WO2018235722A1 - 電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物、電気化学素子電極用組成物、電気化学素子用電極、及び電気化学素子 - Google Patents
電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物、電気化学素子電極用組成物、電気化学素子用電極、及び電気化学素子 Download PDFInfo
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a binder composition for an electrochemical element electrode, a composition for an electrochemical element electrode, an electrode for an electrochemical element, and an electrochemical element.
- Electrochemical devices such as lithium ion secondary batteries and electric double layer capacitors are characterized by their small size, light weight, high energy density, and capable of repeated charge and discharge, and are used in a wide range of applications.
- an electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery usually includes a current collector and an electrode mixture layer (positive electrode mixture layer or negative electrode mixture layer) formed on the current collector.
- the electrode mixture layer is formed by, for example, applying a slurry composition containing an electrode active material, a binder composition containing a binder, and the like on a current collector, and drying the applied slurry composition. It is formed.
- a negative electrode material composition for a lithium secondary battery including a binder which is a polyacrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymer having a molecular weight in the range of 100,000 to 5,000,000 has been proposed (for example, Patent Document 1).
- the negative electrode material composition for a lithium secondary battery of Patent Document 1 contains a binder having a relatively high molecular weight as described above, so the adhesive strength is high, and the electrolytic solution resistance of the negative electrode formed using such a composition is improved. I was able to As a result, the lithium secondary battery provided with the negative electrode formed using the negative electrode material composition for lithium secondary batteries described in Patent Document 1 had a high capacity and good life characteristics.
- composition for an electrochemical device electrode is prepared by blending an electrode active material into a binder composition for an electrochemical device electrode
- solid content such as the electrode active material contained in the composition for an electrode is It is required to improve the voltage resistance of the obtained electrode while dispersing well.
- the degree of dispersion of the solid content in the composition is increased, and the flexibility and withstand voltage of the electrode obtained using the composition are obtained. It has not been possible to parallel sex raising with a sufficiently high level.
- the above-mentioned conventional techniques have room for improvement in terms of enhancing the solid content dispersibility by the binder composition for an electrochemical element electrode and enhancing the flexibility and the withstand voltage characteristics of the obtained electrode.
- an object of this invention is to provide the binder composition for electrochemical element electrodes which is excellent in solid content dispersability, which can form the electrode with high flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a composition for an electrochemical device electrode having a high degree of dispersion of solid content, which can form an electrode for an electrochemical device having high flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrode for an electrochemical device having high flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics and an electrochemical device provided with such an electrode.
- the present inventors diligently studied for the purpose of solving the above-mentioned problems. Then, the present inventor mixes a water-soluble polymer containing a nitrile group-containing monomer unit and an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, which has a relatively small weight-average molecular weight, into the binder composition. While being able to improve the solid content dispersibility of the binder composition for electrochemical element electrode (hereinafter, also simply referred to as "binder composition”), the obtained electrode for electrochemical element (hereinafter also simply referred to as "electrode”) It has newly found that it can enhance the flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics of the present invention, and completed the present invention.
- binder composition for electrochemical element electrode
- the present invention aims to solve the above-mentioned problems advantageously, and the binder composition for an electrochemical device electrode of the present invention comprises a water-soluble polymer and a binder composition for an electrochemical device electrode containing water.
- the water-soluble polymer contains a nitrile group-containing monomer unit and an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, and the weight-average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is 1,000 or more. And less than 1,000.
- a binder is obtained by blending a water-soluble polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 or more and 50,000 or less containing a nitrile group-containing monomer unit and an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit. While improving the solid content dispersibility of a composition, the softness
- water-soluble polymer refers to a polymer in which the insoluble content is less than 1.0% by mass when 0.5 g of the polymer is dissolved in 100 g of water at a temperature of 25C.
- the phrase "containing a monomer unit” means that "a polymer derived from the monomer contains a structural unit (repeating unit) derived from the monomer”.
- the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer refers to a weight average molecular weight in terms of polyethylene oxide measured by gel permeation chromatography using a 0.1 M aqueous solution of NaNO 3 as an eluent. .
- the content ratio of the nitrile group-containing monomer unit in the water-soluble polymer is preferably 20% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less.
- the content ratio of the nitrile group-containing monomer unit is within the above range, the solid content dispersibility of the binder composition can be further enhanced, and the flexibility of the obtained electrode can be further enhanced.
- the content ratio of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit in the water-soluble polymer is preferably 20% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less . If the content ratio of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit is within the above range, the solid component dispersibility of the binder composition is further enhanced, and the output characteristics of the electrochemical device can be obtained by using such a binder composition. An electrode that can be enhanced can be formed.
- the nitrile group-containing monomer unit is preferably a (meth) acrylonitrile unit. If the water-soluble polymer contained in the binder composition contains a (meth) acrylonitrile unit, it is possible to prepare a composition for an electrochemical element electrode which is further rich in the dispersibility of the electrode active material.
- “(meth) acrylonitrile” means acrylonitrile and / or methacrylonitrile.
- the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit is an ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid monomer unit.
- the solid content dispersing ability of the binder composition can be further enhanced.
- the binder composition for electrochemical element electrodes of this invention further contains a particulate-form polymer.
- the life characteristics of the obtained electrode can be improved.
- the content ratio of the water-soluble polymer is preferably 1% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the particulate polymer. If the ratio of the particulate polymer to the water-soluble polymer in the binder composition is within the above range, the solid component dispersibility of the binder composition is further improved, and by using such a binder composition, the electrochemistry can be obtained. An electrode can be formed which can further enhance the output characteristics of the device.
- the composition for electrochemical element electrodes of this invention is a binder composition for any of the electrochemical element electrodes mentioned above, and an electrode Characterized in that it contains an active material.
- the composition for an electrochemical device electrode including the electrode active material and any one of the binder compositions described above can form an electrode for an electrochemical device having high flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics, and the degree of dispersion of solid content Is high.
- this invention aims at solving the said subject advantageously, and the electrode for electrochemical element of this invention is formed using a collector and the composition for electrochemical element electrodes mentioned above. And an electrode mixture layer.
- An electrode for an electrochemical element including an electrode mixture layer formed using the above-described composition for an electrochemical element electrode is excellent in flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics.
- Another object of the present invention is to advantageously solve the above-mentioned problems, and an electrochemical device of the present invention comprises the above-mentioned electrode for an electrochemical device.
- the electrochemical element provided with the electrode for electrochemical elements mentioned above is excellent in electrochemical characteristics, such as an output characteristic.
- the binder composition for electrochemical element electrodes which is excellent in solid content dispersibility can be provided which can form the electrode with high flexibility and a withstand voltage characteristic. Further, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a composition for an electrochemical device electrode having a high degree of dispersion of solid content, which can form an electrode for an electrochemical device having high flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics. Further, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide an electrode for an electrochemical device having high flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics, and an electrochemical device provided with such an electrode.
- the binder composition for electrochemical element electrodes of this invention is used as a material at the time of preparing the composition for electrochemical element electrodes.
- the composition for electrochemical element electrodes of this invention is prepared using the binder composition for electrochemical element electrodes of this invention, and an electrode active material.
- the electrode for an electrochemical device of the present invention comprises a current collector and an electrode mixture layer formed using the composition for an electrochemical device electrode of the present invention.
- the electrochemical device of the present invention comprises at least the electrode for an electrochemical device of the present invention.
- the binder composition for an electrochemical element electrode of the present invention is a composition containing a water-soluble polymer and water as a solvent, and optionally further containing other components.
- the binder composition for electrochemical element electrodes of this invention contains a nitrile group containing monomer unit and an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit as a water-soluble polymer, and a weight average molecular weight is 1,000. It is characterized by using the polymer which is more than 50,000 and less than 50,000.
- the composition for electrochemical element electrodes is prepared using the binder composition for electrochemical element electrodes of this invention, the dispersion degree of solid content in the composition for electrochemical element electrodes can be raised.
- an electrode for an electrochemical element having high flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics can be obtained.
- the reason why the above-described effect can be obtained by using the binder composition of the present invention is assumed to be as follows, though it is not clear. That is, the water-soluble polymer contained in the binder composition of the present invention is hydrophilic because it contains an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, and is well dispersed in water and has a molecular weight of 1, 1 Since it is 000 or more and 50,000 or less, the aggregation of the electrode active material can be suppressed by appropriately interposing between the electrode active materials, and as a result, the dispersibility of the electrode active material in the composition for electrochemical element electrode It can be enhanced.
- the flexibility of the obtained electrode can also be improved.
- the water-soluble polymer intervenes between the electrode active materials favorably, when the electrode is formed using the composition for an electrochemical element of the present invention, the electrode active material is excellent in the obtained electrode. To be coated. If the electrode active material is well coated with a water-soluble polymer in the electrode, the electrode active material can be protected from voltage damage when using the electrochemical device. Therefore, it is presumed that the withstand voltage characteristics of the electrode can be enhanced.
- the water-soluble polymer contained in the binder composition for an electrochemical device electrode of the present invention contains a nitrile group-containing monomer unit and an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, and has a weight average molecular weight of 1 It is more than 1,000 and 50,000 or less.
- the water-soluble polymer is dispersed in the binder composition to improve the solid content dispersibility of the binder composition, and the flexibility of the electrode obtained when the binder is used to form an electrode mixture layer and It is a component that acts to enhance the voltage resistance.
- composition of water-soluble polymer The water-soluble polymer is required to contain a nitrile group-containing monomer unit and an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, and can optionally contain other monomer units.
- nitrile group-containing monomers capable of forming nitrile group-containing monomer units include ⁇ , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomers.
- the ⁇ , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer is not particularly limited as long as it is an ⁇ , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated compound having a nitrile group, for example, acrylonitrile; ⁇ -chloroacrylonitrile, Examples thereof include ⁇ -halogeno acrylonitriles such as ⁇ -bromoacrylonitrile; ⁇ -alkyl acrylonitriles such as methacrylonitrile and ⁇ -ethyl acrylonitrile; and the like.
- acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile are preferable as the nitrile group-containing monomer. If the nitrile group-containing monomer unit of the water-soluble polymer is formed using a (meth) acrylonitrile monomer such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile, the electrochemical element is further enhanced in the dispersibility of the electrode active material An electrode composition can be obtained. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content ratio of the nitrile group-containing monomer unit contained in the water-soluble polymer is 20% by mass or more, assuming that the amount of all the monomer units contained in the water-soluble polymer is 100% by mass. Is more preferably 30% by mass or more, preferably 80% by mass or less, and more preferably 70% by mass or less. If the content ratio of the nitrile group-containing monomer unit contained in the water-soluble polymer is equal to or more than the above lower limit value, the flexibility of the obtained electrode can be further improved. Moreover, solid content dispersibility of a binder composition can be further improved by making the content rate of the nitrile group containing monomer unit contained in a water-soluble polymer below into the said upper limit.
- Ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit- Ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers capable of forming ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer units include ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids and ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids.
- Examples of ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid and the like.
- Examples of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids include maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid and the like.
- ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids are preferable, itaconic acid and fumaric acid are more preferable, and itaconic acid is particularly preferable. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content ratio of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit contained in the water-soluble polymer is preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 30% by mass or more, and 80% by mass or less Is preferably 70% by mass or less, and more preferably 60% by mass or less.
- the content ratio of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit in the water-soluble polymer is set to the upper limit value or less, it is possible to suppress the water content of the obtained electrode from becoming excessively high, Electrochemical characteristics such as output characteristics of an electrochemical device provided with electrodes can be enhanced.
- the other monomer unit is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a hydroxyl group-containing monomer unit and a (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit.
- the content of the other monomer unit contained in the water-soluble polymer is preferably less than 10% by mass, more preferably less than 5% by mass, and further preferably less than 1% by mass. Preferably, it is 0% by mass.
- hydroxyl group-containing monomer capable of forming a hydroxyl group-containing monomer unit
- acrylic acid ester monomers capable of forming (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer units, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate
- Acrylic acid alkyl esters such as pentyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, heptyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate; methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, pentyl Such as methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, heptyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate Meth
- the water-soluble polymer can be produced by polymerizing a monomer composition containing the above-mentioned monomer, for example, in an aqueous solvent such as water. Under the present circumstances, the content rate of each monomer in a monomer composition can be determined according to the content rate of each repeating unit (monomer unit) in a water-soluble polymer.
- the polymerization mode is not particularly limited, and any mode such as a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, a bulk polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method can be used.
- any reaction such as ionic polymerization, radical polymerization, living radical polymerization can be used.
- additives such as an emulsifying agent, a dispersing agent, a polymerization initiator, a polymerization auxiliary and the like used for the polymerization may be those generally used.
- the amount of these additives used may also be a commonly used amount.
- the polymerization conditions can be appropriately adjusted according to the polymerization method, the type of polymerization initiator, and the like. From the viewpoint of improving the stability of the binder composition, it is preferable to adjust the pH of the aqueous solution of the water-soluble polymer to be obtained to 7 or more and 13 or less after the above-mentioned polymerization reaction. Adjustment of pH can be performed by known methods, such as adding a pH adjuster.
- the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is required to be 1,000 or more and 50,000 or less. Furthermore, the water-soluble polymer preferably has a weight average molecular weight of 8,000 or more, more preferably 15,000 or more, and preferably 40,000 or less, 30,000 or less. Is more preferred. If the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is equal to or more than the above lower limit value, the solid content dispersibility of the binder composition can be enhanced.
- the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is equal to or less than the above upper limit, when the electrode is formed using the binder composition, the electrode active material is favorably covered with the water-soluble polymer in the electrode. Can. Therefore, the voltage resistance of the electrode can be enhanced.
- the weight-average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is not particularly limited.
- the polymerization time may be adjusted, various additives as described above, in particular, a polymerization aid such as a chain transfer agent, polymerization, It can control by adjusting the compounding quantity of an initiator etc.
- the molecular weight distribution of the water-soluble polymer is preferably 1.0 or more, more preferably 1.1 or more, preferably 5.0 or less, and more preferably 3.0 or less .
- the molecular weight distribution is a value represented by the ratio of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) to the number average molecular weight (Mn). And the value of molecular weight distribution measured weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) about the polymer using gel permeation chromatography, and molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) was computed.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) and the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymer are determined as a standard sample equivalent value by gel permeation chromatography, and then the molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) is calculated and obtained. be able to.
- the molecular weight distribution of the water-soluble polymer is not particularly limited, and, for example, adjusting the polymerization time, various additives as described above, in particular, polymerization assistants such as chain transfer agents, and polymerization initiation It can control by adjusting the compounding quantity of an agent etc.
- the binder composition comprises water as a solvent.
- the binder composition may contain a small amount of a medium other than water, such as an organic solvent, as a solvent.
- the binder composition may optionally comprise a particulate polymer.
- the particulate polymer is a component that can function as a binder in the electrode mixture layer when the electrode mixture layer is formed using the binder composition.
- the particulate polymer is usually insoluble in water, and is dispersed in a dispersion medium such as water.
- the particulate polymer is "water-insoluble" when 0.5 g of the particulate polymer is dissolved in 100 g of water at a temperature of 25 ° C., the insoluble content is 80% by mass or more.
- the composition of the particulate polymer is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately changed according to the type (positive electrode or negative electrode) of the electrode formed using the binder composition.
- the particulate polymer may be a polymer (conjugated diene-based polymer) containing conjugated diene monomer units such as styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR) or (meth) acrylate monomer units.
- SBR styrene-butadiene copolymer
- the polymer (acrylic polymer) which contains is mentioned suitably.
- these particulate polymers may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of multiple types.
- Conjugated diene-based polymer include polymers containing an aromatic vinyl monomer unit and an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit, and optionally containing other monomer units.
- aromatic vinyl monomer capable of forming an aromatic vinyl monomer unit examples include styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, vinyl toluene, divinyl benzene and the like. Among these, from the viewpoint of enhancing the mechanical strength of the obtained electrode, styrene is preferable. Moreover, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining 2 or more types.
- the proportion of the aromatic vinyl monomer unit contained in the particulate polymer is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 60% by mass or more, based on 100% by mass of all monomer units. % By mass or less is preferable and 70% by mass or less is more preferable.
- -Aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit As an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer capable of forming an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit, 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, Examples include 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, substituted linear conjugated pentadienes, substituted and side-chain conjugated hexadienes, and the like. Among these, 1,3-butadiene is preferable. Moreover, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining 2 or more types.
- the content ratio of the aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit in the particulate polymer is preferably 20% by mass or more, and 30% by mass or more, based on 100% by mass of all monomer units. More preferably, it is 50 mass% or less, and more preferably 40 mass% or less.
- the other monomer unit is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit and a hydroxyl group-containing monomer unit.
- an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer which can form an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit the "ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit" which may be contained in a "water-soluble polymer” And the same as the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer capable of forming
- the content ratio of other monomer units that may be contained in the styrene-butadiene copolymer is
- the acrylic polymer contains (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer units, nitrile group-containing monomer units, and ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer units, and optionally other monomers Polymers containing units are mentioned.
- the ratio of the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit contained in the particulate polymer is preferably 35% by mass or more, where the amount of all the monomer units is 100% by mass, and 40% by mass It is more preferable that it is the above, It is further more preferable that it is 45 mass% or more, It is preferable that it is 80 mass% or less, It is more preferable that it is 75 mass% or less.
- nitrile group-containing monomer unit As a nitrile group-containing monomer capable of forming a nitrile group-containing monomer unit, a nitrile group-containing monomer capable of forming a "nitrile group-containing monomer unit" that can be contained in a "water-soluble polymer” The same thing is mentioned.
- the ratio of the nitrile group-containing monomer unit contained in the particulate polymer is preferably 10% by mass or more, and 20% by mass or more, with the amount of all monomer units being 100% by mass. More preferably, it is 50 mass% or less, and more preferably 40 mass% or less.
- the proportion of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit contained in the particulate polymer is preferably 1% by mass or more, with the amount of all monomer units being 100% by mass, and 10% by mass. It is preferable that it is the following and it is more preferable that it is 5 mass% or less.
- the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit, the nitrile group-containing monomer unit, and the monomer unit other than the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit that may be contained in the particulate polymer are not particularly limited. And hydroxyl group-containing monomer units.
- hydroxyl group-containing monomer capable of forming a hydroxyl group-containing monomer unit the same as the hydroxyl group-containing monomer capable of forming a “other monomer unit” which can be contained in the “water-soluble polymer” The thing is mentioned.
- the content ratio of the other monomer units in the particulate polymer is preferably 5% by mass or less based on 100% by mass of all monomer units.
- the particulate polymer can be produced by polymerizing a monomer composition containing the above-described monomer, for example, in an aqueous solvent such as water. Under the present circumstances, the content rate of each monomer in a monomer composition can be determined according to the content rate of each repeating unit (monomer unit) in a particulate-form polymer.
- the polymerization method is not particularly limited, and any method such as a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, a bulk polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method can be used.
- any reaction such as ionic polymerization, radical polymerization, living radical polymerization can be used.
- additives such as an emulsifying agent, a dispersing agent, a polymerization initiator, a polymerization auxiliary and the like used for the polymerization may be those generally used.
- the amount of these additives used may also be a commonly used amount.
- the polymerization conditions can be appropriately adjusted according to the polymerization method, the type of polymerization initiator, and the like.
- the pH of the polymerization environment is 6 at a timing when the monomer conversion ratio is 60% or more and 70% or less.
- the pH of the polymerization environment can be raised by a general method, for example, by adding a pH adjuster such as aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
- the composition of the water-soluble polymer can be controlled by adjusting the monomer concentration at the time of polymerization.
- the weight average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the water-soluble polymer can be controlled by adjusting the amount of the polymerization initiator added.
- the content ratio of the water-soluble polymer in the binder composition is 1.0% by mass or more, assuming that the content of the particulate polymer is 100% by mass.
- the content is 1.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1.7% by mass or more, preferably 20% by mass or less, and more preferably 10% by mass or less. If the content ratio of the water-soluble polymer to the particulate polymer is equal to or more than the above lower limit value, the solid content dispersibility of the binder composition can be enhanced.
- the content ratio of the water-soluble polymer to the particulate polymer is equal to or less than the above upper limit value, it is possible to suppress the water content of the electrode that can be formed using the binder composition from becoming excessively high.
- the electrochemical characteristics such as the output characteristics of the electrochemical device can be enhanced.
- the following three patterns are assumed as various sources of the water-soluble polymer which may be contained in a binder composition.
- (1) In the case of containing only the water-soluble polymer prepared according to the method described above in the item "Preparation method of water-soluble polymer” (2) Water-soluble polymer synthesized as a by-product of particulate polymer (3) In the case of containing a water-soluble polymer synthesized as a by-product of particulate polymer synthesis and a water-soluble polymer prepared according to the method described above (1) to (3) In either case, it is preferable that the content ratio of the water-soluble polymer in the binder composition satisfies the above-mentioned preferable range.
- all the water-soluble polymers contained in the binder composition in any of the above (1) to (3) It is preferable to satisfy
- the binder composition may contain any other component in addition to the components described above.
