WO2019107033A1 - リチウムイオン電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019107033A1 WO2019107033A1 PCT/JP2018/039809 JP2018039809W WO2019107033A1 WO 2019107033 A1 WO2019107033 A1 WO 2019107033A1 JP 2018039809 W JP2018039809 W JP 2018039809W WO 2019107033 A1 WO2019107033 A1 WO 2019107033A1
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates mainly to the improvement of the negative electrode of a lithium ion battery.
- lithium ion batteries are expected as power sources for small household applications, power storage devices and electric vehicles because they have high voltage and high energy density. While high energy density of a battery is required, utilization of a material containing silicon (silicon) to be alloyed with lithium is expected as a negative electrode active material having a high theoretical capacity density.
- one aspect of the present invention is a lithium ion battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode includes a current collector, and a negative electrode including lithium silicate particles and a binder on the current collector.
- An active material layer, and lithium silicate particles comprise composite particles including a lithium silicate phase and silicon particles dispersed in the lithium silicate phase, and a carbon material is present inside the composite particles
- the area ratio of the carbon material to the cross section of the composite particles is 0.008 to 6%
- the binder contains a first resin
- the first resin is polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate and
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion battery which is at least one selected from the group consisting of derivatives thereof and in which the content of the first resin contained in the negative electrode active material layer is 2% by mass or less.
- a lithium ion battery having excellent charge and discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view with a portion cut away of a lithium ion battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the lithium ion battery according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, and the negative electrode active material layer of the negative electrode includes a negative electrode material and a binder.
- the negative electrode material (hereinafter also referred to as LSX particles) comprises composite particles comprising a lithium silicate phase and silicon particles dispersed in the lithium silicate phase.
- the silicon particles have a particulate phase of silicon (Si) alone.
- a carbon material is present inside the composite particles, and the area ratio of the carbon material to the cross section of the composite particles is 0.008 to 6%.
- the binder contains at least a first resin, and the first resin is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate and derivatives thereof, and in the negative electrode active material layer of the first resin The content is 2% by mass or less.
- the presence of the carbon material in a specific ratio inside the composite particles alleviates the stress generated in the lithium silicate phase by the expansion and contraction of silicon particles during charge and discharge.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains 2% by mass or less of the first resin, the bonding strength between the composite particle and the binder in the vicinity thereof can be enhanced, and isolation of the composite particle due to expansion and contraction can be suppressed. As a result, the occurrence of cracking and cracking of the composite particles accompanying repetition of charge and discharge is sufficiently suppressed, and as a result, charge and discharge cycle characteristics are improved.
- the carbon material may be present in the lithium silicate phase or may be present between the lithium silicate phase and the silicon particles.
- the carbon material may be distributed in a dot shape or in a linear shape in the cross section of the composite particle.
- the area ratio of the carbon material to the cross section of the composite particles is 0.008 to 6%, a lithium ion battery having high capacity and excellent charge and discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the area ratio of the carbon material in the cross section of the composite particles is less than 0.008%, the suppression of the occurrence of cracking and cracking of the composite particles is insufficient, and the charge and discharge cycle characteristics are degraded.
- the area ratio of the carbon material to the cross section of the composite particles is more than 6%, the existing ratio of silicon particles contributing to charge and discharge decreases, and the battery capacity is reduced.
- the area ratio of the carbon material to the cross section of the composite particles is preferably 0.5 to 6%, more preferably 1 to 3%.
- the area ratio of the carbon material to the cross section of the composite particle can be determined, for example, by the following method.
- the cross section of the negative electrode mixture layer is observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). From the cross-sectional image of the negative electrode mixture layer, ten LSX particles having a maximum particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m or more are randomly selected, and for each, carbon is analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping analysis. The ten measured values obtained are averaged and determined.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- mapping analysis by EDX is performed on a range 1 ⁇ m inward from the peripheral edge of the cross section of the LSX particle so that a thin film or a conductive layer is not included in the measurement range.
- the state of distribution of the carbon material inside the composite particle can also be confirmed by mapping analysis by EDX.
- the carbon material preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbon compound and a carbonaceous material. Among them, carbonaceous materials are more preferable.
- Examples of the carbon compound include compounds containing carbon and hydrogen, and compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
- carbon black As the carbonaceous material, carbon black, coal, coke, charcoal, amorphous carbon with low crystallinity such as activated carbon, graphite with high crystallinity, or the like can be used. Among them, amorphous carbon is preferable because of its low hardness and large buffering action on silicon particles that change in volume due to charge and discharge.
- Amorphous carbon may be graphitizable carbon (soft carbon) or non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon).
- Examples of carbon black include acetylene black and ketjen black.
- Graphite means a material having a graphitic crystal structure, and examples thereof include natural graphite, artificial graphite and graphitized mesophase carbon particles.
- the lithium silicate phase does not have many sites capable of reacting with lithium, it is unlikely to cause a new irreversible reaction during charge and discharge. Therefore, excellent charge and discharge efficiency is exhibited at the beginning of charge and discharge.
