WO2019192080A1 - 用于费托合成反应的纯相ε/ε'碳化铁催化剂及其制备方法和费托合成的方法 - Google Patents

用于费托合成反应的纯相ε/ε'碳化铁催化剂及其制备方法和费托合成的方法 Download PDF

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WO2019192080A1
WO2019192080A1 PCT/CN2018/092189 CN2018092189W WO2019192080A1 WO 2019192080 A1 WO2019192080 A1 WO 2019192080A1 CN 2018092189 W CN2018092189 W CN 2018092189W WO 2019192080 A1 WO2019192080 A1 WO 2019192080A1
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fischer
iron
tropsch synthesis
preparation
catalyst
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French (fr)
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王鹏
吕毅军
张魁
蒋复国
门卓武
王涛
孙琦
缪平
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China Energy Investment Corp Ltd
National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy
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China Energy Investment Corp Ltd
National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy
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Priority to RU2020133901A priority Critical patent/RU2761013C1/ru
Priority to EP18913406.7A priority patent/EP3778014A4/en
Priority to US17/044,688 priority patent/US11471872B2/en
Priority to GB2015587.5A priority patent/GB2586728B8/en
Priority to JP2020554393A priority patent/JP7098747B2/ja
Publication of WO2019192080A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019192080A1/zh
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Priority to ZA2020/06773A priority patent/ZA202006773B/en
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/16Reducing
    • B01J37/18Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74Iron group metals
    • B01J23/745Iron
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/20Carbon compounds
    • B01J27/22Carbides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/40Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
    • B01J35/45Nanoparticles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/70Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their crystalline properties, e.g. semi-crystalline
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/08Heat treatment
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/16Reducing
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07CACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C1/00Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
    • C07C1/02Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
    • C07C1/04Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2/00Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2/00Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
    • C10G2/30Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
    • C10G2/32Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
    • C10G2/33Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
    • C10G2/331Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals
    • C10G2/332Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G3/00Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
    • C10G3/42Catalytic treatment
    • C10G3/44Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used
    • C10G3/45Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used containing iron group metals or compounds thereof
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2235/00Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2235/00Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
    • B01J2235/15X-ray diffraction
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2235/00Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
    • B01J2235/30Scanning electron microscopy; Transmission electron microscopy
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • Y02P30/20Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction catalysts, and in particular to a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, a process for the preparation thereof and a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Background technique
  • Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is an increasingly important energy conversion pathway in recent years, which converts the synthesis gas of carbon monoxide and H 2 into liquid fuels and chemicals.
  • Fischer-Tropsch coal due to the indirect liquefaction technology of Fischer-Tropsch coal, it can realize the clean utilization of coal and partially solve the problem of dependence on petroleum. It has become one of the preferred technologies for the clean utilization of petroleum and coal in China.
  • Fischer-Tropsch synthesis also produces by-products of carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ).
  • the mechanism of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction is complex and has many steps, such as CO dissociation, carbon (C) hydrogenation, 0 chain growth, and hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions leading to hydrocarbon product desorption and oxygen (0) removal.
  • the main purpose of the improved Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst is to increase the selectivity of the target product, reduce the selectivity of by-products, increase the stability of the catalyst, and increase the life of the catalyst.
  • Iron is the cheapest transition metal used in the manufacture of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts. Iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
  • the active phase of the agent is generally considered to be iron carbide.
  • Conventional iron-based catalysts have high water gas shift (CO + H 2 O - CO 2 + H 2 ) activity, so conventional iron-based catalysts usually have higher by-product 00 2 selectivity, usually occupying carbon monoxide as a conversion raw material. %-45%. This is one of the main drawbacks of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis iron-based catalyst.
  • CN104399501A provides a method for preparing nanoparticles of s-Fe 2 C suitable for low temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, the starting precursor of which is framework iron, and the reaction system is an intermittent discontinuous reaction of polyethylene glycol solvent.
  • the catalyst has a 00 2 selectivity of 18.9% and a CH 4 selectivity of 17.3%.
  • the disadvantage is that it can only be applied to temperatures below 200 ° C, and the reaction cannot be continuously completed. This means that the catalyst is not suitable for continuous production under modern Fischer-Tropsch synthesis industrial conditions.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned problems of the prior art and to provide a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, a process for the preparation thereof and a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process.
  • a first aspect of the present invention provides a process for producing a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst for a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps:
  • the material obtained in the step (1) is pretreated with H 2 and CO at a temperature of 80-180 ° C, and the molar ratio of H 2 to CO is 1.2-2.8 : 1 ;
  • step (3) The material obtained in the step (2) is subjected to carbide preparation at a temperature of 180-280 ° C with H 2 and CO, and the molar ratio of 11 2 to 00 is 1.0-3.0:1.
  • the second aspect of the present invention provides a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction obtained by the production method of the present invention.
  • a third aspect of the invention provides a method for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, comprising: contacting a synthetic feed gas with a catalyst under a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction condition, wherein the catalyst is used according to the invention A pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction.
  • the required raw materials are simple and easy to obtain, and the cost is low:
  • the main raw material iron source is only ordinary commercially available nano iron powder, or it can be a commercially available nano iron oxide which can be reduced to form nano iron in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor.
  • Figure i is a diagram of the mutual transformation relationship of iron carbide in the prior art
  • 2 is a scanning transmission electron microscope STEM image of the precursor 1 in Example 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a high-resolution transmission electron microscope HRTEM image of the precursor 1 in Example 1.
  • FIG. 4 is an 8/8' of Example 1.
  • FIG. 5 is an in situ XRD pattern of the 8/8' iron carbide catalyst obtained in Example 1;
  • Figure 6 is an in situ Mossbauer spectrum of the preparation process of the 8/8' iron carbide catalyst of Example 1. detailed description
  • any values of the ranges disclosed herein are not limited to the precise range or value, and such ranges or values are understood to include values that are close to the ranges or values.