- the other components are not particularly limited as long as they do not affect the electrochemical reaction in the electrochemical device, and known components can be used. Moreover, these other components may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of multiple types. And as said other components, for example, a thickener, a dispersing agent, a leveling agent, an antioxidant, an antifoamer, a wetting agent, a pH adjuster, and addition of an electrolytic solution having a function of suppressing decomposition of an electrolytic solution Known additives such as agents.
- water-soluble polymers other than the water-soluble polymers described above can be used as the thickener.
- the water soluble polymer preferably has a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more. More specifically, as such a polymer, for example, natural type polymers such as polysaccharide thickener, alginic acid and starch; semi-synthetic type polymers including water soluble cellulose such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); polyvinyl alcohol And synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl acetate.
- carboxymethyl cellulose is preferable from the viewpoint of giving the binder composition good viscosity stability.
- the method for preparing the binder composition of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be prepared, for example, by mixing the components described above by a known method.
- a binder polymer is prepared by mixing a particulate polymer and other components in an aqueous solution of the water-soluble polymer. It may be prepared.
- composition for an electrochemical device electrode of the present invention is a water-based slurry composition containing the above-described binder composition for an electrochemical device electrode and an electrode active material, and optionally further containing other components. That is, the composition for an electrode of the present invention contains an electrode active material, the above-mentioned water-soluble polymer, and water as a dispersion medium, and optionally further contains other components. Since the composition for electrodes of the present invention contains the binder composition of the present invention, the degree of dispersion of solid content is high. And if the composition for electrodes of this invention is used, the electrode with high flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics can be formed. Furthermore, the composition for electrodes of the present invention can be used suitably, when forming the positive electrode for electrochemical devices.
- Electrode active material what is known as an electrode active material of an electrochemical element can be used.
- the electrode active material can be appropriately selected according to the type of electrochemical element.
- the electrochemical device to be manufactured is a lithium ion secondary battery
- a metal oxide capable of reversibly doping and dedoping lithium ions as a positive electrode active material used for a positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery It can be mentioned.
- lithium iron phosphate such as lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, lithium manganate, olivine lithium phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium vanadium phosphate, lithium vanadate, nickel-manganese -Lithium cobaltate (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "NMC"), nickel-lithium cobaltate, nickel-lithium manganate, iron-manganese lithium, iron-manganese-lithium cobaltate, lithium iron silicate, iron silicate- Manganese lithium, vanadium oxide, copper vanadate, niobium oxide, titanium sulfide, molybdenum oxide, molybdenum sulfide and the like can be mentioned.
- NMC nickel-lithium cobaltate
- nickel-lithium manganate iron-manganese lithium
- iron-manganese-lithium cobaltate iron silicate
- iron silicate- Manganese lithium vanadium oxide, copper vanadate, niobium oxide,
- the positive electrode active material illustrated above may be suitably used independently, and multiple types may be mixed and used.
- polymers such as polyacetylene, poly-p-phenylene, polyquinone and the like can be mentioned.
- olivine-type lithium iron phosphate, NMC is used as a positive electrode active material Is preferred.
- the content of the water-soluble polymer in the composition for an electrode is usually 0.01 parts by mass or more, preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more, and usually 1 part by mass or less, preferably 100 parts by mass of the electrode active material. It is 0.8 parts by mass or less.
- the content ratio of the particulate polymer in the composition for an electrode is usually 0.1 parts by mass or more, preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more, and usually 10 parts by mass or less, preferably 100 parts by mass of the electrode active material. It is 8 parts by mass or less.
- the composition for electrodes contains water as a dispersion medium.
- the composition for an electrode may contain a small amount of a medium other than water, such as an organic solvent, as a dispersion medium.
- a medium other than water such as an organic solvent
- water which is a dispersion medium of the composition for electrodes the water contained as a solvent in the binder composition can be used.
- the composition for electrodes may contain arbitrary other components besides the component mentioned above.
- the other components are not particularly limited as long as they do not affect the electrochemical reaction in the electrochemical device, and known components can be used. Moreover, these other components may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of multiple types. Examples of optional other components in the composition for electrodes include the same as various additives which can be blended in the above-described binder composition.
- composition for electrochemical element electrode is not particularly limited, and the above-described binder composition, electrode active material, and optional components used as needed (water added as a dispersion medium, as described above) It can be obtained by mixing with other components.
- the mixing method and mixing order of the components described above are not particularly limited, but in order to disperse each component efficiently, it is preferable to perform mixing using a disperser as a mixing device.
- the dispersing machine is preferably an apparatus capable of uniformly dispersing and mixing the above components.
- a dispersing machine a ball mill, a sand mill, a pigment dispersing machine, a grinder, an ultrasonic dispersing machine, a homogenizer, a planetary mixer and the like can be mentioned.
- the electrode for an electrochemical device of the present invention includes a current collector and an electrode mixture layer formed using the above-described composition for an electrochemical device electrode.
- the electrode mixture layer can be formed, for example, by applying the above-described composition for an electrode to the surface of a suitable current collector to form a coating, and then drying the formed coating. That is, the electrode for an electrochemical device according to the present invention comprises a current collector and a dried product of the above-mentioned composition for an electrochemical device electrode, contains an electrode active material and a water-soluble polymer, and optionally contains particulate weight And an electrode mixture layer containing the combination and the additive.
- the electrode for electrochemical elements of this invention is formed using the composition for electrochemical element electrodes mentioned above, it is excellent in a softness
- the current collector contained in the electrode for an electrochemical device of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected depending on the type of the electrochemical device.
- a material having electrical conductivity and electrochemical durability is used as the current collector.
- a current collector made of a metal material such as iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, gold, platinum or the like can be used as the current collector.
- the said material may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the electrode mixture layer is formed, for example, through a step of applying an electrode composition (coating step) and a step of drying the applied electrode composition (drying step).
- the coating method in the coating step is not particularly limited, and any known method can be used. Specifically, as a coating method, a doctor blade method, a dip method, a reverse roll method, a direct roll method, a gravure method, an extrusion method, a brushing method, or the like can be used. At this time, the electrode composition may be applied to only one side of the current collector, or may be applied to both sides. In addition, the thickness of the electrode composition film on the current collector before coating and before drying may be appropriately set according to the thickness of the electrode mixture layer obtained by drying.
- the method for drying the composition for an electrode applied on the current collector in the drying step is not particularly limited, and any known method can be used. For example, a drying method using warm air, hot air, low humidity air, vacuum A drying method, a drying method by irradiation with infrared rays, electron beams and the like can be mentioned.
- a drying method using warm air, hot air, low humidity air, vacuum A drying method, a drying method by irradiation with infrared rays, electron beams and the like can be mentioned.
- the electrode mixture layer is formed on the current collector to obtain an electrode having the current collector and the electrode mixture layer. It can.
- the electrode mixture layer may be subjected to pressure treatment using a die press or a roll press after the drying step. The pressure treatment can improve the adhesion between the electrode mixture layer and the current collector.
- the electrochemical device of the present invention comprises the above-mentioned electrode for an electrochemical device of the present invention. More specifically, as the electrochemical device of the present invention, a lithium ion secondary battery using such an electrode, a lithium ion capacitor and the like can be mentioned. Among them, the electrochemical device of the present invention is preferably a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode or a negative electrode which is an electrode for an electrochemical device obtained as described above, a separator, and an electrolytic solution.
- the lithium ion secondary battery as the electrochemical device of the present invention generally comprises an electrode (positive electrode and negative electrode), an electrolytic solution, and a separator, and uses the electrode of the present invention for at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. .
- Electrode other than the electrode for an electrochemical device described above which can be used for a lithium ion secondary battery as an electrochemical device of the present invention known electrodes can be used without particular limitation.
- an electrode other than the electrode for an electrochemical element described above an electrode formed by forming an electrode mixture layer on a current collector using a known manufacturing method can be used.
- an organic electrolytic solution in which a supporting electrolyte is dissolved in an organic solvent is usually used.
- a supporting electrolyte of a lithium ion secondary battery for example, a lithium salt is used.
- lithium salts include LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiClO 4 , CF 3 SO 3 Li, C 4 F 9 SO 3 Li, CF 3 COOLi, (CF 3 CO) 2 NLi , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) NLi, and the like.
- LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , and CF 3 SO 3 Li are preferable, and LiPF 6 is particularly preferable because they are easily dissolved in a solvent and exhibit a high degree of dissociation.
- an electrolyte may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the organic solvent used for the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the supporting electrolyte, and examples thereof include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC), Carbonates such as butylene carbonate (BC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC); esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and methyl formate; ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran; sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfolane and dimethyl sulfoxide Etc. are preferably used. Also, a mixture of these solvents may be used. Among them, carbonates are preferably used because they have a high dielectric constant and a wide stable potential region. The concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolyte can be adjusted as appropriate. Also, known additives can be added to the electrolytic solution.
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC die
- the separator is not particularly limited and, for example, those described in JP-A-2012-204303 can be used. Among these, it is possible to reduce the film thickness of the entire separator, thereby increasing the ratio of the electrode active material in the lithium ion secondary battery to increase the capacity per volume, and it is possible to use polyolefin.
- a microporous membrane made of a resin of a system (polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyvinyl chloride) is preferred.
- the lithium ion secondary battery which is a type of the electrochemical device of the present invention, is, for example, laminating a positive electrode and a negative electrode through a separator, winding it according to the battery shape as required, and folding it. It can be manufactured by putting in a battery container, injecting an electrolyte solution into the battery container and sealing it. In order to prevent the pressure rise inside the secondary battery, the occurrence of overcharge and the like, a fuse, an over current prevention element such as a PTC element, an expand metal, a lead plate, etc. may be provided if necessary.
- the shape of the secondary battery may be, for example, any of coin shape, button shape, sheet shape, cylindrical shape, square shape, flat shape, and the like.
- the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer, the solid content dispersibility of the binder composition, the voltage resistance of the electrode, the flexibility of the electrode, and the output characteristics of the electrochemical device were measured by the following methods. And rated.
- Example 12 The aqueous dispersion of the particulate polymer obtained in Example 12 is filtered to remove solid content, and the obtained filtrate is subjected to the above (1) and The sample was diluted to 0.3% by mass with the same eluent to obtain a measurement sample.
- the obtained measurement sample was analyzed in the same manner as in (1) above to determine the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer.
