WO2019049623A1 - ゲート装置及びゲート装置における方法 - Google Patents
ゲート装置及びゲート装置における方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019049623A1 WO2019049623A1 PCT/JP2018/030356 JP2018030356W WO2019049623A1 WO 2019049623 A1 WO2019049623 A1 WO 2019049623A1 JP 2018030356 W JP2018030356 W JP 2018030356W WO 2019049623 A1 WO2019049623 A1 WO 2019049623A1
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- Prior art keywords
- wireless communication
- positioning
- tag
- communication terminal
- gate
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
- G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
- G07C9/00309—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with bidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
- G07C9/20—Individual registration on entry or exit involving the use of a pass
- G07C9/29—Individual registration on entry or exit involving the use of a pass the pass containing active electronic elements, e.g. smartcards
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
- G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
- G07C9/00182—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with unidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/02—Services making use of location information
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/02—Services making use of location information
- H04W4/023—Services making use of location information using mutual or relative location information between multiple location based services [LBS] targets or of distance thresholds
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07B—TICKET-ISSUING APPARATUS; FARE-REGISTERING APPARATUS; FRANKING APPARATUS
- G07B15/00—Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls or entrance fees at one or more control points
- G07B15/02—Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls or entrance fees at one or more control points taking into account a variable factor such as distance or time, e.g. for passenger transport, parking systems or car rental systems
- G07B15/04—Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls or entrance fees at one or more control points taking into account a variable factor such as distance or time, e.g. for passenger transport, parking systems or car rental systems comprising devices to free a barrier, turnstile, or the like
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
- G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
- G07C2009/00753—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated by active electrical keys
- G07C2009/00769—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated by active electrical keys with data transmission performed by wireless means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- G07C2209/00—Indexing scheme relating to groups G07C9/00 - G07C9/38
- G07C2209/60—Indexing scheme relating to groups G07C9/00174 - G07C9/00944
- G07C2209/63—Comprising locating means for detecting the position of the data carrier, i.e. within the vehicle or within a certain distance from the vehicle
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a gate device and a method in the gate device.
- Patent Document 1 describes a noncontact automatic ticket gate system.
- tapless ticket gate system which can pass the ticket gate without holding the card.
- this system it is necessary to increase the communication distance between the ticket gate and the device (tag) held by the user, and as a result of increasing the communication distance, a gate different from the one to pass through, for example, the next gate is opened. It is assumed that Here, tapless includes not touching the IC ticket to the reader / writer unit of the ticket gate and not touching the IC ticket.
- authentication for determining whether or not the gate of the wireless communication terminal can pass is determined based on a positioning unit that measures the positions of a plurality of wireless communication terminals and the position of the wireless communication terminal by the positioning unit.
- a gate apparatus comprising: an authentication unit to perform.
- authentication for determining whether or not the gate of the wireless communication terminal can pass is performed based on positioning of a plurality of wireless communication terminals and based on the measured position of the wireless communication terminal. And providing a method in a gate apparatus.
- an anchor and a tag communicate, it is a schematic diagram which shows a direct wave and a reflected wave.
- transmitting transmission data from an anchor it is a schematic diagram which shows the direct wave and reflected wave which are received by a tag. It is a characteristic view which shows the relationship between the ranging value between an anchor and a tag, and a ranging error by an anchor.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the ticket gate as viewed from above.
- the gate has eight gates (Gate_1 to Gate_8).
- a person 300 passing through the ticket gate holds the tapless device 400, and the tapless device 400 communicates with the gate installation device 500 provided corresponding to each gate, and the authentication succeeds. Then the gate opens.
- the gate installation device 500 and the tapless device 400 communicate with a gate different from the gate to pass, and unintended gate Is expected to open. For example, even if it is going to pass Gate_5 shown in FIG. 1, the tapless device 400 possessed by the person 300 trying to pass the ticket and the gate installation device 500 installed in Gate_4 communicate and Gate_4 opens. Is considered.
- the intended communication distance changes due to the directivity of the tag antenna possessed by a person, and also due to environmental changes such as temperature and humidity. For this reason, it is expected that other gates may be opened due to excessive radio waves as described above, or that a target gate may not be opened due to communication failure due to a short communication distance. .
- the present inventors first assumed the following two methods as a method of solving the above problems. 1. Give directivity to the antenna of the device installed at the gate, and narrow the radiated radio range to a specific area. This method is a method of narrowing down the radio wave range A10 from the antenna 510 of the gate installation device 500 for each gate as shown in FIG. 2. Using positioning technology, the person who holds the tag confirms the intention to pass the gate, and performs authentication communication if the intention to pass the gate is confirmed. In this method, as shown in FIG. 3, first, using a positioning technique, it is detected that the tag 200 held by a person has entered a predetermined space (area A2 surrounded by an alternate long and short dash line) corresponding to each gate. In, confirm the passenger's intention to pass the gate. Thereafter, authentication communication is performed to open the gate corresponding to the space.
- a positioning technique it is detected that the tag 200 held by a person has entered a predetermined space (area A2 surrounded by an alternate long and short dash line) corresponding to
- the anchor is a device (wireless communication apparatus) installed in the ticket gate
- the tag is a device (wireless communication terminal) held by a person passing the ticket gate.
- the tag may be a mobile device such as a mobile phone or a smartphone.
- the calculation described in FIG. 5 is also performed for the anchors 102 and 104, and the distance L2 between the anchor 102 and the tag 200 and the distance L3 between the anchor 104 and the tag 200 are obtained. Then, as shown in FIG. 7, when a circle whose radius is the distance L2 or L3 is drawn also for the anchors 102 and 104, the portion (intersection point) where three circles overlap becomes the position of the tag 200 to be obtained.
- the position of the tag can be detected by communication between at least three anchors and the tag.
- the accuracy of position detection can be improved by increasing the number of anchors communicating with the tag.
- GPS is the most representative technology that can realize positioning with regard to positioning technology that realizes a tapless ticket gate.
- GPS is difficult to apply to the tapless ticket gate described above because it is not suitable for indoor positioning, accuracy is in meters, and so on.
- UWB Ultra Wide Band
- UWB means ultra wideband radio, but its feature is to perform positioning using a very short pulse signal of about 1 nanosecond.
- the merit of using a pulse signal will be described with reference to FIG. 8, FIG. 9, and FIG.
- the propagation time of a radio wave shall be calculated from the time difference of the peak of a pulse.
- FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 are diagrams showing a state in which the pulse width is wide for the transmission waveform and the reception waveform.
- the ideal state no noise is present between transmission and reception of radio waves, and the transmission waveform and the reception waveform are exactly the same. Therefore, the propagation time can be obtained from the time difference between the peaks of the transmit waveform and the receive waveform.
- the reception waveform is different from the transmission waveform as shown by a broken line in FIG. For this reason, the apex of the received waveform will be different from the ideal state, and the propagation time can not be determined accurately.
- an error of 30 cm occurs with a deviation of 1 nanosecond in propagation time.
- an anchor and a tag are defined.
- the anchor sends commands to perform tag ranging and authentication.
- the tag sends a response to the command received from the anchor for positioning and authentication.
- an anchor corresponds to a reader / writer (RW)
- a tag corresponds to a card, a mobile device, or the like.
- UWB Ultra Wideband
- the same frequency band is used in positioning and authentication communication. Because of the collision of the RF packets, in the positioning and authentication communication, the frequency domain can not be divided and communicated in time simultaneously, and only sequential communication can be conducted in the time domain.
- a sequence of positioning and authentication is repeated as follows: positioning communication ⁇ authentication communication ⁇ positioning communication ⁇ authentication communication...
- the distance measurement method is the Time of Arrival-2 way method described in FIG. 4 to FIG.
- the distance measurement the time from the reception of the command of the tag to the transmission of the response, that is, the command processing time in the tag is fixed, and it is assumed that the anchor knows the specification in advance. That is, time information is not communicated in commands and responses.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing the ticket gate as viewed from above.
- FIG. 11 shows a person 300 near the ticket gate holding the tag 200.
- eight gates (Gate_1 to Gate_8) are provided, and the right six gates (Gate_3 to Gate_8) are gates through which a person passes from the bottom to the top in the drawing, and two on the left.
- One gate (Gate_1 to Gate_2) is a gate through which a person passes from top to bottom in the drawing. Further, FIG.
- FIG. 11 shows the case where the entire ticket is associated with, for example, six anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, and about 50 tags 200 within the communication range are processed.
