances with frequency; obtaining a second curve of the phase change with capacitance at the first frequency according to the first curve and the first frequency of the electromagnetic wave incident on the surface of the metamaterial; A target capacitance corresponding to the first phase difference is obtained in the second curve.
  • the first curve and the second curve are obtained by simulation using electromagnetic simulation software CST.
  • the metamaterial includes a plurality of substructures, the substructure includes a plurality of row units, each row unit includes a plurality of electrically controllable metamaterial units, and the target capacitance corresponding to the first phase difference is obtained from the second curve. Determining, according to the first phase difference, the number of row units in the substructure; determining a phase corresponding to each row unit according to the number of row units; and obtaining a capacitance associated with a phase corresponding to each row unit from the second curve; The obtained capacitance is taken as the target capacitance of the corresponding row unit.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of a first curve in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the horizontal axis represents frequency and the vertical axis represents phase.
  • Figure 5 shows a plot of phase versus frequency as the capacitance takes nine different values, respectively.
  • a second curve corresponding to the frequency can be obtained by fitting.
  • the frequency of 14 GHz is taken as an example for detailed description below. Assuming that the frequency of the electromagnetic wave incident on the surface of the metamaterial is 14 GHz (i.e., the first frequency described above), a straight line is drawn in Fig. 5, which is perpendicular to the horizontal axis of Fig. 5, and the intersection with the horizontal axis is 14 GHz. The line has 9 intersections with the 9 curves in Fig. 5, and the ordinates of the 9 intersections are different, and the abscissa is 14 GHz.
  • the second curve of the phase change with capacitance at the first frequency of 14 GHz can be fitted.
  • 6 is a schematic diagram of a second curve when the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is 14 GHz according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the horizontal axis of the second curve represents capacitance and the vertical axis represents phase.
  • a second curve of phase change with capacitance at any one of the first curves can be obtained. Also, the more the number of curves in the first curve, the smoother the second curve is fitted.
  • determining the number of row units in the substructure according to the first phase difference comprises: determining the number of row units by using the following formula: Where N is the number of row units in each substructure. Is the first phase difference.
  • adjusting the capacitance of the varactor in each electrically controllable metamaterial unit to the target capacitance comprises: finding a target voltage corresponding to the target capacitance in a preset relationship between the capacitance and the voltage; on the varactor Apply the target voltage.
  • the target capacitance corresponding to the first phase difference is obtained from the second curve.
  • the embodiment of the present invention will be described in the following Examples 1 and 2.
  • the phase of the electrically controllable metamaterial element of the first row of the substructure can be -120°, so that the phase of the electrically controllable metamaterial element of the second row of the substructure is 0°, so that the third row of the substructure is electrically controllable Super material
  • the phase of the unit is 120°.
  • the capacitances corresponding to phase -120°, phase 0°, and phase 120° are read out. It is assumed that the capacitance corresponding to phase -120° is C (-120°), and the capacitance corresponding to phase 0° is C (0°). ), the corresponding capacitance of the phase 120° is C (120°), then the three capacitors are the target capacitance, and the capacitance of the varactor diode of the first row of each substructure is adjusted to C (-120°), which will be The capacitance of the varactor diode of the second row of the substructure is adjusted to C (0°), and the capacitance of the varactor diode of the third row of each substructure is adjusted to C (120°).
  • the capacitance of the varactor diodes of the first row, the fourth row, the seventh row, and the tenth row of the metamaterial is adjusted to C (-120°); the second row, the fifth row, and the eighth of the metamaterial are The capacitance of the varactor diode in row and row 11 is adjusted to C (0°); the capacitance of the varactor diode in the third row, the sixth row, the ninth row, and the twelfth row of the metamaterial is adjusted to C (120°). ).
  • the phase difference of each adjacent two rows in the metamaterial is 120°.
  • phase of the third row is 120°
  • phase of the fourth row is -120°
  • the trigonometric function is a periodic function with a period of 360°
  • the phase difference between the fourth line and the third line is -240°
  • it can be considered that the phase difference between the fourth line and the third line is 120. °.
  • phase of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit of the third row has an infinite number of values, for example, the phase of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit of the first row, the second row, and the third row of the substructure is -110°, 10°, 130°; or, the phases of the electrically controllable metamaterial units of the first row, the second row, and the third row of the substructure are -100°, 20°, and 140°, respectively; or, the first of the substructures
  • the phases of the electrically controllable metamaterial units of rows, 2nd, and 3rd rows are -101°, 19°, 139°, etc., respectively, and are all possible.
  • the phase of the electrically controllable metamaterial element of the first row of the substructure can be -150°, so that the phase of the electrically controllable metamaterial element of the second row of the substructure is -60°, so that the third row of the substructure can be electrically
  • the phase of the controlled metamaterial unit is 30°, so that the phase of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit of the fourth row of the substructure is 120°.
  • the capacitances corresponding to the phase -150°, phase -60°, phase 30°, and phase 120° are read out, assuming that the capacitance corresponding to the phase -150° is C (-150°), and the phase is -60°.
  • the capacitance is C (-60°)
  • the capacitance corresponding to phase 30° is C (30°)
  • the capacitance corresponding to phase 120° is C (120°).
  • the four capacitors are the target capacitors, and the capacitance of the varactor diode of the first row of each substructure is adjusted to C (-150°), and the capacitance of the varactor diode of the second row of each substructure is adjusted to C. (-60°), the capacitance of the varactor diode of the third row of each substructure is adjusted to C (30°), and the capacitance of the varactor diode of the fourth row of each substructure is adjusted to C (120°). That is, the capacitance of the varactor diodes of the first row, the fifth row, and the ninth row of the metamaterial is adjusted to C (-150°); the second row, the sixth row, and the tenth row of the metamaterial are transformed.
  • the capacitance of the diode is adjusted to C (-60°); the capacitance of the varactor diodes of the third row, the seventh row, and the eleventh row of the metamaterial is adjusted to C (30°); The capacitance of the varactor diodes of the fourth row, the eighth row, and the twelveth row of the metamaterial is adjusted to C (120°).
  • the phase difference of each adjacent two rows in the metamaterial is 90°.