- ⁇ Dispersion ability of solid content of binder composition The dispersibility of the positive electrode slurry composition prepared in Examples and Comparative Examples was measured using a grind gauge (groove depth: 0 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m) in accordance with JIS K 5600-2-5. Then, the dispersibility was evaluated according to the following criteria. The smaller the particle diameter measured according to the above, the higher the degree of dispersion of the positive electrode slurry composition, indicating that the binder composition contained in the positive electrode slurry composition is excellent in solid content dispersibility.
- the electrode surfaces produced in the examples and comparative examples were observed using a scanning electron microscope (S-3400N manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.) to evaluate the coverage of the active material. The observation conditions were that the magnification was 2000 ⁇ , the acceleration voltage was 15 kV, and image observation of a 100 ⁇ m ⁇ 100 ⁇ m square was performed. Furthermore, elemental mapping of nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms was carried out using an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (Quantax manufactured by Bruker) attached to the same scanning electron microscope to prepare respective mapping images.
- This operation was performed five times by randomly selecting five places on the electrode.
- ten positive electrode active material particles were selected at random, in which the long side and the short side are 10 ⁇ m or more, and the surface of the positive electrode active material particle can be observed 90% or more without overlapping with other particles.
- the area of the portion where the presence of the nitrogen element was confirmed was determined to be the surface of the active material coated with the water-soluble polymer. The higher the coating ratio, the better the voltage resistance.
- Flexibility of electrode> The flexibility of the electrode was evaluated by the presence or absence of cracks and cracks in the positive electrode raw fabric before the roll press manufactured in Examples and Comparative Examples. The less the cracks and cracks are observed, the better the flexibility of the positive electrode. A: It can not be seen even if magnified 10 times. B: It can be visually recognized if it is magnified twice.
- Example 1 Preparation of Water-Soluble Polymer>
- 100 parts of ion-exchanged water 6.6 parts of acrylonitrile as a nitrile group-containing monomer, 4.4 parts of itaconic acid as an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, and ammonium persulfate as a polymerization initiator
- the mixture was added with 0.6 part, heated to 70 ° C., and stirred at a temperature of 70 ° C. for 300 minutes (5 hours). The reaction was terminated by cooling when the monomer conversion reached 90% or more.
- LiFePO 4 lithium olivine-type iron phosphate
- carbon black as a conductive material in a disper equipped planetary mixer Acetylene black (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., trade name “Denka black HS-100”, volume average particle diameter: 35 ⁇ m) 4.0 parts, carboxymethylcellulose as a thickener (trade name “Dacel Co., Ltd.
- Daicel 2200 ′ ′, degree of etherification: 0.8 to 1.0 was added in an amount of 1.0 part in terms of solids and an appropriate amount of water, and mixed at a temperature of 25 ° C. for 60 minutes. Furthermore, after mixing the obtained mixed solution with a homomixer for 30 minutes, the aqueous dispersion of a styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR) as a particulate polymer is converted into 4.0 parts in terms of solid content, as described above
- SBR styrene-butadiene copolymer
- the water-soluble polymer thus prepared was adjusted to a solid content concentration of 58% by adding 0.08 parts in terms of solid content and an appropriate amount of water, and then mixing for 20 minutes to obtain a dispersion.
- the obtained dispersion liquid was subjected to degassing treatment under reduced pressure to obtain a slurry composition for a lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode, which is a composition for an electrochemical device electrode of the present invention. And the dispersibility was measured and evaluated about the obtained slurry composition for positive electrodes.
- a slurry composition for a lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode obtained above was applied on an aluminum foil (thickness: 20 ⁇ m) as a current collector using a comma coater, and the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer after drying was 70 ⁇ m. It applied so that it might become a grade.
- the aluminum foil to which the slurry composition for lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode is applied is conveyed in the oven for 2 minutes at a temperature of 60 ° C. and a speed of 0.5 m / min. Then, the inside of the oven was conveyed for 2 minutes and heat treatment was performed to obtain a positive electrode original sheet before the roll press.
- the electrode flexibility of the obtained positive electrode material sheet was evaluated according to the above method. The results are shown in Table 1. Subsequently, the obtained positive electrode material sheet was rolled by a roll press to prepare a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery in which the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer was 60 ⁇ m.
- the obtained slurry composition for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode is dried on a copper foil (thickness: 20 ⁇ m) as a current collector, and the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer after drying is 60 ⁇ m. It applied so that it might become a grade. Further, the copper foil coated with the slurry composition for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode is conveyed in the oven for 2 minutes at a temperature of 60 ° C. and a speed of 0.5 m / min, and further at a temperature of 120 ° C. By carrying out heat processing in the oven over 2 minutes, the negative electrode original fabric before roll press was obtained.
- the obtained negative electrode original fabric was rolled by roll press, and the thickness of the negative electrode compound material layer produced the negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries with 30 micrometers.
- the positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery obtained as described above was cut out (width: 50 mm, length: 392 mm).
- a single-layer polypropylene separator width: 65 mm, length: 500 mm, thickness: 25 ⁇ m, porosity: 55%) manufactured by a dry method is disposed on the surface of the positive electrode on the positive electrode mixture layer side. did.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery obtained as described above was cut out (width: 52 mm, length: 400 mm) on the arranged separator, and arranged so that the surface on the negative electrode mixture layer side faces the separator.
- the obtained laminate was wound by a winding machine to obtain a wound body.
- the obtained wound body was wrapped in an aluminum wrapping material.
- Example 2 In preparation of the water-soluble polymer, the blending amount of the polymerization initiator was 1.2 parts, and the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer was as shown in Table 1. A lithium ion secondary battery and the like were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this water-soluble polymer was used, and various measurements and evaluations were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 In preparation of the water-soluble polymer, the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer was as shown in Table 1 with the blending amount of the polymerization initiator being 0.2 parts. A lithium ion secondary battery and the like were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this water-soluble polymer was used, and various measurements and evaluations were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 In preparation of the water-soluble polymer, the blending amounts of acrylonitrile and itaconic acid were changed as shown in Table 1. Furthermore, in the preparation of the water-soluble polymer, the reaction time was changed to 3 hours. A lithium ion secondary battery and the like were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer thus prepared was used, and various measurements and evaluations were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 5 In preparation of the water-soluble polymer, the blending amounts of acrylonitrile and itaconic acid were changed as shown in Table 1. Furthermore, in the preparation of the water-soluble polymer, the reaction time was changed to 8 hours. A lithium ion secondary battery and the like were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer thus prepared was used, and various measurements and evaluations were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 6 A water-soluble polymer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that acrylonitrile was replaced with methacrylonitrile (Example 6) and itaconic acid was replaced with fumaric acid (Example 7). Then, in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer was used, a lithium ion secondary battery and the like were manufactured, and various measurements and evaluations were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 8 While preparing the slurry composition for lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode, the lithium ion secondary battery etc. are manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compounding amount of the water soluble polymer is changed as shown in Table 1. And various measurements and evaluations. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 10 As the particulate polymer, in place of the SBR used in Example 1, a particulate polymer which is an acrylic polymer (ACR1) prepared as follows was used. Further, at the time of preparation of a slurry composition for a lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode, which is a composition for an electrochemical element electrode of the present invention, such a particulate polymer and a water soluble polymer prepared in the same manner as Example 1 are added. In addition, when the blending amount of the particulate polymer is 100% by mass, the water-soluble weight of the amount adjusted such that the blending amount of all the water-soluble polymers contained in the slurry composition is 2% by mass Coalescence was added.
- ACR1 acrylic polymer
- a lithium ion secondary battery and the like were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except for these points, and various measurements and evaluations were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- ⁇ Preparation of Particulate Polymer (ACR1)> Add 83.7 parts of ion-exchanged water, 0.2 parts of sodium dodecyl diphenyl ether sulfonate as an emulsifier, and 1.0 parts of ammonium persulfate as a polymerization initiator to polymerization can A, and heat to 70 ° C. Stirred for 30 minutes under ° C.
- the obtained emulsion was sequentially added from polymerizer B to polymerizer A over about 200 minutes, then stirred for about 180 minutes, and cooled when the unit conversion reached 97% or more to complete the reaction. Thereafter, the pH was adjusted to 7.0 with a 4% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and unreacted monomers were removed by heating under reduced pressure.
- Example 11 As the particulate polymer, in place of the SBR used in Example 1, a particulate polymer which is an acrylic polymer (ACR2) prepared as follows was used. Further, at the time of preparation of a slurry composition for a lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode, which is a composition for an electrochemical element electrode of the present invention, such a particulate polymer and a water soluble polymer prepared in the same manner as Example 1 are added. In addition, when the blending amount of the particulate polymer is 100% by mass, the water-soluble weight of the amount adjusted such that the blending amount of all the water-soluble polymers contained in the slurry composition is 2% by mass Coalescence was added.
- ACR2 acrylic polymer
- a lithium ion secondary battery and the like were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except for these points, and various measurements and evaluations were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- ⁇ Preparation of Particulate Polymer (ACR2)> Add 83.7 parts of ion-exchanged water, 0.2 parts of sodium dodecyl diphenyl ether sulfonate as an emulsifier, and 1.0 parts of ammonium persulfate as a polymerization initiator to polymerization can A, and heat to 70 ° C. Stirred for 30 minutes under ° C.
- the obtained emulsion was sequentially added from polymerizer B to polymerizer A over about 200 minutes, then stirred for about 180 minutes, and cooled when the unit conversion reached 97% or more to complete the reaction. Thereafter, the pH was adjusted to 7.0 with a 4% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and unreacted monomers were removed by heating under reduced pressure.
- Example 12 The same acrylic polymer (ACR2) as in Example 11 was used as the particulate polymer. Moreover, the water-soluble polymer was not separately added at the time of preparation of the slurry composition for lithium ion secondary battery positive electrodes which is a composition for electrochemical element electrodes of this invention. That is, in this example, a slurry composition for a positive electrode containing a water-soluble polymer produced as a by-product during preparation of the acrylic polymer (ACR2) was prepared. A lithium ion secondary battery and the like were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except for this point, and various measurements and evaluations were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 13 A lithium ion secondary battery or the like is manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that nickel-manganese-lithium cobaltate (NMC) (manufactured by Yumicore) is used as a positive electrode active material in preparing a slurry composition for a positive electrode.
- NMC nickel-manganese-lithium cobaltate
- various measurements and evaluations were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 In preparation of the water-soluble polymer, the compounding amount of the polymerization initiator was 1.8 parts, and the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer was as shown in Table 1. A lithium ion secondary battery and the like were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this water-soluble polymer was used, and various measurements and evaluations were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- ST is styrene unit
- BD is a 1,3-butadiene unit
- IA is itaconic acid unit
- HOA is a 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate unit
- 2-EHA is 2-ethylhexyl acrylate unit
- AN is an acrylonitrile unit
- LFP is an olivine-type lithium iron phosphate
- CB is carbon black
- CMC is carboxymethylcellulose
- SBR is a styrene-butadiene copolymer
- FA is a fumaric acid unit
- ACR is an acrylic polymer
- NMC nickel-manganese-lithium cobaltate
- Comparative Example 1 in which the molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is less than 1,000, the binder composition can not be provided with a sufficiently high solid content dispersibility, and the output characteristics of the resulting electrochemical device are It turns out that it could not be raised enough.