- the area A1 enclosed by the broken line is the communication range, and the area A2 enclosed by the alternate long and short dash line is the authentication intention detection position.
- the anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120 detect the presence of the tag in the area A2 which is the authentication intention detection position, and then perform authentication communication for the gate opening / closing judgment with respect to the tag.
- FIG. 12 and 13 are sequence diagrams showing a case where only high precision positioning is used.
- the case where the anchor 110 communicates with the 50 tags (Tag 1 to 50) will be described.
- a ranging command is transmitted from the anchor 110.
- the anchor 110 waits for a response at each time slot timing.
- the number of slots in the response to the distance measurement command is 32.
- the reason for providing the time slot is to reduce the collision probability of the response packet from the tag 200.
- Each tag that has received the ranging command randomly determines the timing of the slot to be returned, and transmits a response with its own tag ID.
- the anchor 110 performs the above command-response sequence multiple times. As shown in FIG. 13, it is assumed that 24 command-response sequences are performed here.
- the reason for performing it multiple times is to increase the accuracy of distance measurement. For example, the accuracy can be further improved by calculating the average value of each distance measurement value in the 24 command-response sequences. Also, it is to ensure that positioning can be performed even if a packet collision occurs. For example, in the first sequence of FIG. 12, the responses of Tag 2 and Tag 50 collide, but by performing the sequence of 24 times, each tag can be accurately positioned even if a collision occurs.
- the same operations are sequentially performed on the anchors 112, 114, 116, 118, and 120.
- all the information by the anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120 is not necessarily required, and it is possible if there is information by at least three anchors.
- the number of anchors is increased, the communication time for distance measurement will increase, and the time for authentication communication can not be secured, so the number of anchors should be determined in consideration of that point. Is desirable.
- authentication communication is performed on the tag whose presence in the position of authentication intention detection by the positioning (area A2 in FIG. 11) has been confirmed. This makes it possible to greatly reduce the communication load without performing authentication communication for all tags.
- the merit of the method using only the above high precision positioning is that the control of the protocol is simple as compared with the high precision positioning and the low precision positioning which will be described later. However, at the same time, due to the collision of response packets, there is no denying the possibility that there is an undetectable tag.
- Possible solutions to this disadvantage include an increase in the number of slots, the number of command-response sequences in each anchor, and the number of anchors. That is, by increasing the number of command-response sequences, it is a method to reduce the probability of dropping due to packet collision. On the other hand, in this method, the distance measurement communication time increases, and there is a possibility that the time for authentication communication can not be secured.
- the accuracy of distance measurement may be reduced. Specifically, when there is an error in the frequency of the anchor and tag crystal oscillators, the larger the number of time slots, the larger the error is accumulated, and the error in distance measurement becomes larger. As a countermeasure for this, the response timing of the tag is made random, and a certain degree of accuracy can be ensured by averaging a plurality of times.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic view showing a sequence for performing positioning with low accuracy.
- positioning with low accuracy shown in FIG. 15 is performed.
- the distance measurement command is transmitted from the anchor 110, and the response of the tag 200 is received in the slot number 32. That is, the number of slots in the response to the distance measurement command is 32.
- the response includes the ID (tag ID) of each tag that has transmitted the response.
- the same communication is performed by the anchors 112, 114, 116, 118, and 120 to perform ranging and positioning. At this time, since the number of times of distance measurement for each tag 200 is small, high-accuracy positioning can not be performed, but the rough position of the tag 200 can be grasped.
- the high accuracy positioning described above is performed only on the tag 200 near the authentication intention detection position (the area A2 shown in FIG. 11).
- the position of each tag 200 and the tag ID are linked and acquired. Therefore, it is possible to transmit a command for high accuracy positioning only to the tag 200 located near the authentication intention detection position.
- the tag ID is specified from the anchor 110 and distance measurement is continuously performed 24 times.
- the slot in this case is fixed to 0, and high-accuracy positioning is performed with the influence of the frequency error of the crystal oscillator described above being minimized. Therefore, from the anchor 110, information for specifying a tag ID and a slot (slot 0) is sent together with a distance measurement command. This ranging is similarly performed for the anchors 112, 114, 116, 118, and 120, and it is confirmed whether the specific tag 200 exists at the authentication intention detection position. And this sequence of high precision positioning is applied also to other tags 200 near the authentication intention detection position. Thereafter, the authentication communication is performed on the tag 200 whose presence in the authentication intention detection position has been confirmed.
- the merit of this method is that, first, the rough position of the tag 200 is grasped, and high-accuracy positioning is performed only on the tag near the authentication intention detection position, so that communication can be performed more efficiently than when only high-precision positioning is performed.
- a ranging error due to the frequency error of the crystal oscillator described above may occur because the slot method is used for positioning with low accuracy, it can be divided as positioning with low accuracy.
- by designating the slot as 0 in high accuracy positioning positioning can be performed with higher accuracy than in the case where only the high accuracy positioning described above is performed.
- each tag 200 that has received the tag ID acquisition command is a specification that does not return a response when its own tag ID exists in the command parameter. Good. This specification further reduces the collision probability of response packets.
- the communication range of anchor 110 is sufficiently wide and necessary tag IDs can be acquired, it is not necessary to transmit tag ID acquisition commands from anchors 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, and the accuracy of the next step is Low positioning may be performed. That is, the above purpose is to acquire the IDs of as many tags as possible which exist within the communication range.
- the anchor adds tag IDs acquired as many as the number of slots and response timing of each tag as parameters to be added to the positioning command.
- the tag transmits a response at the timing specified by the positioning command.
- the tag performs state transition so as not to respond to the tag ID acquisition command for a certain period of time after sending the response.
- the response timing specifies a response timing different from that transmitted last time (randomly) even if the tag ID is the same.
- the above (3) is a measure for reducing the possibility that there is an undetectable tag due to a response packet collision. Specifically, as the whole sequence, tag ID acquisition ⁇ low precision positioning ⁇ high precision positioning ⁇ authentication communication is repeated. At this time, there is a possibility that the tag 200 can not be detected due to a response packet collision when the tag ID is acquired.
- the collision probability of the response packet at the time of tag ID acquisition performed sequentially can be reduced, and there is a tag 200 that can not be detected. You can reduce the possibility.
- the high-accuracy positioning shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 is performed only on the tag 200 existing near the authentication intention detection position, and the tag 200 is present at the authentication intention detection position. Make sure. After that, authentication communication is performed on the tag whose presence is confirmed at the authentication intention detection position.
- the merit of this method is that the possibility of undetected tags can be reliably reduced by the response packet collision described in the protocol using only high accuracy positioning, combination of low accuracy positioning and high accuracy positioning. .
- the tag 200 which does not respond to the tag ID acquisition command by performing the above-mentioned state transition, it can not cope with a case like a person who enters the ticket gate immediately after leaving the ticket gate.
- a low precision positioning command is dealt with by continuously adding the acquired tag ID as a parameter for a certain period of time. Thereby, positioning can be performed even if the ID of the tag subjected to the state transition can not be acquired, and the presence of the tag at the authentication intention detection position can be confirmed.
- Authentication communication is performed only for the tag 200 whose presence is detected at the authentication intention detection position. That is, the corresponding tag ID is added to the command of the authentication communication.
- the authentication communication it is not necessary for a plurality of anchors to obtain information as in positioning, and it may be confirmed whether only one anchor communicates with the tag 200 and has a right to pass through the gate. At that time, it is necessary to select which of the plurality of anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120 should communicate with the tag 200, and the method will be described below.
- the tag 200 when the tag 200 returns a response to the anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, it transmits it including the information obtained at the time of demodulation of the tag 200, and the anchor having the best demodulation characteristic of the tag is selected. It is also conceivable to choose one. By these methods, authentication communication can be performed in the most stable state of communication performance. Furthermore, with regard to response reception, it is not necessary to demodulate only the anchor that particularly transmitted the command, and the performance of communication can be achieved by each anchor 200 performing demodulation individually and adopting a packet for which an error has not been detected as a response. Can be made more stable.
- demodulation signal processing is performed at the time of demodulation of the immediately preceding tag ID acquisition command and response demodulation. It is possible to hold an optimal demodulation setting (filter coefficient and the like) obtained by this method, switch to the optimum demodulation setting when performing positioning with low accuracy, and communicate in an optimal state for reception.
- the tag 200 knows in what order the anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, and 120 transmit commands, that is, from which anchors the commands are transmitted in advance. It shall be. These can be determined in advance as specifications. Further, as shown in FIG.