- the composition of the lithium silicate phase is represented by the formula: Li 2 x SiO 2 (2 + x) , and preferably satisfies 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.
- Li 4 SiO 4 is chemically unstable and easily reacts with moisture to elute an alkaline component, which may cause problems during the production of the negative electrode or may deteriorate the negative electrode.
- x ⁇ 1/2 More preferably, 1/4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1/2.
- the negative electrode material LSX particles preferably further comprises a conductive material that covers at least a part of the surface of the composite particles. Since the lithium silicate phase is poor in electron conductivity, the conductivity of the composite particles also tends to be low. On the other hand, by covering the surface of the composite particles with a conductive material, the conductivity can be dramatically improved.
- the conductive layer formed on the surface of the composite particles by the coating of the conductive material is preferably substantially thin so as not to affect the average particle diameter of the composite particles.
- the thickness of the conductive layer is preferably 1 to 200 nm, more preferably 5 to 100 nm, in consideration of securing of conductivity and diffusibility of lithium ions.
- the thickness of the conductive layer can be measured by cross-sectional observation of particles using SEM or TEM.
- a mixture of silicon dioxide and a lithium compound can be used as a raw material of lithium silicate.
- lithium silicate having a predetermined composition ratio is obtained. For example, when the raw material is charged such that the atomic ratio of Si / Li is 1, Li 2 Si 2 O 5 is obtained.
- lithium compound lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, lithium hydride or the like can be used. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the mixture of silicon dioxide and lithium compound is preferably heated in air at 400 ° C. to 1200 ° C., preferably 800 ° C. to 1100 ° C., to react silicon dioxide with the lithium compound.
- Step (ii) Next, compounding is performed by blending the raw material silicon with lithium silicate.
- composite particles are produced through the following steps (a) to (c).
- powder of raw material silicon and powder of lithium silicate are mixed, for example, in a mass ratio of 20:80 to 95: 5.
- raw material silicon coarse particles of silicon having an average particle diameter of about several ⁇ m to several tens of ⁇ m may be used.
- Step (b) the mixture of raw material silicon and lithium silicate is stirred while being micronized using a pulverizing apparatus such as a ball mill.
- a pulverizing apparatus such as a ball mill.
- an organic solvent may be added to the mixture and perform wet grinding.
- a predetermined amount of organic solvent may be introduced into the crushing vessel at one time at the initial stage of crushing, or a predetermined amount of organic solvent may be divided into a plurality of times and intermittently inserted into the crushing vessel during the crushing process.
- the organic solvent serves both to prevent adhesion of the object to be ground to the inner wall of the grinding container and to play a role as a raw material of the carbon material embedded in the composite particles.
- alcohols examples include primary alcohol, secondary alcohol and tertiary alcohol.
- examples of the alcohol include methanol, ethanol, butanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerin, octanol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and linoleyl alcohol.
- examples of the ether include diethyl ether.
- the fatty acid may be a saturated fatty acid or an unsaturated fatty acid.
- fatty acids include butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, nonadecane, Icosanoic acid is mentioned.
- alkanes examples include methane, ethane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane, nonadecane and icosane.
- cycloalkanes examples include cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclononane, cyclodecane, cycloundecane, cyclododecane, cyclotridecane, cyclotetradecane, cyclopentadecane, cyclohexadecane, cycloheptadecane, cyclooctadecane, cyclononadecane, Cycloicosan is mentioned.
- the silicate ester examples include ethyl orthosilicate and methyl orthosilicate.
- metal alkoxides examples include methyltrimethoxysilane.
- An organic solvent may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- a mixture of a raw material silicon powder, a lithium silicate powder and a carbon material powder may be introduced into a grinding container.
- the raw material silicon and the lithium silicate may be separately micronized and then mixed.
- silicon nanoparticles, lithium silicate nanoparticles, and carbon nanoparticles may be produced and mixed without using a grinding apparatus.
- a known method such as a gas phase method (for example, a plasma method) or a liquid phase method (for example, a liquid phase reduction method) may be used.
- Step (c) Next, the micronized mixture is heated and calcined at 450 ° C. to 1000 ° C., for example, in an inert atmosphere (eg, an atmosphere of argon, nitrogen, etc.). In this manner, composite particles containing a lithium silicate phase and silicon particles dispersed in the lithium silicate phase may be obtained.
- an inert atmosphere eg, an atmosphere of argon, nitrogen, etc.
- the mixture may be sintered while applying pressure (while aggregating the primary particles) by a hot press or the like to produce a sintered body of the mixture.
- the resulting sintered body is composed of aggregates of a plurality of primary particles including a lithium silicate phase and silicon particles dispersed in the lithium silicate phase.
- Lithium silicate is stable at 450 ° C. to 1000 ° C. and hardly reacts with silicon, so the capacity decrease is slight if it occurs.
- the sintered body (aggregate of primary particles) may be pulverized into particles to obtain composite particles (secondary particles).
