WO2019208242A1 - プリプレグおよび炭素繊維強化複合材料 - Google Patents
プリプレグおよび炭素繊維強化複合材料 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019208242A1 WO2019208242A1 PCT/JP2019/015807 JP2019015807W WO2019208242A1 WO 2019208242 A1 WO2019208242 A1 WO 2019208242A1 JP 2019015807 W JP2019015807 W JP 2019015807W WO 2019208242 A1 WO2019208242 A1 WO 2019208242A1
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- HFKQRCXRNPPMLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-][N+](C1C(CC2)C2C1)=O Chemical compound [O-][N+](C1C(CC2)C2C1)=O HFKQRCXRNPPMLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
- C08J5/241—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using inorganic fibres
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- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/0405—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres
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- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
- C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
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- C08J2371/02—Polyalkylene oxides
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- C08J2379/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen, or carbon only, not provided for in groups C08J2361/00 - C08J2377/00
- C08J2379/04—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain; Polyhydrazides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a prepreg from which a carbon fiber reinforced composite material having excellent mode I interlayer toughness and mode II interlayer toughness can be obtained, and a carbon fiber reinforced composite material.
- fiber-reinforced composite materials made of carbon fiber, glass fiber, and other reinforcing fibers and epoxy resins, phenol resins, and other thermosetting resins are lightweight, yet have mechanical properties such as strength and rigidity, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance. It has been applied to many fields such as aviation / space, automobiles, rail cars, ships, civil engineering and sports equipment. Especially in applications where high performance is required, fiber reinforced composite materials using continuous reinforcing fibers are used, carbon fibers with excellent specific strength and specific elastic modulus are used as reinforcing fibers, and thermosetting is used as a matrix resin. Of these, many epoxy resins are used that are particularly excellent in adhesion to carbon fibers.
- the carbon fiber reinforced composite material is a heterogeneous material having carbon fibers and a matrix resin as essential constituent elements. Therefore, there is a large difference between the physical properties in the arrangement direction of the carbon fibers and the physical properties in other directions. For example, it is known that interlayer toughness, which indicates the difficulty of progress of carbon fiber interlayer fracture, does not lead to drastic improvement only by improving the strength of carbon fiber.
- a carbon fiber reinforced composite material using a thermosetting resin as a matrix resin reflects the low toughness of the matrix resin, and has a property of being easily broken by stress from other than the arrangement direction of the carbon fibers.
- the fiber direction strength should be secured and stress from other than the carbon fiber alignment direction, including interlaminar toughness, must be handled.
- Various techniques have been proposed for the purpose of improving the physical properties of composite materials that can be manufactured.
- the matrix resin In order to obtain a carbon fiber reinforced composite material having high mode I interlayer toughness, the matrix resin itself needs to have high toughness.
- a method of blending a rubber component with the matrix resin see Patent Document 1
- a method of blending a thermoplastic resin see Patent Document 2
- a method of inserting a kind of adhesive layer or shock absorbing layer called an interleaf see Patent Document 3
- a method of strengthening the interlayer with particles see Patent Document 4
- the objective of this invention is providing the prepreg from which the carbon fiber reinforced composite material excellent in both mode I interlayer toughness and mode II interlayer toughness is obtained, and a carbon fiber reinforced composite material.
- the prepreg of the present invention that solves the above problems is a prepreg that includes the following components [A] to [C] and satisfies the conditions [I] to [III].
- Q 1 , Q 2 and Q 3 each include one type of structure selected from the group (I).
- R 1 and R 2 each represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Z in group (I) is each independently an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an aliphatic alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a cyano group, A nitro group or an acetyl group is shown.
- n independently represents an integer of 0 to 4.
- Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 in the general formula (1) and the group (I) are selected from a single bond or one from the group (II).
- the carbon fiber reinforced composite material of the present invention is obtained by curing the prepreg.
- the component [A] sizing agent-coated carbon fiber of the present invention has excellent handling properties due to the effect of the sizing agent, and the sizing agent present on the surface of the carbon fiber reacts with the matrix resin, so that the carbon fiber and the matrix resin are reacted.
- a carbon fiber reinforced composite material having excellent interfacial adhesion can be obtained.
- the component [A] of the present invention is a continuous fiber, and the term “continuous fiber” as used herein means that the average fiber length is 100 mm or more.
- the adhesion amount of the sizing agent in the component [A] of the present invention is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.1 to 3.0 parts with respect to 100 parts by mass of the sizing agent-coated carbon fibers. It is in the range of 0.2 part by weight, more preferably 0.2 part by weight.
- the measuring method of the adhesion rate of the sizing agent is that 2 ⁇ 0.5 g of sizing coated carbon fiber is sampled and the amount of mass change before and after the heat treatment when heat treatment is performed at 450 ° C. for 15 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere is heat treated. It is the mass% of the value divided by the previous mass.
- the sizing agent adhesion rate remaining on the carbon fiber after washing after washing with a solution in which acetonitrile and chloroform are mixed at a volume ratio of 9: 1 is 0.08 relative to the sizing agent-coated carbon fiber. It is preferable that it is mass% or more. The range is more preferably 0.08 to 3.0% by mass, and still more preferably 0.14 to 0.30% by mass. When the adhesion rate of the sizing agent after washing is within such a range, the interfacial adhesion between the carbon fiber and the sizing agent becomes good, and high shear toughness can be expressed when a carbon fiber reinforced composite material is obtained.
- the “sizing agent adhesion rate after cleaning” referred to here is measured and calculated as follows. After sizing agent-coated carbon fiber 2 ⁇ 0.5 g was immersed in 10 ml of a mixture of acetonitrile and chloroform at a volume ratio of 9 to 1, and after sizing agent was eluted from carbon fiber by performing ultrasonic cleaning for 20 minutes, After drying and washing, the mass of the carbon fiber is measured. Further, after the washing, the carbon fiber is heat-treated at 450 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 minutes. The mass% of the value obtained by dividing the mass change before and after the heat treatment by the mass of the sizing agent-coated carbon fiber before the heat treatment is defined as the sizing agent adhesion rate after washing.
- the sizing agent preferably contains an epoxy compound.
- the epoxy compound contained in the sizing agent include an aliphatic epoxy compound and an aromatic epoxy compound, and these may be used alone or in combination.
- a carbon fiber coated with a sizing agent composed only of an aromatic epoxy compound has an advantage that the reactivity between the sizing agent and the matrix resin is low, and the physical property change is small when the prepreg is stored for a long period of time. There is also an advantage that a rigid interface layer can be formed.
- a so-called interface layer in the vicinity of the carbon fiber may be affected by the carbon fiber or the sizing agent and have different characteristics from the matrix resin.
- the epoxy compound contained in the sizing agent has one or more aromatic rings, a rigid interface layer is formed, the stress transmission ability between the carbon fiber and the matrix resin is improved, and the carbon fiber reinforced composite material is pulled at 0 °. Mechanical properties such as strength are improved. Further, the hydrophobicity is improved by the aromatic ring, so that the interaction with the carbon fiber is weaker than that of the aliphatic epoxy compound, and the aliphatic epoxy compound can be covered and exist in the outer layer of the sizing layer.
- the epoxy compound has two or more aromatic rings because long-term stability due to the aromatic ring is improved. There is no particular upper limit on the number of aromatic rings that the epoxy compound has, but 10 is sufficient from the viewpoint of mechanical properties and suppression of reaction with the matrix resin.
- the epoxy equivalent of the sizing agent applied to the carbon fiber is preferably 350 to 550 g / mol. It is preferable for it to be 550 g / mol or less because the adhesion between the carbon fiber coated with the sizing agent and the matrix resin is improved. Moreover, since it is 350 g / mol or more, when this sizing agent application
- the epoxy equivalent of the carbon fiber coated with the sizing agent in the present invention means that the sizing agent-coated fiber is immersed in a solvent typified by N, N-dimethylformamide and is eluted from the fiber by ultrasonic cleaning. After that, the epoxy group can be opened with hydrochloric acid, and it can be determined by acid-base titration.
- Epoxy equivalent is preferably 360 g / mol or more, and more preferably 380 g / mol or more. Moreover, 530 g / mol or less is preferable and 500 g / mol or less is more preferable.
- the epoxy equivalent of the sizing agent applied to the carbon fiber can be controlled by the epoxy equivalent of the sizing agent used for application and the heat history in drying after application.
- the fiber form and arrangement of the constituent element [A] of the present invention are not limited.
- fiber structures such as long fibers aligned in one direction, a single tow, a woven fabric, a knit, and a braid are used.
- It may be used in combination with two or more kinds of carbon fibers, or other reinforcing fibers such as glass fibers, aramid fibers, boron fibers, PBO fibers, high-strength polyethylene fibers, alumina fibers, and silicon carbide fibers.
- carbon fibers include acrylic, pitch, and rayon carbon fibers, and acrylic carbon fibers having particularly high tensile strength are preferably used.
- Such an acrylic carbon fiber can be produced, for example, through the following steps.
- a spinning solution containing polyacrylonitrile obtained from a monomer containing acrylonitrile as a main component is spun by a wet spinning method, a dry wet spinning method, a dry spinning method, or a melt spinning method.
- the spun coagulated yarn can be made into a precursor through a spinning process, and then carbon fiber can be obtained through processes such as flame resistance and carbonization.
- twisted yarn As the form of carbon fiber, twisted yarn, untwisted yarn, untwisted yarn, etc. can be used. However, in the case of twisted yarn, the orientation of the filaments constituting the carbon fiber is not parallel, so the carbon fiber reinforced composite material obtained Therefore, an untwisted yarn or a non-twisted yarn having a good balance between formability and strength properties of the carbon fiber reinforced composite material is preferably used.
- the component [A] of the present invention is usually preferably subjected to an oxidation treatment and an oxygen-containing functional group is introduced in order to improve adhesion with a sizing agent present on the surface.
- an oxidation treatment method vapor phase oxidation, liquid phase oxidation, and liquid phase electrolytic oxidation are used. From the viewpoint of high productivity and uniform treatment, liquid phase electrolytic oxidation is preferably used.
- examples of the electrolytic solution used in the liquid phase electrolytic oxidation include an acidic electrolytic solution and an alkaline electrolytic solution. From the viewpoint of adhesiveness, it is more preferable to apply a sizing agent after performing liquid phase electrolytic oxidation in an alkaline electrolyte.
- Examples of the acidic electrolyte include inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, and carbonic acid, organic acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, oxalic acid, acrylic acid, and maleic acid, or ammonium sulfate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate. And the like. Of these, sulfuric acid and nitric acid exhibiting strong acidity are preferably used.
- alkaline electrolyte examples include aqueous solutions of hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, Aqueous solutions of carbonates such as barium carbonate and ammonium carbonate, aqueous solutions of bicarbonates such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, barium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate, ammonia, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide And an aqueous solution of hydrazine.
- hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide
- Aqueous solutions of carbonates such as barium carbonate and ammonium carbonate
- bicarbonates such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, bar
- an aqueous solution of ammonium carbonate and ammonium hydrogen carbonate or an aqueous solution of tetraalkylammonium hydroxide exhibiting strong alkalinity is preferably used.
- the concentration of the electrolytic solution used in the present invention is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 5 mol / liter, more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1 mol / liter.
- concentration of the electrolytic solution is 0.01 mol / liter or more, the electrolytic treatment voltage is lowered, which is advantageous for the operating cost.
- concentration of the electrolytic solution is 5 mol / liter or less, it is advantageous from the viewpoint of safety.
- the temperature of the electrolytic solution used in the present invention is preferably in the range of 10 to 100 ° C., more preferably in the range of 10 to 40 ° C.
- the temperature of the electrolytic solution is 10 ° C. or higher, the efficiency of the electrolytic treatment is improved, which is advantageous for the operating cost.
- the temperature of the electrolytic solution is 100 ° C. or less, it is advantageous from the viewpoint of safety.
- the amount of electricity in the liquid phase electrolytic oxidation is preferably optimized in accordance with the carbonization degree of the carbon fiber, and a larger amount of electricity is required when processing the carbon fiber having a high elastic modulus.
- the current density in the liquid phase electrolytic oxidation is preferably in the range of 1.5 to 1000 amperes, more preferably 3 to 500 amperes / m 2 per 1 m 2 of the surface area of the carbon fiber in the electrolytic treatment liquid. Is within the range.
- the current density is 1.5 amperes / m 2 or more, the efficiency of the electrolytic treatment is improved, which is advantageous for the operating cost.
- the current density is 1000 amperes / m 2 or less, it is advantageous from the viewpoint of safety.
- the total amount of electrolysis used in the electrolytic treatment is preferably 3 to 300 coulombs per gram of carbon fiber.
- the total amount of electrolytic electricity is 3 coulombs / g or more, functional groups can be sufficiently imparted to the carbon fiber surface, and the interfacial adhesion between the matrix resin and the carbon fiber becomes excellent.
- the total amount of electrolytic electricity is 300 coulombs / g or less, it is possible to suppress the expansion of defects on the surface of the carbon fiber single fiber and reduce the strength reduction of the carbon fiber.
- the component [A] used in the present invention preferably has a tensile modulus in the range of 200 to 440 GPa.
- the tensile elastic modulus of the carbon fiber is affected by the crystallinity of the graphite structure constituting the carbon fiber, and the elastic modulus increases as the crystallinity increases.
- the carbon fiber reinforced composite material is preferable because all of rigidity and strength are balanced at a high level.
- a more preferable elastic modulus is in the range of 230 to 400 GPa, and further preferably in the range of 260 to 370 GPa.
- the tensile elastic modulus of the carbon fiber is a value measured according to JIS R7601 (2006).
- Carbon fibers include “Torayca (registered trademark)” T800G-24K, “Torayca (registered trademark)” T300-3K, “Torayca (registered trademark)” T700G-12K, and “Torayca (registered trademark)” T1100G. -24K (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.).
- the component [A] used in the present invention preferably has a single fiber fineness of 0.2 to 2.0 dtex, more preferably 0.4 to 1.8 dtex.
- the single fiber fineness is 0.2 dtex or more, the carbon fiber is hardly damaged by the contact with the guide roller at the time of twisting, and the same damage can be suppressed in the impregnation treatment step of the epoxy resin composition.
- the single fiber fineness is 2.0 dtex or less, the carbon fiber can be sufficiently impregnated with the epoxy resin composition, and deterioration of fatigue resistance can be prevented.
- the number of filaments in one fiber bundle is preferably in the range of 2500 to 50000.
- the number of filaments is 2500 or more, meandering of the fiber array hardly occurs, and strength reduction can be suppressed.
- the epoxy resin composition can be easily impregnated at the time of prepreg production or molding.
- the number of filaments is more preferably in the range of 2800 to 40000.
- the component [A] of the present invention has a surface oxygen concentration (O / C) which is a ratio of the number of oxygen (O) and carbon (C) atoms on the fiber surface measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of 0. It is preferable that it is 10 or more. More preferably within the range of 0.10 to 0.50, still more preferably within the range of 0.14 to 0.30, and particularly preferably within the range of 0.14 to 0.20. It is.
- the surface oxygen concentration (O / C) is 0.10 or more, the oxygen-containing functional group on the surface of the carbon fiber can be secured and strong adhesion with the matrix resin can be obtained. Further, it is preferable that the surface oxygen concentration (O / C) is 0.50 or less because a decrease in strength of the carbon fiber itself due to oxidation can be suppressed.