- the anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118 and 120 designate the response timing for each tag 200 with the positioning command with low accuracy positioning, the anchors 110, 112, 114, It is known from which tag 200 the response is sent. Therefore, in each of the anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120 and the tag 200, the corresponding optimum demodulation condition can be set before receiving the response.
- high precision positioning it is desirable to set in advance optimal demodulation conditions obtained in low precision positioning communication, as in the case of low precision positioning. Also, as shown in FIG. 16, since high-accuracy positioning performs communication a plurality of times, it is always possible to perform communication under the optimum condition by successively optimizing the demodulation state each time each command or response is received. Become. Also in authentication communication, as in high precision positioning, the optimum demodulation conditions obtained in high precision positioning communication may be set in advance, or the demodulation state may be sequentially optimized each time an authentication command or response is received. It is applicable.
- the number of commands and responses at the time of authentication can be reduced by adding a function to read out information other than distance measurement simultaneously to the high precision positioning command (for example, balance confirmation). Communication efficiency can be improved.
- the optimization of the demodulation condition as described above is performed by the reception processing unit 1200 of the server 1000 described later.
- a window 150 is provided next to the ticket.
- the window 150 next to the ticket gate does not have to be a system synchronized with the ticket gate, and may be handled only when there is an inquiry from the ticket gate user. For this reason, although it is necessary to consider correspondence corresponding to the gate of a ticket gate about the window 150, it is costly to construct a separate positioning system only for the window 150. For this reason, the window 150 performs an interface such as NFC to start authentication communication triggered by the tag 200 entering within a specific distance. In this case, the number of anchors installed at the window 150 can be reduced to one, and the cost can be reduced. Further, the same application can be made to the charge machine placed at the window 150.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic view showing a communication system and a protocol in the case of controlling each gate.
- a communication system and a protocol in the case of controlling each gate will be described.
- the communication distance of each anchor 100 may be shorter than that assumed in the communication protocol in the case of positioning control of the entire ticket gate described above. That is, one anchor 100 does not detect many tags, as compared to the case of positioning control of the entire ticket gate. In that case, it is not necessary to perform positioning with low accuracy.
- the following description will be made on the assumption that the sequence of tag ID acquisition ⁇ high-accuracy positioning ⁇ authentication communication is repeated.
- the communication distance from the anchor 100 is not a distance corresponding to only one gate, and is set so that communication can be performed over a longer distance in consideration of variations due to the environment and the like.
- FIG. 20 shows that the communication distance from the anchor 130 is the distance that can be communicated to the next gate.
- the communication distances of the other anchors 100 are the same.
- Each gate controls communication autonomously, and does not synchronize with other gates.
- FIG. 21 shows that RF packets collide at anchors provided at adjacent gates.
- FIG. 21 shows that RF packets collide at two anchors 130 and 132 provided at adjacent gates.
- FIG. 22 shows that RF packets collide at two anchors 130 and 132 provided at adjacent gates.
- FIG. 23 shows an example in which the gates 1 and 2 are synchronized and the gates 3 and 4 are synchronized.
- the RF packet does not collide between the anchor 130 of the gate 1 and the anchor 134 of the gate 3 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 24 shows an example in which the command from the anchor 130 of the gate 1 and the command from the anchor 134 of the gate 3 collide with each other.
- the collision of RF packets causes the same problem even when responding from a plurality of tags 200.
- FIG. 27 shows the signal spread on the transmission side and the signal demodulated on the reception side. As shown in FIG. 27, when the spread signal on the demodulation side is different from that on the transmission side, transmission data can not be demodulated and it is determined as noise only.
- the situation shown in FIG. 28 is assumed. Specifically, it is assumed that the commands of the anchor 130 and the anchor 138 collide in the tag 300. Also, it is assumed that the tag 300 knows in advance the spreading code of the anchor 138. In this case, as shown in FIG. 26 and FIG. 27, while the tag 300 treats the command from the anchor 130 as noise by the spreading code, the command of the anchor 138 may be demodulated. However, it depends on the level of the RF reception signal of the anchor 138 in the tag 300. The same is true when a plurality of tag responses collide with each other at the anchor.
- the IEEE which defines UWB positioning communication uses a spreading code method, and as shown in FIG. 29, by intentionally shifting the transmission timing of an RF packet within one slot, the RF is intentionally transmitted.
- the probability of the collision is the highest in probability. This is because the tag ID acquisition response assumes that responses are continuously transmitted using time slots, so long-time packets are transmitted to the RF.
- Tag ID acquisition If the tag ID can not be acquired due to a collision, the subsequent communication can not be performed at all, so it is desirable to avoid communication failure here.
- High precision positioning communicate multiple times with one anchor. At this time, although collision of RF packets occurs stochastically, positioning is possible even if communication can not be performed several times. However, there are tradeoffs that reduce the accuracy.
- Authentication communication Recovery is possible by timeout, retransmission request, etc. when communication fails. However, there is a trade-off in which the communication time becomes long.
- the conclusion is that in tag ID acquisition the system is synchronized to avoid spreading packets and at the same time assign spreading codes to the tags.
- spreading codes are assigned to each tag in advance.
- high accuracy positioning and authentication communication it is considered that a system in which data is spread using allocated spreading codes and each gate is autonomously communicated is efficient as a system.
- the timings of command transmission and response reception are sequentially shifted so that RF packets do not collide in the order of anchor 2 and anchor 20 ⁇ anchor 8 ⁇ anchor 14.
- the anchor 2 and the anchor 20 since the distances are sufficiently long and RF packets do not collide, it is possible to transmit a command at the same timing.
- the fixed time is set as the time for high precision positioning and authentication communication, and communication is performed autonomously without particular synchronization between the gates.
- responses from a plurality of tags 200 collide in tag ID acquisition a plurality of anchors respond by demodulating the responses.
- Example of functional composition of an automatic ticket gate system Drawing 31 is a block diagram showing an example of functional composition of an automatic ticket gate system.
- the anchor 100 is connected to the server 1000 as shown in FIG.
- the server 1000 includes a transmission processing unit 1100, a reception processing unit 1200, a positioning unit 1300, an authentication unit 1400, a gate control unit 1500, a settlement processing unit 1600, a selection unit 1700, a database 1800, and an error detection unit 1900. There is.
- the transmission processing unit 1100 performs processing for transmitting transmission data to the tag 200 via the anchor 100. For example, the transmission processing unit 1100 performs processing for transmitting, to the tag 200, a distance measurement command, a tag ID acquisition command, a tag ID, information for specifying a slot, and the like. Also, the transmission processing unit 1100 performs processing for modulating transmission data.
- the reception processing unit 1200 performs processing for receiving various data such as a response and a tag ID from the tag 200. Also, the reception processing unit 1200 performs processing for demodulating received data.
- the positioning unit 1300 includes a first positioning unit 1310 and a second positioning unit 1320.
- the first positioning unit 1310 measures the position of the tag 200 by performing the above-described low-accuracy measurement.
- the second positioning unit 1320 acquires the position of the tag 200 by performing the above-described high-accuracy positioning.
- the authentication unit 1400 authenticates the tag 200.
- the method of authentication can use a general method. For example, when the authentication unit 1400 receives the information indicating the type information of the railway company and the remaining amount information from the tag 200, the received type information matches the type information previously registered in the database 1600 of the server 1000, and the remaining amount is It is determined that the authentication is successful if the value is greater than or equal to a certain value.
- the gate control unit 1500 controls the gate 800 installed in the ticket gate.
- the gate control unit 1500 controls the gate 800 so that the gate 800 is opened when the authentication by the authentication unit 1400 is successful.
- the gate control unit 1500 controls the gate 800 so that the gate 800 is closed.
- the payment processing unit 1600 When the authentication by the authentication unit 1400 is successful, the payment processing unit 1600 performs a process of subtracting a predetermined amount from the balance of the tag 200 as necessary. The subtraction result is transmitted from the transmission processing unit 1100 to the tag 200 via the anchor 100.
- the selection unit 1700 performs a process of selecting an optimal anchor 100 when performing positioning and authentication.
- the database 1600 stores various types of information required on the server 1000 side.
- the error detection unit 1900 detects whether there is an error in the received data by a method such as parity check.
- the tag 200 includes a transmission processing unit 210, a reception processing unit 220, an ID holding unit 230, an operation input unit 240, a balance information holding unit 250, and a display unit 260.