- secondary particles having a predetermined average particle size can be obtained by appropriately selecting the pulverizing conditions.
- the average particle size of the secondary particles is, for example, 1 to 20 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the secondary particles means a particle diameter (volume average particle diameter) at which the volume integrated value becomes 50% in the particle size distribution measured by the laser diffraction scattering method.
- the micronized mixture contains an organic solvent.
- the organic solvent changes with the temperature rise due to the collision energy of the fine particles during the pulverization, chemically bonds with the fine particles, and tends to be localized on the surface of the fine particles. Therefore, in the inside of the secondary particle (sintered piece) to be obtained, the organic solvent-derived carbon material (for example, amorphous carbon) is likely to be formed in a network along the surface of the primary particle (fine particle).
- An organic solvent-derived carbon material can be formed also inside the primary particles depending on the timing of the addition of the organic solvent and the like. By changing the addition amount of the organic solvent, the area ratio of the carbon material in the composite particles can be controlled.
- Step (iii) at least a part of the surface of the composite particles (secondary particles) may be coated with a conductive material to form a conductive layer.
- the conductive material is preferably electrochemically stable, preferably a conductive carbon material.
- a CVD method using a hydrocarbon gas such as acetylene or methane as a raw material, coal pitch, petroleum pitch, phenol resin or the like is mixed with the composite particles and heated.
- the method of carbonization etc. can be illustrated.
- carbon black may be attached to the surface of the composite particles.
- a step of washing the composite particles (including the case of having a conductive layer on the surface) with an acid may be performed.
- an acidic aqueous solution it is possible to dissolve and remove a slight amount of alkali component present on the surface of the composite particles, which may be generated when the raw material silicon and lithium silicate are composited.
- an aqueous solution of an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid or carbonic acid, or an aqueous solution of an organic acid such as citric acid or acetic acid can be used.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a cross section of LXS particles 20 as an example of the negative electrode material.
- the LXS particles 20 include mother particles 23 composed of secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles 24 are aggregated.
- the mother particles 23 include a lithium silicate phase 21 and silicon particles 22 dispersed in the lithium silicate phase 21.
- the carbon material 25 is preferably present in at least a part of the interface of the adjacent primary particles 24 inside the mother particle 23.
- a carbon material (not shown) may be present inside the primary particles 24 (for example, inside the lithium silicate phase 21 or between the lithium silicate phase 21 and the silicon particles 22).
- the LSX particles 20 preferably further include a conductive material (conductive layer 26) covering at least a part of the surface of the base particle 23.
- the carbon material 25 is present so as to extend linearly from the inside of the mother particle 23 toward the surface along the interface between the adjacent primary particles 24, and the carbon material 25 is It is preferable that the end on the surface side of the base particle 23 in the above be in contact with the conductive material (conductive layer 26).
- the carbon material 25 and the conductive material (conductive layer 26) a good conductive network can be formed from the surface to the inside of the base particle 23, and the battery capacity and the charge and discharge cycle characteristics can be further enhanced.
- silicon particles 22 are dispersed substantially uniformly in the lithium silicate phase 21.
- the mother particles 23 (primary particles 24) have, for example, a sea-island structure in which fine silicon particles are dispersed in a matrix of the lithium silicate phase 21.
- the silicon particle 22 (simple Si) is scattered approximately uniformly without being localized in a partial region.
- each of the lithium silicate phase 21 and the silicon particles 22 be constituted by a collection of fine particles.
- the lithium silicate phase 21 is preferably composed of particles finer than the silicon particles 22.
- the diffraction peak intensity attributed to the (111) plane of elemental Si is greater than the diffraction peak intensity attributed to the (111) plane of lithium silicate .
- the mother particles 23 may contain other components in addition to the lithium silicate phase 21, the silicon particles 22, and the carbon material.
- the lithium silicate phase 21 may contain a small amount of crystalline or amorphous SiO 2 in addition to lithium silicate.
- the content of SiO 2 in the mother particles 23 measured by Si-NMR is, for example, preferably 30% by mass or less, and more preferably less than 7% by mass.
- the content of silicon particles 22 (single Si) in the mother particles 23 measured by Si-NMR is preferably 20% by mass to 95% by mass, from 35% by mass, from the viewpoint of increasing the capacity and improving cycle characteristics. 75 mass% is more preferable. As a result, a high charge and discharge capacity can be secured, the diffusion of lithium ions can be improved, and excellent load characteristics can be easily obtained. In addition, since the surface of the silicon particles exposed without being covered with the lithium silicate phase and in contact with the electrolyte decreases, the deterioration of the cycle characteristics is suppressed.
- the lithium silicate phase 21 may be, for example, Li 2 Si 3 O 7 , Li 2 Si 4 O 9 , Li 2 Si 5 O 11 , Li 2 Si 6 O 13 , Li 2 Si 7 O 15 or Li, in addition to the above main components. It may contain a small amount of phase such as 2 Si 8 O 17 , Li 2 Si 9 O 19 , Li 2 Si 10 O 21 or the like.