  • the phase of the fourth row is 120°
  • the phase of the fifth row is -150°
  • the trigonometric function is a periodic function with a period of 360°
  • the phase difference between the fourth line and the third line is -270°
  • the phase difference between the fourth line and the third line is 90. °.
  • phase of the electrically controllable metamaterial element of the first row, the second row, the third row, and the fourth row of the substructure has an infinite number of values, for example, the first row, the second row, and the
  • the phases of the electrically controllable metamaterial units of rows 3 and 4 are -151°, -61°, 29°, and 119°, respectively; or, the first, second, third, and fourth substructures
  • the phases of the electrically controllable metamaterial units of the row are -152°, -62°, 28°, and 118°, respectively; or, the first row, the second row, the third row, and the fourth row of the substructure are electrically controllable
  • the phases of the metamaterial units are -149°, -59°, 31°, and 121°, respectively,
  • determining, according to the preset angle, a first phase difference between electromagnetic waves reflected from adjacent two electrically controllable metamaterial units in the metamaterial includes: Determining a first phase difference, where ⁇ is a preset angle, Is the first phase difference, ⁇ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave, p is the length of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit, and the length and width of the electrically controllable metamaterial element are equal, and the center points of the adjacent two electrically controllable metamaterial units The distance between them is the same as the length.
  • the distance between the center points of two adjacent electrically controllable metamaterial units is the length (or width) of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit.
  • the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is 14 GHz
  • p 10 mm
  • the wavelength ⁇ of the electromagnetic wave can be found to be about 21.43 mm.
  • 7-1 is a first phase difference according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7-2 is a first phase difference according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Each sub-structure includes six row units, and the capacitance values of the varactors in the six row units are respectively adjusted, and the capacitance values of the varactors from the first row to the sixth row are respectively adjusted as follows: C (-150 °), C (-90 °), C (-30 °), C (30 °), C (90 °), C (150 °), these capacitance values can be read from Figure 6. . After adjustment, it can be seen that the reflectance reaches a maximum at a reflection angle of -22.1°.
  • the reflection The rate reaches a maximum at 22.1°, and the positive and negative of the reflected beam deflection are related to the increasing or decreasing phase difference.
  • FIG. 7-3 is a first phase difference according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Each sub-structure includes four row units, and the capacitance values of the varactors in the four row units are respectively adjusted, and the capacitance values of the varactors from the first row to the fourth row are respectively adjusted as follows: C (-150 °), C (-60 °), C (30 °), C (120 °), these capacitance values can be read from Figure 6. After adjustment, it can be seen that the reflectance reaches a maximum at a reflection angle of -32.4°. That is, the reflectance reaches a maximum at a preset angle of 32.4°.
  • FIG. 7-4 is a first phase difference according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the first phase difference Each sub-structure includes three row units, and the capacitance values of the varactors in the three row units are respectively adjusted, and the capacitance values of the varactors from the first row to the third row are respectively adjusted as follows: C (-150 °), C (-30 °), C (90 °), these capacitance values can be read from Figure 6. After adjustment, it can be seen that the reflectance reaches a maximum at a reflection angle of -45.6°. That is, the reflectance reaches a maximum at a preset angle of 45.6°.
  • the first phase difference is calculated according to the preset angle, and the variable volume in each row of the electrically controllable metamaterial unit of the metamaterial is determined according to the first phase difference.
  • the target capacitance of the diode determines the target voltage corresponding to the target capacitance according to the relationship between the capacitance of the varactor and the voltage, and adjusts the voltage of the varactor to the target voltage, so that the electromagnetic wave incident on the surface of the metamaterial will be pre- Set the angle reflection.
  • the preset angle can be any angle in the range of 0 to 90°. Moreover, there is no special requirement for the frequency of the electromagnetic wave.
  • the reflection angle can be adjusted by the method provided by the embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that when the frequency of the electromagnetic wave incident on the surface of the metamaterial changes, the target capacitance changes, and the target capacitance needs to be recalculated. It is also possible to change the frequency of the electromagnetic waves incident on the surface of the metamaterial by changing the parameters of the metal microstructure.
  • the whole device is fixed, and only needs to control the magnitude of the external bias voltage of the varactor, so that a wide range of resonance frequency, phase, and electromagnetic wave reflection angle can be continuously adjusted in multiple frequency bands, and the super-over is realized.
  • the continuous control of the electromagnetic properties of the material broadens the adjustment range of the electromagnetic parameters, and the overall structure is compact, the integration is high, the structure is simple, the size is small, the weight is light, the production is convenient, and the cost is low, which can be applied not only to the field of scanning panel antennas, but also Applied to the field of frequency selective surface and reducing the field of radar cross section, greatly improving the same metamaterial Ability to adapt to different environments.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the reflection loss of electromagnetic waves incident on a surface of a metamaterial as a function of frequency when capacitances take different values according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the frequency at which the reflection loss reaches a maximum is the resonance frequency. It can be seen from Fig. 8 that the reflection loss is within -2 dB, and the smaller the value of the capacitor, the larger the resonance frequency; the larger the value of the capacitor, the smaller the resonance frequency.
  • the capacitance is 3e -13 F (ie 0.3pF)
  • the resonance frequency is around 13.49GHz
  • the capacitance is 6e -14 F (ie 0.06pF)
  • the resonance frequency is around 14.82GHz.
  • the relationship between the resonant frequency and the capacitance is determined by the following formula: Where ⁇ is the resonant frequency, L is the inductance of the varactor, and C is the capacitance of the varactor.
  • the reflection loss of electromagnetic waves reflected from the surface of the metamaterial is less than -2 dB.
  • the frequency of the electromagnetic waves incident on the surface of the metamaterial is from 0.3 GHz to 300 GHz, that is, the metamaterial provided by the embodiment of the present invention is suitable for a large frequency range.
  • the capacitance of the varactor is between 0.06 pF and 3 pF.
  • the periodic boundary condition is designed, and the capacitance value of the varactor diode varies between 0.06 pF and 3 pF, which can bring about a change of the reflection phase of about 360°, the bandwidth is about 1 GHz, and the varactor diode plus the reverse bias
  • the set voltage is 0 to 20V, the reflection loss is less than -2dB, and the reflection loss is small.