- the transmission processing unit 210 performs processing for transmitting transmission data to the anchor 100.
- the transmission processing unit 210 performs processing for transmitting a response to a distance measurement command, a tag ID, balance information, and the like to the anchor 100.
- the transmission processing unit 210 performs processing for modulating transmission data.
- the reception processing unit 220 performs processing for receiving, from the anchor 100, a distance measurement command, a tag ID acquisition command, a tag ID, information for specifying a slot, balance information after settlement, and the like. Further, the reception processing unit 210 performs processing for demodulating received data.
- the ID holding unit 230 is a memory that holds its own tag ID. Also, the ID holding unit 230 holds various other information.
- the operation input unit 240 includes a touch sensor or the like, and receives operation information from the user.
- the balance information holding unit 250 is a memory for holding information on the balance.
- the display unit 260 is configured of a liquid crystal display or the like.
- Each component of the server 1000 and the tag 200 shown in FIG. 31 can be configured from hardware (circuit) or a central processing unit such as a CPU and software (program) for causing the central processing unit to function.
- a central processing unit such as a CPU and software (program) for causing the central processing unit to function.
- the present embodiment is also applicable to grasping the flow of people, etc., for example, with regard to positioning in a station school or the like.
- the tag 200 may receive a command in a ticket gate during positioning command processing in a station yard, and in this case, it is also assumed that the ticket gate processing for which speed is required is delayed. Therefore, it is desirable that the positioning command in the ticket gate be different from the positioning command system in other places (in the station yard, the vehicle), and the priority of the ticket processing is high. This makes it possible to pass the ticket smoothly even during the station yard positioning.
- an anchor 100 for a ticket gate and an anchor 160 for positioning in a station yard are provided as anchors.
- steps S10, S12, S14, and S20 communication is performed between the positioning anchor 160 in the station yard and the tag 200, and a response from the tag 200 is sent in response to a command from the anchor 160.
- the tag 200 command is sent from the tag 100 anchored in step S16
- the communication between the anchor 160 and the tag 200 is temporarily stopped, and a response is sent from the tag 200 to the anchor 100 in step S18.
- the processing of the command for positioning the station yard is stopped, and the processing of the ticket gate system command is prioritized.
- reception of a station local positioning system command is not performed for a certain period of time thereafter.
- positioning is performed by six anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, but all anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118 , 120 do not need to calculate positioning after obtaining a response from the tag 200. Since positioning is basically possible if there are three pieces of distance measurement information, if distance measurement information is gathered by three anchors, as shown in FIG. 33, by sequentially performing positioning calculation in parallel with command transmission, It will be effective to reduce time.
- the sequence shown on the left side in FIG. 33 shows the case where the positioning calculation of the tag 200 is performed after the six anchors 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120 obtain responses from the tag 200 by the above-described method. ing.
- the sequence shown on the right side in FIG. 33 when responses are obtained by the three anchors 110, 112, 114, based on the obtained information, the sequence of the distance measurement sequence of the remaining three anchors 116, 118, 120 is obtained.
- An example in which the positioning calculation is sequentially performed is shown. This makes it possible to shorten the time until the positioning calculation is completed.
- the gate may be closed due to a lack of balance of the tag 200 or the like, and a person holding the tag 200 may respond at the window 150.
- the tag 200 since the tag 200 has changed its state so as not to respond to the tag ID acquisition command, it is assumed that the tag ID can not be acquired at the window 150 and communication can not be performed.
- a command to restore the transition state is transmitted. Also, for the tag 200, this command causes it to react even after state transition. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 34, after a series of processes of tag ID acquisition, low precision positioning, high precision positioning, and authentication are performed in step S30 to step S52, the balance 150 of the tag 200 causes a window 150 In the case of performing the response in step S54, a state transition return command is transmitted from the window anchor 170 to the tag 200 in step S54. The tag 200 having received the state transition return command sends a state transition return response to the anchor 170 in step S56.
- step S58 a tag ID acquisition command is sent from the anchor 170 to the tag 200, and in step S60, a tag ID acquisition response is sent from the tag 200 to the anchor 170.
- the tag ID acquisition response includes the tag ID.
- the anchor 170 can acquire the tag ID of the tag 200 and perform the subsequent processing.
- the condition for opening the gate may be, for example, as long as the communication is stable to some extent even if the distance between the anchor and the tag is large. It is only necessary that the balance in the tag 200 be equal to or more than the amount necessary to pass through the gate. In a general NFC ticket gate, the communication distance is short, so the amount of money necessary to pass through the ticket gate is subtracted from the tag 200 and then the gate is opened.
- the tag 200 by the anchor 100 The subtraction of the amount of money from may be done after opening the gate. As a result, the gate can be opened more quickly, and congestion at the time of rush etc. can be eliminated.
- FIG. 36 shows the case where the communication function is turned on / off by the operation from the touch panel 242 and the case where the communication function is turned on / off by the operation of the mechanical switch 244 provided in the tag 200.
- the remaining amount is not recorded in each tag 200, the remaining amount is recorded in the server 600 on the cloud, and the remaining amount is collectively managed by the server 600. You can also.
- the server 600 side it is possible to recognize that the IDs of the tag 200 (Tag_1) and the tag 202 (Tag_2) are the same owner based on the tag ID. For this reason, on the server side, it is assumed that a table for associating the tag ID with the owner is held in advance. Then, for example, when the ID of the same person is acquired within a specific time, two subtractions are not performed. In this case, the anchor 100 may acquire only the tag ID without performing authentication communication.
- the application ID is designated by the tag ID acquisition command which is the first command.
- step S70 when the tag ID acquisition command is transmitted from the anchor 100 to the tags 200 and 202 in step S70, an application ID for specifying an application is added to the tag ID acquisition command. .
- the tag 200 that matches the application ID can return a response.
- the tag 200 contains two applications, and payment can be made by either of the two applications on the ticket gate side, and either of the two application IDs can be used as the tag 200.
- the application of the tag 200 can be activated and deactivated by operating the operation input unit 240.
- authentication communication is performed when the position of the same tag 200 is detected in the same place within a certain time so that the amount of money is not subtracted twice from the tag 200. I will not. Specifically, in the case where the same tag 200 is detected twice during a predetermined time in the area A2 surrounded by the alternate long and short dash line shown in FIG. 11, the authentication communication is not performed a second time.
- a sensor for detecting a person may be provided in the ticket gate, and once authentication is performed, high-accuracy positioning and authentication communication at that gate may not be performed until the corresponding person leaves the ticket gate. . In this case, after the authentication communication is performed, communication toward the tag 200 held by the person is not performed until the sensor at the ticket gate recognizes that the person has left the ticket.
- the anchor 100 when a person passes slowly in a ticket gate that can enter from both directions, position detection is performed on the opposite side, and the balance may be subtracted twice. Therefore, when the anchor 100 detects the same tag ID, the anchor 100 does not perform authentication communication with the tag 200. For example, in FIG. 39, after deducting the amount of money when the tag 200 is located in the area A5 surrounded by the dashed dotted line, the case where the tag 200 is located next in the area surrounded by the dashed dotted line A6 corresponds. In this case, when the same tag ID is detected in the two areas A5 and A6 within a predetermined time, authentication communication is not performed in the area A6 detected later.
- the tag 200 It is also subtracted from. Therefore, when the tag 200 is detected, the ticket gate side deactivates communication of the reader / writer Suica. When the ticket gate side copes with (charges) both Suica or both the ticket and the tag 200 at the same time, the entry record of the tag 200 is erased in the case of entry. In the case of exit, the amount of money is returned to the tag 200.
- FIG. 40 is a schematic view showing a direct wave and a reflected wave when the anchor 100 and the tag 200 communicate. Direct waves are transmitted directly from the anchor 100 to the tag 200, while reflected waves are reflected by the wall 700 and transmitted to the tag 200.
- FIG. 41 shows the direct wave and the reflected wave received by the tag 200 when “1”, “0”, “1”, “0” are transmitted from the anchor 100 as transmission data.
- the reflected wave has a longer transmission path than the direct wave.
- the reflected wave is received by the tag 200 with a delay time ⁇ t behind the direct wave. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 41, the reception waveform received by the tag 200 is a waveform obtained by adding the direct wave and the reflected wave.
- the delay time ⁇ t matches the bit rate
- the reception data obtained from the reception waveform are “1”, “1”, “1”, “1”, and the reception data Will cause an error.