  • the endpoint values of the various ranges, the endpoint values of the various ranges and the individual point values, and the individual point values can be combined with each other to yield one or more new ranges of values.
  • the scope should be considered as specifically disclosed herein.
  • the first aspect of the present invention provides a process for preparing a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst for use in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps:
  • the material obtained in the step (1) is pretreated with H 2 and CO at a temperature of 80-180 ° C, and the molar ratio of H 2 to CO is 1.2-2.8 : 1 ;
  • step (2) the material obtained with H 2, CO at a temperature for preparation of carbides at 180-280 ° C, H 2 to CO molar ratio of 1.0 to 3.0: 1.
  • the raw materials used are simple and easy to obtain, and the cost is low.
  • the nano iron powder may be a conventional choice in the art, and may be a common commercial product, and the average crystal grain diameter of the nano iron powder is preferably 4-30nm, further preferably 10-27nm;
  • the nano-powder iron compound may be a conventional choice in the art, and may be a common commercial product, for example, the nano-powder iron compound may be nano-iron oxide powder, nanometer. At least one of magnetite powder, nano-needle iron ore powder, and nano-iron hydrated oxide powder.
  • the step (1) can function as a surface purification treatment of the nano iron powder; if the raw material in the step (1) is capable of being obtained by in situ reduction The nano-powder iron compound of the nano-iron powder, the step (1) can simultaneously form the nano-iron powder in situ by the nano-powder iron compound and the surface purification treatment of the generated nano-iron powder.
  • H 2 in the step (1) may be introduced into the reaction system in the form of a H 2 stream, and at the same time, the pressure of the surface purification treatment is controlled by controlling the pressure of the H 2 flow, preferably, in the step (1)
  • the surface purification treatment has a pressure of 0.1 to 15 atm, preferably 0.2 to 2.5 atm, and a time of 0.5 to 8 h, preferably 1 to 7 h.
  • the amount of the H 2 may be selected according to the amount of the raw material to be treated.
  • the gas velocity of the H 2 is 500-20000 mL/h/g, more preferably 2500. -15000 mL/h/g.
  • H 2 and CO in the step (2) may be introduced into the reaction system in the form of a (H 2 + CO) mixed gas stream, and at the same time, the pretreatment is controlled by controlling the pressure of the (H 2 + CO) mixed gas stream.
  • the pressure of the process preferably, in the step (2), the pressure of the pretreatment is 0.05 to 7 atm, more preferably 0.05 to 2.5 atm, and the time is 15 to 90 min, more preferably 25 to 75 min.
  • the total gas velocity of the H 2 and CO is 200-8000 mL/h/g, more preferably 1000-6500 mL/h/g.
  • H 2 and CO in the step (3) may be introduced into the reaction system in the form of a (H 2 + CO) mixed gas stream, and at the same time, the carbide is controlled by controlling the pressure of the (H 2 + CO) mixed gas stream.
  • the pressure of the preparation process preferably, in the step (3), the pressure of the carbide preparation is 0.09-10 atmospheres, preferably 0.15-3 atmospheres, the time is 0.5-10h, preferably 1.5-8h;
  • the total gas velocity of the H 2 and CO is 200-20000 mL/h/g, more preferably 4000-15000 mL/h/g.
  • the molar ratio of 11 2 to 00 in the step (2) is larger than the molar ratio to the CO in the step (3).
  • mL/h/g means an intake air volume per hour with respect to each gram of raw material, unless otherwise specified.
  • the preparation method further comprises: raising the temperature of the pre-treated system to a temperature of from 0.2 to 5 ° C /min to 180-280 ° C.
  • the resulting pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst can be specifically better effective product selectivity in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction.
  • the temperature of the pretreated system is raised to 200-270 ° C at a temperature increase rate of 0.2-2.5 ° C /min.
  • the process of surface cleaning treatment, pretreatment and carbide preparation is carried out in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor.
  • the catalyst preparation and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis share the same reactor. Therefore, the 11 2 and 03 raw materials in the catalyst preparation process can be the original raw materials of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction system, and no additional activity is required.
  • Phase carbide preparation reaction device; the entire process of preparation can realize the preparation and synthesis reaction of the active phase in the same reactor in situ, and the operation steps are more simple.
  • the second aspect of the present invention provides a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction obtained by the production method of the present invention.
  • the pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst is a 100% pure phase active phase 8/8' iron carbide.
  • a third aspect of the present invention provides a method of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, comprising: contacting a synthetic feed gas with a catalyst under a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction condition, wherein the catalyst is used for the second aspect of the invention A pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst for the synthesis reaction.
  • the pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst of the invention is used as a catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which can carry out the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction under high temperature and high pressure.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction conditions include: the temperature is 235-250 ° C , the pressure is 2.3-2.5MPa.
  • the pressure refers to an absolute pressure unless otherwise specified.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction is carried out in a high temperature and high pressure continuous reactor.
  • the pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst of the invention can realize the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction to maintain a continuous stable reaction for more than 400 hours in a high temperature and high pressure continuous reactor. The invention will be described in detail below by way of examples.
  • Example 1 In the following examples and comparative examples, all materials were from the same company for convenience of comparison, and the actual operation was not limited to the raw materials of the company.
  • Example 1
  • This example is intended to illustrate the pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst of the present invention and a process for its preparation.
  • nano-iron powder with an average grain diameter ranging from 21 ⁇ 6 nm (purchased from alfa reagent company, CAS No. 7439-89-6), this nano-iron powder was named as precursor 1;
  • the precursor 1 is placed in a tubular Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, and a H 2 flow having a gas velocity of 2500 mL/h/g and a pressure of 2.5 atm is introduced at a temperature of 250 ° C for 7 h;
  • the precursor 1 was subjected to scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) tests, and the results are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, respectively.
  • STEM scanning transmission electron microscopy
  • HRTEM high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
  • the change process from nano-iron powder to target carbide can be clearly seen from Fig. 4; as can be seen from Fig. 5, the obtained target product 8/8' iron carbide has good crystallinity, which corresponds well to 8/. 8' All characteristic peaks of iron carbide, extremely pure, without any other impurities.