- the surface oxygen concentration of the carbon fiber is determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy according to the following procedure. First, carbon fibers from which dirt and the like adhering to the carbon fiber surface were removed with a solvent were cut into 20 mm, spread and arranged on a copper sample support base, and then AlK ⁇ 1,2 was used as an X-ray source. The inside of the chamber was kept at 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 Torr, and measurement was performed at a photoelectron escape angle of 90 °. As a correction value for the peak accompanying charging during measurement, the binding energy value of the C 1s main peak (peak top) is adjusted to 284.6 eV.
- the C 1s peak area is obtained by drawing a straight base line in the range of 282 to 296 eV
- the O 1s peak area is obtained by drawing a straight base line in the range of 528 to 540 eV.
- the surface oxygen concentration (O / C) is represented by an atomic ratio calculated by dividing the ratio of the O 1s peak area by the sensitivity correction value unique to the apparatus.
- ESCA-1600 manufactured by ULVAC-PHI Co., Ltd. is used as the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy apparatus, the sensitivity correction value unique to the apparatus is 2.33.
- the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) defined by the following method is preferably 25 MPa or more, more preferably 29 MPa or more, and further preferably 40 MPa or more.
- the interfacial shear strength is high, the adhesion between the carbon fiber and the epoxy resin also tends to be high, and high mode I interlayer toughness and mode II interlayer toughness are exhibited.
- the “interfacial shear strength” in the present invention is an interfacial shear strength between a single fiber of carbon fiber and a bisphenol A type epoxy resin, and is a value calculated by measurement as follows.
- dumbbell mold is made of silicone rubber, and the shape of the casting part is 5 mm in central part, 25 mm in length, 10 mm in width at both ends, and 150 mm in total length.
- the prepared resin is poured into the mold after vacuum drying, and the temperature is raised to 75 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 1.5 ° C./min using an oven, and kept for 2 hours. The temperature is increased to 125 ° C./min and held for 2 hours, and then the temperature is decreased to 30 ° C. at a temperature decreasing rate of 2.5 ° C./min. Then, it demolds and a test piece is obtained. A tensile force was applied to the test piece obtained by the above procedure in the fiber axis direction (longitudinal direction) at a strain rate of 0.3% / second to cause a strain of 12%. The number of fiber breaks N (pieces) in the range is measured.
- the strand tensile strength ⁇ and the diameter d of the carbon fiber single yarn are measured, and the value calculated from the following formula is defined as “interfacial shear strength” in the present invention.
- Interfacial shear strength IFSS (MPa) ⁇ (MPa) ⁇ d ( ⁇ m) / (2 ⁇ lc) ( ⁇ m).
- the carbon fiber reinforced composite material obtained by curing the prepreg of the present invention surprisingly exhibits excellent mode I interlayer toughness and mode II interlayer toughness because the cured product of the epoxy resin composition has a higher order structure. .
- the higher order structure here means a state in which molecules are aligned after curing or semi-curing of the epoxy resin composition, for example, a state in which a crystal structure or a liquid crystal structure exists in the cured product. .
- the presence or absence of a higher order structure in the cured product of the epoxy resin composition can also be confirmed by examining the presence or absence of optical anisotropy using a polarizing microscope as described above.
- a polarizing microscope as described above.
- the size of the structure having optical anisotropy is equal to or larger than the visible light wavelength order, an interference pattern is observed with a polarizing microscope in a crossed Nicol state.
- the higher order structure is not formed or the size of the formed higher order structure is smaller than the visible light wavelength order, no interference pattern is observed because of no optical anisotropy.
- interference patterns such as a Battney structure, a focal conic fan structure, and an oily streak structure are observed with a polarizing microscope.
- the prepreg of the present invention does not form a smectic structure in the epoxy resin composition under the condition of isothermal holding at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes (Condition [II]).
- a smectic structure is formed in the resin composition (condition [III]).
- the prepreg of the present invention exhibits high mode I interlayer toughness and mode II interlayer toughness by forming a smectic structure in the epoxy resin composition at 180 ° C. for 2 hours.
- a peak is generally observed in the region of diffraction angle 2 ⁇ ⁇ 10 ° in X-ray diffraction measurement. The presence or absence of a peak in this range can confirm the presence or absence of a smectic structure in the epoxy resin composition.
- This peak corresponds to a mesogenic structure (biphenyl group, terphenyl group, terphenyl analog group, which exists in the component [B], the component [C], or both the components [B] and [C]. This results from a periodic structure (higher order structure) based on anthracene groups, groups in which these are connected by azomethine groups or ester groups, and the like.
- a specific method for confirming that the prepreg of the present invention satisfies the conditions [II] and [III] will be described.
- a measurement sample prepared by cutting one prepreg of the present invention into a length of 20 mm and a width of 10 mm is prepared.
- a measurement sample is set in a temperature control device (FP82; manufactured by METTLER TOLEDO) attached to a wide-angle X-ray diffractometer (D8 DISCOVER; manufactured by BRUKER AXS), and two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurement is performed.
- Condition [II] is that the temperature of the measurement sample is raised from 40 ° C. to 100 ° C.
- the higher order structure of the epoxy resin composition may be oriented in any direction with respect to the carbon fiber of component [A], but has a periodic structure only in the direction perpendicular to the carbon fiber axis.
- the peak derived from the epoxy resin composition may not be observed by X-ray diffraction due to the strong peak derived from the carbon fiber.
- the presence or absence of a periodic structure can be confirmed by measuring by X-ray diffraction with the resin composition excluding the carbon fiber.
- the use of synchrotron radiation is also effective.
- the beam diameter By narrowing the beam diameter to about several ⁇ m, it becomes possible to measure only the cured product of the epoxy resin composition including the constituent elements [B] and [C], excluding the constituent element [A], thereby forming a higher order structure. It is possible to confirm the presence or absence of
- the cured product of the epoxy resin composition preferably includes a resin region exhibiting molecular anisotropy.
- the resin region having molecular anisotropy herein refers to an alignment domain in which molecules are unidirectionally arranged with a diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more.
- an arbitrary orientation is set to 0 °, and the polarization orientation is changed at intervals of 30 ° from 0 ° to 150 °. This can be confirmed by measuring polarization Raman spectroscopy and observing whether there is a change in signal intensity with respect to the polarization direction.
- no change in intensity is observed with respect to the polarization direction.
- the molding temperature is too high, high heat resistance is required for the equipment and auxiliary materials to be used, and the production cost of the carbon fiber reinforced composite material becomes high. If the molding temperature is too low, the reaction of the constituent elements [B] and [C] takes a long time, which may increase the manufacturing cost.
- the maximum temperature used for molding is preferably 100 to 220 ° C, more preferably 120 to 200 ° C.
- the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] in the prepreg of the present invention has a nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature in the range of 130 ° C. to 180 ° C. as the condition [I].
- the thermal conductivity and resin toughness of the epoxy resin composition alone are improved as the proportion of the higher order structure in the cured product of the epoxy resin composition increases.
- the composition is cured so as not to include a non-liquid crystal structure (isotropic structure) portion while maintaining the liquid crystal state in a temperature range that does not cause curing failure. Is effective.
- Condition [I] is a condition for satisfying both. If the condition [I] is satisfied, the cured product exhibits high resin toughness, and the resin viscosity decreases along with the phase transition from the nematic phase to the isotropic phase, so that the wettability with the component [A] is good. Thus, it becomes possible to sufficiently react with the sizing agent present on the surface of the component [A].
- the interfacial adhesion between the resin and the carbon fiber is improved.
- the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature is higher than 180 ° C.
- the resin viscosity is not sufficiently lowered, and the sizing agent present on the surface of the component [A] does not sufficiently react with the resin.
- Interfacial adhesion between component [A] and the epoxy resin composition is not sufficiently improved.
- the mode II interlayer toughness is lower than that of the epoxy resin composition satisfying the condition [I].
- the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature is lower than 130 ° C.
- the proportion of the higher order structure contained in the cured product of the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] decreases, and the resin toughness
- the mode I interlayer toughness and the mode II interlayer toughness are lower than when the condition [I] is satisfied.
- the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature can be determined by observing the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] with a polarizing microscope in a crossed Nicol state in the temperature rising process.
- the epoxy resin composition forms a nematic phase in a polarizing microscope observation in a crossed Nicol state, interference patterns such as a schlieren structure, a filamentous structure, a sandy structure, and a droplet structure are observed.
- the nematic phase is not formed (in the case of isotropic phase)
- light is not transmitted due to the optical isotropy of the resin, and the interference pattern is not observed.
- isotropic the field of view is observed as a dark area.
- the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] of the present invention undergoes a phase transition from a nematic phase to an isotropic phase as the temperature rises. At this time, the phase transition from the nematic phase to the isotropic phase does not occur abruptly, and the nematic phase and the isotropic phase may coexist.
- a specific method for determining the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature will be described.
- a polarization microscope observation image of the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] at a magnification of 300 times is acquired from 40 ° C.
- the temperature rising process at a rate of 2 ° C./min is acquired in 5 ° C.
- the ratio of the area occupied by the isotropic phase (region where no interference pattern is observed) is 40% or more of the total area of the epoxy resin composition including the nematic phase and the isotropic phase.
- the temperature is defined as the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature in the condition [I] of the present invention.
- an insoluble component is included in a region other than the nematic phase or the isotropic phase, for example, the constituent elements [B] and [C]
- the insoluble component is not involved in the calculation of the area.
- Each area can be calculated by binarizing the image.
- Component [B] is an epoxy resin having a mesogen structure in the molecule because the cured product of the epoxy resin composition in the prepreg and carbon fiber reinforced composite material of the present invention has a higher order structure. Having a mesogenic structure (biphenyl group, terphenyl group, terphenyl analog group, anthracene group, a group in which these are connected by an azomethine group or an ester group, etc.), a higher-order structure derived from that structure (also called a periodic structure) Say) is formed.
- the component [B] is an epoxy resin having a structure represented by the following general formula (1).
- Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 each include one type of structure selected from the group (I).
- R 1 and R 2 each represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Z in the general formula (1) is each independently an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an aliphatic alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, or a cyano group.
- n independently represents an integer of 0 to 4.
- Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 in the general formula (1) and group (I) are selected from a single bond or group (II).
- Z in group (I) is each independently an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an aliphatic alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a cyano group, A nitro group or an acetyl group is preferable, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, or a chlorine atom is more preferable, and a methyl group or an ethyl group is still more preferable.
- each n is independently preferably an integer of 0 to 2, and more preferably 0 or 1.
- the softening point in the present invention means that when a sample cast on a ring is heated in a bath by the ring and ball method defined in JIS-K7234 (1986), the sphere set on the sample crosses the optical sensor. Indicates the temperature.
- Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 in the general formula (1) include a benzene ring because the structure of the component [B] becomes rigid, so that a higher-order structure is easily formed, which is advantageous for improving toughness.
- Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 in the general formula (1) contain alicyclic hydrocarbons, the softening point is lowered and the handling property is improved.
- the epoxy resin of component [B] may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- the component [B] can be produced by a known method.
- Japanese Patent No. 4619770, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-206814, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-241797, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-98952, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-74366, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 42,3631 (2004) etc. can be referred to.
- component [B] examples include 1,4-bis ⁇ 4- (oxiranylmethoxy) phenyl ⁇ cyclohexane, 1- ⁇ 3-methyl-4- (oxiranylmethoxy) phenyl-4- ⁇ 4 -(Oxiranylmethoxy) phenyl ⁇ cyclohexane, 1,4-bis ⁇ 4- (oxiranylmethoxy) phenyl ⁇ -1-cyclohexene, 1- ⁇ 3-methyl-4- (oxiranylmethoxy) phenyl ⁇ - 4- ⁇ 4- (oxiranylmethoxy) phenyl ⁇ -1-cyclohexene, 1- ⁇ 2-methyl-4- (oxiranylmethoxy) phenyl ⁇ -4- ⁇ 4- (oxiranylmethoxy) phenyl ⁇ - 1-cyclohexene, 1- ⁇ 3-ethyl-4- (oxiranylmethoxy) phenyl ⁇ -4- - (
- the component [B] may include a prepolymer obtained by polymerizing a part of an epoxy resin having a structure represented by the general formula (1) with a curing agent or the like.
- Epoxy resins having a structure represented by the general formula (1) are generally easily crystallized, and many of them require a high temperature to impregnate carbon fibers.
- Including a prepolymer obtained by polymerizing a part of the epoxy resin having a structure represented by the general formula (1) as the component [B] improves the handling properties because crystallization tends to be suppressed. This is a preferred embodiment.
- an epoxy resin can be an anionic polymerization catalyst such as tertiary amines and imidazoles, or Lewis such as boron trifluoride-amine complex. Polymerization may be performed using a cationic polymerization catalyst such as an acid, or a prepolymerizing agent having a functional group capable of reacting with an epoxy may be used.
- a method using a prepolymerizing agent is preferable because the molecular weight of the prepolymer to be produced is easily controlled. If the molecular weight of the prepolymer is too large, the crosslinking density of the resin in the carbon fiber reinforced composite material is lowered, which may impair heat resistance and mechanical properties.
- the prepolymerizing agent for partially polymerizing the epoxy resin having the structure represented by the general formula (1) is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having 2 to 4 active hydrogens capable of reacting with the epoxy resin.
- active hydrogen refers to a highly reactive hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur in an organic compound.
- the number of active hydrogen groups is 5 or more, it becomes difficult to control the reaction when prepolymerizing the epoxy resin, which may cause gelation.
- a phenol compound having 2 to 3 active hydrogens is particularly suitable from the standpoint of gelation during the prepolymerization reaction and the storage stability of the prepolymer.
- the phenolic compounds having 1 to 2 benzene rings have a rigid prepolymerized epoxy resin structure, which makes it easy to form a higher order structure and improve toughness.
- the viscosity of the epoxy resin composition containing the prepolymer and the component [B] including the epoxy resin having the structure represented by the general formula (1) and the curing agent of the component [C] Can be kept low, and handling is improved, which is preferable.
- phenol compound having 2 to 3 active hydrogens examples include catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol G, bisphenol Z, tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) methane, and derivatives thereof.
- derivatives examples include compounds in which a benzene ring is substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. These phenol compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the molecular weight of the prepolymer contained in the component [B] is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of the fluidity of the epoxy resin composition, the number average molecular weight is preferably 15000 or less, preferably 10,000 or less, and more preferably 350-5000.
- the number average molecular weight of the present invention indicates a converted molecular weight using standard polystyrene by GPC (gel permeation chromatography, also referred to as SEC: size exclusion chromatography).
- the method for partially polymerizing the epoxy resin having the structure represented by the general formula (1) to prepolymerize is not particularly limited.
- the epoxy resin and the prepolymerizing agent are added in a synthetic solvent. It can be dissolved and stirred while applying heat to synthesize.
- a catalyst may be used as long as it does not gel during the prepolymerization reaction.
- the component [B] has a high melting point, and in the absence of a solvent, a high temperature is required for the prepolymerization reaction. Therefore, a synthetic solvent was used from the viewpoint of safety.
- a synthetic method is preferred.
- component [B] contains a prepolymer
- the crystallization tends to be suppressed, so that the handleability is improved.
- the content of the prepolymer is too large, the components [B] and [C] are included. There is a possibility that the melt viscosity of the epoxy resin composition becomes too high and impregnation into the carbon fiber becomes difficult.
- component [B] contains a prepolymer
- the content thereof is based on a total of 100 parts by mass of the prepolymer contained in component [B] and the epoxy resin having the structure represented by formula (1).
- the range is preferably 80 parts by mass or less, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 60 parts by mass.
- the ratio of the prepolymer-derived peak area to the total epoxy resin-derived peak area is preferably It is 0.80 or less, and more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.60.
- the prepreg of the present invention may contain an epoxy resin other than the constituent element [B], a thermosetting resin other than the epoxy resin, a copolymer of an epoxy resin and a thermosetting resin, and the like.