- ⁇ t is obtained by dividing ⁇ d by the speed of light, where ⁇ d is the difference between the transmission distance of the reflected wave and the transmission distance of the direct wave.
- ⁇ d is the difference between the transmission distance of the reflected wave and the transmission distance of the direct wave.
- the reflected wave is determined to some extent by the space and the antenna arrangement, it is not realistic to change the reflected wave in a system such as a ticket gate. Therefore, in order to absorb this weak point on the protocol side, it is assumed that a communication error occurs in the reflected wave, and the same communication is performed multiple times, and the bit rate is changed for each communication. Thereby, it is possible to acquire reception data correctly.
- the bit rate of data transmitted and received between the anchor 100 and the tag 200 can be changed, and the bit rate of data to be sent subsequently is written in the packet header.
- the receiving side demodulates the received data, the received data can be demodulated without error by performing demodulation based on the bit rate written in the packet header.
- the difference ⁇ d between the transmission distance of the reflected wave and the transmission distance of the direct wave is set to be a distance that can not be normally achieved. As described above, if the bit rate is 50 [Mbps], ⁇ d is about 6 m. Further, if the bit rate is 100 [Mbps], ⁇ d is about 3 m. As an example, the bit rate of the packet header is set to a value such that ⁇ d is about 100 m. In the ticket gate, since it can not be assumed that the difference ⁇ d of the transmission distance between the direct wave and the reflected wave is 100 m, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of an error in the received data when the packet header is received.
- the influence of the reflection group by weakening the RF output. Therefore, the influence of the reflected wave can also be suppressed by changing the output of the RF each time the command from the anchor and the response is transmitted from the tag.
- the RF output setting at the time of response transmission from the tag may be set by a command from the anchor.
- FIG. 42 is a characteristic diagram showing a relationship between a distance measurement value (horizontal axis) between the anchor 100 and the tag 200 and a distance measurement error (vertical axis). Since the ranging error depends on the characteristics of the hardware, there are some difficulties in reducing it.
- FIG. 42 characteristics shown in FIG. 42 are grasped in advance, correction is performed according to the distance measurement value, and positioning calculation is performed using the corrected value. For example, in FIG. 42, when the distance measurement value is 0.2 m, correction of 5 cm is performed on the distance measurement value, and when the distance measurement value is 5 m, correction of 30 cm is performed on the distance measurement value. As a result, the ranging error can be suppressed and accurate positioning can be performed.
- a positioning unit that measures the positions of a plurality of wireless communication terminals;
- An authentication unit that performs authentication to determine whether or not the gate of the wireless communication terminal can pass based on the position of the wireless communication terminal by the positioning unit;
- a gate device comprising: (2) The gate apparatus according to (1), wherein the positioning unit measures the position of the wireless communication terminal by a positioning technique using pulse communication.
- the authentication unit performs the authentication when the wireless communication terminal is located within a predetermined range.
- the positioning unit measures the position of the wireless communication terminal based on the time from the transmission of the positioning command to the wireless communication terminal to the reception of the response from the wireless communication terminal to the positioning command, according to (1).
- Gate device as described.
- the positioning unit A first positioning unit that measures the position of the wireless communication terminal based on the one positioning command that each of the plurality of wireless communication devices transmits to the wireless communication terminal and the response to the one positioning command; A second positioning unit for positioning the position of the wireless communication terminal based on the plurality of positioning commands transmitted to the wireless communication terminal by the plurality of wireless communication devices and the plurality of responses to the plurality of positioning commands; And The gate apparatus according to (4), wherein the positioning by the second positioning unit is performed on the wireless communication terminal whose positioning has been determined to be within a predetermined range by the first positioning unit. (6) The gate device according to (5), wherein the second positioning unit fixes a slot for receiving the response when the response to the plurality of positioning commands is received.
- the plurality of wireless communication devices are configured to obtain an identifier acquisition command for acquiring an identifier for identifying the wireless communication terminal before the positioning unit measures the position of the wireless communication terminal. Obtaining the identifier from the wireless communication terminal by transmitting the When positioning the position of the wireless communication terminal by the first positioning unit, the gate apparatus according to (5), which transmits the identifier and timing information when receiving the response, together with the positioning command. . (8) Each of the plurality of wireless communication devices transmits different timing information to the wireless communication terminal when positioning the position of the wireless communication terminal by the first positioning unit, according to (7). Gate device.
- the wireless communication terminal that has received the identifier and the timing information together with the positioning command transmits the response based on the received timing information if the received identifier matches with its own identifier.
- the gate apparatus as described in (7).
- a plurality of the wireless communication devices based on the information obtained when demodulating the information received from the wireless communication terminal when positioning the position of the wireless communication terminal for authentication by the authentication unit.
- the plurality of wireless communication devices When receiving the response or the identifier, the plurality of wireless communication devices demodulate, An error detection unit configured to detect an error in the response; The gate device according to (7), wherein the response in which an error is not detected among the responses received by the plurality of wireless communication devices is determined as the final response. (12) The state transition is performed such that the wireless communication terminal that has responded to the positioning command does not respond to the identifier acquisition command sent from the wireless communication device for a certain period of time. Gate device. (13) The gate apparatus according to (12), which transmits a state transition return command for restoring the state of the wireless communication terminal in which the state transition has been performed from the state transition.
- the wireless communication terminal does not make a response to the identifier acquisition command when the identifier in the identifier acquisition command corresponds to the own terminal.
- the identifier is added to the positioning command only for a certain period of time and transmitted to the wireless communication terminal.
- the positioning command includes a first command related to the gate and a second command not related to the gate, The gate apparatus according to any one of (1) to (15), wherein the wireless communication terminal responds to the first command by giving higher priority to the first command than the second command. .
- the positioning unit After performing authentication by the authentication unit, the positioning unit performs the process until the person holding the wireless communication terminal passes the gate based on the information obtained from the sensor that detects the person.
- the gate apparatus according to any one of (1) to (16), wherein positioning or authentication by the authentication unit is not performed.
- the person holding the wireless communication terminal deactivates communication with another terminal separately held, according to any one of (1) to (17).