- Comparative Example 2 in which the molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is more than 50,000 it can be seen that the voltage resistance and the flexibility of the electrode formed using the binder composition could not be sufficiently improved.
- the binder composition for electrochemical element electrodes which is excellent in solid content dispersibility can be provided which can form the electrode with high flexibility and a withstand voltage characteristic. Further, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a composition for an electrochemical device electrode having a high degree of dispersion of solid content, which can form an electrode for an electrochemical device having high flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics. And according to the present invention, it is possible to provide an electrode for an electrochemical device having high flexibility and withstand voltage characteristics, and an electrochemical device provided with such an electrode.
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Abstract
Description
具体的には、分子量が100,000~5,000,000の範囲内のポリアクリロニトリル‐アクリル酸共重合体であるバインダーを含むリチウム二次電池用負極材料組成物が提案されてきた(例えば、特許文献1参照)。特許文献1のリチウム二次電池用負極材料組成物は、上述のような比較的高分子量のバインダーを含むため、接着力が高く、かかる組成物を用いて形成した負極の耐電解液性を向上させることができた。その結果、特許文献1に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極材料組成物を用いて形成した負極を備えるリチウム二次電池は容量が高く、且つ寿命特性が良好であった。
しかし、特許文献1にて提案されている比較的高分子量のバインダーを含む組成物では、組成物における固形分の分散度を高めることと、組成物を用いて得られる電極の柔軟性及び耐電圧性を高めることとを、十分に高いレベルで並立することができなかった。
また、本発明は、柔軟性及び耐電圧特性の高い電気化学素子用電極を形成可能な、固形分の分散度の高い電気化学素子電極用組成物を提供することを目的とする。
また、本発明は、柔軟性及び耐電圧特性の高い電気化学素子用電極及びかかる電極を備える電気化学素子を提供することを目的とする。
なお、本発明において、「水溶性重合体」とは、温度25℃において重合体0.5gを100gの水に溶解した際に、不溶分が1.0質量%未満となる重合体を指す。また、本発明において、重合体が「単量体単位を含む」とは、「その単量体を用いて得た重合体中に単量体由来の構造単位(繰り返し単位)が含まれている」ことを意味する。さらにまた、本発明において、「水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量」とは、溶離液として0.1MのNaNO3水溶液を用いたゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定した、ポリエチレンオキシド換算の重量平均分子量を指す。
なお、本発明において、「(メタ)アクリロニトリル」とは、アクリロニトリルおよび/またはメタクリロニトリルを意味する。
また、この発明は、上記課題を有利に解決することを目的とするものであり、本発明の電気化学素子は、上述した電気化学素子用電極を備えることを特徴とする。上述した電気化学素子用電極を備える電気化学素子は、出力特性などの電気化学的特性に優れる。
また、本発明によれば、柔軟性及び耐電圧特性の高い電気化学素子用電極を形成可能な、固形分の分散度が高い電気化学素子電極用組成物を提供することができる。
また、本発明によれば、柔軟性及び耐電圧特性の高い電気化学素子用電極、及びかかる電極を備える電気化学素子を提供することができる。
ここで、本発明の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物は、電気化学素子電極用組成物を調製する際の材料として用いられる。そして、本発明の電気化学素子電極用組成物は、本発明の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物と、電極活物質とを用いて調製される。また、本発明の電気化学素子用電極は、集電体と、本発明の電気化学素子電極用組成物を用いて形成した電極合材層とを備える。そして、本発明の電気化学素子は、少なくとも本発明の電気化学素子用電極を備えるものである。
本発明の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物は、水溶性重合体と、溶媒としての水とを含み、任意にその他の成分を更に含有する組成物である。そして、本発明の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物は、水溶性重合体として、ニトリル基含有単量体単位及びエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を含有し、重量平均分子量が1,000以上50,000以下である重合体を使用することを特徴とする。
そして、本発明の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物を用いて電気化学素子電極用組成物を調製すれば、電気化学素子電極用組成物における固形分の分散度を高めることができる。また、本発明の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物を含む電気化学素子電極用組成物を用いることで、柔軟性及び耐電圧特性の高い電気化学素子用電極が得られる。
即ち、本発明のバインダー組成物に含まれる水溶性重合体は、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を含むために親水性を有し、水中にて良好に分散するとともに、分子量が1,000以上50,000以下であるため、電極活物質間に良好に介在して電極活物質の凝集を抑制することができ、結果的に電気化学素子電極用組成物における電極活物質の分散性を高めることができる。さらに、水溶性重合体が、分子量が50,000以下であると共に、ニトリル基含有単量体単位を含むことで、得られる電極の柔軟性も向上させうる。
また、水溶性重合体が電極活物質間に良好に介在することで、本発明の電気化学素子電極用組成物を用いて電極を形成した場合に、得られた電極中において電極活物質が良好に被覆される。電極中において電極活物質が水溶性重合体によって良好に被覆されていれば、電気化学素子の使用に際して、電極活物質を電圧によるダメージから保護することができる。このため、電極の耐電圧特性を高めることができると推察される。
本発明の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物に含まれる水溶性重合体は、ニトリル基含有単量体単位及びエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を含有し、且つ、重量平均分子量が、1,000以上50,000以下である。水溶性重合体は、バインダー組成物中にて分散し、バインダー組成物の固形分分散能を向上させるとともに、かかるバインダーを用いて電極合材層を形成した場合に、得られる電極の柔軟性及び耐電圧性を高めるように作用する成分である。
水溶性重合体は、ニトリル基含有単量体単位及びエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を含むことを必要とし、任意で、他の単量体単位を含むことができる。
ニトリル基含有単量体単位を形成し得るニトリル基含有単量体としては、α,β-エチレン性不飽和ニトリル単量体が挙げられる。具体的には、α,β-エチレン性不飽和ニトリル単量体としては、ニトリル基を有するα,β-エチレン性不飽和化合物であれば特に限定されないが、例えば、アクリロニトリル;α-クロロアクリロニトリル、α-ブロモアクリロニトリルなどのα-ハロゲノアクリロニトリル;メタクリロニトリル、α-エチルアクリロニトリルなどのα-アルキルアクリロニトリル;などが挙げられる。これらの中でも、ニトリル基含有単量体としては、アクリロニトリルおよびメタクリロニトリルが好ましい。水溶性重合体のニトリル基含有単量体単位が、アクリロニトリルおよびメタクリロニトリルのような(メタ)アクリロニトリル単量体を用いて形成されていれば、一層電極活物質の分散性に富む電気化学素子電極用組成物を得ることができる。
これらは、単独で、または、2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を形成し得るエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体としては、エチレン性不飽和モノカルボン酸及びエチレン性不飽和ジカルボン酸が挙げられる。エチレン性不飽和モノカルボン酸の例としては、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、クロトン酸などが挙げられる。エチレン性不飽和ジカルボン酸の例としては、マレイン酸、フマル酸、イタコン酸などが挙げられる。これらの中でも、バインダー組成物の固形分分散能を高める観点から、エチレン性不飽和ジカルボン酸が好ましく、イタコン酸及びフマル酸がより好ましく、イタコン酸が特に好ましい。これらは、単独で、または、2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
他の単量体単位としては、特に限定されることなく、例えば、ヒドロキシル基含有単量体単位、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位などが挙げられる。
水溶性重合体は、上述した単量体を含む単量体組成物を、例えば水などの水系溶媒中で重合することにより、製造し得る。この際、単量体組成物中の各単量体の含有割合は、水溶性重合体中の各繰り返し単位(単量体単位)の含有割合に準じて定めることができる。
そして、重合様式としては、特に制限なく、溶液重合法、懸濁重合法、塊状重合法、乳化重合法などのいずれの様式も用いることができる。また、重合反応としては、イオン重合、ラジカル重合、リビングラジカル重合などいずれの反応も用いることができる。
また、重合に使用される乳化剤、分散剤、重合開始剤、重合助剤などの添加剤は、一般に用いられるものを使用しうる。これらの添加剤の使用量も、一般に使用される量としうる。重合条件は、重合方法および重合開始剤の種類などに応じて適宜調整しうる。
なお、バインダー組成物の安定性を向上させる観点からは、上述した重合反応の後、得られる水溶性重合体の水溶液のpHを、7以上13以下に調整することが好ましい。pHの調整は、pH調整剤を添加する等、既知の方法で行うことができる。
―重量平均分子量―
水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量は、1,000以上50,000以下であることが必要である。さらに、水溶性重合体は、重量平均分子量が8,000以上であることが好ましく、15,000以上であることがより好ましく、40,000以下であることが好ましく、30,000以下であることがより好ましい。水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量が上記下限値以上であれば、バインダー組成物の固形分分散能を高めることができる。また、水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量が上記上限値以下であれば、バインダー組成物を用いて電極を形成した場合に、電極中において、電極活物質を水溶性重合体により良好に被覆することができる。このため、電極の耐電圧性を高めることができる。
なお、水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量は、特に限定されることなく、例えば、重合時間を調節することや、上述したような各種添加剤、特に、連鎖移動剤等の重合助剤や、重合開始剤等の配合量を調節することで、制御することができる。
水溶性重合体の分子量分布は、1.0以上であることが好ましく、1.1以上であることがより好ましく、5.0以下であることが好ましく、3.0以下であることがより好ましい。なお、本明細書において、分子量分布は、数平均分子量(Mn)に対する重量平均分子量(Mw)の比により表される値である。そして、分子量分布の値は、重合体についてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーを用いて重量平均分子量(Mw)および数平均分子量(Mn)を測定し、分子量分布(Mw/Mn)を算出した。具体的には、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフにより、重合体の重量平均分子量(Mw)および数平均分子量(Mn)を標準試料換算値として求めた上で、分子量分布(Mw/Mn)を算出して得ることができる。