  • the metamaterial provided by the embodiments of the present invention has excellent regulation performance on the phase of electromagnetic waves, and provides a new technical approach for the development of modern satellite and radar wireless communication technologies, when the metamaterial provided by the embodiments of the present invention is applied.
  • the electronically controlled scanning antenna based on the electrically controllable metamaterial structure can achieve the technical effects of radiant electromagnetic beam directivity, electronically controllable and beam-sensitive continuous scanning, and is multifunctional for the next generation of space stations, near-ground air platforms and other communication platforms.
  • the smart antenna lays the technical foundation.
  • the disclosed technical contents may be implemented in other manners.
  • the device embodiments described above are only schematic.
  • the division of the unit may be a logical function division.
  • there may be another division manner for example, multiple units or components may be combined or may be Integrate into another system, or some features can be ignored or not executed.
  • the mutual coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be an indirect coupling or communication connection through some interface, unit or module, and may be electrical or otherwise.
  • the unit described as a separate component may or may not be physically separated as a unit display
  • the components may or may not be physical units, that is, may be located in one place, or may be distributed to multiple units. Some or all of the units may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the embodiment.
  • each functional unit in each embodiment of the present invention may be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit may exist physically separately, or two or more units may be integrated into one unit.
  • the above integrated unit can be implemented in the form of hardware or in the form of a software functional unit.
  • the integrated unit if implemented in the form of a software functional unit and sold or used as a standalone product, may be stored in a computer readable storage medium.
  • the technical solution of the present invention which is essential or contributes to the prior art, or all or part of the technical solution, may be embodied in the form of a software product stored in a storage medium.
  • a number of instructions are included to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server or network device, etc.) to perform all or part of the steps of the methods described in various embodiments of the present invention.
  • the foregoing storage medium includes: a U disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a removable hard disk, a magnetic disk, or an optical disk, and the like. .

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Abstract

一种调节电磁波的方法和超材料。其中，该方法包括：根据预设角度确定超材料中从相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的第一相位差（S402）；根据第一相位差确定每个电可控超材料单元中变容二极管的目标电容（S404）；将每个电可控超材料单元中变容二极管的电容调节至目标电容（S406）。解决了现有技术中超材料无法简单快速地动态调节电磁波的技术问题。

Description

调节电磁波的方法和超材料 技术领域
本发明涉及通信领域，具体而言，涉及一种调节电磁波的方法和超材料。
背景技术
目前，大多数用于电磁调控的超材料在制造完成之后，对电磁波的调控都是固定的、不可调节的，例如，某一个用于电磁调控的超材料只能将入射电磁波的方向改变某一个特定的角度，而不能将入射电磁波的方向改变其他的角度，这就限制了用于电磁调控的超材料的应用范围。
近年来，动态可调超材料受到了研究人员的广泛关注，能够通过以下两种方式实现电磁波可调功能。
方式一：通过机械转动能够实现电磁波可调功能，但是存在扫描速度慢、机械金属器件笨重且占用空间尺寸大、机械故障频繁、需要经常维护等缺点。
方式二：通过一些可控元器件如PIN二极管也能控制超材料某些部位的电磁参数，但是随着相位调控状态数的增加，控制电路相当复杂，加工复杂，成本非常高。