  • Figure 6 clearly shows the process of changing from nano-iron powder to target carbide and the process of high-temperature steam treatment.
  • Table 1 shows the specific data of phase transformation. It can be seen from Table 1 that the purity of the active phase 8/8' iron carbide in the target product prepared in Example 1 is 100%, and after long-term operation under simulated industrial conditions, Its purity is still 100%. This indicates that the method of the present invention can produce a target product active phase 8/8' iron carbide of 100% purity, while the 8/8' iron carbide obtained according to the preparation method of the present invention can stably exist at a high temperature of 250 ° C, further The 8/8' iron carbide catalyst maintains 100% purity even after simulated industrial high temperature and high pressure steam erosion.
  • This example is intended to illustrate the pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst of the present invention and a process for its preparation.
  • the precursor 2 is placed in a tubular Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, at a temperature of 510 ° C, a gas flow rate of 15000mL / h / g, a pressure of 0.2 atm of H 2 flow, reaction lh;
  • This example is intended to illustrate the pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst of the present invention and a process for its preparation.
  • nano-needle iron ore (a-FeO(OH)) powder with an average grain diameter ranging from 19 ⁇ 7 nm (purchased from alfa reagent company, CAS No. 20344-49-4), this nanoneedle Iron ore is named precursor 3;
  • the precursor 3 is placed in a tubular Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, and a H 2 flow having a gas velocity of 5000 mL/h/g and a pressure of 1.3 atm is introduced at a temperature of 470 ° C for 5 hours;
  • a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst was prepared according to the procedure of Example 1, except that in step (2), the pressure of the H 2 stream was 15 atm.
  • the 8/8' iron carbide catalyst was obtained as A4.
  • a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst was prepared according to the procedure of Example 1, except that in step (2), the gas velocity of the H 2 stream was 500 mL/h/g.
  • the s/s' iron carbide catalyst was obtained as A5.
  • a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst was prepared as in Example 1, except that in step (3), the pressure of the (H 2 + CO) stream was 7 atm.
  • the 8/8' iron carbide catalyst was obtained as A6.
  • a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst was prepared according to the procedure of Example 1, except that in step (3), the gas velocity of the (H 2 + CO) stream was 200 mL/h/g.
  • the s/s' iron carbide catalyst was obtained as A7.
  • a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst was prepared in accordance with the procedure of Example 1, except that in step (4), the pressure of the (H 2 + CO) stream was 0.09 atm.
  • the 8/8' iron carbide catalyst was obtained as A8.
  • a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst was prepared as in Example 1, except that in step (4), the gas velocity of the (H 2 +CO) stream was 200 mL/h/g.
  • the s/s' iron carbide catalyst was obtained as A9.
  • a pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst was prepared according to the procedure of Example 1, except that in step (4), the heating rate was 5 ° C/min.
  • the s/s' iron carbide catalyst was obtained as A10. Comparative example 1
  • An iron carbide catalyst was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that step (3) was not carried out. Directly process the material obtained in step (2) according to step (4). The iron carbide catalyst was obtained as D1. Comparative example 2
  • An iron carbide catalyst was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that in the step (3), the molar ratio of H 2 to CO was 1.1.
  • the iron carbide catalyst was obtained as D2. Comparative example 3
  • An iron carbide catalyst was prepared in accordance with the method of Example 1, except that in the step (4), the molar ratio of H 2 to CO was 0.9.
  • the iron carbide catalyst was obtained as D3. Comparative example 4
  • An iron carbide catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the temperature of the pretreatment in the step (3) was 200 ° C, and the temperature of the carbide in the step (4) was 290 ° C.
  • the iron carbide catalyst was obtained as D4. Comparative example 5
  • This comparative example is used to illustrate a method of preparing an iron carbide catalyst in the prior art (N. Lohitham et al. / Journal of Catalysis 255 (2008) 104-113).
  • the raw material is 0.6mol/L.
  • CO conversion % [(CO moles in feed - moles of CO in the feed) / CO moles in the feed] X 100%;
  • Effective product selectivity % 100% (0 2 selectivity %-01 4 selectivity %).
  • the pure phase s/s' iron carbide can be produced by the preparation method of the present invention.
  • Effective product selectivity refers to product selectivity other than by-products (: 0 2 and (: 11 4 ).
  • the pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst prepared by the method of the present invention can be seen. It exhibits an ultra-low 00 2 selectivity under industrial conditions, and preferably, the C0 2 selectivity may be less than 5%; correspondingly, the iron carbide catalyst D5 prepared by the prior art is C0 2 under the same industrial conditions.
  • the selectivity is as high as 29.2% - 34.1%.
  • the pure phase 8/8' iron carbide catalyst prepared by the method of the invention has a CH 4 selectivity of less than 14% (preferably less than 11%) and an effective product selectivity of over 78% (excellent) In the case of selection, it can reach more than 84%); and the iron carbide catalyst D5 prepared by the prior art has higher CH 4 selectivity, the effective product selectivity is only 51.7%, and the CO utilization efficiency is low.