なお、水溶性重合体の分子量分布は、特に限定されることなく、例えば、重合時間を調節することや、上述したような各種添加剤、特に、連鎖移動剤等の重合助剤や、重合開始剤等の配合量を調節することで、制御することができる。
バインダー組成物は、溶媒として水を含む。なお、バインダー組成物は、有機溶媒などの水以外の媒体を溶媒として少量含有していてもよい。
バインダー組成物は、任意で粒子状重合体を含みうる。粒子状重合体は、バインダー組成物を用いて電極合材層を形成した場合に、電極合材層中において結着材として機能しうる成分である。なお、粒子状重合体は、通常、非水溶性であり、水などの分散媒中に分散して存在する。なお、本発明において、粒子状重合体が「非水溶性」であるとは、温度25℃において、粒子状重合体0.5gを100gの水に溶解した際に、不溶分が80質量%以上となることをいう。
共役ジエン系重合体としては、芳香族ビニル単量体単位、及び脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位を含有し、且つ、任意で他の単量体単位を含有する重合体が挙げられる。
芳香族ビニル単量体単位を形成しうる芳香族ビニル単量体としては、スチレン、α-メチルスチレン、ビニルトルエン、ジビニルベンゼンなどが挙げられる。これらの中でも、得られる電極の機械的強度を高める観点から、スチレンが好ましい。また、これらは、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位を形成しうる脂肪族共役ジエン単量体としては、1,3-ブタジエン、2-メチル-1,3-ブタジエン、2,3-ジメチル-1,3-ブタジエン、2-クロル-1,3-ブタジエン、置換直鎖共役ペンタジエン類、置換および側鎖共役ヘキサジエン類などが挙げられる。これらの中でも、1,3-ブタジエンが好ましい。また、これらは、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
他の単量体単位としては、特に限定されることなく、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位及びヒドロキシル基含有単量体単位が挙げられる。なお、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を形成し得るエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体としては、「水溶性重合体」に含有されうる「エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位」を形成し得るエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体と同じものが挙げられる。また、ヒドロキシル基含有単量体単位を形成し得るヒドロキシル基含有単量体としては、「水溶性重合体」に含有されうる「他の単量体単位」を形成し得るヒドロキシル基含有単量体と同じものが挙げられる。なお、スチレン-ブタジエン共重合体中に含有されうる他の単量体単位の含有割合は、全単量体単位を100質量%として、10質量%以下であることが好ましく、5質量%以下であることがより好ましい。
アクリル系重合体としては、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位、ニトリル基含有単量体単位、及びエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を含有し、且つ、任意にその他の単量体単位を含有する重合体が挙げられる。
(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位を形成しうる(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体としては、水溶性重合体に含まれる他の単量体単位を形成し得る(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体として列挙したものと同じ単量体が挙げられる。
ニトリル基含有単量体単位を形成し得るニトリル基含有単量体としては、「水溶性重合体」に含有されうる「ニトリル基含有単量体単位」を形成し得るニトリル基含有単量体と同じものが挙げられる。
エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を形成し得るエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体としては、「水溶性重合体」に含有されうる「エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位」を形成し得るエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体と同じものが挙げられる。
粒子状重合体が含みうる(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位、ニトリル基含有単量体単位、及びエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位以外の単量体単位としては、特に限定されないが、ヒドロキシル基含有単量体単位などが挙げられる。
粒子状重合体は、上述した単量体を含む単量体組成物を、例えば水などの水系溶媒中で重合することにより、製造し得る。この際、単量体組成物中の各単量体の含有割合は、粒子状重合体中の各繰り返し単位(単量体単位)の含有割合に準じて定めることができる。
そして、重合様式は、特に制限なく、溶液重合法、懸濁重合法、塊状重合法、乳化重合法などのいずれの方法も用いることができる。また、重合反応としては、イオン重合、ラジカル重合、リビングラジカル重合などいずれの反応も用いることができる。
また、重合に使用される乳化剤、分散剤、重合開始剤、重合助剤などの添加剤は、一般に用いられるものを使用しうる。これらの添加剤の使用量も、一般に使用される量としうる。重合条件は、重合方法および重合開始剤の種類などに応じて適宜調整しうる。
バインダー組成物が粒子状重合体を含有する場合、バインダー組成物中における水溶性重合体の含有比率は、粒子状重合体の含有量を100質量%として、1.0質量%以上であることが好ましく、1.5質量%以上であることがより好ましく、1.7質量%以上であることがさらに好ましく、20質量%以下であることが好ましく、10質量%以下であることがより好ましい。粒子状重合体に対する水溶性重合体の含有割合が上記下限値以上であれば、バインダー組成物の固形分分散能を高めることができる。また、粒子状重合体に対する水溶性重合体の含有割合が上記上限値以下であれば、バインダー組成物を用いて形成しうる電極の水分含有量が過剰に高くなることを抑制して、かかる電極を備える電気化学素子の出力特性等の電気化学的特性を高めることができる。
(1)[水溶性重合体の調製方法]の項目にて上述した方法に従って調製した水溶性重合体のみを含有する場合
(2)粒子状重合体の副生成物として合成された水溶性重合体のみを含有する場合
(3)粒子状重合体合成の副生成物として合成された水溶性重合体と、上記の方法に従って調製した水溶性重合体とを含有する場合
上記(1)~(3)の何れの場合であっても、バインダー組成物中における水溶性重合体の含有比率が上記好適範囲を満たすことが好ましい。水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量、及び分子量分布についても、同様に、上記(1)~(3)の何れの場合であっても、バインダー組成物中に含まれる全水溶性重合体が、[水溶性重合体の性状]の項目にて上述した好適範囲を満たすことが好ましい。
バインダー組成物は、上述した成分以外にも、任意のその他の成分を含んでいてもよい。前記その他の成分は、電気化学素子における電気化学的反応に影響を及ぼさないものであれば特に限られず、公知のものを使用することができる。また、これらのその他の成分は、1種類を単独で使用してもよいし、複数種類を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
そして、前記その他の成分としては、例えば、増粘剤や、分散剤、レベリング剤、酸化防止剤、消泡剤、湿潤剤、pH調整剤、並びに、電解液分解抑制の機能を有する電解液添加剤などの既知の添加剤が挙げられる。
本発明のバインダー組成物の調製方法は、特に限定されず、例えば、上述した成分を既知の方法で混合することにより調製することができる。なお、水溶性重合体を、水系溶媒中で単量体組成物を重合して調製した場合には、水溶性重合体の水溶液に粒子状重合体やその他の成分を混合してバインダー組成物を調製してもよい。
本発明の電気化学素子電極用組成物は、上述した電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物と、電極活物質とを含み、任意にその他の成分を更に含有する、水系のスラリー組成物である。即ち、本発明の電極用組成物は、電極活物質、上述した水溶性重合体、および分散媒としての水を含み、任意にその他の成分を更に含有する。
本発明の電極用組成物は、本発明のバインダー組成物を含んでいるので、固形分の分散度が高い。そして、本発明の電極用組成物を用いれば、柔軟性及び耐電圧特性の高い電気化学素子用電極を形成することができる。さらに、本発明の電極用組成物は、電気化学素子用正極を形成する際に好適に用いることができる。
電極活物質としては、電気化学素子の電極活物質として既知のものを用いることができる。なお、電極活物質は、電気化学素子の種類によって適宜選択することができる。例えば、製造される電気化学素子が、リチウムイオン二次電池である場合、リチウムイオン二次電池の正極に用いる正極活物質としては、リチウムイオンを可逆的にドープ・脱ドープ可能な金属酸化物が挙げられる。かかる金属酸化物としては、例えば、コバルト酸リチウム、ニッケル酸リチウム、マンガン酸リチウム、オリビン型リン酸鉄リチウムのような燐酸鉄リチウム、燐酸マンガンリチウム、燐酸バナジウムリチウム、バナジン酸鉄リチウム、ニッケル-マンガン-コバルト酸リチウム(以下、「NMC」ということがある。)、ニッケル-コバルト酸リチウム、ニッケル-マンガン酸リチウム、鉄-マンガン酸リチウム、鉄-マンガン-コバルト酸リチウム、珪酸鉄リチウム、珪酸鉄-マンガンリチウム、酸化バナジウム、バナジン酸銅、酸化ニオブ、硫化チタン、酸化モリブデン、硫化モリブデン、等を挙げることができる。なお、上記にて例示した正極活物質は適宜用途に応じて単独で使用してもよく、複数種混合して使用してもよい。さらに、ポリアセチレン、ポリ-p-フェニレン、ポリキノンなどのポリマーが挙げられる。中でも、電気化学素子の高出力化及び安定性向上の観点から、製造される電気化学素子が、リチウムイオン二次電池である場合には、正極活物質としてオリビン型リン酸鉄リチウム、NMCを用いることが好ましい。
電極用組成物は、分散媒として水を含む。なお、電極用組成物は、有機溶媒などの水以外の媒体を分散媒として少量含有していてもよい。また、電極用組成物の分散媒である水としては、バインダー組成物に溶媒として含まれていた水を使用することができる。
なお、電極用組成物は、上述した成分以外にも、任意のその他の成分を含んでいてもよい。前記その他の成分は、電気化学素子における電気化学的反応に影響を及ぼさないものであれば特に限られず、公知のものを使用することができる。また、これらのその他の成分は、1種類を単独で使用してもよいし、複数種類を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
電極用組成物中の任意のその他の成分としては、上述したバインダー組成物に配合し得る各種添加剤と同様のものが挙げられる。
本発明の電気化学素子電極用組成物は、特に限定されることなく、上述したバインダー組成物、電極活物質と、必要に応じて用いられる任意の成分(分散媒として追加される水、上述したその他の成分など)とを混合して得ることができる。
本発明の電気化学素子用電極は、集電体と、上述した電気化学素子電極用組成物を用いて形成された電極合材層とを含む。電極合材層は、例えば、上述した電極用組成物を適切な集電体の表面に塗布して塗膜を形成した後、形成した塗膜を乾燥することにより、形成することができる。即ち、本発明の電気化学素子用電極は、集電体と、上述した電気化学素子電極用組成物の乾燥物よりなり、電極活物質及び水溶性重合体を含有し、任意に、粒子状重合体及び添加剤を含有する電極合材層とを含む。
ここで、本発明の電気化学素子用電極に含まれる集電体は、特に制限されること無く、電気化学素子の種類によって適宜選択することができる。例えば、集電体としては、電気導電性を有し、かつ、電気化学的に耐久性のある材料が用いられる。具体的には、集電体としては、例えば、鉄、銅、アルミニウム、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼、チタン、タンタル、金、白金などの金属材料からなる集電体を用い得る。なお、前記の材料は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
電極合材層は、例えば、電極用組成物を塗布する工程(塗布工程)と、塗布された電極用組成物を乾燥する工程(乾燥工程)とを経て形成される。
なお、乾燥工程の後、金型プレスまたはロールプレスなどを用い、電極合材層に加圧処理を施してもよい。加圧処理により、電極合材層と集電体との密着性を向上させることができる。
本発明の電気化学素子は、上述した本発明の電気化学素子用電極を備えるものである。より具体的には、本発明の電気化学素子としては、かかる電極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池、リチウムイオンキャパシタなどが挙げられる。中でも、本発明の電気化学素子は、リチウムイオン二次電池であることが好ましい。例えば、リチウムイオン二次電池は、上述のようにして得られる電気化学素子用電極である正極又は負極と、セパレータ、及び電解液を備える。