针对上述的问题，目前尚未提出有效的解决方案。
发明内容
本发明实施例提供了一种调节电磁波的方法和超材料，以至少解决现有技术中超材料无法简单快速地动态调节电磁波的技术问题。
根据本发明实施例的一个方面，提供了一种调节电磁波的方法，其特征在于，包括：根据预设角度确定超材料中从相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的第一相位差，其中，所述超材料包括多个所述电可控超材料单元，所述电可控超材料单元包括变容二极管，其中，所述预设角度为电磁波从所述超材料的表面反射的角度，所述预设角度与所述第一相位差之间存在关联关系；根据所述第一相位差确定每个所述电可控超材料单元中所述变容二极管的目标电容；将每个所述电可控超材料单元中所述变容二极管的电容调节至所述目标电容。
进一步地，根据所述第一相位差确定每个所述电可控超材料单元中所述变容二极管的目标电容包括：获取不同电容下所述超材料的相位随频率变化的第一曲线；根据所述第一曲线和入射到所述超材料的表面的电磁波的第一频率，获取在所述第一频率下相位 随电容变化的第二曲线；从所述第二曲线中获取与所述第一相位差对应的所述目标电容。
进一步地，所述超材料包括多个子结构，所述子结构包括多个行单元，每个所述行单元中包括多个所述电可控超材料单元，从所述第二曲线中获取与所述第一相位差对应的所述目标电容包括：根据所述第一相位差确定所述子结构中所述行单元的个数；根据所述行单元的个数确定每个所述行单元所对应的相位；从所述第二曲线中获取每个所述行单元所对应的相位所关联的电容；将获取到的电容作为相应的所述行单元的所述目标电容。
进一步地，根据所述第一相位差确定所述子结构中所述行单元的个数包括：采用以下公式确定所述行单元的个数：
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000001
其中，N为每个所述子结构中所述行单元的个数，
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000002
是所述第一相位差。
进一步地，将每个所述电可控超材料单元中所述变容二极管的电容调节至所述目标电容包括：在预设的电容与电压的关联关系中查找与所述目标电容对应的目标电压；在所述变容二极管上施加所述目标电压。
进一步地，根据预设角度确定超材料中从相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的第一相位差包括：根据
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000003
确定所述第一相位差，其中θ是所述预设角度，
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000004
是所述第一相位差，λ是所述电磁波的波长，p是所述电可控超材料单元的长度，且所述电可控超材料单元的长度和宽度相等，相邻两个所述电可控超材料单元的中心点之间的距离与所述长度相同。
根据本发明实施例的另一方面，还提供了一种超材料，其特征在于，包括：基底材料；电可控超材料单元阵列，设置在所述基底材料上，包括多个电可控超材料单元，其中，所述电可控超材料单元包括：金属微结构；变容二极管，所述变容二极管设置在所述金属微结构的开口处；同轴通孔，设置在所述金属微结构上，所述金属微结构通过所述同轴通孔与馈电网络连接，用于向所述变容二极管施加电压。
进一步地，所述金属微结构为双K型金属微结构。
进一步地，所述金属微结构的材料为以下任意一种：铜、银或者金。
进一步地，所述基底材料为非磁性介质材料，所述基底材料的介电常数在2至10之间，磁导率为1。
进一步地，垂直于所述金属微结构的表面入射的电磁波为平面波，所述电磁波的幅值和相位在垂直于入射方向上相等。
进一步地，所述超材料包括多个子结构，所述子结构包括多个行单元，每个所述子结构中所述行单元的个数与第一相位差满足关系式：
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000005
其中，N为每个所述子结构中所述行单元的个数，
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000006
是所述第一相位差。
进一步地，所述电可控超材料单元的长度和宽度相等，相邻两个所述电可控超材料单元的中心点之间的距离与所述长度相同。
进一步地，所述超材料还包括：接地板；泡沫层，设置在所述接地板和所述基底材料之间。
进一步地，入射到所述超材料的表面的电磁波的频率为0.3GHz至300GHz。
进一步地，所述变容二极管的电容在0.06pF至3pF之间。
进一步地，电磁波从所述超材料表面反射的反射损耗小于-2dB。
在本发明实施例中，该超材料包括：基底材料；电可控超材料单元阵列，设置在基底材料上，包括多个电可控超材料单元，其中，电可控超材料单元包括：金属微结构；变容二极管，变容二极管设置在金属微结构的开口处；同轴通孔，设置在金属微结构上，金属微结构通过同轴通孔与馈电网络连接，用于向变容二极管施加电压。
当需要改变入射到超材料的表面的电磁波的反射方向时，根据需要得到的电磁波的反射方向的角度(预设角度)来确定第一相位差，其中，预设角度与第一相位差之间存在关联关系，再根据第一相位差确定每个电可控超材料单元中变容二极管的目标电容，根据目标电容确定需要向变容二极管施加的目标电压，当向变容二极管施加目标电压之后，变容二极管的电容为目标电容，从相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的相位差为第一相位差，得到的电磁波的反射方向的角度为预设角度，由于预设角度可以是大范围内的任意一个角度，只需要向可变二极管施加对应于预设角度的电压，即可在一个大的连续范围内调节电磁波从超材料表面反射的方向，达到了简单快速地动态调节电磁波的技术效果，进而解决了现有技术中超材料无法简单快速地动态调节电磁波的技术问题。
附图说明
此处所说明的附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，构成本发明的一部分，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的不当限定。在附图中：
图1是根据本发明实施例的超材料的示意图；
图2是根据本发明实施例的电可控超材料单元的示意图；
图3是根据本发明实施例的超材料的立体结构示意图；
图4是根据本发明实施例的调节电磁波在超材料表面的反射方向的方法的流程图；
图5是根据本发明实施例的第一曲线的示意图；
图6是根据本发明实施例的电磁波的频率为14GHz时，第二曲线的示意图；
图7-1是根据本发明实施例的当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000007
预设角度θ＝0时，在超材料表面发生反射的电磁波的反射率随反射角变化的曲线；
图7-2是根据本发明实施例的当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000008
预设角度θ＝22.1°时，在超材料表面发生反射的电磁波的反射率随反射角变化的曲线；
图7-3是根据本发明实施例的当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000009
预设角度θ＝32.4°时，在超材料表面发生反射的电磁波的反射率随反射角变化的曲线；
图7-4是根据本发明实施例的当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000010
预设角度θ＝45.6°时，在超材料表面发生反射的电磁波的反射率随反射角变化的曲线；
图8是根据本发明实施例的电容取不同值时，入射到超材料表面的电磁波的反射损耗随频率的变化曲线。
具体实施方式
为了使本技术领域的人员更好地理解本发明方案，下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分的实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都应当属于本发明保护的范围。