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  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)

Abstract

一种用于费托合成反应的纯相ε/ε'碳化铁催化剂及其制备方法和费托合成的方法,制备方法包括以下步骤:( l )将纳米铁粉或能够通过原位还原得到纳米铁粉的纳米粉体铁化合物与H 2在温度为250- 510℃下进行表面净化处理; (2)将步骤(l)得到的物料与H 2、CO在温度为80 -180℃下进行前处理,H 2与CO的摩尔比为1.2- 2.8:1;(3)将步骤(2)得到的物料与H 2、CO在温度为180-280℃下进行碳化物制备,H 2与CO的摩尔比为1.0-3.0:1。该制备方法的原料简便易得,操作步骤简便,可以制备出100%纯相ε/ε'碳化铁催化剂,该催化剂具有较低的CO 2和CH 4选择性以及较高的有效产物选择性。

Description

用于费托合成反应的纯相 s/s’碳化铁催化剂及其制备方法
和费托合成的方法 技术领域
本发明涉及费托合成反应催化剂领域, 具体涉及一种用于费托合成反 应的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂及其制备方法和费托合成的方法。 背景技术
我国一次能源结构的特点是富煤、 缺油、 少气, 随着经济发展石油对 外依存度不断攀升, 2015年达到 61%, 严重影响着我国的能源安全。 费托 合成是近年来愈发重要的能源转化途径, 它可将一氧化碳与 H2的合成气转 化为液态燃料与化学品。 近年, 由于费托合成的煤间接液化技术可实现煤 的清洁利用, 并部分解决石油对外依存的问题, 成为我国替代石油和煤炭 清洁化利用的首选技术之一。经过多年努力, 我国已实现 16万吨 /年铁基煤 间接液化技术工业示范, 兖矿 100万吨 /年、 神华宁煤 400万吨 /年铁基煤间 接液化厂在试运行。
费托合成的反应方程式如下:
2« + 1H 2 +nC0 - >CnH2+2 + 0 ( ),
2nH2 + nCO - > Cnli2n + nll20 ( 2) 除烷烃和烯烃外, 工业费托合成还会产生副产物二氧化碳(C02)和甲 烷 (CH4)。 费托合成反应的机理复杂, 步骤繁多, 诸如 CO解离、 碳 (C) 加氢、 0^链增长, 以及导致烃产物脱附与氧(0)移除的加氢与脱氢反应。 从实际应用的角度来看, 改进费托合成催化剂的主要目的是提高目标产品 的选择性,降低副产物的选择性以及增加催化剂稳定性,提高催化剂寿命。
铁是用于制造费托合成催化剂中最便宜的过渡金属。 铁基费托合成催 化剂的活性相通常被认为是铁碳化物。 传统铁基催化剂具有很高的水煤气 变换 (CO+H2O—CO2+H2) 活性, 因此传统铁基催化剂通常会有较高的副 产物 002选择性, 通常占有转化原料一氧化碳的 25%-45%。 这成为费托合 成反应铁基催化剂的主要缺点之一。
合成铁基费托合成催化剂的活性相一一纯相的碳化铁难度很高。 铁基 催化剂的活性相的变化非常复杂, 这导致其活性相本质和铁基催化剂的费 托合成反应机理存在着相当大的争论。 在费托合成反应条件下观察到的不 同的碳化物包括 s-Fe2C、 sf-Fe2.2C、 Fe7C3、 x_Fe5C2与 0-Fe3C。 2010年发表 在顶级期刊 Journal of the American Chemical Society ( JACS) 上的文章 《Stability and reactivity of s-x-0 iron carbide catalyst phases in Fischer— Tropsch synthesis: Controlling |ic))中对各种碳化铁的生成条件做了十分系统 的计算与实验, 如图 i所示, 碳化铁相变的发生(8-x-e相变) 依赖于根据 温度和 H2/CO比例。 具体地说, 高温低碳化学势 ( ), 即高 H2/CO比例 通常导致 e-Fe3C的优先形成; 相反地, 高 (低 H2/C0比例)和中等温度 (〜 250°C) 则导向 x-Fe5C2的形成; 8 -碳化物则是优先在较低温度、 更高的 碳化学势 "c下形成。
该文章的主要观点如图 1所示,文章中采用了 Fe203作为起始的前驱体, 在费托合成反应气氛下做了一系列实验, 并以 XRD和同步辐射原位 XAS 测试其相变。在较高的碳化学势 下, 8/8’碳化铁需在温和条件〜 200 °C生成 及稳定存在, 而当接近于 250 °C时, 则会转化为热力学稳定的 x-Fe5C2。 在 工业费托合成生产中, 铁基费托合成温度为 235-265 °C, 这是为了使副产的 蒸汽饱和蒸气压提高, 得到高品质蒸汽, 提高经济效益。 换言之, 这篇权 威性的文章表明, 由于 8/8’碳化铁在 200 °C以上不稳定, 因此无法作为适用 于现代费托合成工业的催化剂使用。
在 2015发表在《Nature》子刊《Nature communication》的文章《Metal organic framework-mediated synthesis of highly active and stable Fischer-Tropsch catalysts » 对碳化物做了合成尝试, 并成功合成了 x-Fe5C2。 这是一种可以适用于现代费托合成工业温度的催化剂, 然而其 C02选择性 高达 46%, 这意味着其 CO的利用效率理论最高值仅为 54%, 效率较低。
CN104399501A提供了一种适用于低温费托合成反应的 s-Fe2C的纳米 颗粒制备方法, 其起始的前驱体为骨架铁, 反应体系为聚乙二醇溶剂的间 歇性非连续反应。这种催化剂的 002选择性为 18.9%, CH4的选择性为 17.3%, 其缺点为只能应用于 200°C以下低温, 反应无法连续完成。这意味该催化剂 不适用于现代费托合成工业条件下的连续生产。
上述技术中, 均存在着制备工艺复杂, 原料较为昂贵, 催化剂稳定性 不佳, 以及 002或 CH4副产物选择性过高的问题。 发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服现有技术存在的上述技术问题, 提供一种用 于费托合成反应的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂及其制备方法和费托合成的方法。
为了实现上述目的, 本发明第一方面提供一种用于费托合成反应的纯 相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂的制备方法, 其中, 该制备方法包括以下步骤:
( 1 )将纳米铁粉或能够通过原位还原得到纳米铁粉的纳米粉体铁化合 物与 112在温度为 250-510°C下进行表面净化处理;
(2 ) 将步骤 ( 1 ) 得到的物料与 H2、 CO在温度为 80-180°C下进行前 处理, H2与 CO的摩尔比为 1.2-2.8 : 1 ;
( 3 )将步骤 (2 ) 得到的物料与 H2、 CO在温度为 180-280°C下进行碳 化物制备, 112与00的摩尔比为 1.0-3.0: 1。
本发明第二方面提供由本发明的制备方法得到的用于费托合成反应的 纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂。
本发明第三方面提供一种费托合成的方法, 包括: 在费托合成反应条 件下, 将合成原料气与催化剂接触, 其中, 所述催化剂为本发明所述的用 于费托合成反应的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂。
本发明具有以下技术效果:
(1) 所需原料简便易得、 成本低廉: 主要原料铁源仅为普通市售纳米 铁粉, 也可以是普通市售的可在费托合成反应器内还原生成纳米铁的纳米 氧化铁(Fe203)粉、 纳米磁铁矿 (Fe304)粉、 纳米针铁矿粉、 纳米铁水合 物粉等纳米粉体铁化合物; 合成活性相碳化物时, 仅利用反应体系的原有 反应气 (CO 与 H2) 即可, 不涉及任何其它无机或有机物反应原料, 与现 有文献技术相比大大简化;
(2)操作步骤简便, 优选的实施方式中, 催化剂制备与费托合成共用 同一个反应器, 因此, 无需任何额外的活性相碳化物制备反应装置; 制备 的整个过程, 仅需前体表面净化、 前处理、 碳化物制备三步, 可在同一反 应器内原位实现活性相的制备与合成反应。
(3) 本发明可以制备出 100%纯度的活性相 8/8’碳化铁, 该 100%纯度 的活性相 s/s’碳化铁适用于高温高压(例如, 235-250°C的温度、 2.3-2.5MPa 的压力, H2/CO=l .5-2.0 的高碳化学势 ) 连续反应器, 反应稳定性极高, 打破了传统文献理论“在较高的碳化学势 下, 8/8’碳化铁须在低于 200 °C 的温和条件方有可能稳定存在” 的理论技术壁垒, 其可实现稳定温度达 250°C, 且 C02选择性极低: 在工业费托合成反应条件下, 可使用高压连续 反应器保持连续稳定反应 400h以上, 其 C02选择性在 8%以下 (优选情况 下可以达到 5%或以下); 同时,副产物 CH4的选择性也保持在 14%以下(优 选情况下可以达到 11%以下), 有效产物选择性可达到 78%以上(优选情况 下可以达到 84%以上), 十分适用于现代煤化工费托合成大工业高效产出油 蜡产品使用。 附图说明
图 i是现有技术中的碳化铁相互转化关系图; 图 2是实施例 1中的前驱体 1的扫描透射电子显微镜 STEM图; 图 3是实施例 1中的前驱体 1的高分辨透射电子显微镜 HRTEM图; 图 4是实施例 1的 8/8’碳化铁催化剂制备过程的原位 XRD图; 图 5是实施例 1得到的 8/8’碳化铁催化剂的原位 XRD图;
图 6是实施例 1的 8/8’碳化铁催化剂制备过程的原位穆斯堡尔谱图。 具体实施方式
在本文中所披露的范围的端点和任何值都不限于该精确的范围或值, 这些范围或值应当理解为包含接近这些范围或值的值。 对于数值范围来说, 各个范围的端点值之间、 各个范围的端点值和单独的点值之间, 以及单独 的点值之间可以彼此组合而得到一个或多个新的数值范围, 这些数值范围 应被视为在本文中具体公开。
本发明第一方面提供了一种用于费托合成反应的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化 剂的制备方法, 其中, 该制备方法包括以下步骤:
( 1 )将纳米铁粉或能够通过原位还原得到纳米铁粉的纳米粉体铁化合 物与 112在温度为 250-510°C下进行表面净化处理;
(2 ) 将步骤 ( 1 ) 得到的物料与 H2、 CO在温度为 80-180°C下进行前 处理, H2与 CO的摩尔比为 1.2-2.8 : 1 ;
( 3 )将步骤 (2 ) 得到的物料与 H2、 CO在温度为 180-280°C下进行碳 化物制备, H2与 CO的摩尔比为 1.0-3.0: 1。
本发明的制备方法中, 所用原料简单易得、 成本低廉, 其中, 所述纳 米铁粉可以为本领域的常规选择, 可以为普通市售品, 所述纳米铁粉的平 均晶粒直径优选为 4-30nm, 进一步优选为 10-27nm; 所述纳米粉体铁化合 物可以为本领域的常规选择, 可以为普通市售品, 例如, 所述纳米粉体铁 化合物可以为纳米氧化铁粉、 纳米磁铁矿粉、 纳米针铁矿粉和纳米铁水合 氧化物粉中的至少一种。 本发明中, 如果步骤 (1) 中的原料为纳米铁粉, 步骤 (1) 可以起到 对纳米铁粉进行表面净化处理的作用; 如果步骤 (1) 中的原料为能够通过 原位还原得到纳米铁粉的纳米粉体铁化合物, 步骤 (1) 可以同时起到将纳 米粉体铁化合物原位生成纳米铁粉以及对生成的纳米铁粉进行表面净化处 理的作用。
本发明中, 步骤 (1) 中的 H2可以以 H2流的形式通入反应体系中, 同 时, 通过控制 H2流的压力来控制表面净化处理的压力, 优选地, 步骤(1) 中, 所述表面净化处理的压力为 0.1-15大气压, 优选为 0.2-2.5大气压, 时 间为 0.5-8h, 优选为 l-7h。
本发明中, 所述 H2的用量可以根据待处理的原料的量进行选择, 优选 地, 步骤 (1) 中, 所述 H2 的气速为 500-20000mL/h/g, 更优选为 2500-15000mL/h/g。
本发明中, 步骤(2) 中的 H2和 CO可以以(H2+CO)混合气流的形式 通入反应体系中, 同时, 通过控制 (H2+CO) 混合气流的压力来控制前处 理过程的压力,优选地,步骤(2)中,所述前处理的压力为 0.05-7大气压, 更优选为 0.05-2.5大气压, 时间为 15-90min, 更优选为 25-75min。
本发明中, 优选地, 步骤 (2) 中, 所述 H2与 CO 的总气速为 200-8000mL/h/g, 更优选为 1000-6500mL/h/g。
本发明中, 步骤(3) 中的 H2和 CO可以以(H2+CO)混合气流的形式 通入反应体系中, 同时, 通过控制 (H2+CO) 混合气流的压力来控制碳化 物制备过程的压力,优选地,步骤(3)中,所述碳化物制备的压力为 0.09-10 大气压, 优选为 0.15-3大气压, 时间为 0.5-10h, 优选为 1.5-8h;