ここで、本発明の電気化学素子としてのリチウムイオン二次電池に使用し得る、上述した電気化学素子用電極以外の電極としては、特に限定されることなく、既知の電極を用いることができる。具体的には、上述した電気化学素子用電極以外の電極としては、既知の製造方法を用いて集電体上に電極合材層を形成してなる電極を用いることができる。
電解液としては、通常、有機溶媒に支持電解質を溶解した有機電解液が用いられる。リチウムイオン二次電池の支持電解質としては、例えば、リチウム塩が用いられる。リチウム塩としては、例えば、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、LiClO4、CF3SO3Li、C4F9SO3Li、CF3COOLi、(CF3CO)2NLi、(CF3SO2)2NLi、(C2F5SO2)NLiなどが挙げられる。なかでも、溶媒に溶けやすく高い解離度を示すので、LiPF6、LiClO4、CF3SO3Liが好ましく、LiPF6が特に好ましい。なお、電解質は1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
なお、電解液中の電解質の濃度は適宜調整することができる。また、電解液には、既知の添加剤を添加することができる。
セパレータとしては、特に限定されることなく、例えば特開2012-204303号公報に記載のものを用いることができる。これらの中でも、セパレータ全体の膜厚を薄くすることができ、これにより、リチウムイオン二次電池内の電極活物質の比率を高くして体積あたりの容量を高くすることができるという点より、ポリオレフィン系(ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリブテン、ポリ塩化ビニル)の樹脂からなる微多孔膜が好ましい。
本発明の電気化学素子の一種であるリチウムイオン二次電池は、例えば、正極と、負極とを、セパレータを介して重ね合わせ、これを必要に応じて電池形状に応じて巻く、折るなどして電池容器に入れ、電池容器に電解液を注入して封口することにより製造することができる。二次電池の内部の圧力上昇、過充放電等の発生を防止するために、必要に応じて、ヒューズ、PTC素子等の過電流防止素子、エキスパンドメタル、リード板などを設けてもよい。二次電池の形状は、例えば、コイン型、ボタン型、シート型、円筒型、角形、扁平型など、何れであってもよい。
また、複数種類の単量体を共重合して製造される重合体において、ある単量体を重合して形成される単量体単位の前記重合体における割合は、別に断らない限り、通常は、その重合体の重合に用いる全単量体に占める当該ある単量体の比率(仕込み比)と一致する。
実施例および比較例において、水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量、バインダー組成物の固形分分散能、電極の耐電圧性、電極の柔軟性、及び電気化学素子の出力特性は、下記の方法で測定および評価した。
(1)実施例1~11、13、及び比較例1~2について
実施例1~11、13、及び比較例1~2で調製した水溶性重合体の水溶液を、下記の溶離液で0.3質量%に希釈し、測定試料を得た。得られた測定試料を、以下の条件のゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー(GPC)により分析し、水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量を求めた。
・GPC装置本体:東ソー(株)製
・カラム:東ソー(株)製、ガードカラムPWXL1本、GMPWXL1本、G2500PWXL1本(温度45℃)
・溶離液:0.1mol/L硝酸ナトリウム(NaNO3)水溶液
・流速:0.5mL/分
・検出器:昭和電工製、示差屈折率検出器RI-201型、感度16
・標準試料:単分散ポリエチレンオキシド
(2)実施例12について
実施例12で得た粒子状重合体の水分散液をろ過して固形分を除去し、得られたろ過液について上記(1)と同じ溶離液で0.3質量%に希釈し、測定試料を得た。得られた測定試料について、上記(1)と同様に分析して、水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量を求めた。
<バインダー組成物の固形分分散能>
実施例、比較例で調製した、正極用スラリー組成物の分散性は、JIS K 5600-2-5に準拠して、グラインドゲージ(溝深さ:0μm~100μm)を用いて測定した。そして、以下の基準に従って分散性を評価した。
上記に従って測定される粒子径が小さいほど、正極用スラリー組成物の分散度が高く、かかる正極用スラリー組成物中に含有されるバインダー組成物が固形分分散能に優れていることを示す。
A:粒子径が60μm未満
B:粒子径が60μm以上90μm未満
C:粒子径が90μm以上
<電極の耐電圧性>
実施例、比較例にて製造した電極表面を、走査型電子顕微鏡(日立製作所製S-3400N)を用いて観察し、活物質の被覆性を評価した。観察条件は、倍率を2000倍、加速電圧を15kVとし、100μm×100μm方形の画像観察を行った。さらに、同走査型電子顕微鏡に付属のエネルギー分散型X線分析装置(Bruker製 Quantax)で、窒素原子および炭素原子の元素マッピングを行いそれぞれのマッピング画像を作製した。この操作を電極上の5か所をランダムに選び5回行った。
その画像上で、長辺と短辺が10μm以上であり、正極活物質粒子の表面が他の粒子と重ならず90%以上観察できる、正極活物質粒子をランダムに10個選択した。
前記の選択した元素マッピング正極活物質粒子画像において、窒素元素の存在が確認された部分の面積を、水溶性重合体により被覆された活物質表面であると判断した。この被覆割合が高い方が、耐電圧性が良好であることを意味する。
A:被覆割合が50%以上
B:被覆割合が30%以上50%未満
C:被覆割合が30%未満
<電極の柔軟性>
電極の柔軟性は、実施例、比較例で製造したロールプレス前の正極原反についての、割れおよびヒビの有無により評価した。割れおよびヒビが観察され難いほど、正極が柔軟性に優れていることを示す。
A:10倍に拡大しても視認できない。
B:2倍に拡大すれば視認できる。
<出力特性>
実施例、比較例で製造した放電容量800mAhの捲回型セルのリチウムイオン二次電池を、25℃の環境下で24時間静置した。その後、25℃の環境下で、0.1Cの充電レートで5時間の充電の操作を行い、その時の電圧V0を測定した。その後、-10℃環境下で、1Cの放電レートにて放電の操作を行い、放電開始15秒後の電圧V1を測定した。そして、電圧変化ΔV=V0-V1を算出し、低温出力特性を下記の基準で評価した。この電圧変化ΔVの値が小さいほど、低温出力特性に優れることを示す。
A:電圧変化ΔVが350mV未満
B:電圧変化ΔVが350mV以上
<水溶性重合体の調製>
重合缶に、イオン交換水100部、ニトリル基含有単量体としてのアクリロニトリル6.6部、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体としてのイタコン酸4.4部、及び重合開始剤としての過硫酸アンモニウム0.6部を加え、70℃に加温し、温度70℃下にて300分間(5時間)攪拌した。単量体転化率が90%以上になったところで冷却して反応を終了した。その後、4%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液でpHを8.0に調整し、加熱減圧蒸留によって未反応単量体の除去を行うことで、水溶性重合体の水溶液を得た。そして、上記方法に従って、水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
<正極用スラリー組成物の調製>
ディスパー付きプラネタリーミキサーに、正極活物質としてのオリビン型リン酸鉄リチウム(LiFePO4、Formasa社製、商品名「SFCM」、体積平均粒子径:5μm)100部、導電材としてのカーボンブラックの一種であるアセチレンブラック(電気化学工業株式会社製、商品名「デンカブラックHS-100」、体積平均粒子径:35μm)4.0部、増粘剤としてのカルボキシメチルセルロース(株式会社ダイセル製、商品名「Daicel 2200」、エーテル化度:0.8~1.0)を固形分換算で1.0部、および適量の水を加え、温度25℃にて60分間混合した。
さらに、得られた混合液をホモミキサーで30分間混合したのち、粒子状重合体としてのスチレン-ブタジエン共重合体(SBR)の水分散液を固形分換算で4.0部と、上述のようにして調製した水溶性重合体を固形分換算で0.08部と、適量の水とを加えて固形分濃度58%に調整したあと、20分間混合し、分散液を得た。得られた分散液を減圧下で脱泡処理して、本発明の電気化学素子電極用組成物である、リチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物を得た。
そして、得られた正極用スラリー組成物について、分散性を測定、評価した。
<正極の製造>
上記にて得られたリチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物を、集電体としてのアルミニウム箔(厚み:20μm)上に、コンマコーターを用いて、乾燥後の正極合材層の厚みが70μm程度になるように塗布した。続いて、リチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物が塗布されたアルミニウム箔を、温度60℃、0.5m/分の速度で、2分間かけてオーブン内を搬送し、更に、温度120℃下で、2分間かけてオーブン内を搬送して加熱処理することにより、ロールプレス前の正極原反を得た。得られた正極原反について、上記方法に従って電極柔軟性を評価した。結果を表1に示す。
続いて、得られた正極原反をロールプレスで圧延し、正極合材層の厚みが60μmのリチウムイオン二次電池用正極を作製した。
そして、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池用正極について、上述の方法に従って耐電圧性を評価した。結果を表1に示す。
<負極の作製>
ディスパー付きのプラネタリーミキサーに、負極活物質としての人造黒鉛(体積平均粒子径:24.5μm、比表面積:4m2/g)を100部、及び増粘剤としてのカルボキシメチルセルロース(株式会社ダイセル製、商品名「Daicel 2200」、エーテル化度:0.8~1.0)を固形分換算で2.0部投入し、適量のイオン交換水を加えて、温度25℃にて60分間混合した。更に、イオン交換水で固形分濃度52%に調整した後、温度25℃で15分間混合し、混合液を得た。得られた混合液に、固形分濃度40%のスチレン-ブタジエン共重合体(体積平均粒子径:140nm、ガラス転移温度:10℃)の溶液を2部、およびイオン交換水を入れ、最終固形分濃度が42%となるように調整し、更に10分間混合し、分散液を得た。得られた分散液を減圧下で脱泡処理して、リチウムイオン二次電池負極用スラリー組成物を得た。
続いて、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池負極用スラリー組成物を、集電体としての銅箔(厚み:20μm)上に、コンマコーターを用いて、乾燥後の負極合材層の厚みが60μm程度になるように塗布した。また、リチウムイオン二次電池負極用スラリー組成物が塗布された銅箔を、温度60℃、0.5m/分の速度で、2分間かけてオーブン内を搬送し、更に、温度120℃下で、2分間かけてオーブン内を搬送して加熱処理することにより、ロールプレス前の負極原反を得た。
そして、得られた負極原反をロールプレスで圧延し、負極合材層の厚みが30μmのリチウムイオン二次電池用負極を作製した。
<リチウムイオン二次電池の製造>
上述の通り得られたリチウムイオン二次電池用正極を切り出した(幅:50mm、長さ:392mm)。また、正極の正極合材層側の表面上に、乾式法により製造された、単層のポリプロピレン製セパレータ(幅:65mm、長さ:500mm、厚さ:25μm、気孔率:55%)を配置した。さらに、配置したセパレータ上に、上述の通り得られたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極を切り出し(幅:52mm、長さ:400mm)、負極合材層側の表面がセパレータに対向するよう配置した。得られた積層体を捲回機によって捲回し、捲回体を得た。得られた捲回体をアルミニウム包材で包んだ。続けて、電解液として濃度1.0MのLiPF6溶液(溶媒:エチレンカーボネート/エチルメチルカーボネート=3/7(体積比)の混合溶媒、添加剤:ビニレンカーボネート2体積%(溶媒比))をアルミニウム包材内に充填した。そして、温度150℃のヒートシールをして、アルミニウム包材の開口を密封閉口し、電気化学素子である放電容量800mAhの捲回型セルであるリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
そして、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池について、上記方法に従って出力特性を評価した。結果を表1に示す。
水溶性重合体の調製にあたり、重合開始剤の配合量を1.2部として、水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量を表1に示す通りとした。かかる水溶性重合体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
水溶性重合体の調製にあたり、重合開始剤の配合量を0.2部として、水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量を表1に示す通りとした。かかる水溶性重合体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
水溶性重合体の調製にあたり、アクリロニトリル及びイタコン酸の配合量を表1に示す通りに変更した。さらに、水溶性重合体の調製にあたり、反応時間を3時間に変更した。このようにして調製した水溶性重合体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