- the content of the main component in the lithium silicate phase 21 as measured by Si-NMR is preferably 50% by mass or more, and more preferably 80% by mass or more. In this case, the elution of the alkali component from the lithium silicate phase is suppressed, and the occurrence of a defect such as deterioration of the negative electrode due to the alkali component is suppressed.
- the desirable Si-NMR measurement conditions are shown below.
- ⁇ Si-NMR measurement conditions Measuring device: Varian solid nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum measuring device (INOVA-400) Probe: Varian 7mm CPMAS-2 MAS: 4.2 kHz MAS speed: 4 kHz Pulse: DD (45 ° pulse + signal acquisition time 1 H decoupling) Repetition time: 1200 sec Observation width: 100 kHz Observation center: around -100 ppm Signal acquisition time: 0.05 sec Total number of times: 560 Sample weight: 207.6 mg The average particle diameter of the primary particles 24 is preferably 0.2 to 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably 2 to 8 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the primary particle 24 is measured by observing the cross section of negative electrode material using SEM. Specifically, it is determined by averaging the diameters of equivalent circles (circles having the same area as the cross-sectional area of the primary particles) of the cross-sectional area of any 100 primary particles 24.
- the average particle size of the silicon particles 22 is 500 nm or less, preferably 200 nm or less, and more preferably 50 nm or less before the first charge. By appropriately miniaturizing the silicon particles 22 in this manner, the volume change during charge and discharge becomes small, and the structural stability is improved.
- the average particle size of the silicon particles 22 is measured by observing the cross section of the negative electrode material using SEM or TEM. Specifically, the maximum diameter of 100 arbitrary silicon particles 22 is averaged and calculated
- the lithium ion battery which concerns on embodiment of this invention is equipped with the negative electrode containing said negative electrode material, a positive electrode, and electrolyte.
- the negative electrode, the positive electrode, and the electrolyte will be described.
- the negative electrode includes, for example, a negative electrode current collector, and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector and containing a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode mixture layer can be formed by applying a negative electrode slurry, in which a negative electrode mixture is dispersed in a dispersion medium, on the surface of a negative electrode current collector and drying. The dried coating may be rolled if necessary.
- the negative electrode mixture layer may be formed on one surface of the negative electrode current collector, or may be formed on both surfaces.
- the negative electrode mixture contains the above-described negative electrode material as an essential component as a negative electrode active material, and can contain a binder, a conductive agent, a thickener, and the like as an optional component. Silicon particles in the negative electrode material can absorb a large amount of lithium ions, and thus contribute to the increase in capacity of the negative electrode.
- the negative electrode active material preferably further contains a carbon-based active material that electrochemically absorbs and desorbs lithium ions. Since the negative electrode material expands and contracts in volume with charge and discharge, when the ratio of the material in the negative electrode active material increases, contact failure between the negative electrode active material and the negative electrode current collector tends to occur with charge and discharge. On the other hand, by using the negative electrode material and the carbon-based active material in combination, it is possible to achieve excellent cycle characteristics while providing high capacity of silicon particles to the negative electrode.
- the proportion of the negative electrode material in the total of the negative electrode material and the carbon-based active material is preferably, for example, 3 to 30% by mass. This makes it easy to simultaneously achieve high capacity and improvement of cycle characteristics.
- graphite As a carbon type active material, graphite, graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon) etc. can be illustrated, for example. Among them, graphite which is excellent in charge and discharge stability and has a small irreversible capacity is preferable.
- Graphite means a material having a graphitic crystal structure, and includes, for example, natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized mesophase carbon particles, and the like.
- the carbon-based active material may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the negative electrode current collector a non-porous conductive substrate (metal foil etc.) and a porous conductive substrate (mesh body, net body, punching sheet etc.) are used.
- the material of the negative electrode current collector include stainless steel, nickel, a nickel alloy, copper, a copper alloy and the like.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 50 ⁇ m and more preferably 5 to 20 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of the balance between the strength of the negative electrode and the weight reduction.
- the binder contains at least a first resin.
- the first resin is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate and derivatives thereof.
- the polyacrylate Li salt or Na salt is preferably used.
- cross-linked lithium polyacrylate is preferably used.
- derivatives include polyacrylic acid esters such as methyl polyacrylate.
- the content of the first resin in the negative electrode active material layer is 2% by mass or less, preferably 0.2% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less.
- the first resin may be combined with another second resin.
- Second resin for example, a fluorine resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene; a polyamide resin such as aramid resin; a polyimide resin such as polyimide or polyamide imide; Polyvinyl resins, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyether sulfone, rubber-like materials such as styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the second resin may be an acrylic resin other than the first resin. Examples of acrylic resins other than the first resin include ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid salt and derivatives thereof.
- conductive agents include carbon blacks such as acetylene black; conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metal fibers; carbon fluorides; metal powders such as aluminum; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; and organic conductive materials such as phenylene derivatives. One of these may be used alone, or two or more of these may be used in combination.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- its modified products including salts such as Na salts
- cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose (cellulose ethers etc.)