本发明中, 优选地, 步骤 (3) 中, 所述 H2与 CO 的总气速为 200-20000mL/h/g, 更优选为 4000-15000mL/h/g。
本发明中, 优选地, 步骤 (2) 中的 112与00的摩尔比大于步骤 (3) 中的 与 CO的摩尔比。 本发明中, 在无特殊说明的情况下, “mL/h/g”是指相对于每克原料, 每小时的进气体积。
根据本发明的一种优选实施方式, 所述制备方法还包括: 将所述前处 理后的体系温度以 0.2-5 °C /min的升温速率升温至 180-280 °C。 在该优选实 施方式中,得到的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂在费托合成反应中可以具体更好的 有效产物选择性。 进一步优选地, 将所述前处理后的体系温度以 0.2-2.5 °C /min的升温速率升温至 200-270 °C。
根据本发明的一种优选实施方式, 所述表面净化处理、 前处理和碳化 物制备的过程在费托合成反应器中进行。 在该优选实施方式中, 催化剂制 备与费托合成共用同一个反应器, 因此, 催化剂制备过程中的 112和03原 料可以为费托合成反应体系的原有原料, 并且, 无需任何额外的活性相碳 化物制备反应装置; 制备的整个过程可在同一反应器内原位实现活性相的 制备与合成反应, 操作步骤更加简便。
本发明第二方面提供了本发明的制备方法得到的用于费托合成反应的 纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂。所述纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂为 100%纯相的活性相 8/8’ 碳化铁。
本发明第三方面提供了一种费托合成的方法, 包括: 在费托合成反应 条件下, 将合成原料气与催化剂接触, 其中, 所述催化剂为本发明第二方 面所述的用于费托合成反应的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂。
采用本发明的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂作为费托合成的催化剂,其可以在 高温高压下进行费托合成反应, 例如, 所述费托合成反应条件包括: 温度 为 235-250°C, 压力为 2.3-2.5MPa。
本发明中, 在未作特殊说明的情况下, 所述压力指的是绝对压力。
本发明中,优选地,所述费托合成反应在高温高压连续反应器中进行。 本发明的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂可以实现费托合成反应在高温高压连续反 应器中保持连续稳定反应 400h以上。 以下将通过实施例对本发明进行详细描述。
以下实施例和对比例中, 为方便对比, 所有原料均来自同一公司, 实 际操作时并不限于此一家公司原料。 实施例 1
该实施例用于说明本发明的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂及其制备方法。
(1) 称取 l .OOg平均晶粒直径范围在 21 ± 6nm的纳米铁粉 (购自 alfa 试剂公司, CAS号 7439-89-6), 此纳米铁粉命名为前驱体 1 ;
(2) 将上述前驱体 1放入管式费托合成反应器, 在温度 250°C下, 通 入气速 2500mL/h/g、 压力为 2.5大气压的 H2流, 反应 7h;
(3)将反应器内温度降至 180°C,同时将 112流切换为摩尔比 H2/CO=1.2、 气速为 6500mL/h/g、 总压力为 0.05大气压的 (H2+CO) 气流, 前处理反应 75min;
(4) 将反应器内气流切换为摩尔比 H2/CO=1.0、 气速为 4000mL/h/g、 总压力为 3大气压的 (H2+CO)气流, 同时以 0.2°C/min的升温速率稳定升 温至 200°C, 保持 1.5h。 得到纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂, 记为 A1。
对该实施例进行以下测试:
1) 对前驱体 1进行扫描透射电子显微镜 (STEM) 和高分辨透射电子 显微镜 (HRTEM) 测试, 其结果分别如图 2与图 3所示。
2) 采取原位 XRD检测技术, 即上述催化剂制备过程中同时使用 X射 线衍射仪 (购自 Rigaku公司, 型号为 D/max-2600/PC) 对物料的晶相变化 做监测, 结果如图 4-5所示。
其中, 由图 4可以清楚得看到由纳米铁粉至目标碳化物的变化过程; 由图 5可以看出, 得到的目标产物 8/8’碳化铁结晶度好, 很好地对应了 8/8’ 碳化铁的所有特征峰, 纯粹度极高, 无任何其它杂质。 3 )采取原位穆斯堡尔谱检测技术, 即上述催化剂制备过程中同时使用 原位穆斯堡尔谱 ( Transmission 57Fe, 57Co (Rh) 源正弦速度谱仪, 下同) 对物料的成分变化做监测,并且对目标产物活性相 s/s’碳化铁做了在反应气 中添加 250°C饱和蒸气压水蒸气的处理 (高温水汽处理), 模拟工业化条件 长周期运转后的情况。 通过原位穆斯堡尔谱监测可以清楚地看到, 由纳米 铁粉至目标碳化物的变化过程以及经过高温水汽处理来模拟工业化条件长 周期运转后的情况。 具体结果见图 6和表 1。
其中, 图 6可以清楚地看到由纳米铁粉至目标碳化物的变化过程以及 经过高温水汽处理的过程。
表 1统计了物相转化的具体数据, 由表 1可以看出, 实施例 1制备得 到的目标产物中活性相 8/8’碳化铁的纯度为 100%, 经过模拟工业化条件长 周期运转后, 其纯度依然为 100%。 这说明本发明的方法可以制备出 100% 纯度的目标产物活性相 8/8’碳化铁, 同时按照本发明的制备方法得到的 8/8’ 碳化铁能在高温 250 °C稳定存在, 进一步地, 即使经过模拟工业高温高压水 蒸气侵蚀, 该 8/8’碳化铁催化剂依然保持着 100%的纯度。
表 1
Figure imgf000011_0001
实施例 2
该实施例用于说明本发明的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂及其制备方法。
( 1 )称取 l .OOg平均晶粒直径范围在 17 ± 7nm的纳米磁铁矿 (Fe304 ) 粉 (购自 alfa试剂公司, CAS号 1317-61-9),此纳米磁铁矿命名为前驱体 2;