水溶性重合体の調製にあたり、アクリロニトリル及びイタコン酸の配合量を表1に示す通りに変更した。さらに、水溶性重合体の調製にあたり、反応時間を8時間に変更した。このようにして調製した水溶性重合体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
アクリロニトリルに代えてメタクリロニトリルを(実施例6)、イタコン酸の代わりにフマル酸を(実施例7)をそれぞれ配合した以外は、実施例1と同様にして水溶性重合体を調製した。そして、かかる水溶性重合体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
リチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物の調製にあたり、水溶性重合体の配合量を表1に示す通りに変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
粒子状重合体として、実施例1にて用いたSBRに代えて、以下のようにして調製したアクリル系重合体(ACR1)である粒子状重合体を用いた。また、本発明の電気化学素子電極用組成物である、リチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物の調製時に、かかる粒子状重合体及び実施例1と同様にして調製した水溶性重合体を添加するに当たり、粒子状重合体の配合量を100質量%とした場合に、スラリー組成物中に含有される全水溶性重合体の配合量が2質量%となるように調節した量の水溶性重合体を添加した。これらの点以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
<粒子状重合体(ACR1)の調製>
重合缶Aに、イオン交換水83.7部、乳化剤としてのドデシルジフェニルエーテルスルホン酸ナトリウム0.2部、および重合開始剤としての過硫酸アンモニウム1.0部を加え、70℃に加温し、温度70℃下にて30分間攪拌した。
次いで、上記とは別の重合缶Bに、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体としての2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート75.0部、ニトリル基含有単量体としてのアクリロニトリル22.0部、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体としてのイタコン酸2.0部、その他の単量体であるヒドロキシル基含有単量体としての2-ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート1.0質量部、及び乳化剤としてのドデシルジフェニルエーテルスルホン酸ナトリウム0.8部、並びに、イオン交換水74部を加えて、温度25℃下にて攪拌することで、エマルジョンを得た。得られたエマルジョンを、約200分間かけて重合缶Bから重合缶Aに逐次添加した後、約180分攪拌し、単量転化率が97%以上になったところで冷却して反応を終了した。その後、4%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液でpHを7.0に調整し、加熱減圧蒸留によって未反応単量体を除去した。
粒子状重合体として、実施例1にて用いたSBRに代えて、以下のようにして調製したアクリル系重合体(ACR2)である粒子状重合体を用いた。また、本発明の電気化学素子電極用組成物である、リチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物の調製時に、かかる粒子状重合体及び実施例1と同様にして調製した水溶性重合体を添加するに当たり、粒子状重合体の配合量を100質量%とした場合に、スラリー組成物中に含有される全水溶性重合体の配合量が2質量%となるように調節した量の水溶性重合体を添加した。これらの点以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
<粒子状重合体(ACR2)の調製>
重合缶Aに、イオン交換水83.7部、乳化剤としてのドデシルジフェニルエーテルスルホン酸ナトリウム0.2部、および重合開始剤としての過硫酸アンモニウム1.0部を加え、70℃に加温し、温度70℃下にて30分間攪拌した。
次いで、上記とは別の重合缶Bに、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体としての2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート75.0部、ニトリル基含有単量体としてのアクリロニトリル22.0部、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体としてのイタコン酸3.0部、及び乳化剤としてのドデシルジフェニルエーテルスルホン酸ナトリウム0.8部、並びに、イオン交換水74部を加えて、温度25℃下にて攪拌することで、エマルジョンを得た。得られたエマルジョンを、約200分間かけて重合缶Bから重合缶Aに逐次添加した後、約180分攪拌し、単量転化率が97%以上になったところで冷却して反応を終了した。その後、4%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液でpHを7.0に調整し、加熱減圧蒸留によって未反応単量体を除去した。
粒子状重合体として、実施例11と同じアクリル系重合体(ACR2)を用いた。また、本発明の電気化学素子電極用組成物である、リチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物の調製時に、水溶性重合体を別途添加しなかった。即ち、本例では、アクリル系重合体(ACR2)の調製時に副生成物として生じた水溶性重合体を含む、正極用スラリー組成物を調製した。かかる点以外は、実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
正極用スラリー組成物の調製にあたり、正極活物質としてニッケル-マンガン-コバルト酸リチウム(NMC)(ユミコア社製)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
水溶性重合体の調製にあたり、重合開始剤の配合量を1.8部として、水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量を表1に示す通りとした。かかる水溶性重合体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
水溶性重合体の調製にあたり、重合開始剤の配合量を0.07部とし、反応時間を8時間に変更して、水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量を表1に示す通りとした。かかる水溶性重合体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池等を製造するとともに、各種測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
「ST」は、スチレン単位を、
「BD」は、1,3-ブタジエン単位を、
「IA」は、イタコン酸単位を、
「HEA」は、2-ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート単位を、
「2-EHA」は、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート単位を、
「AN」は、アクリロニトリル単位を、
「LFP」は、オリビン型リン酸鉄リチウムを、
「CB」は、カーボンブラックを、
「CMC」は、カルボキシメチルセルロースを、
「SBR」は、スチレン-ブタジエン共重合体を、
「FA」は、フマル酸単位を、
「ACR」は、アクリル系重合体を、
「NMC」は、ニッケル-マンガン-コバルト酸リチウムを、
それぞれ示す。
また、本発明によれば、柔軟性及び耐電圧特性の高い電気化学素子用電極を形成可能な、固形分の分散度の高い電気化学素子電極用組成物を提供することができる。
そして、本発明によれば、柔軟性及び耐電圧特性の高い電気化学素子用電極及びかかる電極を備える電気化学素子を提供することができる。
Claims (10)
- 水溶性重合体及び水を含む電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物であって、
前記水溶性重合体が、ニトリル基含有単量体単位及びエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を含有し、
前記水溶性重合体の重量平均分子量が、1,000以上50,000以下である電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物。 - 前記水溶性重合体における前記ニトリル基含有単量体単位の含有割合が、20質量%以上80質量%以下である請求項1に記載の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物。
- 前記水溶性重合体における前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位の含有割合が、20質量%以上80質量%以下である請求項1または2に記載の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物。
- 前記ニトリル基含有単量体単位が、(メタ)アクリロニトリル単位である請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物。
- 前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位が、エチレン性不飽和ジカルボン酸単量体単位である請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物。
- 粒子状重合体をさらに含む、請求項1~5の何れかに記載の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物。
- 前記水溶性重合体の含有割合が、前記粒子状重合体100質量部に対し、1.0質量%以上20質量%以下である請求項6に記載の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物。
- 請求項1~7の何れかに記載の電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物、及び電極活物質を含む電気化学素子電極用組成物。
- 集電体と、請求項8に記載の電気化学素子電極用組成物を用いて形成した電極合材層と、を含む電気化学素子用電極。
- 請求項9に記載の電気化学素子用電極を備える、電気化学素子。
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- 2018-06-14 CN CN201880036798.1A patent/CN110710035B/zh active Active
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| EP3950108A4 (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2022-05-11 | Toyo Ink SC Holdings Co., Ltd. | DISPERSANT, DISPERSED MATERIAL, RESIN COMPOSITION, MIXTURE SLUDGE, ELECTRODE FILM AND SECONDARY BATTERY WITH ANHYDROUS ELECTROLYTE |
| JP2020187991A (ja) * | 2019-05-10 | 2020-11-19 | 東洋インキScホールディングス株式会社 | 導電材分散体およびその利用 |
| WO2021039675A1 (ja) * | 2019-08-30 | 2021-03-04 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | 非水系二次電池用バインダー組成物およびその製造方法、非水系二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、非水系二次電池用電極、並びに非水系二次電池 |
| JPWO2021039675A1 (ja) * | 2019-08-30 | 2021-03-04 | ||
| JP2023511924A (ja) * | 2020-01-21 | 2023-03-23 | 眉山茵地楽科技有限公司 | バッテリー用接着剤、バッテリー用水性接着剤及びリチウムイオンバッテリー負極シート |
| JP7480310B2 (ja) | 2020-01-21 | 2024-05-09 | 眉山茵地楽科技有限公司 | バッテリー用接着剤、バッテリー用水性接着剤及びリチウムイオンバッテリー負極シート |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR102604631B1 (ko) | 2023-11-20 |
| EP3644419A4 (en) | 2021-03-03 |
| KR20200019871A (ko) | 2020-02-25 |
| EP3644419A1 (en) | 2020-04-29 |
| JP7167915B2 (ja) | 2022-11-09 |
| US20200185724A1 (en) | 2020-06-11 |
| US11404695B2 (en) | 2022-08-02 |
| CN110710035B (zh) | 2023-04-28 |
| CN110710035A (zh) | 2020-01-17 |
| JPWO2018235722A1 (ja) | 2020-04-23 |
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