- the thermosetting resin include unsaturated polyester resins, vinyl ester resins, epoxy resins, benzoxazine resins, phenol resins, urea resins, melamine resins, and polyimide resins. These resin compositions and compounds may be used alone or in combination as appropriate. It is assumed that blending at least an epoxy resin or a thermosetting resin that does not exhibit liquid crystallinity has both the fluidity of the resin and the heat resistance after curing.
- an epoxy resin that is liquid at room temperature (25 ° C.) is preferably used.
- liquid means that when a piece of metal having a specific gravity of 7 or more in the same temperature state as the thermosetting resin to be measured is placed on the thermosetting resin and immediately buried by gravity, the thermosetting The resin is defined as liquid.
- the metal piece having a specific gravity of 7 or more include iron (steel), cast iron, and copper.
- a glycidyl ether type epoxy resin having phenol as a precursor is preferably used as the bifunctional epoxy resin.
- examples of such epoxy resins include bisphenol A type epoxy resins, bisphenol F type epoxy resins, bisphenol S type epoxy resins, naphthalene type epoxy resins, biphenyl type epoxy resins, urethane-modified epoxy resins, hydantoin type and resorcinol type epoxy resins. It is done.
- examples of the tri- or higher functional glycidylamine type epoxy resin include diaminodiphenylmethane type, diaminodiphenylsulfone type, aminophenol type, metaxylenediamine type, 1,3-bisamino. Examples include methylcyclohexane type and isocyanurate type epoxy resins. Among them, diaminodiphenylmethane type and aminophenol type epoxy resins are particularly preferably used because of a good balance of physical properties.
- Examples of the tri- or higher functional glycidyl ether type epoxy resin include epoxy resins such as phenol novolak type, orthocresol novolak type, trishydroxyphenylmethane type, and tetraphenylolethane type.
- the component [B] is included in the range of 80 to 99 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the entire epoxy resin in the prepreg. It is preferable to contain 1 to 20 parts by mass of a liquid epoxy resin at 25 ° C. with respect to 100 parts by mass of the entire epoxy resin in the prepreg. Within this range, it is difficult to inhibit the formation of a smectic structure in the cured product of the epoxy resin composition, and in addition, the sizing present on the surface of the resin and the component [A] can be achieved by reducing the viscosity of the epoxy resin composition.
- the carbon fiber reinforced composite material having improved adhesiveness and excellent adhesive strength can be obtained.
- an epoxy resin having a structure represented by the following general formula (2) By having a biphenyl structure in the molecule, it is easy to be compatible with the component [B], and has characteristics that it is difficult to cause phase separation in the epoxy resin composition and in the cured product of the epoxy resin composition.
- R 1 and R 2 each represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Each Z is independently an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an aliphatic alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, or an acetyl group.
- Indicates. n independently represents an integer of 0 to 4.
- the blending amount thereof is an epoxy resin, prepolymer, or other epoxy resin having a structure represented by the general formula (1).
- the content is preferably 1 to 30 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass in total.
- the curing agent of the component [C] of the present invention is an epoxy resin curing agent, which is a compound having an active group capable of reacting with an epoxy group.
- the curing agent include dicyandiamide, aromatic polyamine, aminobenzoic acid esters, various acid anhydrides, phenol novolac resin, cresol novolac resin, polyphenol compound, imidazole derivative, aliphatic amine, tetramethylguanidine.
- Thiourea addition amine carboxylic acid anhydride such as methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, carboxylic acid amide, organic acid hydrazide, polymercaptan and Lewis acid complex such as boron trifluoride ethylamine complex.
- the epoxy resin composition containing the component [B] and the component [C] has a nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature in the range of 130 to 180 ° C.
- the curing agent for the component [C] of the present invention is the curing agent for the component [C] of the present invention. Therefore, it is preferable to select in consideration of the combination with the component [B]. For example, even when the component [B] alone has a nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature in the range of 130 to 180 ° C., if the reaction of the component [C] curing agent is too fast, the component [B ] And the component [C] do not necessarily have a nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature in the range of 130-180 ° C.
- the curing reaction proceeds instantaneously to form an epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C].
- the nematic phase liquid crystal structure
- the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature of the epoxy resin composition may increase.
- the resin viscosity does not sufficiently decrease, cannot sufficiently react with the sizing agent on the surface of the component [A], and the interfacial adhesion between the epoxy resin composition and the carbon fiber is not improved.
- an aromatic polyamine as the component [C] because a cured epoxy resin having good heat resistance can be obtained.
- the aromatic polyamine has a slow curing reaction among the curing agents of the epoxy resin, the time for forming the liquid crystal accompanying the above-described curing progress of the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] is increased, It is preferable because it is easy to form a higher order structure.
- various isomers of diaminodiphenylsulfone can obtain a cured epoxy resin having good heat resistance and, in addition, have a slower curing reaction than other aromatic polyamines.
- the epoxy resin composition containing [C] are likely to form liquid crystals as the curing proceeds. Therefore, the proportion of the higher order structure in the cured resin after curing can be increased, which is particularly preferable.
- the optimum value of the addition amount of the curing agent as the component [C] varies depending on the type of the epoxy resin and the curing agent.
- an aromatic polyamine curing agent is preferably added so as to have a stoichiometric equivalent, but the ratio of the active hydrogen amount of the aromatic polyamine curing agent to the amount of epoxy groups of the epoxy resin is 0.7 to 1.
- the ratio of the active hydrogen amount of the aromatic polyamine curing agent to the epoxy group amount of the epoxy resin is 1.0 to 1.6, in addition to improving the curing rate, a high elongation resin may be obtained. This is also a preferred embodiment. Therefore, the ratio of the amount of active hydrogen in the curing agent to the amount of epoxy groups in the epoxy resin is preferably in the range of 0.7 to 1.6.
- aromatic polyamine curing agents include Seika Cure S (manufactured by Wakayama Seika Kogyo Co., Ltd.), 3,3′-DAS (manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals), “Lonzacure (registered trademark)” M-DEA (Lonza, Inc.), “Lonzacure (registered trademark)” M-DIPA (Lonza, Inc.), “Lonzacure (registered trademark)” M-MIPA (Lonza, Inc.), and the like.
- Seika Cure S manufactured by Wakayama Seika Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- 3,3′-DAS manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals
- dicyandiamide examples include DICY-7 and DICY-15 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation).
- the dicyandiamide derivative is obtained by bonding various compounds to dicyandiamide, and includes a reaction product with an epoxy resin, a reaction product with a vinyl compound or an acrylic compound.
- Each curing agent may be used in combination with a curing accelerator or other epoxy resin curing agent.
- the curing accelerator to be combined include ureas, imidazoles, and Lewis acid catalysts.
- urea compounds include N, N-dimethyl-N ′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea, toluene bis (dimethylurea), 4,4′-methylenebis (phenyldimethylurea), and 3-phenyl-1 , 1-dimethylurea and the like can be used.
- urea compounds examples include DCMU99 (manufactured by Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.), “Omicure (registered trademark)” 24, 52, and 94 (manufactured by CVC Specialty Chemicals, Inc.).
- Lewis acid catalysts include boron trifluoride / piperidine complex, boron trifluoride / monoethylamine complex, boron trifluoride / triethanolamine complex, boron trichloride / octylamine complex, etc. Is mentioned.
- organic acid hydrazide compound examples include 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide, 2,6-naphthalenedicarbodihydrazide, salicylic acid hydrazide, terephthalic acid dihydrazide, isophthalic acid dihydrazide and the like from the viewpoint of curing acceleration and storage stability. be able to.
- organic acid hydrazide compounds may be used by mixing and mixing two or more kinds as necessary.
- organic acid hydrazide compounds examples include 2,6-naphthalenedicarbodihydrazide (manufactured by Nippon Finechem Co., Ltd.) and isophthalic acid dihydrazide (manufactured by Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.).
- these epoxy resins and curing agents can be blended in the epoxy resin composition. This method may be effective for viscosity adjustment and storage stability improvement.
- the minimum viscosity at 130 ° C. to 150 ° C. of the epoxy resin composition containing the components [B] and [C] is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10.0 Pa ⁇ s, more preferably , Preferably in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 Pa ⁇ s.
- a carbon fiber reinforced composite material that sufficiently reacts with the sizing agent applied to the surface of the component [A] and has excellent adhesion between the resin and the carbon fiber is obtained. It is done.
- the prepreg of the present invention can be expected to significantly improve the mode I interlayer toughness and the mode II interlayer toughness only with the components [A] to [C], but further, the component [D] should be arranged at the position described later.
- the mode II interlayer toughness is greatly improved.
- the prepreg is impregnated with the epoxy resin composition containing the components [B], [C] and [D] in the component [A], and the component [D] is localized in the vicinity of one or both surfaces.
- Has a structured structure. Localization in the vicinity of the surface here means that 90% or more of the constituent element [D] exists within a range of a depth of 20% of the prepreg thickness from the prepreg surface.
- This presence rate can be evaluated by, for example, the following method. That is, the prepreg is sandwiched between two smooth polytetrafluoroethylene resin plates having a smooth surface, and the temperature is gradually increased to the curing temperature over 7 days to gel and cure to cure the plate-shaped prepreg. Make a thing. A micrograph of the cross section of the obtained cured product is taken. Using this cross-sectional photograph, when component [D] is present on both sides of the prepreg, 20% depth position when the prepreg thickness is 100% from the prepreg cured product surface on both sides of the prepreg cured product Draw a total of two lines parallel to the surface of the prepreg.
- the total area of the component [D] existing between the surface of the prepreg and the above line and the total area of the component [D] existing over the thickness of the prepreg are respectively obtained, and the prepreg thickness 100 %,
- the abundance of the component [D] existing in the range of 20% depth from both surfaces of the prepreg is calculated. Further, in the case of a prepreg in which the component [D] is present on one side, a line parallel to the prepreg surface is drawn at a depth position of 20% of the thickness from the surface of the prepreg cured product on one side of the prepreg cured product.
- the total area of the component [D] existing between the surface of the prepreg and the above line and the total area of the component [D] existing over the thickness of the prepreg are respectively obtained, and the prepreg thickness is 100%.
- the abundance ratio of the component [D] existing in the range of 20% depth from the surface of the prepreg is calculated.
- the area of the component [D] is obtained by cutting out the component [D] portion from the cross-sectional photograph and converting from the area. It is also possible to measure using commonly used image processing software.
- the carbon fiber reinforced composite material obtained by laminating and curing the prepreg is a cured product of the epoxy resin composition including the components [B] and [C] and the component [ A], and a cured product of the epoxy resin composition including the components [B] and [C] and an interlayer resin layer including the component [D], disposed between adjacent carbon fiber layers.
- the carbon fiber reinforced composite material has at least two or more carbon fiber layers, and the carbon fiber layers and the interlayer resin layers are alternately arranged.
- the uppermost surface and the lowermost surface may be a carbon fiber layer or a resin layer made of a cured product of the resin composition.
- the interlayer resin layer means a region having an appropriate interlayer thickness uniformly between adjacent carbon fiber layers, and the component [A] is not included in this region.
- uniformly having an appropriate interlayer resin layer thickness means that there is no region where the thickness is too thin or too thick, and in particular, the interlayer resin layer thickness is less than 1 ⁇ m, and the interlayer resin layer is not substantially secured. The ratio is 30% or less.
- the component [D] contained in the carbon fiber reinforced composite material is localized in the interlayer resin layer in the carbon fiber reinforced composite material obtained by laminating and curing the prepreg. It has a structured configuration. Localization means that 90% or more of the component [D] 100% blended in the prepreg is present in the interlayer resin layer.
- the localization of the component [D] can be confirmed by the following method. The carbon fiber reinforced composite material is cut from the direction perpendicular to the carbon fibers, and the cross section is polished, and then magnified 200 times or more with an optical microscope and photographed.
- the carbon fiber volume content (showing the area content here for the cross section) is 50%, averaged over a length of 1000 ⁇ m drawn parallel to the fiber layer. This line is defined as the boundary between the fiber layer region and the interlayer resin layer region.
- the component [D] in the fiber layer region on the photograph and the component [D] in the interlayer resin layer region are cut out by image processing to calculate each area. From the area ratio, the localization rate of the constituent element [D] contained in the carbon fiber reinforced composite material can be obtained.
- the lower limit of the average thickness of the interlayer resin layer is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the average thickness of the interlayer resin layer is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 70 ⁇ m or less. If the thickness of the interlayer resin layer is too thin, the effect on improving the mode II interlayer toughness may be reduced. If it is too thick, the volume content of the carbon fiber is relatively lowered, and the mechanical properties are reduced. May decrease.
- Such an interlayer resin layer thickness can be measured, for example, by the following procedure. The carbon fiber reinforced composite material is cut from the direction perpendicular to the carbon fibers, and the cross section is polished, and then magnified 200 times or more with an optical microscope and photographed.
- the carbon fiber volume content (showing the area content here because of the cross section) is 50%.
- the line drawn parallel to the fiber layer is the fiber layer region and the interlayer resin.
- As the boundary of the layer region a boundary line averaged over a length of 1000 ⁇ m is drawn, and the distance therebetween is defined as the thickness of the interlayer resin layer.
- Component [D] is a component necessary for forming an interlayer resin layer when a carbon fiber reinforced composite material is manufactured using components [A], [B], and [C]. As long as it plays a role as a spacer for forming the interlayer resin layer, the form and the kind of the substance such as an inorganic substance or an organic substance are not particularly limited.
- the carbon fiber reinforced composite material of the present invention has a very high interlayer toughness.
- the constituent element [D] is insoluble in the constituent element [B] because the interlayer resin layer can be stably formed even if various molding conditions and curing temperatures are used.
- Insoluble in component [B] means that [D] does not substantially dissolve when the epoxy resin composition comprising component [B] in which component [D] is dispersed is heat-cured. For example, using an optical microscope or a transmission electron microscope, a clear interface between the epoxy resin composition and the corresponding component is not substantially reduced from the original size in the cured epoxy resin. Indicates that it can be observed.
- the volume ratio of the constituent element [D] per layer of the interlayer resin layer is preferably 10 to 80% from the viewpoint of mechanical properties. 15 to 70% is more preferable, and 20 to 60% is still more preferable.
- the volume ratio of the constituent element [D] occupying one interlayer resin layer is a value calculated by the following method. The carbon fiber reinforced composite material is cut from the direction perpendicular to the carbon fibers, and the cross section is polished, and then magnified 200 times or more with an optical microscope and photographed.
- the layer [D] region and other regions (components [B] and [C], etc.) over the length of 200 ⁇ m in the in-plane direction of one interlayer resin layer randomly. And the area of the component [D] is cut out. From the area ratio in each region, the area ratio of the component [D] per one interlayer resin layer is calculated. The average value for the 20 operations is defined as the volume ratio of the constituent element [D] per one interlayer resin layer.
- the form of the constituent element [D] can take various forms such as particles, nonwoven fabrics, short fibers, knitted fabrics, knits, films, and veils. From the viewpoint of providing stable adhesive strength and impact resistance when a carbon fiber reinforced composite material is obtained, it is particularly preferable that the shape is maintained with particles.
- the shape of the particles may be a spherical shape as shown in JP-A-1-110537, or a non-spherical shape as shown in JP-A-1-110536.
- the particles may be porous particles as disclosed in JP-A-5-115, but the spherical shape is excellent in viscoelasticity because it does not deteriorate the flow characteristics of the resin, and there is no origin of stress concentration, and high impact resistance.