- Ken having a polymer such as polyvinyl alcohol having a vinyl acetate unit
- polyethers such as polyalkylene oxides such as polyethylene oxide.
- One of these may be used alone, or two or more of these may be used in combination.
- the dispersion medium is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include water, alcohols such as ethanol, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, amides such as dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and mixed solvents thereof .
- the positive electrode includes, for example, a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode mixture layer can be formed by applying a positive electrode slurry, in which a positive electrode mixture is dispersed in a dispersion medium, on the surface of a positive electrode current collector and drying. The dried coating may be rolled if necessary.
- the positive electrode mixture layer may be formed on one surface of the positive electrode current collector, or may be formed on both surfaces.
- the positive electrode mixture contains a positive electrode active material as an essential component, and can contain a binder, a conductive agent and the like as an optional component.
- a lithium mixed metal oxide can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- the lithium composite metal oxides for example, Li a CoO 2, Li a NiO 2, Li a MnO 2, Li a Co b Ni 1-b O 2, Li a Co b M 1-b O c, Li a Ni 1-b M b O c, Li a Mn 2 O 4, Li a Mn 2-b M b O 4, LiMePO 4, Li 2 MePO 4 F can be mentioned.
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Na, Mg, Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb, and B.
- a value which shows the molar ratio of lithium is a value immediately after preparation of an active material, and increases / decreases by charging / discharging.
- the binder and the conductive agent the same ones as exemplified for the negative electrode can be used.
- the conductive agent graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite may be used.
- the shape and thickness of the positive electrode current collector can be respectively selected from the shape and range according to the negative electrode current collector.
- Examples of the material of the positive electrode current collector include stainless steel, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium and the like.
- the electrolyte comprises a solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the solvent.
- the concentration of lithium salt in the electrolyte is, for example, 0.5 to 2 mol / L.
- the electrolyte may contain known additives.
- an aqueous solvent or a non-aqueous solvent is used.
- the non-aqueous solvent for example, cyclic carbonate, chain carbonate, cyclic carboxylic acid ester and the like are used.
- cyclic carbonates include propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC).
- chain carbonates include diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and the like.
- Examples of cyclic carboxylic acid esters include ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) and ⁇ -valerolactone (GVL).
- the non-aqueous solvent may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- lithium salts examples include lithium salts of chlorine-containing acids (LiClO 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiB 10 Cl 10 and the like), lithium salts of fluorine-containing acids (LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 ), lithium salts of fluorine-containing acid imides (LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) (C 4 F 9 SO 2 ), LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 ), lithium halides (LiCl, LiBr, LiI etc.) etc. can be used.
- a lithium salt may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- Separator In general, it is desirable to interpose a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator has high ion permeability, and has adequate mechanical strength and insulation.
- a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, a non-woven fabric or the like can be used.
- polyolefins such as a polypropylene and polyethylene, are preferable.
- the structure of a lithium ion battery As an example of the structure of a lithium ion battery, the structure by which the electrode group in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode were wound via a separator, and electrolyte were accommodated in the exterior body is mentioned.
- another type of electrode group may be applied, such as a stacked-type electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are stacked via a separator.
- the lithium ion battery may be in any form, for example, cylindrical, square, coin, button or laminate type.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view with a part cut away of a prismatic lithium ion battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the battery includes a bottomed rectangular battery case 6, an electrode assembly 9 housed in the battery case 6, and an electrolyte (not shown).
- the electrode group 9 has a long strip-like negative electrode, a long strip-like positive electrode, and a separator interposed between them and preventing direct contact.
- the electrode group 9 is formed by winding the negative electrode, the positive electrode, and the separator around a flat winding core and removing the winding core.
- One end of the negative electrode lead 11 is attached to the negative electrode current collector of the negative electrode by welding or the like.
- One end of the positive electrode lead 14 is attached to the positive electrode current collector of the positive electrode by welding or the like.
- the other end of the negative electrode lead 11 is electrically connected to the negative electrode terminal 13 provided on the sealing plate 5.
- the other end of the positive electrode lead 14 is electrically connected to the battery case 6 which doubles as a positive electrode terminal.
- a resin-made frame 4 is disposed on the top of the electrode group 9 to isolate the electrode group 9 and the sealing plate 5 and to isolate the negative electrode lead 11 and the battery case 6. The opening of the battery case 6 is sealed by the sealing plate 5.
- Step (ii) Lithium silicate (Li 2 Si 2 O 5 ) having an average particle diameter of 10 ⁇ m and raw material silicon (3N, average particle diameter 10 ⁇ m) were mixed at a mass ratio of 50:50.
- the mixture is filled in a pot (made of SUS, volume: 500 mL) of a planetary ball mill (Fritsch, P-5), 24 SUS balls (diameter 20 mm) are put, the lid is closed, and 200 rpm is used in an inert atmosphere.
- the mixture was milled for 50 hours.