- Gate device (19) The gate apparatus according to any one of (1) to (19), which starts communication for the authentication triggered by the wireless communication terminal entering a specific range outside the gate. . (20) positioning the positions of a plurality of wireless communication terminals; Performing authentication for determining passability of the gate of the wireless communication terminal based on the measured position of the wireless communication terminal;
- a method in a gate apparatus comprising:
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Abstract
Description
ここでタップレスとは、改札のリーダライタ部へのIC乗車券のタッチを行わないこと及び翳すという動作を行わないことをも含む。
なお、上記の効果は必ずしも限定的なものではなく、上記の効果とともに、または上記の効果に代えて、本明細書に示されたいずれかの効果、または本明細書から把握され得る他の効果が奏されてもよい。
1.背景
2.屋内高精度測位を実現する技術(UWB)に関して
2.1.測位原理の概要
2.2.タップレス改札を実現する測位技術に関して
2.3.UWB測位技術に関して
3.測位を含めた通信プロトコルに関して
3.1.概要
3.2.改札全体を測位制御する場合の通信プロトコル
3.2.1.高精度測位のみを用いる場合のプロトコル
3.2.2.精度の低い測位と高精度測位の組み合せ
3.2.3.タグIDを事前に収集する場合のプロトコル
3.2.4.認証通信に関して
3.2.5.通信性能を向上するための方法
3.2.6.改札横の窓口への対応に関して
3.3.ゲート毎に制御する場合の通信プロトコル
3.3.1.プロトコルに関して
3.3.2.RFパケット衝突への耐性
3.3.3.パケット衝突が許容される場合を想定した場合のシステム
4.自動改札システムの機能構成例
5.本実施形態の更なるバリエーションについて
5.1.改札以外への適用について
5.2.コマンド送信と並行して測位計算を行う例
5.3.タグの状態遷移を復帰させる例
5.4.ゲートを通過してからタグの残額を差し引く方法
5.5.2重の課金を防止する方策
5.6.UWBの反射波に対する対策
5.7.測距誤差に対する対策
5.8.測位精度向上のための施策
先ず、公知の技術(Wi-Fi,Bluetooth(登録商標),RFID等)にてタップレス改札を実現する場合の問題点、および、それを解決する方法に関して説明する。タップレス改札を無線通信で実現するためには、現在、改札で使われているNFC(通信距離10cm程度)による無線技術ではなく、より遠距離まで通信距離が確保できる無線技術が必要である。
1.ゲートに設置するデバイスのアンテナに指向性を持たせ、放射電波範囲を特定領域に絞る。この方法は、図2に示すように、ゲート設置デバイス500のアンテナ510からの放射電波範囲A10を各ゲート毎に絞る方法である。
2.測位技術を用いてタグを保有する人がゲートを通過する意思を確認し、ゲートを通過する意思が確認できた場合に認証通信を行う。この方法は、図3に示すように、まず、測位技術を用いて人が保持するタグ200が各ゲートに対応する所定のスペース(一点鎖線で囲んだ領域A2)に入ったことを検知することで、乗客がゲートを通過する意思を確認する。その後、そのスペースに対応するゲートを開くための認証通信を行う。
以下では、測位原理の概要と、屋内高精度測位を実現する技術(UWB)に関して説明する。
先ず、図4に示すように、3つのアンカー(Anchor)100,102,104を用いてタグ(Tag)200の座標(x,y)を求める原理を説明する。なお、各アンカー100,102,104の座標(Xa,Ya),(Xb,Yb),(Xc,Yc)は既知とする。なお、アンカーは改札に設置されるデバイス(無線通信装置)であり、タグは改札を通過する人が保持するデバイス(無線通信端末)である。タグは、携帯電話やスマートフォンなどのモバイル機器であっても良い。
測位を実現できる技術でもっとも代表的なものがGPSである。しかし、GPSは、屋内測位に適さない、精度がメートル単位である等々の理由で、上述したタップレス改札に適用することは困難である。
UWBとは超広帯域無線を意味するが、その特徴は1ナノ秒程度の非常に短いパルス信号を用いて測位を行うことである。パルス信号を用いるメリットを、図8、図9、図10を用いて説明する。なお、電波の伝搬時間はパルスの頂点の時間差より算出するものとする。
以下では、タップレス改札を実現するプロトコルに関して説明する。
改札全体を測位制御する場合、また、ゲート毎に測位制御する場合の2つの通信プロトコルに関して説明する。まず、アンカー(Anchor)とタグ(Tag)を定義する。アンカーはタグの測距、認証を行うためのコマンドを送信する。タグは測位、認証のために、アンカーから受けたコマンドに対してレスポンスを送信する。なお、NFCでは、アンカーはリーダ/ライタ(RW)に相当し、タグはカード、モバイル機器等に相当する。
改札全体を測位制御する場合の通信プロトコルに関して説明する。図11は、改札を上から見た状態を示す模式図である。図11では、改札の付近にいる人300がタグ200を保持している様子を示している。図11に示す改札では、8つのゲート(Gate_1~Gate_8)が設けられており、右の6つのゲート(Gate_3~Gate_8)は図面上で下から上へ人が通過するゲートであり、左の2つのゲート(Gate_1~Gate_2)は図面上で上から下へ人が通過するゲートである。また、図11では、改札全体を例えば6個のアンカー110,112,114,116,118,120で対応させ、通信範囲内にある50個程度のタグ200を処理する場合を示している。なお、破線で囲んだ領域A1が通信範囲であり、かつ、一点鎖線で囲んだ領域A2が認証意思検出位置である。アンカー110,112,114,116,118,120は、認証意思検出位置である領域A2にタグが存在することを検出した後、そのタグに対してゲート開閉判断のための認証通信を行う。
ここでは、高精度測位(Fine測位)のみを用いた場合の通信プロトコルについて説明する。図12、図13は、高精度測位のみを用いた場合を示すシーケンス図である。ここでは、アンカー110と50個のタグ(Tag1~50)が通信する場合について説明する。図12に示すように、先ずアンカー110より測距コマンドを送信する。その後、アンカー110は、各タイムスロットタイミングにおけるレスポンス待ちとなる。ここでは、測距コマンドに対するレスポンスのスロット数を32とする。タイムスロットを設ける理由は、タグ200からのレスポンスパケットの衝突確率を下げるためである。測距コマンドを受信した各タグは、返信するスロットのタイミングをランダムに決定し、レスポンスを自身のタグIDと共に送信する。
以上の観点から、パケット衝突を更に低減可能な、精度の低い測位(Coarse測位)と高精度測位(Fine測位)を組み合わせた場合の通信プロトコルについて説明する。この方式では、精度の低い測位により各タグ200の大まかな位置を求め、認証意思検出位置の付近に存在するタグ200に対してのみ上述した高精度測位を行うことで、パケット衝突の可能性を低減する。
次に、通信範囲内(図11に示す領域A1内)にあり、改札を通過していないタグのIDを収集し、精度の低い測位と高精度測位を順に行う通信プロトコルに関して説明する。この手法によれば、レスポンスパケットの衝突確率を減らすことができる。図17に示すように、まずアンカー110より各タグ200へタグID取得コマンドを送信する。その後、アンカー110は各タイムスロットタイミングにおけるレスポンス待ちとなる。なお、ここではスロット数を32とする。タグID取得コマンドを受信した各タグ200は、返信するスロットタイミングを決定し、レスポンスを自身のタグIDと共に送信する。これにより、アンカー110は通信範囲内に存在するタグ200のIDを集めることができる。
(1)アンカーは、スロット数に相当する分だけ取得したタグIDと、各タグのレスポンスタイミングを、測位コマンドに付加するパラメータとして加える。
(2)タグは、受信した測位コマンド内にあるタグIDと自身のIDが一致した場合、測位コマンドにて指定されたタイミングでレスポンスを送信する。
(3)タグは、レスポンス送信後、一定時間タグID取得コマンドに反応しないように状態遷移を行う。
(4)各アンカーは、測位コマンドを送信する毎に、タグIDは同じ場合であってもレスポンスタイミングは前回送ったものとは異なるものを指定する(ランダムとする)。
認証通信は、認証意思検出位置にて存在を検知したタグ200に対してのみ行う。つまり、認証通信のコマンドには対応するタグIDを付加する。ここで、認証通信に関しては、測位のように複数のアンカーが情報を得る必要はなく、1つのアンカーのみがタグ200と通信し、ゲートを通過する権利があるか否かを確認すればよい。その際、複数のアンカー110,112,114,116,118,120のうちのどのアンカーがタグ200と通信すべきかを選ぶ必要があるが、その手法を以下に説明する。
ここでは、タグIDを事前に収集する場合のプロトコルにて、通信性能を向上させる方法を説明する。タグID取得においても、上述した認証通信の場合と同様に、コマンドを送信したアンカーのみがレスポンスを復調する必要はない。つまり、コマンドを送信していないアンカーも復調を行うことにより、タグID取得の確率を上げることで、通信効率を向上させることができる。
図11に示したように、改札の横には窓口150が設けられている。改札横の窓口150に関しては、改札と同期したシステムである必要がなく、改札利用者からの問い合わせがあった時のみ対応すればよい。このため、窓口150については改札のゲートとは異なる対応を考える必要があるが、別途の測位システムを窓口150のみのために構築するのはコストがかかる。このため、窓口150においては、タグ200が特定の距離内に入ったことをトリガーとして認証通信を開始するNFCのようなインターフェースを行う。この場合、窓口150に設置するアンカーを1つに抑えることができ、コストを低減できる。また、窓口150に置かれるチャージ機についても、同様の適用を行うことができる。
次に、ゲート毎に制御を行う場合について説明する。図19は、ゲート毎に制御する場合の通信システム、プロトコルを示す模式図である。以下では、ゲート毎に制御する場合の通信システム、プロトコルについて説明する。