(2) 将上述前驱体 2放入管式费托合成反应器, 在温度 510°C下, 通 入气速 15000mL/h/g、 压力为 0.2大气压的 H2流, 反应 lh;
(3)将反应器内温度降至 80°C,同时将 流切换为摩尔比 H2/CO=2.8、 气速 1000mL/h/g、总压力为 2.5大气压的 (H2+CO)气流,前处理反应 25min;
(4)将反应器内气流切换为摩尔比 H2/CO=3.0、气速为 15000mL/h/g、 总压力为 0.15大气压的 (H2+CO)气流, 同时以 2.5 °C /min的升温速率稳定 升温至 270°C, 保持 8h。 得到纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂, 记为 A2。 实施例 3
该实施例用于说明本发明的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂及其制备方法。
(1) 称取 l.OOg 平均晶粒直径范围在 19±7nm 的纳米针铁矿 (a-FeO(OH)) 粉 (购自 alfa试剂公司, CAS号 20344-49-4), 此纳米针铁 矿命名为前驱体 3;
(2) 将上述前驱体 3放入管式费托合成反应器, 在温度 470°C下, 通 入气速 5000mL/h/g、 压力为 1.3大气压的 H2流, 反应 5h;
(3)将反应器内温度降至 137°C,同时将 112流切换为摩尔比 H2/CO=2.4、 气速 5000mL/h/g、总压力为 0.1大气压的 (H2+CO)气流,前处理反应 50min;
(4)将反应器内气流切换为摩尔比 H2/CO=2.5、气速为 10000mL/h/g、 总压力为 2大气压的 (H2+CO)气流, 同时以 l°C/min的升温速率, 稳定升 温至 240°C, 保持 4h。 得到纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂, 记为 A3。 实施例 4
按照实施例 1的方法制备纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂,不同的是,步骤 (2) 中, H2流的压力为 15大气压。 将得到 8/8’碳化铁催化剂记为 A4。 实施例 5
按照实施例 1的方法制备纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂,不同的是,步骤(2) 中, H2流的气速为 500mL/h/g。 将得到 s/s’碳化铁催化剂记为 A5。 实施例 6
按照实施例 1的方法制备纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂,不同的是,步骤(3) 中, (H2+CO) 流的压力为 7大气压。 将得到 8/8’碳化铁催化剂记为 A6。 实施例 7
按照实施例 1的方法制备纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂,不同的是,步骤(3) 中, (H2+CO) 流的气速为 200mL/h/g。 将得到 s/s’碳化铁催化剂记为 A7。 实施例 8
按照实施例 1的方法制备纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂,不同的是,步骤(4) 中, (H2+CO)流的压力为 0.09大气压。将得到 8/8’碳化铁催化剂记为 A8。 实施例 9
按照实施例 1的方法制备纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂,不同的是,步骤(4) 中, (H2+CO) 流的气速为 200mL/h/g。 将得到 s/s’碳化铁催化剂记为 A9。 实施例 10
按照实施例 1的方法制备纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂,不同的是,步骤(4) 中, 升温速率为 5 °C/min。 将得到 s/s’碳化铁催化剂记为 A10。 对比例 1
按照实施例 1的方法制备碳化铁催化剂,不同的是,不进行步骤(3), 直接将步骤 (2) 得到的物料按照步骤 (4) 处理。 将得到碳化铁催化剂记 为 D1。 对比例 2
按照实施例 1的方法制备碳化铁催化剂, 不同的是, 步骤 (3) 中, H2 与 CO的摩尔比为 1.1。 将得到碳化铁催化剂记为 D2。 对比例 3
按照实施例 1的方法制备碳化铁催化剂, 不同的是, 步骤 (4) 中, H2 与 CO的摩尔比为 0.9。 将得到碳化铁催化剂记为 D3。 对比例 4
按照实施例 1的方法制备碳化铁催化剂, 不同的是, 步骤 (3) 中的前 处理的温度为 200 °C , 步骤 (4) 中的碳化物制备的温度为 290 °C。 将得到 碳化铁催化剂记为 D4。 对比例 5
该对比例用于说明现有技术(N. Lohitham et al. / Journal of Catalysis 255 (2008) 104-113) 制备碳化铁催化剂的方法。
( 1) 按照 100Fe/5Cu/17Si 的摩尔比例, 将原料 0.6mol/L 的
Fe(N033.9H20、CuN206.3H20混合,加入 60mL H20溶解,另取 Si(OC2H54, 加入 40mL丙醇中溶解。 将上述得到的两种溶液混合, 并加热至 83 ± 3 °C ;
(2) 预热 2.7mol/L NH4OH溶液至 83 ± 3 °C ;
(3) 将步骤 (2) 得到的 NH4OH溶液连续加入步骤 (1) 得到的混合 溶液中, 剧烈搅拌, 直至产生沉淀, 沉淀终点保持 pH=8-9。 在室温下老化
17小时, 以 1.3-1.5L去离子水彻底洗涤除去 NH3, 至 pH=7-8。 将洗涤后的 沉淀物在 110 °C下干燥 18-24小时, 并在空气中 300°C煅烧 5小时, 并在 2 小时冷却至室温;
(4 )筛分出粒径<9(Vm的物料,在典型工业催化剂活化条件 H2/CO摩 尔比 1.0, 总气速 5000mL/h/g, 260°C下, 活化 12h, 即得碳化铁催化剂, 记为 D5。 测试例
( 1 ) 采用穆斯堡尔谱法分别测定产物 A2-A10 和 D1-D5 中的 s’-Fe2.2C/s-Fe2C物相的摩尔含量。 结果如表 2所示。