- the epoxy resin composition should contain 3 to 40% by mass of particles, preferably 4 to 30% by mass, and preferably 5 to 20% by mass. % Content is more preferable.
- mass% refers to mass percentage.
- the number average particle size of the particles is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 5 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m.
- the number average particle size is in the range of 10 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m. If the number average particle size is too small, particles may enter between the fibers of the carbon fiber, which may reduce impact resistance and other mechanical properties. If the number average particle diameter is too large, the arrangement of the carbon fibers is disturbed due to the presence of the large diameter particles, and the thickness of the carbon fiber reinforced composite material obtained by laminating the prepreg is increased, so that the fibers May decrease volume fraction and reduce its mechanical properties.
- the number average particle diameter is observed by enlarging the constituent element [D] 200 times or more with a laser microscope (ultra-deep color 3D shape measurement microscope VK-9510: manufactured by Keyence Corporation).
- the average value is used after measuring the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the particles as the particle size.
- the material may be inorganic particles or organic particles, for example, thermoplastic resin particles, thermosetting resin particles, thermosetting rubber particles, crosslinked particles, silica particles, carbon black particles, carbon nanotubes. Metal particles can be used.
- thermoplastic resin particles are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of a high toughness material.
- crosslinked polyethersulfone-polyetherethersulfone particles obtained by crosslinking the above-described resin are also effective.
- two or more kinds of the above-described resin particles can be used in combination.
- polyamide is preferably used because of its high elongation, toughness, and adhesiveness to the matrix resin.
- the polyamide include a polyamide obtained by polycondensation of a lactam having three or more members, a polymerizable aminocarboxylic acid, a dibasic acid and a diamine or a salt thereof, or a mixture thereof.
- Polyamides having a glass transition temperature in the range of 40 ° C to 300 ° C are preferred.
- polyamides having a glass transition temperature in the range of 40 ° C. to 300 ° C. examples include polycapramide (nylon 6), polyhexamethylene terephthalamide (nylon 6T), polynonane terephthalamide (nylon 9T), polydodecamide (nylon 12), Polyhexamethylene adipamide (nylon 66), poly-m-xylene adipamide (nylon MXD), 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, isophthalic acid and 1,2-amizododecanoic acid Copolymer ("Grillamide (trade name)" TR55, manufactured by Mzavelke), 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane and dodecadioic acid ("Grillamide (trade name)” TR90 , Manufactured by Mzavelke), 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diam
- Nonwoven fabric production methods can be broadly classified into two types, that is, direct spinning and post-fabrication, and can be obtained by these methods.
- direct spinning fabrics there are a spunbond method, a melt blow method, a flash spinning method, and the like, and these are properly used according to the resin viscosity.
- the epoxy resin composition needs to contain 3 to 40% by mass of nonwoven fabric, preferably 4 to 30% by mass, and preferably 5 to 20% by mass. More preferably, it is contained.
- the material of the nonwoven fabric may be an organic material such as a thermoplastic resin fiber, or an inorganic material such as glass fiber, carbon fiber, or silicon carbide fiber. As in the case of the particles, a thermoplastic resin is preferable from the viewpoint of a high toughness material.
- polyimide polyamide, polyamideimide, polyphthalamide, polyetherimide, polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, polyetherketoneketone, polyaryletherketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylenesulfide, liquid crystalline polymer, And derivatives thereof.
- Two or more of the above-mentioned resins can be used in combination.
- polyamide is preferably used because of its high elongation, toughness, and high adhesion to the matrix resin.
- the polyamide include a polyamide obtained by polycondensation of a lactam having three or more members, a polymerizable aminocarboxylic acid, a dibasic acid and a diamine or a salt thereof, or a mixture thereof.
- the short fiber here means a fiber having an average fiber length of 30 mm or less.
- the specific fiber length of the short fibers is preferably in the range of 1 mm to 20 mm, and more preferably in the range of 2 mm to 15 mm. In the case of 1 mm or less, the fiber network structure is not sufficiently obtained, and the strength between the layers is lowered, so that a weak layer is formed, and the mechanical properties of the obtained carbon fiber reinforced composite material are lowered.
- the average fiber length of short fibers is a value calculated from an average value obtained by randomly selecting 400 fibers and measuring the length with an optical microscope.
- the diameter of the short fiber is preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the epoxy resin composition needs to contain 3 to 40% by mass of short fiber, preferably 4 to 30% by mass. More preferably, it is contained in an amount of ⁇ 20 mass%.
- the content of the component [D] is small, the interlayer resin layer is not sufficiently formed in the carbon fiber reinforced composite material obtained by laminating and curing the prepreg, and the effect for improving the mode II interlayer toughness cannot be obtained.
- the content of the constituent element [D] is large, the interlayer resin layer becomes thick, and the content ratio of the carbon fiber is relatively lowered, so that the mechanical properties of the obtained carbon fiber reinforced composite material are lowered. .
- a short fiber may be used as the method similar to particle
- the short fiber material may be organic fiber or inorganic fiber.
- organic fibers include so-called engineering plastics and super engineering plastics such as polyaramide, polyester, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polybenzimidazole, polyimide, polyetherimide, polysulfone, polyamide, and polyamideimide.
- Particularly preferred are those having a functional group capable of reacting with an epoxy resin such as an amino group, an amide group or a phenolic hydroxyl group in the molecular chain.
- examples of the inorganic fiber include carbon fiber, glass fiber, and silicon carbide fiber.
- carbon fiber sizing-treated fiber is preferably used.
- a sizing agent comprising a component having at least one functional group selected from an epoxy group, a hydroxyl group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, an amide group, a carboxyl group, and a carboxylic acid anhydride is preferably used.
- the component [D] as described above may be used alone or in combination.
- the prepreg of the present invention can be produced in several ways.
- an epoxy resin composition is formed from both sides or one side of a sheet-like carbon fiber using a film obtained by coating an epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] on a release paper or the like.
- the primary prepreg is made to impregnate and component [D] is sprayed or stuck on both sides or one side.
- component [D] is a sheet-like material that can be impregnated with a resin such as a porous film, a woven fabric, a mat, a nonwoven fabric, or a knitted fabric, it can be impregnated with an epoxy resin composition in advance. It is.
- the second method uses an epoxy resin composition from both sides or one side of a sheet-like carbon fiber using a film obtained by coating an epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] on a release paper or the like.
- a primary prepreg is made by impregnating with a component, and the component [D] is spread or pasted on the surface of another film coated with an epoxy resin composition containing the components [B] and [C] on a release paper or the like This is a method of adhering to the both sides or one side of the primary prepreg.
- an epoxy resin composition is formed from both sides or one side of a sheet-like carbon fiber using a film obtained by coating an epoxy resin composition containing constituent elements [B] and [C] on a release paper or the like.
- a primary prepreg was prepared by impregnating the film, and a film in which an epoxy resin composition kneaded with the constituent elements [B], [C], and [D] was coated on a release paper or the like was attached to both sides or one side of the primary prepreg. It is a method to do.
- the fourth method is a method in which the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] and [D] are simultaneously bonded to both or one side of the sheet-like carbon fiber, and the constituent element [D] is a sheet.
- This method can be applied in the case of a shape (film, woven fabric, mat, knitted fabric, non-woven fabric, etc.) or a thread shape (long fiber, spun yarn, tape-shaped film).
- a carbon fiber reinforced composite material obtained by laminating and curing a prepreg when [D] is arranged in a prescribed position in addition to the constituent elements [A] to [C] Since the interlayer resin layer is formed of a cured product of the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C], which has high resin toughness due to formation of a higher order structure (smectic structure) therein, a particularly remarkable mode II Interlayer toughness improvement effect is seen. At this time, if the cured product of the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] forms a higher order structure (smectic structure), a remarkable effect can be expected.
- the nematic-isotropic phase is more than the condition [I].
- the lower limit temperature of the transition may be as low as about 20 ° C., specifically, the resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] by satisfying the condition [I ′] that the temperature is between 110 ° C. and 180 ° C.
- a cured product of the product forms a higher order structure, and in addition to high mode I interlayer toughness, a significant improvement in mode II interlayer toughness can be expected.
- thermoplastic resin may be dissolved in the epoxy resin composition containing the above-described constituent elements [B] and [C].
- Use of the thermoplastic resin is preferred because it can control the tackiness of the resulting prepreg and the fluidity of the epoxy resin composition when molding the carbon fiber reinforced composite material.
- Such thermoplastic resins are generally selected from the group consisting of a carbon-carbon bond, amide bond, imide bond, ester bond, ether bond, carbonate bond, urethane bond, thioether bond, sulfone bond and carbonyl bond in the main chain.
- a thermoplastic resin having a selected bond is preferred.
- the thermoplastic resin may have a partially crosslinked structure, and may be crystalline or amorphous.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the thermoplastic resin is at least 150 ° C. or higher, and preferably 170 ° C. or higher. If the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin to be blended is less than 150 ° C., it may be easily deformed by heat when used as a molded body. Furthermore, as a terminal functional group of this thermoplastic resin, things, such as a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a thiol group, and an acid anhydride, can react with a cationically polymerizable compound, and are used preferably.
- polyethersulfone and polyetherethersulfone copolymer oligomers as described in JP-T-2004-506789, and “Ultem (registered trademark)” 1000, which is a commercially available product of polyetherimide, “Ultem (Registered trademark) ”1010,“ Ultem (registered trademark) ”1040 (above, manufactured by Solvay Advanced Polymers Co., Ltd.), etc.
- An oligomer is a relatively molecular weight in which a finite number of monomers of about 10 to 100 are bonded. Refers to a low polymer.
- an elastomer may be further blended with the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C].
- Such an elastomer is blended for the purpose of forming a fine elastomer phase in the epoxy matrix phase after curing.
- the plane strain that occurs when stress is applied to the cured epoxy resin can be eliminated by fracture voiding (cavitation) of the elastomer phase, which induces plastic deformation of the epoxy matrix phase, resulting in large energy absorption.
- Elastomer is a polymer material having a domain having a glass transition temperature lower than 20 ° C.
- examples thereof include a block copolymer.
- the elastomer is preferably selected from a block copolymer containing a block having a glass transition temperature of 20 ° C. or less and rubber particles. This makes it possible to introduce a fine elastomer phase while minimizing the compatibility of the elastomer with the epoxy resin, greatly reducing interlaminar toughness as a carbon fiber reinforced composite material while suppressing a decrease in heat resistance and elastic modulus. Can be made.
- cross-linked rubber particles and core-shell rubber particles obtained by graft polymerization of a different polymer on the surface of the cross-linked rubber particles are preferably used from the viewpoint of handling properties.
- the primary particle diameter of such rubber particles is preferably in the range of 50 to 300 nm, particularly preferably in the range of 80 to 200 nm.
- Such rubber particles preferably have good affinity with the epoxy resin used and do not cause secondary aggregation during resin preparation or molding and curing.
- crosslinked rubber particles include FX501P (manufactured by Nippon Synthetic Rubber Industry Co., Ltd.) consisting of a crosslinked product of carboxyl-modified butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer, and CX-MN series (Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.) consisting of fine acrylic rubber particles.
- YR-500 series manufactured by Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical Co., Ltd., etc. can be used.
- core-shell rubber particles include, for example, “Paraloid (registered trademark)” EXL-2655 (manufactured by Kureha Co., Ltd.) consisting of a butadiene / alkyl methacrylate / styrene copolymer, an acrylic ester / methacrylic ester copolymer "STAPHYLOID (registered trademark)” AC-3355 composed of coalescence, TR-2122 (manufactured by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), “PARALOID (registered trademark)” EXL-2611 composed of butyl acrylate / methyl methacrylate copolymer EXL-3387 (manufactured by Rohm & Haas), “Kane Ace (registered trademark)” MX series (manufactured by Kaneka Corporation), and the like can be used.
- Paraloid (registered trademark)” EXL-2655 manufactured by Kureha Co., Ltd.
- the carbon fiber mass fraction of the prepreg of the present invention is preferably 40 to 90% by mass, more preferably 50 to 80% by mass. If the carbon fiber mass fraction is too low, the mass of the resulting carbon fiber reinforced composite material becomes excessive, and the advantages of the carbon fiber reinforced composite material having excellent specific strength and specific elastic modulus may be impaired. If the fraction is too high, poor impregnation of the epoxy resin composition occurs, and the resulting carbon fiber reinforced composite material tends to have many voids, and its mechanical properties may be greatly deteriorated.
- the prepreg of the present invention comprises a wet method in which an epoxy resin composition comprising the constituent elements [B] and [C] is dissolved in a solvent such as methyl ethyl ketone and methanol to lower the viscosity and impregnate the carbon fiber, and an epoxy resin composition
- the product can be suitably manufactured by a hot melt method or the like in which a product is reduced in viscosity by heating and impregnated into carbon fiber.
- the wet method is a method for obtaining a prepreg by immersing carbon fiber in a solution of an epoxy resin composition, then pulling it up and evaporating the solvent using an oven or the like.
- a carbon fiber is directly impregnated with an epoxy resin composition whose viscosity has been reduced by heating, or a resin film in which an epoxy resin composition is coated on release paper or the like is prepared.
- This is a method of obtaining a prepreg by transferring and impregnating an epoxy resin composition by overlapping the resin film from both sides or one side of the film and applying heat and pressure.
- This hot melt method is a preferred embodiment because substantially no solvent remains in the prepreg.
- the viscosity of the epoxy resin composition is preferably 0.01 to 30 Pa ⁇ s as the minimum viscosity measured by the method described later.
- the minimum viscosity of the epoxy resin composition is an angular frequency while using a dynamic viscoelasticity measuring apparatus (ARES, manufactured by TA Instruments) using a parallel plate and increasing the temperature at a rate of 2 ° C./min. 3. The lowest value in the temperature range of 40 to 180 ° C. for the complex viscosity ⁇ * measured under the conditions of 3.14 rad / s and a plate interval of 1 mm.
- the prepreg preferably has a carbon fiber amount per unit area of 50 to 1000 g / m 2 .
- the amount of carbon fiber is less than 50 g / m 2, it is necessary to increase the number of laminated layers in order to obtain a predetermined thickness when forming the carbon fiber reinforced composite material, and the work may be complicated.
- the carbon fiber amount exceeds 1000 g / m 2 , the prepreg drapability tends to deteriorate.
- the carbon fiber reinforced composite material of the present invention can be manufactured by taking, as an example, a method in which the above-described prepreg of the present invention is laminated in a predetermined form, and pressed and heated.
- a method for applying heat and pressure a press molding method, an autoclave molding method, a bagging molding method, a wrapping tape method, an internal pressure molding method, and the like are used.
- a wrapping tape method and an internal pressure molding method are preferably used for molding sports equipment.
- the wrapping tape method is a method of winding a prepreg on a mandrel or other core metal to form a tubular body made of a carbon fiber reinforced composite material, and is a suitable method for producing a rod-shaped body such as a golf shaft or fishing rod. is there. More specifically, the prepreg was wound around a mandrel, and a wrapping tape made of a thermoplastic resin film was wound outside the prepreg for fixing and applying pressure, and the epoxy resin composition was heated and cured in an oven. Thereafter, the core bar is removed to obtain a tubular body.
- the internal pressure molding method is to set a preform in which a prepreg is wound on an internal pressure applying body such as a tube made of a thermoplastic resin in a mold, and then apply a pressure by introducing a high-pressure gas into the internal pressure applying body. At the same time, the mold is heated to form a tubular body.
- This internal pressure molding method is particularly preferably used when molding a complicated shape such as a golf shaft, a bat, and a racket such as tennis or badminton.