図19においては、各アンカー100の通信距離は、上述した改札全体を測位制御する場合の通信プロトコルにて想定したものに比べて、短かくてよい。つまり、1つのアンカー100は改札全体を測位制御する場合に比べて、多くのタグは検出しない。その場合、精度の低い測位は必ずしも行う必要はない。以下では、タグID取得→高精度測位→認証通信、のシーケンスを繰り返すものとして説明を行う。
ここでは、RFパケット衝突への耐性に関して説明する。一般的な無線通信は、ノイズ耐性向上のため、拡散符号方式を実装している。ここで拡散符号方式の概要を図26、図27に基づいて説明する。図26の左側の図に示すように、送信側はデータ“0”,“1”を拡散符号[1 0 0 1 0 1 1]でEXOR処理することで拡散し、拡散後の信号を伝送する。復調側は、受信信号を送信側と同じ拡散符号でEXOR処理することにより送信データを復調できる。ここで、復調側は送信側の拡散信号を予め知っているものとする。
各ゲートが、同期を取らず自律的に通信を行う場合、タグID取得→高精度測位→認証通信、のシーケンスにて、パケット衝突のパターンを下記に列挙する。なお、両矢印は衝突を示している。
タグID取得レスポンス⇔タグID取得レスポンス
タグID取得レスポンス⇔タグID取得コマンド
タグID取得レスポンス⇔高精度測位コマンド・レスポンス
タグID取得レスポンス⇔認証通信コマンド・レスポンス
タグID取得コマンド⇔タグID取得コマンド
タグID取得コマンド⇔高精度測位コマンド・レスポンス
タグID取得コマンド⇔認証通信コマンド・レスポンス
高精度測位コマンド・レスポンス⇔高精度測位コマンド・レスポンス
高精度測位コマンド・レスポンス⇔認証通信コマンド・レスポンス
認証通信コマンド・レスポンス⇔認証通信コマンド・レスポンス
タグID取得:衝突によりタグIDが取得できないと、以降の通信が全くできないため、ここでの通信不良は避けることが望ましい。
高精度測位:1つのアンカーにて複数回通信を行う。この時、確率的にRFパケットの衝突が起こるが、数回通信が行えなくとも、測位は可能である。但し、精度が低下するトレードオフは存在する。
認証通信:通信が失敗した場合において、タイムアウト・再送要求等でリカバリは可能である。但し、通信時間が長くなるトレードオフは存在する。
図31は、自動改札システムの機能構成例を示すブロック図である。図31に示すようにアンカー100はサーバー1000に接続されている。サーバー1000は、送信処理部1100、受信処理部1200、測位部1300、認証部1400、ゲート制御部1500、決済処理部1600、選択部1700、データベース1800、誤り検出部1900を有して構成されている。
以下では、上述した実施形態に基づき、更なるバリエーションについて説明する。
上述した説明では、基本的に改札のシステムについて記載したが、本実施形態は、例えば駅校内等での測位に関し、人の流れ等の把握のためにも適用可能である。この場合、タグ200は、駅構内の測位コマンド処理中に、改札におけるコマンドを受信する可能性があり、その場合、スピードが求められる改札処理が遅れることも想定される。そこで、改札における測位コマンドは、他の場所(駅構内、車両)の測位コマンド系とは別とし、改札のコマンド処理の優先度は高くすることが望ましい。これにより、駅構内の測位の最中でも、スムーズに改札を通過することが可能となる。
上述した実施形態では、6つのアンカー110,112,114,116,118,120による測位を行ったが、全てのアンカー110,112,114,116,118,120がタグ200からのレスポンスを得てから、測位の計算を行う必要はない。測位は基本的に3つの測距情報があれば可能であるため、3つのアンカーで測距情報が集まったら、図33に示すように、コマンド送信と並行して測位計算を順次行うことで、時間短縮に効果的となる。
上述したタグIDを収集する手法を用いる場合、例えばタグ200の残高不足等でゲートが閉まり、タグ200を保持する人が窓口150での対応を行う場合がある。この場合、上述のようにタグ200は、タグID取得コマンドに反応しないように状態を遷移しているため、窓口150においてタグIDを取得できず、通信ができない場合が想定される。
上述した実施形態によれば、アンカーとタグの距離が離れていても、通信がある程度安定していれば、ゲートを開くための条件は、例えば、タグ200内の残高がゲートを通過するのに必要な金額以上、という条件のみで構わない。一般的なNFCによる改札では、通信距離が短いため、改札を通過する際に必要な金額がタグ200から減算されてからゲートが開くが、本実施形態の手法によれば、アンカー100によるタグ200からの金額の減算は、ゲートを開いてから行ってもよい。これにより、ゲートをより早く開くことができ、ラッシュ時等の混雑を解消できる。
改札通過時にユーザーがタグ200を2つ持っていた場合、どちらのタグ200から金額が減算されるかが不明であると、ユーザーが意図しないタグ200より金額が減算される可能性がある。このため、タグ200の操作入力部240からユーザが操作することで、タグ200のUWBによる通信機能をオン/オフできるようにする。図36は、タッチパネル242からの操作により通信機能をオン/オフする場合と、タグ200に設けられたメカニカルスイッチ244の操作により通信機能をオン/オフする場合を示している。
ここでは、UWBの反射波に対する対策について説明する。UWBは反射に弱い特性があり、反射波と直接波との距離差分が、ビットレートと光速cを乗算した値と一致すると、正常な通信ができなくなる可能性がある。図40は、アンカー100とタグ200が通信を行う場合に、直接波と反射波を示す模式図である。直接波はアンカー100からタグ200へ直接伝送するのに対し、反射波は壁700で反射してタグ200へ伝送される。
アンカー100とタグ200の距離を測距した際の測距誤差(実際の距離と測距値との誤差)は、アンカー100とタグ200との間の距離が大きいほど大きくなる。図42は、アンカー100によるタグ200との間の測距値(横軸)と測距誤差(縦軸)との関係を示す特性図である。測距誤差は、ハードウェアの特性に依存するので、これを小さくことにはある程度の困難が伴う。
高精度測位(Fine測位)においては、アンカー100とタグ200の距離を測距する際、図16に示すように、測距のための通信を複数回行い、各測距値の平均値を測位計算に用いることが考えられる。その際、雑音等の影響で測距のための通信がうまくいかず、通信回数が少ない場合は、平均するための母数が小さくなるため、測距値の誤差が大きくなることが予想される。この課題に対し、通信回数が少ない場合に得られた測距値は、測位計算の対象からはずすことで上記の課題が解決できる。
(1) 複数の無線通信端末の位置を測位する測位部と、
前記測位部による前記無線通信端末の位置に基づいて、前記無線通信端末のゲートの通過可否を判断するための認証を行う認証部と、
を備える、ゲート装置。
(2) 前記測位部は、パルス通信を利用した測位技術により前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する、前記(1)に記載のゲート装置。
(3) 前記認証部は、前記無線通信端末が所定範囲に位置する場合に、前記認証を行う、前記(1)に記載のゲート装置。
(4) 前記測位と前記認証のために前記無線通信端末と通信を行い、異なる位置に配置された複数の無線通信装置を備え、
前記測位部は、前記無線通信端末への測位コマンドの送信から前記測位コマンドに対する前記無線通信端末からのレスポンスの受信までの時間に基づいて前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する、前記(1)に記載のゲート装置。
(5) 前記測位部は、
前記複数の無線通信装置のそれぞれが前記無線通信端末へ送信する1の前記測位コマンドと当該1の測位コマンドに対する前記レスポンスとに基づいて前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する第1の測位部と、
前記複数の無線通信装置のそれぞれが前記無線通信端末へ送信する複数の前記測位コマンドと当該複数の測位コマンドに対する複数の前記レスポンスとに基づいて前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する第2の測位部と、を有し、
前記第1の測位部により所定の範囲に位置することが測位された前記無線通信端末に対して、前記第2の測位部による測位を行う、前記(4)に記載のゲート装置。
(6) 前記第2の測位部は、複数の前記測位コマンドに対する前記レスポンスを受信する際に、前記レスポンスを受けるためのスロットを固定する、前記(5)に記載のゲート装置。
(7) 前記複数の無線通信装置は、前記測位部が前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する前に、前記無線通信端末を識別するための識別子を取得するための識別子取得コマンドを前記無線通信端末へ送信することで、前記無線通信端末から前記識別子を取得し、
前記第1の測位部により前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する際に、前記測位コマンドとともに、前記識別子と前記レスポンスを受信する際のタイミング情報とを送信する、前記(5)に記載のゲート装置。
(8) 前記複数の無線通信装置のそれぞれは、前記第1の測位部により前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する際に、異なるタイミング情報を前記無線通信端末へ送信する、前記(7)に記載のゲート装置。
(9) 前記測位コマンドとともに前記識別子及び前記タイミング情報を受信した前記無線通信端末は、受信した前記識別子が自身の識別子と一致する場合は、受信したタイミング情報に基づいて前記レスポンスを送信する、前記(7)に記載のゲート装置。
(10) 前記認証部による認証のために、前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する際に前記無線通信端末から受信した情報を復調する際に得られた情報に基づいて、複数の前記無線通信装置の中から前記認証を行うための前記無線通信装置を選択する選択部を備える、前記(4)に記載のゲート装置。
(11) 前記レスポンス又は前記識別子を受信する際に、複数の前記無線通信装置が復調を行い、
前記レスポンスの誤り検出を行う誤り検出部を備え、
前記複数の無線通信装置が受信した前記レスポンスのうち、誤りが検出されなかった前記レスポンスを最終的な前記レスポンスとして確定する、前記(7)に記載のゲート装置。
(12) 前記測位コマンドに反応した前記無線通信端末は、一定時間の間は前記無線通信装置から送られる前記識別子取得コマンドに対して反応しないように状態遷移が行われる、前記(7)に記載のゲート装置。
(13) 前記状態遷移が行われた前記無線通信端末を前記状態遷移から復帰させる状態遷移復帰コマンドを送信する、前記(12)に記載のゲート装置。