(2 )在反应气摩尔比 H2/CO=1.5、压力 2.5MPa、温度 240°C、 (H2+CO) 总气速 20000mL/h/g的条件下, 分别将产物催化剂 A1-A10、 D1-D5与反应 气 H2和 CO接触进行费托合成反应。监测反应 10h和 400h时催化剂的活性 和产物选择性。 其中,
0)2选择性%= [出料中 C02摩尔数 / (进料中 CO摩尔数-出料中 CO摩 尔数) ] X 100%;
CO转化率%=[ (进料中 CO摩尔数-出料中 CO摩尔数) /进料中 CO摩 尔数] X 100%;
014选择性%= [出料中 CH4摩尔数 / (进料中 CO 摩尔数 X CO 转化 率%(1-002选择性%) ) ] X 100%;
有效产物选择性%=100%(02选择性%-014选择性%。
结果如表 3所示。
表 2
Figure imgf000015_0001
Figure imgf000016_0001
由表 2的结果可以看出,采用本发明的制备方法能制备出纯相 s/s’碳化 铁。
表 3
Figure imgf000016_0002
1: 以上选择性基于 co总转化量;
2: 有效产物选择性指除副产物(:02与(:114以外的产物选择性。 通过表 3的结果可以看出,本发明的方法所制备的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化 剂在工业条件下显示出超低的 002选择性, 优选情况下, C02选择性可以 低于 5%; 相对应地, 通过现有技术制备的碳化铁催化剂 D5在相同工业条 件下的 C02选择性则高达 29.2%-34.1%。
同时,本发明的方法所制备的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂的 CH4选择性低于 14%(优选情况下可以达到 11%以下),有效产物选择性可达到 78%以上(优 选情况下可以达到 84%以上); 而通过现有技术制备的碳化铁催化剂 D5的 CH4选择性较高, 有效产物选择性仅为 51.7%, CO利用效率低下。
最后, 对比第 10小时与第 400小时的实验数据可知, 本发明方法所制 备的纯相 s/s’碳化铁催化剂在反应 400h之后, 不论是 CO转化速率还是产 物选择性均保持稳定, 无明显变化; 而通过现有技术制备的碳化铁催化剂 D5的各项参数均出现明显下滑, 说明本发明方法所制备的纯相 8/8’碳化铁 催化剂稳定性大大优于现有技术中的碳化铁催化剂。 以上详细描述了本发明的优选实施方式, 但是, 本发明并不限于此。 在本发明的技术构思范围内, 可以对本发明的技术方案进行多种简单变型, 包括各个技术特征以任何其它的合适方式进行组合, 这些简单变型和组合 同样应当视为本发明所公开的内容, 均属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims

权利要求
1、 一种用于费托合成反应的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂的制备方法, 其特 征在于, 该制备方法包括以下步骤:
( 1)将纳米铁粉或能够通过原位还原得到纳米铁粉的纳米粉体铁化合 物与 112在温度为 250-510°C下进行表面净化处理;
(2) 将步骤 (1) 得到的物料与 H2、 CO在温度为 80-180°C下进行前 处理, H2与 CO的摩尔比为 1.2-2.8 : 1 ;
(3)将步骤 (2) 得到的物料与 H2、 CO在温度为 180-280°C下进行碳 化物制备, 112与00的摩尔比为 1.0-3.0: 1。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的制备方法, 其中, 所述纳米粉体铁化合物为 纳米氧化铁粉、 纳米磁铁矿粉、 纳米针铁矿粉和纳米铁水合氧化物粉中的 至少一种。 3、 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的制备方法, 其中, 所述纳米铁粉的平均 晶粒直径为 4-30nm, 优选为 10-27nm。
4、 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的制备方法, 其中, 步骤 (1) 中, 所述 表面净化处理的压力为 0.1-15大气压,优选为 0.2-2.5大气压,时间为 0.5-8h, 优选为 l-7h;
进一步优选地, 步骤 (1) 中, 所述 112的气速为 500-20000mL/h/g, 更 优选为 2500-15000mL/h/g。
5、 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的制备方法, 其中, 步骤 (2) 中, 所述 前处理的压力为 0.05-7大气压,优选为 0.05-2.5大气压,时间为 15-90min, 优选为 25-75min; 进一步优选地,步骤(2)中,所述 H2与 CO的气速为 200-8000mL/h/g, 更优选为 1000-6500mL/h/g。
6、 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的制备方法, 其中, 步骤 (3) 中, 所述 碳化物制备的压力为 0.09-10大气压,优选为 0.15-3大气压,时间为 0.5-10h, 优选为 1.5-8h;
进一步优选地,步骤(3)中,所述 112与 CO的气速为 200-20000mL/h/g, 更优选为 4000-15000mL/h/go
1、根据权利要求 1或 2所述的制备方法,其中,所述制备方法还包括: 将所述前处理后的体系温度以 0.2-5 °C/min的升温速率升温至 180-280 °C; 优选地, 将所述前处理后的体系温度以 0.2-2.5 °C/mm的升温速率升温 至 200-270 °C。 8、 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的制备方法, 其中, 所述表面净化处理、 前处理和碳化物制备的过程在费托合成反应器中进行。
9、 由权利要求 1-8中任意一项所述的制备方法得到的用于费托合成反 应的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂。
10、 一种费托合成的方法, 包括: 在费托合成反应条件下, 将合成原 料气与催化剂接触, 其特征在于, 所述催化剂为权利要求 9所述的用于费 托合成反应的纯相 8/8’碳化铁催化剂;
优选地, 所述费托合成在高温高压连续反应器中进行。
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