- the viscosity at 30 ° C. of the epoxy resin composition is preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 Pa ⁇ s or more from the viewpoint of prepreg handling. If the viscosity at 30 ° C. is too low, a resin film required for producing a prepreg cannot be produced. On the other hand, if the viscosity at 30 ° C.
- the epoxy resin composition has a minimum viscosity of 110 ° C. or more, preferably 0.1 to 15 Pa ⁇ s, 3 to 10 Pa ⁇ s is more preferable.
- the minimum viscosity is too low, the flow of the epoxy resin becomes too large, and the resin flows out of the prepreg when the prepreg is cured.
- the target resin ratio cannot be achieved in the obtained carbon fiber reinforced composite material.
- the minimum viscosity is too high, it will not be possible to ensure a resin viscosity that will allow water vapor released from the matrix resin and air trapped during lamination to be removed outside the molded panel during curing, and The impregnation of the epoxy resin composition into the unimpregnated fiber part during molding is not sufficient, and the unimpregnated fiber part becomes voids, and many voids are formed in the resulting carbon fiber reinforced composite material.
- the softening point of the epoxy resin composition is preferably below the curing temperature, more preferably 90 ° C. or less. desirable.
- the epoxy resin composition can be prevented from sinking into the fiber-impregnated part during storage at room temperature, and the continuity of the unimpregnated part for removing volatiles during molding is ensured. As a result, voids in the carbon fiber reinforced composite material are hardly formed. In addition, since the continuity of the unimpregnated portion is maintained, the carbon fiber is less restrained and the drape property is easily secured.
- the softening point is defined as the temperature at the intersection where two linear portions are extended with respect to the complex viscosity change curve obtained from the viscosity measurement of the epoxy resin composition.
- the first straight line is drawn by extending the straight line portion before the complex viscosity first drops sharply to the high temperature side.
- the intermediate straight line after the complex viscosity first suddenly decreases is extended to the low temperature side, and a second straight line is drawn.
- a vertical line at the intersection of both lines is drawn on the temperature axis of the abscissa, and the temperature is obtained as a softening point.
- the softening point of the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] is preferably derived from liquid crystal transition.
- the prepreg may not follow the curved shape of the mold when the prepreg is rigid.
- the softening point of the epoxy resin composition is derived from the glass transition point, the glass prepreg is rigid and inferior in drapability.
- the softening point of the epoxy resin composition is derived from the transition point of the liquid crystal, the epoxy resin composition in the liquid crystal state in the prepreg has excellent followability with respect to deformation that conforms to the curved surface shape. Excellent draping properties for prepregs.
- the prepreg used in the deautoclave method is preferably in a form in which only one surface of a sheet-like carbon fiber is coated with an epoxy resin composition that is a matrix resin.
- One surface contains a carbon fiber that is not impregnated with a matrix resin to serve as a degassing path.
- the prepreg used in the deautoclave method is preferably in a form in which an epoxy resin composition is impregnated in a part of carbon fiber.
- the degree of impregnation of the epoxy resin composition into the carbon fiber in the prepreg is preferably 1 to 15%, more preferably 3 to 15%, more preferably 5 to 12%. % Is more preferable.
- the WPU of the present invention is the water absorption rate of the prepreg calculated by the water absorption test, and the degree of impregnation of the carbon fiber of the component [A] with the epoxy resin composition containing the components [B] and [C]. It is an index to represent.
- the fiber unimpregnated part for removing the water vapor released from the matrix resin and the air trapped during the lamination to the outside of the molded panel during curing functions as a flow path, and voids are generated. It becomes easy to suppress.
- WPU is 15% or less, when the prepreg is laminated, cracking in the out-of-plane direction of the prepreg is suppressed, and handling of the prepreg becomes easy.
- the measurement of the water absorption WPU of the prepreg is performed as follows. First, a 100 mm ⁇ 100 mm prepreg in which carbon fibers are arranged in one direction is prepared, and the mass is measured. The mass at that time is defined as W1.
- the prepared prepreg is gripped with a thin aluminum plate so that the prepreg protrudes 5 mm from both sides. At this time, the protruding prepreg has a fiber direction of 5 mm and a surface orthogonal to the fiber of 100 mm. Hold the aluminum plate with a clamp. The 5 mm protrusion is immersed in water at a temperature of 23 ° C. for 5 minutes.
- the carbon fiber reinforced composite material of the present invention can also be produced by a method not using a prepreg, using the above-described epoxy resin composition.
- a method for example, a method in which an epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] is directly impregnated into the carbon fibers of the constituent element [A] and then heat-cured, that is, hand lay-up.
- Method, filament winding method, pultrusion method, resin film infusion method, resin injection molding method and resin in which an epoxy resin composition is impregnated and cured on a continuous carbon fiber substrate previously shaped into a member shape -Transfer molding (RTM) method or the like is used.
- the epoxy resin composition according to the present invention includes VARTM (Vaccum-assisted Resin Transfer Molding) and VIMP (Variable Infusion Molding Process) listed in the review on RTM method (SAMPE Journal, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp7-19). ), TERTM (Thermal Expansion RTM), RARTM (Rubber-Assisted RTM), RIRM (Resin Injection Recycling Molding), CRTM (Continuousous RTM), CIRTMRimR (Co-InjectionRim) id Infusion), suitably used in molding method such as SCRIMP (Seeman's Composite Resin Infusion Molding Process).
- VARTM Volcum-assisted Resin Transfer Molding
- VIMP Very Infusion Molding Process
- the unit “part” of the composition ratio means part by mass unless otherwise specified.
- Various characteristics (physical properties) were measured in an environment of a temperature of 23 ° C. and a relative humidity of 50% unless otherwise specified.
- the carbon fiber subjected to the electrolytic surface treatment was subsequently washed with water and dried in heated air at a temperature of 150 ° C. to obtain a carbon fiber as a raw material.
- the surface oxygen concentration O / C was 0.16.
- a water dispersion emulsion consisting of “jER (registered trademark)” 152 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), polyglycerin polyglycidyl ether, and emulsifier was prepared to prepare a sizing agent. After this sizing agent was applied to the carbon fiber surface-treated by the dipping method, a drying treatment was performed to obtain a sizing agent-coated carbon fiber bundle.
- the adhesion amount of the sizing agent was adjusted to 0.6% by mass with respect to the sizing agent-coated carbon fiber.
- the sizing agent adhesion amount after washing was 0.16% by mass, which was a preferable adhesion amount.
- the interfacial shear strength measured by the method described in (11) described later was 44 MPa.
- Carbon fiber 2 Acrylonitrile copolymer is dried and wet-spun, fired, and carbon fiber having a total filament number of 12,000, a total fineness of 1,000 tex, a specific gravity of 1.8, a strand tensile strength of 4.9 GPa and a strand tensile modulus of 230 GPa. Obtained.
- the carbon fiber was subjected to electrolytic surface treatment with an aqueous solution of ammonium hydrogen carbonate having a concentration of 0.1 mol / l as an electrolytic solution at an electric quantity of 80 coulomb per gram of carbon fiber.
- the carbon fiber subjected to the electrolytic surface treatment was subsequently washed with water and dried in heated air at a temperature of 150 ° C.
- the surface oxygen concentration O / C was 0.15.
- a sizing agent-coated carbon fiber bundle was obtained in the same manner as in the carbon fiber 1.
- the adhesion amount of the sizing agent was adjusted to 0.6% by mass with respect to the sizing agent-coated carbon fiber.
- the adhesion amount of the sizing agent after washing was 0.17% by mass, which was a preferable adhesion amount.
- the interface adhesive strength was 43 MPa.
- Carbon fiber 3 Acrylonitrile copolymer is dry-wet-spun, fired, and carbon fiber having a total filament number of 24,000, a total fineness of 1,000 tex, a specific gravity of 1.8, a strand tensile strength of 5.9 GPa, and a strand tensile elastic modulus of 294 GPa. Obtained. Subsequently, the carbon fiber was subjected to an electrolytic surface treatment using an aqueous solution of ammonium hydrogen carbonate having a concentration of 0.1 mol / l as an electrolytic solution at an electric charge of 120 coulomb per 1 g of the carbon fiber.
- the carbon fiber subjected to the electrolytic surface treatment was subsequently washed with water and dried in heated air at a temperature of 150 ° C. to obtain a carbon fiber as a raw material.
- the surface oxygen concentration O / C was 0.20.
- a sizing agent-coated carbon fiber bundle was obtained in the same manner as in the carbon fiber 1.
- the adhesion amount of the sizing agent was adjusted to 0.6% by mass with respect to the sizing agent-coated carbon fiber.
- the adhesion amount of the sizing agent after washing was 0.19% by mass, which was a preferable adhesion amount.
- the interface adhesive strength was 45 MPa.
- Carbon fiber 4 A sizing agent-coated carbon fiber bundle was obtained in the same manner as the carbon fiber 3 except that the amount of electricity was subjected to electrolytic surface treatment at 80 coulomb per 1 g of carbon fiber.
- the surface oxygen concentration O / C was 0.15.
- the adhesion amount of the sizing agent was adjusted to 0.6% by mass with respect to the sizing agent-coated carbon fiber.
- the adhesion amount of the sizing agent after washing was 0.16% by mass, which was a preferable adhesion amount.
- the interface adhesive strength was 43 MPa.
- Carbon fiber 5 A sizing agent-coated carbon fiber bundle was obtained in the same manner as the carbon fiber 3 except that the amount of electricity was subjected to electrolytic surface treatment at 40 coulomb per 1 g of carbon fiber.
- the surface oxygen concentration O / C was 0.13.
- the adhesion amount of the sizing agent was adjusted to 0.6% by mass with respect to the sizing agent-coated carbon fiber.
- the adhesion amount of the sizing agent after washing was 0.12% by mass, which was a preferable adhesion amount.
- the interface adhesive strength was 29 MPa.
- Carbon fiber 6 In the same manner as the carbon fiber 3, a raw material carbon fiber subjected to electrolytic surface treatment was obtained. Using this carbon fiber, a sizing agent-coated carbon fiber bundle having a sizing agent adhesion amount of 0.2 mass% with respect to the sizing agent-coated carbon fiber was obtained in the same manner as the carbon fiber 1. The adhesion amount of the sizing agent after washing was 0.08%, which was a preferable adhesion amount. The interface adhesive strength was 25 MPa.
- Carbon fiber other than constituent element [A] Carbon fiber 7 Acrylonitrile copolymer is dry-wet-spun, fired, and carbon fiber having a total filament number of 24,000, a total fineness of 1,000 tex, a specific gravity of 1.8, a strand tensile strength of 5.9 GPa, and a strand tensile elastic modulus of 294 GPa. Obtained. The surface oxygen concentration O / C was 0.15. This carbon fiber was used without applying a sizing agent. The amount of sizing agent adhered after washing was 0% by mass. The interfacial adhesive strength was 22 MPa.
- Epoxy resin 1 Compound name: 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene-bis ⁇ 4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) benzoate ⁇ , see JP 2010-241797, epoxy equivalent: 245 g / eq) heated to 200 ° C. Then, resorcinol (hydroxyl equivalent: 55 g / eq) as a prepolymerizing agent was added thereto so that the number of epoxy equivalents: the number of hydroxyl equivalents was 100: 25, and heated at 200 ° C. for 3 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere. Resin 1 was obtained.
- the content of the prepolymer is 53 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass in total of 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene-bis ⁇ 4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) benzoate and the prepolymer, and JIS K7236
- the epoxy equivalent was measured in accordance with the above and found to be 353 g / eq.
- Epoxy resin 2 Compound name: 4- ⁇ 4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) phenyl ⁇ cyclohexyl 4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) benzoate, see Japanese Patent No. 5471975, epoxy equivalent: 213 g / eq) heated to 200 ° C. Melting and adding resorcinol (hydroxyl equivalent: 55 g / eq) as a prepolymerizing agent to the epoxy equivalent number: hydroxyl equivalent number of 100: 25 and heating at 200 ° C. for 3 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere. Epoxy resin 2 was obtained.
- the prepolymer content was 53 parts by mass with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of 4- ⁇ 4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) phenyl ⁇ cyclohexyl 4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) benzoate and the prepolymer.
- the epoxy equivalent measured according to JIS K7236 was 320 g / eq.
- Epoxy resin 3 Compound name: 4- ⁇ 4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) phenyl ⁇ cyclohexyl 4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) benzoate, see Japanese Patent No. 5471975, epoxy equivalent: 213 g / eq) heated to 200 ° C. Melt and add bisphenol F (hydroxyl equivalent: 100 g / eq) as a prepolymerizing agent to the epoxy equivalent number: hydroxyl equivalent number of 100: 15, and heat at 200 ° C. for 3 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere. Thus, an epoxy resin 3 was obtained.
- the prepolymer content was 38 parts by mass with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of 4- ⁇ 4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) phenyl ⁇ cyclohexyl 4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) benzoate and the prepolymer.
- the epoxy equivalent measured according to JIS K7236 was 309 g / eq.
- Epoxy resin other than constituent element [B] Epoxy resin in liquid form at 25 ° C.
- “Araldite (registered trademark)” MY0610 triglycidyl-m-aminophenol, manufactured by Huntsman Japan KK)
- JER (registered trademark)” 604 tetraglycidyldiaminodiphenylmethane, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
- "Epiclon (registered trademark)” 830 bisphenol A type epoxy resin, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
- JER (registered trademark)” 828 bisphenol A type epoxy resin, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation.
- Epoxy resin of general formula (2) “jER (registered trademark)” YX4000 (biphenyl type epoxy resin, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation)
- the obtained uniform solution was sprayed in the form of a mist toward the liquid surface of 3000 parts of n-hexane being stirred using a spray gun for coating to precipitate a solute.
- the precipitated solid was separated by filtration and washed well with n-hexane, followed by vacuum drying at a temperature of 100 ° C. for 24 hours to obtain particles A made of epoxy-modified nylon having a spherical semi-IPN structure.
- Particle B “Or gazeole (registered trademark)” 1002D (manufactured by Arkema Co., Ltd.)
- Particle C “ULTEM (registered trademark)” 1000F3SP-1000 (manufactured by SABIC Japan LLC).
- the fiber was repaired by drawing and spreading using an aspirator with an impact plate provided at the tip of the wire mesh and air compression.
- the fiber sheet repaired on the wire mesh was thermally bonded using a heating press to obtain the following two types of “Grillamide (registered trademark)” TR55 nonwoven fabrics 1 and 2 having different basis weights (spunbond method).
- Nonwoven fabrics 3 and 4 obtained by the following production method Nylon 6 and nylon 12 melted in an extruder are blown out from a die having a die at a high temperature and a high-speed air stream, and the resin centrifuged in a fibrous form is collected on a belt conveyor to collect the following nylon 6 and nylon 12 Nonwoven fabrics 3 and 4 were prepared (melt blow method).
- Nonwoven fabric 4 nylon 12, basis weight 19 g / m 2 .
- Short fiber web form-Short fiber web 1, 2, 3, 4 obtained by the following manufacturing method
- Carbon fiber “Torayca (registered trademark)” T700S-12K, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc. was cut to a predetermined length with a cartridge cutter to produce chopped carbon fiber (carbon short fiber).
- Short fiber web 1 (CF1); average fiber length 3 mm, basis weight 6 g / m 2 Short fiber web 2 (CF2); average fiber length 6 mm, basis weight 6 g / m 2 Short fiber web 3 (CF3); average fiber length 12 mm, basis weight 6 g / m 2 Short fiber web 4 (CF4); average fiber length 6 mm, basis weight 12 g / m 2 .