需要说明的是，本发明的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图中的术语“第一”、“第二”等是用于区别类似的对象，而不必用于描述特定的顺序或先后次序。应该理解这样使用的数据在适当情况下可以互换，以便这里描述的本发明的实施例能够以除了在这里图示或描述的那些以外的顺序实施。此外，术语“包括”和“具有”以及他们的任何变形，意图在于覆盖不排他的包含，例如，包含了一系列步骤或单元的过程、方法、系统、产品或设备不必限于清楚地列出的那些步骤或单元，而是可包括没有清楚地列出的或对于这些过程、方法、产品或设备固有的其它步骤或单元。
本发明实施例提供了一种超材料。
图1是根据本发明实施例的超材料的示意图，如图1所示，该超材料包括基底材料10和电可控超材料单元阵列20。电可控超材料单元阵列设置在基底材料上，包括多个电可控超材料单元。
图2是根据本发明实施例的电可控超材料单元的示意图，如图2所示，电可控超材料单元包括金属微结构30、变容二极管32和同轴通孔34。可选地，金属微结构的材料为以下任意一种：铜、银或者金。可选地，金属微结构为双K型金属微结构，即该金属微结构是由两个“K”字形的金属片沿水平轴按轴对称排列后形成，每个“K”字形的金属片由一个直线形金属片和一个半圆环金属片组成。可选地，基底材料为非磁性介质材料，基底材料的介电常数在2至10之间，磁导率为1。
金属微结构30由两个“K”型结构组成。两个“K”之间具有开口，该开口即金属微结构30的开口，变容二极管设置在该金属微结构30的开口处。同轴通孔34设置在金属微结构30上，金属微结构30通过同轴通孔与馈电网络连接，用于向变容二极管施加电压。
当向变容二极管施加不同的电压时，变容二极管的电容不同。在本发明实施例中，通过同轴通孔连接背板馈电网络，利用DAC转换至CPU编程控制，通过背板馈电网络以及金属微结构向变容二极管施加电压。当向变容二极管施加直流电压时，金属微结构本身能够作为导线，不需要额外使用导线，从而避免了额外使用导线对超材料的电磁特性产生的影响。
当需要改变入射到超材料的表面的电磁波的反射方向时，根据需要得到的电磁波的反射方向的角度(预设角度)来确定第一相位差，其中，预设角度与第一相位差之间存在关联关系。再根据第一相位差确定每个电可控超材料单元中变容二极管的目标电容，根据目标电容确定需要向变容二极管施加的目标电压。
调节变容二极管的电容，能够改变超材料的电磁特性，从而使得从超材料的相邻的两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波具有特定的相位差，由于相位差与预设角度相对应，因此，调节相位差能够改变入射在超材料的表面的电磁波的反射方向。
当向变容二极管施加目标电压之后，变容二极管的电容为目标电容，从相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的相位差为第一相位差，得到的电磁波的反射方向的角度为预设角度，由于预设角度可以是大范围内的任意一个角度，只需要向可变二极管施加对应于预设角度的电压，即可在一个大的连续范围内调节电磁波从超材料表面反射的方向，解决了现有技术中具有超材料的超材料无法简单快速地动态调节电磁波的技术问题，达到了简单快速地动态调节电磁波的技术效果。
在本发明实施例中，电磁波正入射到超材料的表面，反射角度不为0，即，超材料对电磁波的反射角度进行了调节，电磁波的频率不变。
可选地，垂直于金属微结构的表面入射的电磁波为平面波，电磁波的幅值和相位在垂直于入射方向上相等。
可选地，超材料包括多个子结构，子结构包括多个行单元，每个子结构中行单元的个数与第一相位差满足关系式：
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000011
其中，N为每个子结构中行单元的个数，
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000012
是第一相位差。由于超材料至少包括一个子结构，因此N也可以看做是超材料中行单元的个数的最小值。
超材料包括多个相同的子结构。每个子结构中都包括若干行，每行包括多个电可控超材料单元。在调节变容二极管的电容时，每一行的多个电可控超材料单元中的变容二极管的电容是相等的。
例如，假设超材料包括12×12电可控超材料单元阵列。假设第一位相差是120°，则每个子结构中行单元的个数N＝360°/120°＝3。
由于每个子结构包括3个行单元，超材料一共有12行，所以该超材料包括4个相同的子结构，每个子结构包括3行，每行包括12个电可控超材料单元。超材料的第1行、第4行、第7行、第10行的电可控超材料单元的电容是相等的，均为C1；超材料的第2行、第5行、第8行、第11行的电可控超材料单元的电容是相等的，均为C2；超材料的第3行、第6行、第9行、第12行的电可控超材料单元的电容是相等的，均为C3。其中，C1、C2、C3这三个电容是不同的。
可选地，如图3所示，超材料还包括：接地板40和泡沫层38。泡沫层设置在接地板和基底材料之间。泡沫层的作用是减少反射损耗，减缓相位的变化。
可选地，电可控超材料单元的长度和宽度相等，相邻两个电可控超材料单元的中心点之间的距离与长度相同。一般来说，相邻两个电可控超材料单元的中心点之间的距离的取值范围在入射到超材料表面的电磁波的1/2个波长至1个波长之间。
由于入射到超材料表面的电磁波的频率可能是在一定频率范围内的，此时，从这个频率范围内选择中心位置的频率作为中心工作频率，将中心工作频率作为电磁波的频率进行计算。如无特殊说明，下面在计算时，所提到的入射到超材料表面的电磁波的频率均指中心工作频率。
根据电磁波的波长与频率之间的关系，当确定电磁波的频率时，即可确定出电磁波的波长。
可选地，当频率为14GHz时，电可控超材料单元的长和宽相等，均为10mm，金属微结构的厚度为0.035mm，基底材料的厚度为0.3mm，泡沫层厚度为0.5mm，接地板的厚度为0.035mm。
如图2所示，当频率为14GHz时，电可控超材料单元的长和宽相等，均为10mm，即 p＝10mm。金属微结构30的内环的半径R1＝3mm，金属微结构的外环的半径R2＝4mm。金属微结构的两个“K”型结构上各设置有一个同轴通孔34。金属微结构的两个“K”型结构的开口处设置有变容二极管32，金属微结构的两个“K”型结构的开口的距离g＝1mm。相邻两个电可控超材料单元的中心点之间的距离也是10mm。
根据本发明实施例，提供了一种调节电磁波在超材料表面的反射方向的方法的实施例，需要说明的是，在附图的流程图示出的步骤可以在诸如一组计算机可执行指令的计算机系统中执行，并且，虽然在流程图中示出了逻辑顺序，但是在某些情况下，可以以不同于此处的顺序执行所示出或描述的步骤。
本发明实施例提供了一种调节电磁波在超材料表面的反射方向的方法。图4是根据本发明实施例的调节电磁波在超材料表面的反射方向的方法的流程图，如图4所示，该方法包括以下步骤：
步骤S402，根据预设角度确定超材料中从相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的第一相位差，其中，超材料包括多个电可控超材料单元，电可控超材料单元包括变容二极管，其中，预设角度为电磁波从超材料的表面反射的角度，预设角度与第一相位差之间存在关联关系。
步骤S404，根据第一相位差确定每个电可控超材料单元中变容二极管的目标电容。
步骤S406，将每个电可控超材料单元中变容二极管的电容调节至目标电容。
当向变容二极管施加不同的电压时，变容二极管的电容不同。
当需要改变入射到超材料的表面的电磁波的反射方向时，根据需要得到的电磁波的反射方向的角度(预设角度)来确定第一相位差，其中，预设角度与第一相位差之间存在关联关系。再根据第一相位差确定每个电可控超材料单元中变容二极管的目标电容，根据目标电容确定需要向变容二极管施加的目标电压。