(14) 前記無線通信端末は、前記識別子取得コマンド内の前記識別子が自端末に対応する場合は、前記識別子取得コマンドに対するレスポンスを行わない、請求項7に記載のゲート装置。
(15) 前記測位コマンドには、一定時間の間のみ前記識別子が付加されて前記無線通信端末へ送信される、請求項7に記載のゲート装置。
(16) 前記無線通信端末の位置を測位するための測位コマンドとして、前記ゲートに関連する第1のコマンドと、前記ゲートに関連しない第2のコマンドを有し、
前記無線通信端末は、前記第2のコマンドよりも前記第1のコマンドの優先度を高くして前記第1のコマンドに反応する、前記(1)~(15)のいずれかに記載のゲート装置。
(17) 前記認証部による認証を行った後は、人を検知するセンサから得られる情報に基づいて、前記無線通信端末を保持する人が前記ゲートを通過するまでの間は、前記測位部による測位、又は前記認証部による認証を行わない、前記(1)~前記(16)のいずれかに記載のゲート装置。
(18) 前記無線通信端末が認証されると、前記無線通信端末を保持する人が別途保持する他の端末との通信を非活性化する、前記(1)~(17)のいずれかに記載のゲート装置。
(19) 前記無線通信端末が前記ゲートの外の特定の範囲内に入ったことをトリガーとして前記認証のための通信を開始する、前記(1)~(19)のいずれかに記載のゲート装置。
(20) 複数の無線通信端末の位置を測位することと、
測位した前記無線通信端末の位置に基づいて、前記無線通信端末のゲートの通過可否を判断するための認証を行うことと、
を備える、ゲート装置における方法。
1300 測位部
1310 第1の測位部
1320 第2の測位部
1400 認証部
1700 選択部
1900 誤り検出部
Claims (20)
- 複数の無線通信端末の位置を測位する測位部と、
前記測位部による前記無線通信端末の位置に基づいて、前記無線通信端末のゲートの通過可否を判断するための認証を行う認証部と、
を備える、ゲート装置。 - 前記測位部は、パルス通信を利用した測位技術により前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する、請求項1に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記認証部は、前記無線通信端末が所定範囲に位置する場合に、前記認証を行う、請求項1に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記測位と前記認証のために前記無線通信端末と通信を行い、異なる位置に配置された複数の無線通信装置を備え、
前記測位部は、前記無線通信端末への測位コマンドの送信から前記測位コマンドに対する前記無線通信端末からのレスポンスの受信までの時間に基づいて前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する、請求項1に記載のゲート装置。 - 前記測位部は、
前記複数の無線通信装置のそれぞれが前記無線通信端末へ送信する1の前記測位コマンドと当該1の測位コマンドに対する前記レスポンスとに基づいて前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する第1の測位部と、
前記複数の無線通信装置のそれぞれが前記無線通信端末へ送信する複数の前記測位コマンドと当該複数の測位コマンドに対する複数の前記レスポンスとに基づいて前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する第2の測位部と、を有し、
前記第1の測位部により所定の範囲に位置することが測位された前記無線通信端末に対して、前記第2の測位部による測位を行う、請求項4に記載のゲート装置。 - 前記第2の測位部は、複数の前記測位コマンドに対する前記レスポンスを受信する際に、前記レスポンスを受けるためのスロットを固定する、請求項5に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記複数の無線通信装置は、前記測位部が前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する前に、前記無線通信端末を識別するための識別子を取得するための識別子取得コマンドを前記無線通信端末へ送信することで、前記無線通信端末から前記識別子を取得し、
前記第1の測位部により前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する際に、前記測位コマンドとともに、前記識別子と前記レスポンスを受信する際のタイミング情報とを送信する、請求項5に記載のゲート装置。 - 前記複数の無線通信装置のそれぞれは、前記第1の測位部により前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する際に、異なるタイミング情報を前記無線通信端末へ送信する、請求項7に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記測位コマンドとともに前記識別子及び前記タイミング情報を受信した前記無線通信端末は、受信した前記識別子が自身の識別子と一致する場合は、受信したタイミング情報に基づいて前記レスポンスを送信する、請求項7に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記認証部による認証のために、前記無線通信端末の位置を測位する際に前記無線通信端末から受信した情報を復調する際に得られた情報に基づいて、複数の前記無線通信装置の中から前記認証を行うための前記無線通信装置を選択する選択部を備える、請求項4に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記レスポンス又は前記識別子を受信する際に、複数の前記無線通信装置が復調を行い、
前記レスポンスの誤り検出を行う誤り検出部を備え、
前記レスポンスのうち、誤りが検出されなかった前記レスポンスを最終的な前記レスポンスとして確定する、請求項7に記載のゲート装置。 - 前記測位コマンドに反応した前記無線通信端末は、一定時間の間は前記無線通信装置から送られる前記識別子取得コマンドに対して反応しないように状態遷移が行われる、請求項7に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記状態遷移が行われた前記無線通信端末を前記状態遷移から復帰させる状態遷移復帰コマンドを送信する、請求項12に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記無線通信端末は、前記識別子取得コマンド内の前記識別子が自端末に対応する場合は、前記識別子取得コマンドに対するレスポンスを行わない、請求項7に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記測位コマンドには、一定時間の間のみ前記識別子が付加されて前記無線通信端末へ送信される、請求項7に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記無線通信端末の位置を測位するための測位コマンドとして、前記ゲートに関連する第1のコマンドと、前記ゲートに関連しない第2のコマンドを有し、
前記無線通信端末は、前記第2のコマンドよりも前記第1のコマンドの優先度を高くして前記第1のコマンドに反応する、請求項1に記載のゲート装置。 - 前記認証部による認証を行った後は、人を検知するセンサから得られる情報に基づいて、前記無線通信端末を保持する人が前記ゲートを通過するまでの間は、前記測位部による測位、又は前記認証部による認証を行わない、請求項1に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記無線通信端末が認証されると、前記無線通信端末を保持する人が別途保持する他の端末との通信を非活性化する、請求項1に記載のゲート装置。
- 前記無線通信端末が前記ゲートの外の特定の範囲内に入ったことをトリガーとして前記認証のための通信を開始する、請求項1に記載のゲート装置。
- 複数の無線通信端末の位置を測位することと、
測位した前記無線通信端末の位置に基づいて、前記無線通信端末のゲートの通過可否を判断するための認証を行うことと、
を備える、ゲート装置における方法。
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| JP2019540855A JP7205478B2 (ja) | 2017-09-06 | 2018-08-15 | ゲート装置及びゲート装置における方法 |
| CN201880056128.6A CN111033576B (zh) | 2017-09-06 | 2018-08-15 | 闸门装置和闸门装置中的方法 |
| US16/642,125 US11049347B2 (en) | 2017-09-06 | 2018-08-15 | Gate apparatus and method in gate apparatus |
| EP18855049.5A EP3671661B1 (en) | 2017-09-06 | 2018-08-15 | Gate device and method for gate device |
| US17/303,583 US20210287471A1 (en) | 2017-09-06 | 2021-06-02 | Gate apparatus and method in gate apparatus |
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| US17/303,583 Continuation US20210287471A1 (en) | 2017-09-06 | 2021-06-02 | Gate apparatus and method in gate apparatus |
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| US20200357213A1 (en) | 2020-11-12 |
| US20210287471A1 (en) | 2021-09-16 |
| US11049347B2 (en) | 2021-06-29 |
| JPWO2019049623A1 (ja) | 2020-11-19 |
| EP3671661B1 (en) | 2025-05-07 |
| JP7205478B2 (ja) | 2023-01-17 |
| CN111033576A (zh) | 2020-04-17 |
| EP3671661A4 (en) | 2020-08-12 |
| EP3671661A1 (en) | 2020-06-24 |
| CN111033576B (zh) | 2022-11-04 |
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