- the surface oxygen concentration (O / C) of carbon fiber was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy according to the following procedure. First, the carbon fiber from which the dirt adhering to the surface with a solvent was removed was cut to about 20 mm and spread on a copper sample support. Next, the sample support was set in the sample chamber, and the inside of the sample chamber was kept at 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 Torr. Subsequently, measurement was performed using AlK ⁇ 1 and 2 as an X-ray source and a photoelectron escape angle of 90 °.
- the binding energy value of the main peak (peak top) of C1s was adjusted to 284.6 eV as a correction value for the peak accompanying charging during measurement.
- the C 1s main area was determined by drawing a straight base line in the range of 282 to 296 eV.
- the O 1s peak area was determined by drawing a straight base line in the range of 528 to 540 eV.
- the surface oxygen concentration is calculated as an atomic ratio by using a sensitivity correction value unique to the apparatus from the ratio of the O 1s peak area to the C 1s peak area.
- ESCA-1600 manufactured by ULVAC-PHI Co., Ltd. was used, and the sensitivity correction value unique to the apparatus was 2.33.
- the sizing agent adhesion amount of the sizing coated carbon fiber was determined according to the following procedure. First, 2 ⁇ 0.5 g of sizing coated carbon fiber was sampled and heat-treated at 450 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 minutes. The mass% of the value obtained by dividing the mass change amount before and after the heat treatment by the mass before the heat treatment was defined as the sizing agent adhesion amount.
- the sizing agent adhesion after washing was measured as follows. First, 2 ⁇ 0.5 g of sizing agent-coated carbon fiber was immersed in 10 ml of a mixture of acetonitrile and chloroform in a volume ratio of 9: 1, ultrasonic cleaning was performed for 20 minutes, and the sizing agent was eluted from the fiber. And dried to measure the mass. Furthermore, after this washing, the carbon fiber was heat-treated at 450 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 minutes. The mass% of the value obtained by dividing the mass change before and after the heat treatment by the mass before the heat treatment was defined as the adhesion amount of the sizing agent after washing.
- IFSS interfacial shear strength
- jER registered trademark
- metaphenylenediamine manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Japan GK
- Interfacial shear strength IFSS (MPa) ⁇ (MPa) ⁇ d ( ⁇ m) / (2 ⁇ lc) ( ⁇ m).
- prepreg when component [D] is a particle including component [D]
- a prepreg was prepared by the following method. (Preparation of epoxy resin composition 1) Components [B] listed in Tables 3 and 4 and other resin components were put into a kneading apparatus, and the temperature was raised to 160 ° C. while kneading, and kneading was performed at 160 ° C. for 1 hour. After the temperature was lowered to 80 ° C. while kneading, the component [C] was added and kneaded to obtain an epoxy resin composition 1.
- the epoxy resin composition 2 obtained above was applied onto release paper to prepare two resin films 2 having a resin basis weight of 23 g / m 2 .
- two obtained resin films 1 are stacked from both sides of the carbon fiber, and heated and pressed to form an epoxy resin composition.
- the product was impregnated to obtain a prepreg precursor having a carbon fiber basis weight of 192 g / m 2 .
- two resin films 2 were stacked from both sides of the prepreg precursor, and heated and pressurized to obtain a prepreg.
- Tables 3 and 4 the composition ratio of the epoxy resin composition in the final prepreg is described.
- prepreg when component [D] is a nonwoven fabric
- a prepreg was prepared by the following method.
- (Preparation of epoxy resin composition) The component [B] shown in Table 5 and other resin components were put into a kneading apparatus, and the temperature was raised to 160 ° C. while kneading, and kneading was performed at 160 ° C. for 1 hour. After the temperature was lowered to 80 ° C. while kneading, the component [C] was added and kneaded to obtain an epoxy resin composition.
- the short fiber web having a basis weight within 6g / m 2, 12g / m for 2, each resin basis weight was produced in the same manner the resin film 2 of 40g / m 2, 32g / m 2.
- the carbon fiber which is the constituent element [A] arranged in one direction so as to form a sheet two obtained resin films 1 are stacked from both sides of the carbon fiber, and heated and pressed to form an epoxy resin composition.
- the product was impregnated to obtain a prepreg precursor having a carbon fiber basis weight of 192 g / m 2 .
- one short fiber web of the component [D] shown in Table 6 is overlaid on the upper surface of the prepreg precursor, and further, one resin film 2 is overlaid from the upper surface, and heated and pressed.
- a prepreg was obtained.
- the area occupied by the isotropic phase (region where no interference pattern is observed) and the area occupied by the nematic phase were calculated by binarizing the image.
- the nematic phase refers to a region where the observed interference pattern is a schlieren structure, a filamentous structure, a sandy structure, or a droplet structure, and the isotropic phase is an optically isotropic, although a resin composition exists. Therefore, it refers to an area where light is not transmitted and the visual field is dark.
- the lowest temperature (nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature) at which the proportion of the area occupied by the isotropic phase is 40% or more of the total area of the resin composition including the nematic phase and the isotropic phase was determined.
- (B) The laminated prepreg was covered with a nylon film so that there was no gap, and cured by heating and pressurizing at an internal pressure of 0.59 MPa at 180 ° C. for 2 hours in an autoclave to form a unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composite material.
- (C) The unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composite material obtained in (b) was cut into a width of 20 mm and a length of 195 mm. The fiber direction was cut so as to be parallel to the length side of the test piece.
- a notch with a length of 1 mm was placed at both ends in the width direction at a position 4 mm from the end of the test piece (the side sandwiching the fluororesin film), and a triangular grip was hooked.
- a load was applied to the test piece by pulling a triangular jig with a crosshead of an Instron universal testing machine (Instron).
- Instron Instron universal testing machine
- a white paint was applied to both sides of the test piece in order to make it easier to observe the crack growth.
- G IC measurement was performed in accordance with JIS K7086 (1993) Annex 1, a test was performed using an Instron universal testing machine (Instron).
- the crosshead speed was 0.5 mm / min until the crack growth reached 20 mm, and 1 mm / min after reaching 20 mm. Testing crack performed until the evolution 100 mm, load obtained during the test - was calculated G IC from the area of the displacement diagram.
- Mode II were produced in the same manner as in specimen G IC test from (a) and (c) measuring (18) the interlayer toughness (G IIC), to obtain a test piece of width 20 mm, length 195 mm. According to this test piece JIS K7086 (1993) Annex 2, it was subjected to G IIC test.
- ⁇ Device D8 DISCOVER; manufactured by BRUKER AXS ⁇ X-ray source: CuK ⁇ ray (tube voltage 50 kV, tube current 22 mA) ⁇ Detector: Vantec500 Temperature controller: FP82; manufactured by Mettler Toledo Co., Ltd. A peak having a diffraction angle of 2 ⁇ in the range of 1.0 to 6.0 ° was determined as “A”, and a peak was not determined as “B”.
- Polarized Raman spectroscopy is measured by changing the direction of polarization from 0 ° to 150 at 30 ° intervals, with the measured specimen being set to 0 °.
- the polarization directions 0 ° to 150 ° when the fluctuation range was 20% or less, it was determined as “B” as no molecular anisotropy.
- Tables 1-6 The results are shown in Tables 1-6.
- the laminated prepreg is made of nylon film so that there is no gap. Covered and cured in an autoclave by heating and pressing at 180 ° C. for 2 hours at an internal pressure of 0.59 MPa to form a unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composite material.
- the molded carbon fiber reinforced composite material was cut into a length of 40 mm and a width of 10 mm to obtain a test piece. The measurement was performed with respect to the carbon fiber axis in the carbon fiber reinforced composite material parallel (0 °), vertical (90 °), and 45 ° under the following conditions.
- ⁇ Device X 'PertPro (Spectris Co., Ltd. PANalytical Division)
- X-ray source CuK ⁇ ray (tube voltage 45 kV, tube current 40 mA)
- Detector Goniometer + Monochromator + Scintillation counter
- Scanning range: 2 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 90 °
- Scan mode Step scan, step unit 0.1 °, counting time 40 seconds Peaks of diffraction angle 2 ⁇ in the range of 1 to 10 ° are shown in Tables 1 to 6. Moreover, when there was no peak, it described as "B".
- the intervals between the polytetrafluoroethylene resin plates were measured at five locations in the lateral direction of the cross-sectional photograph, and the average value was taken as the thickness of the prepreg.
- a line parallel to the surface of the prepreg was drawn from the surface of the prepreg at a position at a depth of 20% of the thickness.
- the total area of the component [D] existing between the surface of the prepreg and the above line and the total area of the component [D] existing over the prepreg thickness are obtained, and the thickness of the prepreg is 100%.
- the abundance ratio of the component [D] existing in the range of 20% depth from the surface of the prepreg was calculated.
- the total area of the constituent element [D] was obtained by cutting out the constituent element [D] portion from the cross-sectional photograph and converting from the mass.
- Epoxy resin compositions for carbon fiber reinforced composite materials were prepared according to the procedure for preparing the above (12) epoxy resin composition according to the mixing ratios in Tables 1 and 2. Using the obtained epoxy resin composition, the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature of the resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] is measured by the procedure of (17) above, and (13) Preparation of a prepreg The prepreg was obtained by the procedure.
- Comparative Example 1 uses the components [A] and [C] in the present invention, but does not include the component [B] and does not satisfy the conditions [I] and [III]. Comparative Example 1 has significantly lower mode I interlaminar toughness G IC and mode II interlaminar toughness G IIC compared to Example 2 using the same components [A] and [C].
- Comparative Example 2 is a case where carbon fibers that satisfy the conditions [I] to [III] but do not satisfy the constituent element [A] in the present invention are used. Comparative Example 2 has lower interfacial shear strength, mode I interlaminar toughness G IC and mode II interlaminar toughness G IIC compared to Example 2 using the same resin composition containing components [B] and [C]. From this, it is understood that it is important that the sizing agent is applied to the surface of the carbon fiber.
- the constituent elements [A], [B] and [C] of the present invention are used, but the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature requirement of the condition [I] is not satisfied.
- the mode I interlayer toughness G IC is higher than that in the case of non-higher order structure formation.
- mode II Interlaminar toughness G IIC is low. It can be seen that the mode II interlayer toughness G IIC is improved when the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature satisfies the condition [I].
- Comparative Examples 5 to 7 are cases where the condition [I] is not satisfied. It can be seen that the mode I interlayer toughness G IC and the mode II interlayer toughness G IIC are lower than those of Example 4 and Example 2 using the same components [A] and [C]. It can be seen that the filling improves the mode I interlayer toughness G IC and the mode II interlayer toughness G IIC . Comparative Examples 8 and 9 are cases where the conditions [I] and [III] are not satisfied. It can be understood that the mode I interlayer toughness G IC and the mode II interlayer toughness G IIC are lowered because the cured product of the epoxy resin composition cannot form a smectic structure.
- Comparative Example 10 is a case where the conditions [I] and [II] are not satisfied. It can be seen that the mode I interlayer toughness G IC and the mode II interlayer toughness G IIC are significantly lower compared to Example 2 using the same components [A], [B]. Since the resin viscosity was not sufficiently lowered during the curing process, the sizing agent present on the surface of the component [A] and the epoxy resin composition did not sufficiently react, and as a result, the adhesion between the resin and the carbon fiber. Seems to have gotten worse. In Comparative Example 11, similarly to Comparative Example 10, since the curing reaction after the component [C] is dissolved in the component [B] is high, an epoxy resin composition containing the components [B] and [C] is formed.
- the nematic-isotropic phase transition does not occur between 130 and 180 ° C., and the viscosity cannot be lowered sufficiently. Therefore, it can be seen that the mode I interlayer toughness G IC and the mode II interlayer toughness G IIC are significantly lower than those of Example 5 using the same components [A] and [B].
- the prepreg could not be prepared because the curing reaction when the component [C] was dissolved in the component [B] was very fast and the viscosity increased significantly.
- prepregs were obtained by the procedure (14). Using the obtained prepreg, (28) the abundance ratio of the constituent element [D] existing in the depth range of 20% of the prepreg thickness, (18) the composite material for the mode I interlaminar toughness (G IC ) test Preparation and G IC measurements manufactured flat, (19) mode II interlayer toughness (G IIC) Preparation and G IIC measurements of the test composite made flat, (23) a polarizing microscope observation of the carbon fiber reinforced composite material, (24) a prepreg (25) Measurement of anisotropy in resin composition by polarized Raman spectroscopy, (20) Production and measurement of composite flat plate for 0 ° tensile strength test, (29) Carbon fiber reinforced composite Measurement of the interlayer resin layer thickness of the material, (23) observation with a polarizing microscope, and (27) measurement of a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ by X-ray d
- the mode II interlaminar toughness G IIC is lower than those in Examples 12, 13, 16 to 19 and 20, 21 using the same components [B] and [C], and the prepreg of the present invention has a mode It can be seen that the II interlaminar toughness G IIC is dramatically improved.
- the constituent element [D] is arranged so as to satisfy the condition [I], and the cured product of the resin composition including the constituent elements [B] and [C] forms a higher order structure.
- the content ratio of [D] in the epoxy resin composition is small and an interlayer resin layer having a sufficient thickness is not formed. In this case, the mode II interlayer toughness G IIC improvement effect was not seen.
- Comparative Examples 20 to 23 the cured product of the epoxy resin composition does not form a higher order structure, and an interlayer resin layer having a sufficient thickness is formed by the presence of the constituent element [D].
- the comparison between Comparative Example 20 and Examples 10 and 16, Comparison between Comparative Example 21 and Examples 11 and 17, and Comparison between Comparative Example 22 and Examples 12 and 18 reveals the same components [A] and [D].
- the mode I interlayer toughness G IC , the mode II interlayer toughness G IIC , and the tensile strength are low compared with each of the examples using the prepreg, and the prepreg of the present invention particularly has the mode I interlayer toughness G IC and the mode II interlayer toughness G IIC. It can be seen that there is a dramatic improvement.
- the comparative example 23 is a case where the hardened
- the cured product of the epoxy resin composition forming a higher order structure has a dramatic increase in Mode I interlayer toughness G IC and Mode II interlayer toughness G IIC. Can be confirmed.
- the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature of the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] is lower than 110 ° C., and the cured product does not form a higher order structure (smectic structure). It is. In this case, it is understood that the mode I interlayer toughness G IC is not sufficiently improved.
- a prepreg was obtained by the procedure (15). Using the obtained prepreg, (28) the abundance ratio of the constituent element [D] existing in the depth range of 20% of the prepreg thickness, (18) the composite material for the mode I interlaminar toughness (G IC ) test Preparation and G IC measurements manufactured flat, (19) mode II interlayer toughness (G IIC) Preparation and G IIC measurements of the test composite made flat, (23) a polarizing microscope observation of the carbon fiber reinforced composite material, (24) a prepreg (25) Measurement of anisotropy in epoxy resin composition by polarized Raman spectroscopy, (20) Production and measurement of composite flat plate for 0 ° tensile strength test, (29) Carbon fiber reinforcement Measurement of the interlayer resin layer thickness of the composite material, (23) observation with a polarizing microscope, and (27) measurement of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ by X-ray diffraction were performed
- the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature of the epoxy resin composition containing the components [B] and [C] is measured.
- the viscosity of the epoxy resin composition containing the components [B] and [C] is also measured. went.
- the various measurement results of the examples are as shown in Table 5.
- the interlaminar resin layer having a higher order structure using the nonwoven fabric as a spacer is disposed between the carbon fiber layers, which is excellent. Mode I interlayer toughness G IC , mode II interlayer toughness G IIC , and tensile strength were obtained.
- Comparative Examples 24 to 27 the cured product of the epoxy resin composition does not form a higher order structure, and an interlayer resin layer having a sufficient thickness is formed using a nonwoven fabric as a spacer.