当向变容二极管施加目标电压之后，变容二极管的电容为目标电容，从相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的相位差为第一相位差，得到的电磁波的反射方向的角度为预设角度，由于预设角度可以是大范围内的任意一个角度，只需要向可变二极管施加对应于预设角度的电压，即可在一个大的连续范围内调节电磁波从超材料表面反射的方向，解决了现有技术中超材料无法简单快速地动态调节电磁波的技术问题，达到了简单快速地动态调节电磁波的技术效果。
为了叙述方便，如无特殊说明，本发明实施例中的电磁波均正入射(即入射角＝0)到超材料的表面。应该认识到，对于电磁波斜入射到超材料的表面的情况，本发明实施例也适用。
可选地，根据第一相位差确定每个电可控超材料单元中变容二极管的目标电容包括： 获取不同电容下超材料的相位随频率变化的第一曲线；根据第一曲线和入射到超材料的表面的电磁波的第一频率，获取在第一频率下相位随电容变化的第二曲线；从第二曲线中获取与第一相位差对应的目标电容。第一曲线和第二曲线是利用电磁仿真软件CST仿真得到的。
可选地，超材料包括多个子结构，子结构包括多个行单元，每个行单元中包括多个电可控超材料单元，从第二曲线中获取与第一相位差对应的目标电容包括：根据第一相位差确定子结构中行单元的个数；根据行单元的个数确定每个行单元所对应的相位；从第二曲线中获取每个行单元所对应的相位所关联的电容；将获取到的电容作为相应的行单元的目标电容。
图5是根据本发明实施例的第一曲线的示意图。图5中的横轴表示频率，纵轴表示相位。图5示出了当电容分别取9个不同的值时，相位随频率变化的曲线。
对应于每一个频率，能够通过拟合方式得到对应于该频率的第二曲线。下面以14GHz这个频率为例进行详细说明。假设入射到超材料的表面的电磁波的频率为14GHz(即上述第一频率)，在图5中画一条直线，该直线与图5的横轴垂直，并与横轴的交点是14GHz。该直线与图5中的9条曲线一共有9个交点，并且9个交点的纵坐标不同，横坐标均为14GHz。根据这9个交点的纵坐标和9个交点分别位于的曲线对应的电容的值，即可拟合出在第一频率为14GHz时，相位随电容变化的第二曲线。图6是根据本发明实施例的电磁波的频率为14GHz时，第二曲线的示意图。第二曲线的横轴表示电容，纵轴表示相位。
使用以上方法，可以得到第一曲线中的任意一个频率下相位随电容变化的第二曲线。并且，当第一曲线中的曲线的数量越多时，拟合出的第二曲线就越光滑。
可选地，根据第一相位差确定子结构中行单元的个数包括：采用以下公式确定行单元的个数：
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000013
其中，N为每个子结构中行单元的个数，
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000014
是第一相位差。
可选地，将每个电可控超材料单元中变容二极管的电容调节至目标电容包括：在预设的电容与电压的关联关系中查找与目标电容对应的目标电压；在变容二极管上施加目标电压。
当得到第二曲线之后，从第二曲线中获取与第一相位差对应的目标电容。为了将这个过程描述清楚，本发明实施例以下面的例1和例2来进行说明。
例1，假设超材料是12×12电可控超材料单元阵列，假设第一相位差是120°，也就是说相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的相位差是120°，每个子结构中行单元的个数N＝360°/第一相位差＝3，即一个子结构包括3行。假设入射到超材料的表面的电磁波的频率为14GHz。可以令子结构的第1行的电可控超材料单元的相位是-120°，令子结构的第2行的电可控超材料单元的相位是0°，令子结构的第3行的电可控超材料 单元的相位是120°。
从图6中读出相位-120°、相位0°和相位120°分别对应的电容，假设相位-120°对应的电容是C(-120°)，相位0°对应的电容是C(0°)，相位120°对应的电容是C(120°)，则这三个电容即为目标电容，将每个子结构的第1行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(-120°)，将每个子结构的第2行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(0°)，将每个子结构的第3行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(120°)。即，将超材料的第1行、第4行、第7行、第10行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(-120°)；将超材料的第2行、第5行、第8行、第11行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(0°)；将超材料的第3行、第6行、第9行、第12行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(120°)。这样，超材料中每相邻的两行的相位差是120°。需要注意的是，第3行的相位是120°，第4行的相位是-120°，第4行与第3行的相位差是(-120°)-120°＝-240°。由于三角函数是以360°为周期的周期函数，所以，第4行与第3行之间的相位差是-240°，也可以认为是第4行与第3行之间的相位差是120°。
需要注意的是，以上在从图6中读取电容的过程中，仅仅列出一种电可控超材料单元的相位的取值方式，实际上，子结构的第1行、第2行、第3行的电可控超材料单元的相位有无数种取值方式，例如，令子结构的第1行、第2行、第3行的电可控超材料单元的相位分别是-110°、10°、130°；或者，令子结构的第1行、第2行、第3行的电可控超材料单元的相位分别是-100°、20°、140°；或者，令子结构的第1行、第2行、第3行的电可控超材料单元的相位分别是-101°、19°、139°，等等，都是可以的。
例2，假设超材料是12×12电可控超材料单元阵列，假设第一相位差是90°，也就是说相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的相位差是90°，每个子结构中行单元的个数N＝360°/第一相位差＝4，即一个子结构包括4行。可以令子结构的第1行的电可控超材料单元的相位是-150°，令子结构的第2行的电可控超材料单元的相位是-60°，令子结构的第3行的电可控超材料单元的相位是30°，令子结构的第4行的电可控超材料单元的相位是120°。
从图6中读出相位-150°、相位-60°、相位30°和相位120°分别对应的电容，假设相位-150°对应的电容是C(-150°)，相位-60°对应的电容是C(-60°)，相位30°对应的电容是C(30°)，相位120°对应的电容是C(120°)。
则这4个电容即为目标电容，将每个子结构的第1行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(-150°)，将每个子结构的第2行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(-60°)，将每个子结构的第3行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(30°)，将每个子结构的第4行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(120°)。即，将超材料的第1行、第5行、第9行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(-150°)；将超材料的第2行、第6行、第10行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(-60°)；将超材料的第3行、第7行、第11行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(30°)； 将超材料的第4行、第8行、第12行的变容二极管的电容调节为C(120°)。这样，超材料中每相邻的两行的相位差是90°。需要注意的是，第4行的相位是120°，第5行的相位是-150°，第5行与第4行的相位差是(-150°)-120°＝-270°。由于三角函数是以360°为周期的周期函数，所以，第4行与第3行之间的相位差是-270°，也可以认为是第4行与第3行之间的相位差是90°。