- ethanol was added as an organic solvent to the above mixture filled in the pot.
- the amount of ethanol added was 0.016 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the mixture of lithium silicate and raw material silicon.
- the powdery mixture was taken out in an inert atmosphere, and the mixture was fired at 600 ° C. for 4 hours while applying pressure to the mixture by hot pressing in an inert atmosphere to obtain a sintered body of the mixture.
- Step (iii) Thereafter, the sintered body is crushed, passed through a 40 ⁇ m mesh, mixed with coal pitch (MCP 250, manufactured by JFE Chemical Co., Ltd.), and the mixture is fired at 800 ° C. for 5 hours in an inert atmosphere to obtain composite particles.
- the surface of the was coated with conductive carbon to form a conductive layer.
- the coating amount of the conductive layer was 5% by mass with respect to the total mass of the composite particles and the conductive layer.
- LSX particles secondary particles having an average particle diameter of 10 ⁇ m including composite particles and a conductive layer formed on the surface of the composite particles were obtained.
- Elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was performed using a cross-sectional image of LSX particles by SEM. As a result of element mapping by EDX, it was confirmed that most of the carbon material is present at the interface of adjacent primary particles inside the composite particles, and the carbon material is also present inside the primary particles.
- a non-aqueous electrolytic solution was prepared by dissolving LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1.0 mol / L in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) at a volume ratio of 3: 7.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- a tab was attached to each electrode, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode were spirally wound via a separator so that the tab was positioned at the outermost periphery, to produce an electrode group.
- the electrode group was inserted into an aluminum laminate film outer package and vacuum dried at 105 ° C. for 2 hours, and then a non-aqueous electrolyte was injected to seal the opening of the outer package, thereby obtaining a lithium ion battery.
- Examples 2 to 9 and Comparative Examples 2 to 10 Lithium ion was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the step (ii), the amount of ethanol added was changed to the value shown in Table 1 and the lithium polyacrylate was changed to the value shown in Table 1 in the preparation of the negative electrode. A battery was made.
- the charge capacity was expressed as an index with the charge capacity of Comparative Example 1 being 100. It was determined that the initial capacity was good if the charge capacity was 95 or more.
- the rest period between charge and discharge was 10 minutes.
- the ratio of the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle to the discharge capacity at the first cycle was taken as the cycle maintenance rate, and the others were standardized with the number of cycles in Example 5 being 100.
- a carbon material is present inside the composite particles, the area ratio of the carbon material in the cross section of the composite particles is 0.008 to 6%, and the lithium polyacrylate is 2% by mass or less in Examples 1 to 7