- the comparative example 25 with the examples 23 and 25 the comparative example 26 with the example 26
- the comparative example 27 with the example 28 the respective examples using the components [A], [C], [D]
- Mode II interlayer toughness G IIC is effectively obtained by disposing an interlayer resin layer in which a cured product of the epoxy resin composition forms a higher order structure.
- Comparative Example 24 is a case where the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature of the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] is lower than 110 ° C., and the cured product does not form a higher order structure (smectic structure). Is the case. In this case, it is understood that the mode I interlayer toughness G IC is not sufficiently improved.
- a prepreg was obtained by the procedure (16). Using the obtained prepreg, (28) the abundance ratio of the constituent element [D] existing in the depth range of 20% of the prepreg thickness, (18) the composite material for the mode I interlaminar toughness (G IC ) test Preparation and G IC measurements manufactured flat, (19) mode II interlayer toughness (G IIC) Preparation and G IIC measurements of the test composite made flat, (23) a polarizing microscope observation of the carbon fiber reinforced composite material, (24) a prepreg (25) Measurement of anisotropy in epoxy resin composition by polarized Raman spectroscopy, (20) Production and measurement of composite flat plate for 0 ° tensile strength test, (29) Carbon fiber reinforcement Measurement of the interlayer resin layer thickness of the composite material, (23) observation with a polarizing microscope, and (27) measurement of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ by X-ray diffraction were
- the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature of the epoxy resin composition containing the components [B] and [C] is measured.
- the viscosity of the epoxy resin composition containing the components [B] and [C] is also measured. went.
- Various measurement results of the examples are as shown in Table 6.
- Comparative Examples 28 to 32 the cured product of the epoxy resin composition does not form a higher order structure, and an interlayer resin layer having a sufficient thickness is formed using the short fiber web as a spacer.
- Comparative Example 29 and Examples 29 and 33, Comparative Example 30 and Examples 30 and 34, Comparative Example 31 and Examples 31 and 35, Comparative Example 32 and Examples 32 and 36, and in particular according to the present invention Mode I It can be confirmed that the interlayer toughness G IC and the mode II interlayer toughness G IIC are dramatically improved.
- Comparative Example 28 is a case where the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature of the epoxy resin composition containing the constituent elements [B] and [C] is lower than 110 ° C., and the cured product does not form a higher order structure (smectic structure). Is the case. In this case, it is understood that the mode I interlayer toughness G IC is not sufficiently improved.
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Abstract
Description
[A]:サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維
[B]:一般式(1)で示される構造を有するエポキシ樹脂
[I]:構成要素[B]および[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物が、ネマチック-等方相転移温度を130~180℃の温度範囲に有する。
[II]:100℃、30分間等温保持した後のプリプレグが、100℃における広角X線回折によって測定される回折角度2θ=1.0~6.0°に由来する高次構造を有さない。
[III]:180℃、2時間等温保持した後のプリプレグが、180℃における広角X線回折によって測定される回折角度2θ=1.0~6.0°に由来する高次構造を有する。
本発明において、液相電解酸化における電流密度は、電解処理液中の炭素繊維の表面積1m2当たり1.5~1000アンペアの範囲内であることが好ましく、より好ましくは3~500アンペア/m2の範囲内である。電流密度が1.5アンペア/m2以上であると、電解処理の効率が向上し、運転コストに有利になる。一方、電流密度が1000アンペア/m2以下であると、安全性の観点から有利になる。
炭素繊維の市販品としては、“トレカ(登録商標)”T800G-24K、“トレカ(登録商標)”T300-3K、“トレカ(登録商標)”T700G-12K、および“トレカ(登録商標)”T1100G-24K(以上東レ(株)製)などが挙げられる。
すなわち、ビスフェノールA型エポキシ化合物“jER(登録商標)”828(三菱ケミカル(株)製)100質量部とメタフェニレンジアミン(シグマアルドリッチジャパン(株)製)14.5質量部を、それぞれ容器に入れ、その後、上記のjER828の粘度低下とメタフェニレンジアミンの溶解のため、75℃の温度で15分間加熱する。その後、両者をよく混合し、80℃の温度で約15分間真空脱泡を行う。
次に、炭素繊維束から単繊維を抜き取り、ダンベル型モールドの長手方向に単繊維に一定張力を与えた状態で両端を接着剤で固定する。その後、炭素繊維およびモールドに付着した水分を除去するため、80℃の温度で30分間以上真空乾燥を行う。ダンベル型モールドはシリコーンゴム製で、注型部分の形状は、中央部分巾5mm、長さ25mm、両端部分巾10mm、全体長さ150mmとする。
上記の手順で得られた試験片に繊維軸方向(長手方向)に歪速度0.3%/秒で引張力を与え、歪みを12%生じさせた後、偏光顕微鏡により試験片中心部22mmの範囲における繊維破断数N(個)を測定する。次に、平均破断繊維長laを、la(μm)=22×1000(μm)/N(個)の式により計算する。次に、平均破断繊維長laから臨界繊維長lcを、lc(μm)=(4/3)×la(μm)の式により計算する。さらに、ストランド引張強度σと炭素繊維単糸の直径dを測定し、次式より算出した値を本発明における「界面剪断強度」とする。
・界面剪断強度IFSS(MPa)=σ(MPa)×d(μm)/(2×lc)(μm)。
ここでいう高次構造とは、エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化後又は半硬化後に分子が配向配列している状態を意味し、例えば、硬化物中に結晶構造又は液晶構造が存在する状態を意味する。
構成要素[B]は、下記一般式(1)で表される構造を有するエポキシ樹脂である。
かかるウレア化合物としては、例えば、N,N-ジメチル-N’-(3,4-ジクロロフェニル)ウレア、トルエンビス(ジメチルウレア)、4,4’-メチレンビス(フェニルジメチルウレア)、3-フェニル-1,1-ジメチルウレアなどを使用することができる。かかるウレア化合物の市販品としては、DCMU99(保土ヶ谷化学(株)製)、“Omicure(登録商標)”24、52、94(以上CVC SpecialtyChemicals,Inc.製)などが挙げられる。
第一の方法は、構成要素[B]と[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物を離型紙などの上にコーティングしたフィルムを用いて、シート状にした炭素繊維の両側あるいは片側からエポキシ樹脂組成物を含浸させて一次プリプレグを作製し、構成要素[D]をその両面、または片面に散布または貼着する方法である。ここで、構成要素[D]が多孔質フィルム、織物、マット、不織布、編物などの樹脂が含浸可能なシート状物である場合は、あらかじめエポキシ樹脂組成物を含浸させて貼着させることも可能である。
コアシェルゴム粒子の市販品としては、例えば、ブタジエン・メタクリル酸アルキル・スチレン共重合物からなる“パラロイド(登録商標)”EXL-2655((株)クレハ製)、アクリル酸エステル・メタクリル酸エステル共重合体からなる“スタフィロイド(登録商標)”AC-3355、TR-2122(武田薬品工業(株)製)、アクリル酸ブチル・メタクリル酸メチル共重合物からなる“PARALOID(登録商標)”EXL-2611、EXL-3387(Rohm&Haas社製)、“カネエース(登録商標)”MXシリーズ(カネカ(株)製)等を使用することができる。
ウェット法は、炭素繊維をエポキシ樹脂組成物の溶液に浸漬した後、引き上げ、オーブン等を用いて溶媒を蒸発せしめ、プリプレグを得る方法である。
WPU(%)= (W2-W1)/W1×100
このような方法としては、例えば、構成要素[B]、[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物を直接構成要素[A]の炭素繊維に含浸させた後加熱硬化する方法、即ち、ハンド・レイアップ法、フィラメント・ワインディング法、プルトルージョン法や、あらかじめ部材形状に賦形した連続炭素繊維基材にエポキシ樹脂組成物を含浸および硬化させるレジン・フィルム・インフュージョン法、レジン・インジェクション・モールディング法およびレジン・トランスファー・モールディング(RTM)法等が用いられる。
(1)構成要素[A]
・炭素繊維1
アクリロニトリル系共重合体を乾湿式紡糸し、焼成し、総フィラメント数24,000本、総繊度1,000テックス、比重1.8、ストランド引張強度6.6GPa、ストランド引張弾性率324GPaの炭素繊維を得た。次いで、その炭素繊維を、濃度0.1モル/lの炭酸水素アンモニウム水溶液を電解液として、電気量を炭素繊維1g当たり80クーロンで電解表面処理した。この電解表面処理を施された炭素繊維を続いて水洗し、150℃の温度の加熱空気中で乾燥し、原料となる炭素繊維を得た。後述の(8)に記載の方法に従って測定したところ、表面酸素濃度O/Cは、0.16であった。
“jER(登録商標)”152(三菱化学(株)製)、ポリグリセリンポリグリシジルエーテル、乳化剤からなる水分散エマルジョンを調整しサイジング剤とした。このサイジング剤を浸漬法により表面処理された炭素繊維に塗布した後、乾燥処理をして、サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維束を得た。サイジング剤の付着量は、サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維に対して0.6質量%となるように調整した。
このように作製したサイジング剤塗布炭素繊維を、後述の(10)に記載の方法に従って測定したところ、洗浄後のサイジング剤付着量は0.16質量%であり、好ましい付着量であった。また、後述の(11)に記載の方法で測定した界面剪断強度は44MPaであった。
アクリロニトリル系共重合体を乾湿式紡糸し、焼成し、総フィラメント数12,000本、総繊度1,000テックス、比重1.8、ストランド引張強度4.9GPa、ストランド引張弾性率230GPaの炭素繊維を得た。次いで、その炭素繊維を、濃度0.1モル/lの炭酸水素アンモニウム水溶液を電解液として、電気量を炭素繊維1g当たり80クーロンで電解表面処理した。この電解表面処理を施された炭素繊維を続いて水洗し、150℃の温度の加熱空気中で乾燥し、原料となる炭素繊維を得た。このとき表面酸素濃度O/Cは、0.15であった。
この炭素繊維を用い、炭素繊維1と同様の手法でサイジング剤塗布炭素繊維束を得た。サイジング剤の付着量は、サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維に対して0.6質量%となるように調整した。洗浄後のサイジング剤付着量は0.17質量%であり、好ましい付着量であった。また、界面接着強度は43MPaであった。
アクリロニトリル系共重合体を乾湿式紡糸し、焼成し、総フィラメント数24,000本、総繊度1,000テックス、比重1.8、ストランド引張強度5.9GPa、ストランド引張弾性率294GPaの炭素繊維を得た。次いで、その炭素繊維を、濃度0.1モル/lの炭酸水素アンモニウム水溶液を電解液として、電気量を炭素繊維1g当たり120クーロンで電解表面処理した。この電解表面処理を施された炭素繊維を続いて水洗し、150℃の温度の加熱空気中で乾燥し、原料となる炭素繊維を得た。このとき表面酸素濃度O/Cは、0.20であった。
この炭素繊維を用い、炭素繊維1と同様の手法でサイジング剤塗布炭素繊維束を得た。サイジング剤の付着量は、サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維に対して0.6質量%となるように調整した。洗浄後のサイジング剤付着量は0.19質量%であり、好ましい付着量であった。また、界面接着強度は45MPaであった。
電気量を炭素繊維1g当たり80クーロンで電解表面処理した以外は炭素繊維3と同様にして、サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維束を得た。表面酸素濃度O/Cは、0.15であった。サイジング剤の付着量は、サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維に対して0.6質量%となるように調整した。洗浄後のサイジング剤付着量は0.16質量%であり、好ましい付着量であった。また、界面接着強度は43MPaであった。
電気量を炭素繊維1g当たり40クーロンで電解表面処理した以外は炭素繊維3と同様にして、サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維束を得た。表面酸素濃度O/Cは、0.13であった。サイジング剤の付着量は、サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維に対して0.6質量%となるように調整した。洗浄後のサイジング剤付着量は0.12質量%であり、好ましい付着量であった。また、界面接着強度は29MPaであった。
炭素繊維3と同様にして、電解表面処理が施された原料の炭素繊維を得た。この炭素繊維を用い、炭素繊維1と同様の手法で、サイジング剤の付着量がサイジング剤塗布炭素繊維に対して0.2質量%となるサイジング剤塗布炭素繊維束を得た。洗浄後のサイジング剤付着量は0.08%であり、好ましい付着量であった。また界面接着強度は25MPaであった。
・炭素繊維7
アクリロニトリル系共重合体を乾湿式紡糸し、焼成し、総フィラメント数24,000本、総繊度1,000テックス、比重1.8、ストランド引張強度5.9GPa、ストランド引張弾性率294GPaの炭素繊維を得た。表面酸素濃度O/Cは、0.15であった。この炭素繊維はサイジング剤を塗付しないで用いた。洗浄後のサイジング剤付着量は0質量%であった。また界面接着強度は22MPaであった。