需要注意的是，以上在从图6中读取电容的过程中，仅仅列出一种电可控超材料单元的相位的取值方式，实际上，在从第二曲线中读取电容的过程中，子结构的第1行、第2行、第3行、第4行的电可控超材料单元的相位有无数种取值方式，例如，令子结构的第1行、第2行、第3行、第4行的电可控超材料单元的相位分别是-151°、-61°、29°和119°；或者，令子结构的第1行、第2行、第3行、第4行的电可控超材料单元的相位分别是-152°、-62°、28°和118°；或者，令子结构的第1行、第2行、第3行、第4行的电可控超材料单元的相位分别是-149°、-59°、31°和121°，等等，都是可以的。
可选地，根据预设角度确定超材料中从相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的第一相位差包括：根据
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000015
确定第一相位差，其中θ是预设角度，
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000016
是第一相位差，λ是电磁波的波长，p是电可控超材料单元的长度，且电可控超材料单元的长度和宽度相等，相邻两个电可控超材料单元的中心点之间的距离与长度相同。
当电可控超材料单元的长度和宽度相等时，相邻两个电可控超材料单元的中心点之间的距离即为电可控超材料单元的长度(或者宽度)。例如，假设电磁波的频率为14GHz，p＝10mm。根据波长与频率的关系，能够求得该电磁波的波长λ约为21.43mm。
当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000017
时，根据
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000018
能够计算出θ＝45.6°。
当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000019
时，根据
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000020
能够计算出θ＝32.4°。
图7-1是根据本发明实施例的当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000021
预设角度θ＝0时，在超材料表面发生反射的电磁波的反射率随反射角变化的曲线。这是未对变容二极管施加任何电压时，得到的曲线。可以看出，反射率在反射角＝0时达到最大值。
图7-2是根据本发明实施例的当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000022
预设角度θ＝22.1°时，在超材料表面发生反射的电磁波的反射率随反射角变化的曲线。当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000023
时，每个子结构包括6个行单元，将这6个行单元中的变容二极管的电容值分别进行调整，调整后从第1行至第6行的变容二极管的电容值依次分别为：C(-150°)、C(-90°)、C(-30°)、C(30°)、C(90°)、C(150°)，这些电容值均能够从图6中读取。调整后，可以看出，反射率在反射角为-22.1°达到最大。同理如果电容值依次分别为：C(150°)、C(90°)、C(30°)、C(-30°)、C(-90°)、C(-150°)，则反射率在22.1°达到最大，反射波束偏折的正负与所加相位差递增还是递减相关。
图7-3是根据本发明实施例的当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000024
预设角度θ＝32.4°时，在超材料表面发生反射的电磁波的反射率随反射角变化的曲线。当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000025
时，每个子结构包括4个行单元，将这4个行单元中的变容二极管的电容值分别进行调整，调整后从第1行至第4行的变容二极管的电容值依次分别为：C(-150°)、C(-60°)、C(30°)、C(120°)，这些电容值均能够从图6中读取。调整后，可以看出，反射率在反射角为-32.4°达到最大。即，反射率在预设角度32.4°达到最大。
图7-4是根据本发明实施例的当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000026
预设角度θ＝45.6°时，在超材料表面发生反射的电磁波的反射率随反射角变化的曲线。当第一相位差
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000027
时，每个子结构包括3个行单元，将这3个行单元中的变容二极管的电容值分别进行调整，调整后从第1行至第3行的变容二极管的电容值依次分别为：C(-150°)、C(-30°)、C(90°)，这些电容值均能够从图6中读取。调整后，可以看出，反射率在反射角为-45.6°达到最大。即，反射率在预设角度45.6°达到最大。
当确定了所需要的反射角(即上述预设角度)之后，根据预设角度计算出第一相位差，根据第一相位差确定出超材料的每一行电可控超材料单元中的变容二极管的目标电容，根据变容二极管的电容与电压的关系，确定出对应于目标电容的目标电压，将变容二极管的电压调节为目标电压，这样，入射到超材料表面的电磁波将会以预设角度反射。预设角度可以是0至90°范围内的任意角度。而且，对电磁波的频率无特殊要求，电磁波的频率在0.3GHz至300GHz之间时，均可使用本发明实施例所提供的方法对反射角进行调节。需要注意的是，当入射到超材料表面的电磁波的频率发生改变时，目标电容发生改变，需要重新计算目标电容。也可以通过改变金属微结构的参数以适应入射到超材料表面的电磁波的频率发生改变。
本发明实施例整个装置固定不动，只需控制变容二极管的外加偏置电压的大小，即可实现多个频段内共振频率、相位、电磁波反射角度的大范围连续可调，实现了对超材料电磁性能的连续控制，拓宽了电磁参数的调节范围，并且整体结构紧凑、集成度高、结构简单、尺寸小、重量轻、制作方便、成本低，不仅能够应用于扫描平板天线领域，还能够应用于频率选择表面领域和减小雷达散射截面领域，极大地提升了同一款超材料 适应不同环境的能力。
图8是根据本发明实施例的电容取不同值时，入射到超材料表面的电磁波的反射损耗随频率的变化曲线。使得反射损耗达到最大值的频率为共振频率。从图8中能够看出，反射损耗在-2dB之内，而且，电容取值越小，共振频率越大；电容取值越大，共振频率越小。例如，电容的取值为3e-13F(即0.3pF)时，共振频率在13.49GHz附近；电容的取值为6e-14F(即0.06pF)时，共振频率在14.82GHz附近。
可选地，共振频率与电容的关系由以下公式确定：
Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-000028
其中，ω为共振频率，L为变容二极管的电感，C为变容二极管的电容。
可选地，电磁波从超材料表面反射的反射损耗小于-2dB。
可选地，入射到超材料的表面的电磁波的频率为0.3GHz至300GHz，也就是说，本发明实施例所提供的超材料适用于一个很大的频率范围。
可选地，变容二极管的电容在0.06pF至3pF之间。
在本发明实施例中，设计周期性边界条件，变容二极管的电容值在0.06pF至3pF之间变化，能够带来反射相位约360°的改变，带宽约为1GHz，变容二极管外加反偏置电压在0至20V，反射损耗小于-2dB，反射损耗较小。
本发明实施例所提供的超材料对电磁波的相位具有优良的调控性能，为现代卫星和雷达无线通信技术的发展提供了一条全新的技术途径，当将本发明实施例所提供的超材料应用于基于电可控超材料结构的电控扫描天线时，能够达到辐射电磁波束指向性可电控，波束可灵敏连续扫描的技术效果，为下一代的空间站、近地空中平台等通信平台的多功能智能天线奠定了技术基础。