- the battery had a high initial charge capacity (initial capacity), and excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics were obtained.
- the present invention can provide a lithium ion battery having high capacity and good charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the lithium ion battery of the present invention is useful as a main power source for mobile communication devices, portable electronic devices and the like.
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Abstract
Description
リチウムシリケートの原料には、二酸化ケイ素とリチウム化合物の混合物を用いることができる。上記の混合物を焼成することにより、所定の組成比を有するリチウムシリケートが得られる。例えば、Si/Liの原子比が1となるように原料を仕込んだ場合、Li2Si2O5が得られる。
次に、リチウムシリケートに原料シリコンを配合して複合化が行われる。例えば、以下の工程(a)~(c)を経て、複合粒子が作製される。
まず、原料シリコンの粉末とリチウムシリケートの粉末とを、例えば、20:80~95:5の質量比で混合する。原料シリコンには、平均粒径が数μm~数十μm程度のシリコンの粗粒子を用いればよい。
次に、ボールミルのような粉砕装置を用いて、原料シリコンとリチウムシリケートの混合物を微粒子化しながら攪拌する。このとき、混合物に有機溶媒を添加して、湿式粉砕することが好ましい。所定量の有機溶媒を粉砕初期に一度に粉砕容器に投入してもよく、粉砕過程で所定量の有機溶媒を複数回に分けて間欠的に粉砕容器に投入してもよい。有機溶媒は、粉砕対象物の粉砕容器の内壁への付着を防ぐ役割と、複合粒子に内在させる炭素材料の原料としての役割とを兼ねる。
次に、微粒子化された混合物を、例えば不活性雰囲気(例えば、アルゴン、窒素などの雰囲気)中で、450℃~1000℃で加熱し、焼成する。このようにして、リチウムシリケート相とリチウムシリケート相内に分散しているシリコン粒子とを含む複合粒子を得てもよい。
次に、複合粒子(二次粒子)の表面の少なくとも一部を、導電性材料で被覆して導電層を形成してもよい。導電性材料は、電気化学的に安定であることが好ましく、導電性炭素材料が好ましい。導電性炭素材料で複合粒子の表面を被覆する方法としては、アセチレン、メタンなどの炭化水素ガスを原料に用いるCVD法、石炭ピッチ、石油ピッチ、フェノール樹脂などを複合粒子と混合し、加熱して炭化させる方法などが例示できる。また、カーボンブラックを複合粒子の表面に付着させてもよい。
複合粒子(表面に導電層を有する場合を含む。)を酸で洗浄する工程を行ってもよい。例えば、酸性水溶液で複合粒子を洗浄することで、原料シリコンとリチウムシリケートとを複合化させる際に生じ得る、複合粒子の表面に存在する微量のアルカリ成分を溶解させ、除去することができる。酸性水溶液としては、塩酸、フッ化水素酸、硫酸、硝酸、リン酸、炭酸などの無機酸の水溶液や、クエン酸、酢酸などの有機酸の水溶液を用いることができる。
測定装置:バリアン社製、固体核磁気共鳴スペクトル測定装置(INOVA‐400)
プローブ:Varian 7mm CPMAS-2
MAS:4.2kHz
MAS速度:4kHz
パルス:DD(45°パルス+シグナル取込時間1Hデカップル)
繰り返し時間:1200sec
観測幅:100kHz
観測中心:-100ppm付近
シグナル取込時間:0.05sec
積算回数:560
試料量:207.6mg
一次粒子24の平均粒径は、0.2~10μmが好ましく、2~8μmがより好ましい。これにより、充放電に伴う負極材料の体積変化による応力を更に緩和しやすく、良好なサイクル特性を得やすくなる。また、複合粒子の表面積が適度になるため、電解質との副反応による容量低下も抑制される。
負極は、例えば、負極集電体と、負極集電体の表面に形成され、かつ負極活物質を含む負極合剤層とを具備する。負極合剤層は、負極合剤を分散媒に分散させた負極スラリーを、負極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を、必要により圧延してもよい。負極合剤層は、負極集電体の一方の表面に形成してもよく、両方の表面に形成してもよい。
正極は、例えば、正極集電体と、正極集電体の表面に形成された正極合剤層とを具備する。正極合剤層は、正極合剤を分散媒に分散させた正極スラリーを、正極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を、必要により圧延してもよい。正極合剤層は、正極集電体の一方の表面に形成してもよく、両方の表面に形成してもよい。
電解質は、溶媒と、溶媒に溶解したリチウム塩を含む。電解質におけるリチウム塩の濃度は、例えば、0.5~2mol/Lである。電解質は、公知の添加剤を含有してもよい。
通常、正極と負極との間には、セパレータを介在させることが望ましい。セパレータは、イオン透過度が高く、適度な機械的強度および絶縁性を備えている。セパレータとしては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布などを用いることができる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンなどのポリオレフィンが好ましい。
[LSX粒子の調製]
工程(i)
二酸化ケイ素と炭酸リチウムとを原子比:Si/Li=1となるように混合し、混合物を950℃空気中で10時間焼成することにより、Li2Si2O5で表わされるリチウムシリケートを得た。得られたリチウムシリケートは平均粒径10μmになるように粉砕した。
平均粒径10μmのリチウムシリケート(Li2Si2O5)と原料シリコン(3N、平均粒径10μm)とを、50:50の質量比で混合した。混合物を遊星ボールミル(フリッチュ社製、P-5)のポット(SUS製、容積:500mL)に充填し、SUS製ボール(直径20mm)を24個入れて蓋を閉め、不活性雰囲気中で、200rpmで混合物を50時間粉砕処理した。上記において、ポットに充填した上記混合物に、有機溶媒としてエタノールを添加した。エタノールの添加量は、リチウムシリケートおよび原料シリコンの混合物100質量部あたり0.016質量部とした。
その後、焼結体を粉砕し、40μmのメッシュに通した後、石炭ピッチ(JFEケミカル株式会社製、MCP250)と混合し、混合物を不活性雰囲気中で、800℃で5時間焼成し、複合粒子の表面を導電性炭素で被覆して導電層を形成した。導電層の被覆量は、複合粒子と導電層との総質量に対して5質量%とした。その後、篩を用いて、複合粒子と、複合粒子の表面に形成された導電層とを備える、平均粒径10μmのLSX粒子(二次粒子)を得た。