上述本发明实施例序号仅仅为了描述，不代表实施例的优劣。
在本发明的上述实施例中，对各个实施例的描述都各有侧重，某个实施例中没有详述的部分，可以参见其他实施例的相关描述。
在本发明所提供的几个实施例中，应该理解到，所揭露的技术内容，可通过其它的方式实现。其中，以上所描述的装置实施例仅仅是示意性的，例如所述单元的划分，可以为一种逻辑功能划分，实际实现时可以有另外的划分方式，例如多个单元或组件可以结合或者可以集成到另一个系统，或一些特征可以忽略，或不执行。另一点，所显示或讨论的相互之间的耦合或直接耦合或通信连接可以是通过一些接口，单元或模块的间接耦合或通信连接，可以是电性或其它的形式。
所述作为分离部件说明的单元可以是或者也可以不是物理上分开的，作为单元显示 的部件可以是或者也可以不是物理单元，即可以位于一个地方，或者也可以分布到多个单元上。可以根据实际的需要选择其中的部分或者全部单元来实现本实施例方案的目的。
另外，在本发明各个实施例中的各功能单元可以集成在一个处理单元中，也可以是各个单元单独物理存在，也可以两个或两个以上单元集成在一个单元中。上述集成的单元既可以采用硬件的形式实现，也可以采用软件功能单元的形式实现。
所述集成的单元如果以软件功能单元的形式实现并作为独立的产品销售或使用时，可以存储在一个计算机可读取存储介质中。基于这样的理解，本发明的技术方案本质上或者说对现有技术做出贡献的部分或者该技术方案的全部或部分可以以软件产品的形式体现出来，该计算机软件产品存储在一个存储介质中，包括若干指令用以使得一台计算机设备(可为个人计算机、服务器或者网络设备等)执行本发明各个实施例所述方法的全部或部分步骤。而前述的存储介质包括：U盘、只读存储器(ROM，Read-Only Memory)、随机存取存储器(RAM，Random Access Memory)、移动硬盘、磁碟或者光盘等各种可以存储程序代码的介质。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (17)

  1. 一种调节电磁波的方法，其特征在于，包括：
    根据预设角度确定超材料中从相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的第一相位差，其中，所述超材料包括多个所述电可控超材料单元，所述电可控超材料单元包括变容二极管，其中，所述预设角度为电磁波从所述超材料的表面反射的角度，所述预设角度与所述第一相位差之间存在关联关系；
    根据所述第一相位差确定每个所述电可控超材料单元中所述变容二极管的目标电容；
    将每个所述电可控超材料单元中所述变容二极管的电容调节至所述目标电容。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，根据所述第一相位差确定每个所述电可控超材料单元中所述变容二极管的目标电容包括：
    获取不同电容下所述超材料的相位随频率变化的第一曲线；
    根据所述第一曲线和入射到所述超材料的表面的电磁波的第一频率，获取在所述第一频率下相位随电容变化的第二曲线；
    从所述第二曲线中获取与所述第一相位差对应的所述目标电容。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述超材料包括多个子结构，所述子结构包括多个行单元，每个所述行单元中包括多个所述电可控超材料单元，从所述第二曲线中获取与所述第一相位差对应的所述目标电容包括：
    根据所述第一相位差确定所述子结构中所述行单元的个数；
    根据所述行单元的个数确定每个所述行单元所对应的相位；
    从所述第二曲线中获取每个所述行单元所对应的相位所关联的电容；
    将获取到的电容作为相应的所述行单元的所述目标电容。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，根据所述第一相位差确定所述子结构中所述行单元的个数包括：
    采用以下公式确定所述行单元的个数：
    Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-100001
    其中，N为每个所述子结构中所述行单元的个数，
    Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-100002
    是所述第一相位差。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，将每个所述电可控超材料单元中所述变容二极管的电容调节至所述目标电容包括：
    在预设的电容与电压的关联关系中查找与所述目标电容对应的目标电压；
    在所述变容二极管上施加所述目标电压。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，根据预设角度确定超材料中从相邻两个电可控超材料单元反射的电磁波之间的第一相位差包括：
    根据
    Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-100003
    确定所述第一相位差，其中θ是所述预设角度，
    Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-100004
    是所述第一相位差，λ是所述电磁波的波长，p是所述电可控超材料单元的长度，且所述电可控超材料单元的长度和宽度相等，相邻两个所述电可控超材料单元的中心点之间的距离与所述长度相同。
  7. 一种超材料，其特征在于，包括：
    基底材料；
    电可控超材料单元阵列，设置在所述基底材料上，包括多个电可控超材料单元，其中，所述电可控超材料单元包括：
    金属微结构；
    变容二极管，所述变容二极管设置在所述金属微结构的开口处；
    同轴通孔，设置在所述金属微结构上，所述金属微结构通过所述同轴通孔与馈电网络连接，用于向所述变容二极管施加电压。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的超材料，其特征在于，所述金属微结构为双K型金属微结构。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的超材料，其特征在于，所述金属微结构的材料为以下任意一种：铜、银或者金。
  10. 根据权利要求7所述的超材料，其特征在于，所述基底材料为非磁性介质材料，所述基底材料的介电常数在2至10之间，磁导率为1。
  11. 根据权利要求7所述的超材料，其特征在于，垂直于所述金属微结构的表面入射的电磁波为平面波，所述电磁波的幅值和相位在垂直于入射方向上相等。
  12. 根据权利要求7所述的超材料，其特征在于，所述超材料包括多个子结构，所述子结构包括多个行单元，每个所述子结构中所述行单元的个数与第一相位差满足关系式：
    Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-100005
    其中，N为每个所述子结构中所述行单元的个数，
    Figure PCTCN2017079576-appb-100006
    是所述第一相位差。
  13. 根据权利要求7所述的超材料，其特征在于，所述电可控超材料单元的长度和宽度相等，相邻两个所述电可控超材料单元的中心点之间的距离与所述长度相同。
  14. 根据权利要求7所述的超材料，其特征在于，所述超材料还包括：
    接地板；
    泡沫层，设置在所述接地板和所述基底材料之间。
  15. 根据权利要求7所述的超材料，其特征在于，入射到所述超材料的表面的电磁波的频率为0.3GHz至300GHz。
  16. 根据权利要求7所述的超材料，其特征在于，所述变容二极管的电容在0.06pF至3pF之间。
  17. 根据权利要求7所述的超材料，其特征在于，电磁波从所述超材料表面反射的反射损耗小于-2dB。
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