走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いてLSX粒子の断面を観察したところ、複合粒子は、一次粒子(平均粒径3μm)が凝集した二次粒子で構成されることが確認された。また、複合粒子においては、Li2Si2O5からなるマトリックス中に平均粒径50nmのシリコン粒子が略均一に分散していることが確認された。複合粒子のXRDパターンには、主に単体SiとLi2Si2O5に由来する回折ピークが確認され、ピーク強度は、Li2Si2O5<Siであった。一方、2θ=25°にSiO2のピークは観察されなかった。複合粒子をSi-NMRで測定した結果、SiO2の含有量は7質量%未満(検出下限値未満)、複合粒子断面に占める炭素材料の面積割合は0.01%であった。
導電層を有する複合粒子と黒鉛とを5:95の質量比で混合し、負極活物質として用いた。負極活物質と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC-Na)と、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、ポリアクリル酸リチウム塩とを、96.5:1:1.5:1の質量比で混合し、水を添加した後、混合機(プライミクス社製、T.K.ハイビスミックス)を用いて攪拌し、負極スラリーを調製した。次に、銅箔の表面に1m2当りの負極合剤の質量が190gとなるように負極スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して、銅箔の両面に、密度1.5g/cm3の負極合剤層が形成された負極を作製した。
コバルト酸リチウムと、アセチレンブラックと、ポリフッ化ビニリデンとを、95:2.5:2.5の質量比で混合し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を添加した後、混合機(プライミクス社製、T.K.ハイビスミックス)を用いて攪拌し、正極スラリーを調製した。次に、アルミニウム箔の表面に正極スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して、アルミニウム箔の両面に、密度3.6g/cm3の正極合剤層が形成された正極を作製した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とを3:7の体積比で含む混合溶媒にLiPF6を1.0mol/L濃度で溶解して非水電解液を調製した。
各電極にタブをそれぞれ取り付け、タブが最外周部に位置するように、セパレータを介して正極および負極を渦巻き状に巻回することにより電極群を作製した。電極群をアルミニウムラミネートフィルム製の外装体内に挿入し、105℃で2時間真空乾燥した後、非水電解液を注入し、外装体の開口部を封止して、リチウムイオン電池を得た。
工程(ii)において、粉砕工程においてエタノールを添加せず、ポリアクリル酸リチウム塩を添加しなかった以外は、実施例1と同様の方法によりリチウムイオン電池を作製した。
工程(ii)において、エタノールの添加量を表1に示す値に変え、負極の作製においてポリアクリル酸リチウム塩を表1に示す値に変えた以外は、実施例1と同様の方法によりリチウムイオン電池を作製した。
後述する充放電サイクル試験後の電池を解体して、負極を取り出し、クロスセクションポリッシャ(CP)を用いて負極合剤層の断面を得た。SEMによる負極合剤層の断面画像から、粒子の最大径が5μm以上のLSX粒子を無作為に10個選び出して、それぞれについてEDX分析を行い、複合粒子の断面に占める炭素材料の面積割合を求めた。得られた10個の測定値を平均した。なお、EDX分析は、測定範囲に、複合粒子の表面を覆う導電層と、充放電により導電層の表面に形成された被膜とが含まれないようにするために、LSX粒子の断面の周端縁から1μm内側の範囲に対して行った。
1It(800mA)の電流で電圧が4.2Vになるまで定電流充電を行い、その後、4.2Vの電圧で電流が1/20It(40mA)になるまで定電圧充電した。
下記条件で充放電を繰り返し行った。
1It(800mA)の電流で電圧が4.2Vになるまで定電流充電を行い、その後、4.2Vの電圧で電流が1/20It(40mA)になるまで定電圧充電した。
1It(800mA)の電流で電圧が2.75Vになるまで定電流放電を行った。
5 封口板
6 電池ケース
9 電極群
11 負極リード
13 負極端子
14 正極リード
20 LSX粒子
21 リチウムシリケート相
22 シリコン粒子
23 母粒子
24 一次粒子
25 炭素材料
26 導電層
Claims (8)
- 正極と負極と電解質とを含む、リチウムイオン電池であって
前記負極は、集電体と、前記集電体上にリチウムシリケート粒子と結着材とを含む負極活物質層と、を有し、
前記リチウムシリケート粒子は、リチウムシリケート相と、前記リチウムシリケート相内に分散しているシリコン粒子と、を含む複合粒子を備え、前記複合粒子の内部に、炭素材料が存在しており、前記複合粒子の断面に占める前記炭素材料の面積割合は0.008~6%であり、
前記結着材は、少なくとも第1樹脂を含み、前記第1樹脂は、ポリアクリル酸、ポリアクリル酸塩およびそれらの誘導体よりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であり、
前記負極活物質層に含まれる前記第1樹脂の含有量が2質量%以下である、リチウムイオン電池。 - 前記第1樹脂の前記含有量が、0.2質量%~2質量%である、請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 前記ポリアクリル酸塩が、架橋型ポリアクリル酸リチウムである、請求項1または2記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 前記リチウムシリケート相の組成は、式:Li2xSiO(2+x)で表され、0<x<2を満たす、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 前記複合粒子の断面に占める前記炭素材料の面積割合は1~3%である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 前記炭素材料は、炭素化合物および炭素質物よりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種を含む、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 前記複合粒子は、前記リチウムシリケート相と前記シリコン粒子とを含む複数の一次粒子が凝集した二次粒子を含み、
前記炭素材料は、前記二次粒子の内部において、隣り合う前記一次粒子の界面の少なくとも一部に存在している、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン電池。 - 更に、前記二次粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する導電性材料を備え、
前記炭素材料は、隣り合う前記一次粒子の界面に沿って、前記二次粒子の内部から表面に向かって、前記断面において線状に延びるように存在しており、
前記炭素材料における前記二次粒子の表面側の端部が、前記導電性材料に接している、請求項7に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
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| US20200350591A1 (en) | 2020-11-05 |
| CN111357135B (zh) | 2023-10-13 |
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