・エポキシ樹脂1
化合物名:2-メチル-1,4-フェニレン-ビス{4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)ベンゾエート}、特開2010-241797号公報参照、エポキシ当量:245g/eq)を200℃に加熱融解し、そこへプレポリマー化剤としてレゾルシノール(水酸基当量:55g/eq)をエポキシ当量数:水酸基当量数が100:25になるように加え、窒素雰囲気下、200℃で3時間加熱することでエポキシ樹脂1を得た。プレポリマーの含有量は、2-メチル-1,4-フェニレン-ビス{4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)ベンゾエートとそのプレポリマーの合計100質量部に対して53質量部であり、JIS K7236に従いエポキシ当量を測定したところ353g/eqであった。
化合物名:4-{4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)フェニル}シクロヘキシル4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)ベンゾエート、特許第5471975号公報参照、エポキシ当量:213g/eq)を200℃に加熱融解し、そこへプレポリマー化剤としてレゾルシノール(水酸基当量:55g/eq)をエポキシ当量数:水酸基当量数が100:25になるように加え、窒素雰囲気下、200℃で3時間加熱することでエポキシ樹脂2を得た。プレポリマーの含有量は、4-{4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)フェニル}シクロヘキシル4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)ベンゾエートとそのプレポリマーの合計100質量部に対して53質量部であり、JIS K7236に従いエポキシ当量を測定したところ320g/eqであった。
化合物名:4-{4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)フェニル}シクロヘキシル4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)ベンゾエート、特許第5471975号公報参照、エポキシ当量:213g/eq)を200℃に加熱融解し、そこへプレポリマー化剤としてビスフェノールF(水酸基当量:100g/eq)を、エポキシ当量数:水酸基当量数が100:15になるように加え、窒素雰囲気下、200℃で3時間加熱することでエポキシ樹脂3を得た。プレポリマーの含有量は、4-{4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)フェニル}シクロヘキシル4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)ベンゾエートとそのプレポリマーの合計100質量部に対して38質量部であり、JIS K7236に従いエポキシ当量を測定したところ309g/eqであった。
25℃で液状のエポキシ樹脂
・“アラルダイト(登録商標)”MY0610(トリグリシジル-m-アミノフェノール、ハンツマン・ジャパン(株)製)
・“jER(登録商標)”604(テトラグリシジルジアミノジフェニルメタン、三菱ケミカル(株)製)
・“エピクロン(登録商標)”830(ビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂、三菱ケミカル(株)製)
・“jER(登録商標)”828(ビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂、三菱ケミカル(株)製)。
一般式(2)のエポキシ樹脂
・“jER(登録商標)”YX4000(ビフェニル型エポキシ樹脂、三菱ケミカル(株)製)
・3,3’-DAS(3,3’-ジアミノジフェニルスルホン、三井化学ファイン(株)製)
・“セイカキュア”(商標登録)-S(4,4’-ジアミノジフェニルスルホン、和歌山精化工業(株)製)
・Lonzacure(登録商標)”DETDA80(Lonza(株)製)。
・KAYAHARD A‐A(4,4’‐ジアミノ‐3,3’‐ジエチルジフェニルメタン、日本化薬(株)製)
・MEH-7500(フェノール樹脂、明和化成(株)製)
粒子形態
・下記の製造方法で得られた粒子A(数平均粒径:13μm)
透明ポリアミド(“グリルアミド(登録商標)”TR55、エムスケミー・ジャパン(株)製)90部、エポキシ樹脂(“jER(登録商標)”828、三菱ケミカル(株)製)7.5部および硬化剤(“トーマイド(登録商標)”#296、(株)ティーアンドケイ東華製)2.5部を、クロロホルム300部とメタノール100部の混合溶媒中に添加して均一溶液を得た。次に、得られた均一溶液を塗装用のスプレーガンを用い、撹拌している3000部のn-ヘキサンの液面に向かって霧状に吹き付けて溶質を析出させた。析出した固体を濾別し、n-ヘキサンで良く洗浄した後に、100℃の温度で24時間の真空乾燥を行い、球状のセミIPN構造を有するエポキシ改質ナイロンからなる粒子Aを得た。
・粒子C:“ULTEM(登録商標)”1000F3SP-1000(SABICジャパン合同会社製、)。
・下記の製造方法で得られた不織布1、2
オリフィス(φ=0.5mm)を1個もうけた口金から吐出した非晶質ポリアミド“グリルアミド(登録商標)”TR55(エムスケミー・ジャパン(株)製、非晶性ポリアミド、ガラス転移温度157℃)の繊維を、金網上に先端に衝撃板を設けたアスピレータと空気圧縮を用いて延伸、散布して補修した。金網上に補修した繊維シートを加熱プレス機を用いて熱接着し、目付の異なる以下の2種類の“グリルアミド(登録商標)”TR55の不織布1、2を得た(スパンボンド法)。
不織布1;TR55、目付13g/m2、
不織布2;TR55、目付6g/m2。
押出機で溶融したナイロン6、ナイロン12を口金をもつダイから、高温、高速の気流で糸状に吹き出し、繊維状に遠心された樹脂をベルトコンベアー上で集積することにより以下のナイロン6、ナイロン12の不織布3、4をそれぞれ作製した(メルトブロー法)。
不織布3;ナイロン6、目付17g/m2
不織布4;ナイロン12、目付19g/m2。
・下記の製造方法で得られた短繊維ウェブ1、2、3、4
炭素繊維“トレカ(登録商標)”T700S-12K、(株)東レ製をカートリッジカッターで所定の長さにカットし、チョップド炭素繊維(炭素短繊維)を作製した。水と界面活性剤(ポリオキシエチレンラウリルアーテル(商品名)、ナカライタスク(株)製)からなる界面活性剤の濃度が0.1質量%の分散液を作製した。この分散液と上記のチョップド炭素繊維とから、炭素短繊維ウェブの製造装置を用いて以下の5種類の炭素短繊維ウェブを作製した。
短繊維ウェブ1(CF1);平均繊維長3mm、目付6g/m2
短繊維ウェブ2(CF2);平均繊維長6mm、目付6g/m2
短繊維ウェブ3(CF3);平均繊維長12mm、目付6g/m2
短繊維ウェブ4(CF4);平均繊維長6mm、目付12g/m2。
・熱可塑性樹脂“スミカエクセル(登録商標)”5003P(ポリエーテルスルホン、住友化学(株)製)。
・“Virantage(登録商標)”VW-10700RFP(ポリエーテルスルホン、ソルベイスペシャルティポリマーズジャパン(株)製)。
・添加剤 “TPP”(トリフェニルホスフィン、北興化学工業(株)製)。
(8)炭素繊維の表面酸素濃度O/Cの測定
炭素繊維の表面酸素濃度(O/C)は、次の手順に従いX線光電子分光法により求めた。まず、溶媒で表面に付着している汚れを除去した炭素繊維を、約20mmにカットし、銅製の試料支持台に拡げた。次に、試料支持台を試料チャンバー内にセットし、試料チャンバー中を1×10-8Torrに保った。続いて、X線源としてAlKα1、2を用い、光電子脱出角度を90°として測定を行った。なお、測定時の帯電に伴うピークの補正値としてC1sのメインピーク(ピークトップ)の結合エネルギー値を284.6eVに合わせた。C1sメイン面積は、282~296eVの範囲で直線のベースラインを引くことにより求めた。また、O1sピーク面積は、528~540eVの範囲で直線のベースラインを引くことにより求めた。ここで、表面酸素濃度とは、上記のO1sピーク面積とC1sピーク面積の比から装置固有の感度補正値を用いて原子数比として算出したものである。X線光電子分光法装置として、アルバック・ファイ(株)製ESCA-1600を用い、上記装置固有の感度補正値は2.33であった。
サイジング塗布炭素繊維のサイジング剤の付着量は、次の手順に従い求めた。まず、サイジング塗布炭素繊維を2±0.5g採取し、窒素雰囲気中450℃にて加熱処理を15分間行った。このときの加熱処理前後の質量変化量を加熱処理前の質量で除した値の質量%をサイジング剤の付着量とした。
洗浄後のサイジング剤の付着量は次のように測定した。まず、サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維2±0.5gをアセトニトリルとクロロホルムを体積比9対1で混合した溶液10mlに浸漬し、超音波洗浄を20分間行い、繊維からサイジング剤を溶出させた後、十分に乾燥させて質量を測定した。さらにこの洗浄後炭素繊維を窒素雰囲気中450℃にて加熱処理を15分間行った。このときの加熱処理前後の質量変化量を、加熱処理前の質量で除した値の質量%を洗浄後のサイジング剤の付着量とした。
界面剪断強度(IFSS)の測定は、次の(イ)~(ニ)の手順で行った。
(イ)樹脂の調製
ビスフェノールA型エポキシ化合物“jER(登録商標)”828(三菱ケミカル(株)製)100質量部とメタフェニレンジアミン(シグマアルドリッチジャパン合同会社製)14.5質量部を、それぞれ容器に入れた。その後、上記のjER828の粘度低下とメタフェニレンジアミンの溶解のため、75℃の温度で15分間加熱した。その後、両者をよく混合し、80℃の温度で約15分間真空脱泡を行った。
(ロ)炭素繊維単糸を専用モールドに固定
炭素繊維束から単繊維を抜き取り、ダンベル型モールドの長手方向に単繊維に一定張力を与えた状態で両端を接着剤で固定した。その後、炭素繊維およびモールドに付着した水分を除去するため、80℃の温度で30分間以上真空乾燥を行った。ダンベル型モールドはシリコーンゴム製で、注型部分の形状は、中央部分巾5mm、長さ25mm、両端部分巾10mm、全体長さ150mmであった。
(ハ)樹脂注型から硬化まで
上記(ロ)の手順の真空乾燥後のモールド内に、上記(イ)の手順で調整した樹脂を流し込み、オーブンを用いて、昇温速度1.5℃/分で75℃の温度まで上昇し2時間保持後、昇温速度1.5℃/分で125℃の温度まで上昇し2時間保持後、降温速度2.5℃/分で30℃の温度まで降温した。その後、脱型して試験片を得た。
(ニ)界面剪断強度(IFSS)の測定
上記(ハ)の手順で得られた試験片に繊維軸方向(長手方向)に歪速度0.3%/秒で引張力を与え、歪みを12%生じさせた後、偏光顕微鏡により試験片中心部22mmの範囲における繊維破断数N(個)を測定した。次に、平均破断繊維長laを、la(μm)=22×1000(μm)/N(個)の式により計算した。次に、平均破断繊維長laから臨界繊維長lcを、lc(μm)=(4/3)×la(μm)の式により計算した。ストランド引張強度σと炭素繊維単糸の直径dを測定し、炭素繊維と樹脂界面の接着強度の指標である界面剪断強度IFSSを、次式で算出した。実施例では、測定数n=5の平均を試験結果とした。
・界面剪断強度IFSS(MPa)=σ(MPa)×d(μm)/(2×lc)(μm)。
ニーダー中に、表1、2に示す配合比(質量部)で、硬化剤、添加剤以外の成分を所定量加え、混練しつつ、160℃まで昇温し、160℃で1時間混練することで、透明な粘調液を得た。混練しつつ90℃まで降温させた後、硬化剤、添加剤を所定量添加え、さらに混練し、エポキシ樹脂組成物を得た。
(12)で調製したエポキシ樹脂組成物を、ナイフコーターを用いて離型紙上に塗布して樹脂フィルムを作製した。次に、シート状に一方向に配列させた構成要素[A]の炭素繊維に、樹脂フィルム2枚を炭素繊維の両面から重ね、加熱加圧により樹脂を炭素繊維に含浸させ、炭素繊維の目付が190g/m2、エポキシ樹脂組成物の質量分率が35%の一方向プリプレグを得た。
次の手法にて、プリプレグを作製した。
(エポキシ樹脂組成物1の調合)
混練装置中に、表3、4に記載の構成要素[B]、その他樹脂成分を投入して、混練しつつ、160℃まで昇温し、160℃で1時間混練した。混練しつつ80℃まで降温させた後、構成要素[C]を投入、混練してエポキシ樹脂組成物1を得た。
(エポキシ樹脂組成物2の調合)
混練装置中に、表3、4に記載の構成要素[B]、その他樹脂成分を投入して、混練しつつ、160℃まで昇温し、160℃で1時間混練した。混練しつつ80℃まで降温させた後、構成要素[D]、[C]の順に投入、混練してエポキシ樹脂組成物2を得た。
(プリプレグの作製)
前記にて得られたエポキシ樹脂組成物1を、ナイフコーターを用いて離型紙上に塗布して、樹脂目付が30g/m2の樹脂フィルム1を2枚作製した。同様に前記にて得られたエポキシ樹脂組成物2を離型紙上に塗布して、樹脂目付が23g/m2の樹脂フィルム2を2枚作製した。
次に、シート状となるように一方向に配列させた構成要素[A]である炭素繊維に、得られた樹脂フィルム1を2枚、炭素繊維の両面から重ね、加熱加圧してエポキシ樹脂組成物を含浸させて炭素繊維目付が192g/m2のプリプレグ前駆体を得た。
得られたプリプレグ前駆体に、樹脂フィルム2を2枚プリプレグ前駆体の両面から重ね、加熱加圧してプリプレグを得た。ここで、表3、4中には、最終的なプリプレグ中におけるエポキシ樹脂組成物の組成割合を記載してある。
次の手法にて、プリプレグを作製した。
(エポキシ樹脂組成物の調合)
混練装置中に、表5に記載の構成要素[B]、その他樹脂成分を投入して、混練しつつ、160℃まで昇温し、160℃で1時間混練した。混練しつつ80℃まで降温させた後、構成要素[C]を投入、混練してエポキシ樹脂組成物を得た。
(プリプレグの作製)
前記にて得られたエポキシ樹脂組成物を、ナイフコーターを用いて離型紙上に塗布して、樹脂目付が30g/m2の樹脂フィルム1を作製した。また、不織布の目付が6g/m2、12g/m2、17g/m2、19g/m2用に、それぞれ樹脂目付が40g/m2、34g/m2、29g/m2、27g/m2の樹脂フィルム2も同様に作製した。
次に、シート状となるように一方向に配列させた構成要素[A]である炭素繊維に、得られた樹脂フィルム1を2枚、炭素繊維の両面から重ね、加熱加圧してエポキシ樹脂組成物を含浸させて炭素繊維目付が192g/m2のプリプレグ前駆体を得た。
得られたプリプレグ前駆体に、表5に記載の構成要素[D]の不織布1枚をプリプレグ前駆体の上面に重ね、さらにその上面から、樹脂フィルム2を1枚重ね、加熱加圧してプリプレグを得た。
(エポキシ樹脂組成物の調合)
混練装置中に、表6記載の構成要素[B]、その他樹脂成分を投入して、混練しつつ、160℃まで昇温し、160℃で1時間混練した。混練しつつ80℃まで降温させた後、構成要素[C]を投入、混練してエポキシ樹脂組成物を得た。
(プリプレグの作製)
前記にて得られたエポキシ樹脂組成物を、ナイフコーターを用いて離型紙上に塗布して、樹脂目付が30g/m2の樹脂フィルム1を作製した。また、短繊維ウェブの目付が6g/m2、12g/m2用に、それぞれ樹脂目付が40g/m2、32g/m2の樹脂フィルム2も同様に作製した。
次に、シート状となるように一方向に配列させた構成要素[A]である炭素繊維に、得られた樹脂フィルム1を2枚、炭素繊維の両面から重ね、加熱加圧してエポキシ樹脂組成物を含浸させて炭素繊維目付が192g/m2のプリプレグ前駆体を得た。
得られたプリプレグ前駆体に、表6に記載の構成要素[D]の短繊維ウェブ1枚をプリプレグ前駆体の上面に重ね、さらにその上面から、樹脂フィルム2を1枚重ね、加熱加圧してプリプレグを得た。
プリプレグから構成要素[B]と[C]を含む樹脂組成物を採取して、約1mg薄膜ガラス上に薄く広げた。それを温度制御装置(ジャパンハイテク(株)製;TH-600PM)加熱部分にセットした。構成要素[B]と[C]を含む樹脂組成物の倍率300倍の偏光顕微鏡観察画像を40℃~190℃まで、昇温速度2℃/分、5℃刻みで取得した。取得した画像について、等方相(干渉模様が観察されない領域)の占有する面積、ネマチック相が占有する面積についてそれぞれ、画像を二値化することにより算出した。ネマチック相は、観察される干渉模様が、シュリーレン組織、糸状組織、砂状組織、ドロプレット組織である領域のことを指し、等方相は、樹脂組成物は存在するが、光学的等方性のため光が透過せず、視野が暗い領域を指す。等方相の占有する面積の割合が、ネマチック相と等方相を合わせた樹脂組成物全体の面積の40%以上となる最低温度(ネマチック-等方相転移温度)を決定した。
JIS K7086(1993)に準じ、次の(a)~(e)の操作によりGIC試験用複合材料製平板を作製した。
(a)(13)~(16)で作製した一方向プリプレグを、繊維方向を揃えて20ply積層した。ただし、積層中央面(10ply目と11ply目の間)に、繊維配列方向と直角に、幅40mm、厚み50μmのフッ素樹脂製フィルムをはさんだ。
(b)積層したプリプレグをナイロンフィルムで隙間のないように覆い、オートクレーブ中で180℃2時間、内圧0.59MPaで加熱加圧して硬化し、一方向炭素繊維強化複合材料を成形した。
(c)(b)で得た一方向炭素繊維強化複合材料を、幅20mm、長さ195mmにカットした。繊維方向は、試験片の長さ側と平行になるようにカットした。
(d)JIS K7086(1993)に記載のピン負荷用ブロック(長さ25mm、アルミ製)では試験時に接着部が剥がれてしまったため、代わりにトライアングル状グリップを使用した(図1)。試験片端(フッ素樹脂製フィルムを挟んだ側)から4mmの位置に幅方向両端に1mm長さのノッチを入れ、トライアングル状グリップを引っかけた。試験はトライアングル状の治具をインストロン万能試験機(インストロン社製)のクロスヘッドで引っ張ることで試験片に荷重を与えた。
(e)亀裂進展を観察しやすくするため、試験片の両側面に白色塗料を塗った。
作製した複合材料製平板を用いて、以下の手順により、GIC測定を行った。JIS K7086(1993)附属書1に従い、インストロン万能試験機(インストロン社製)を用いて試験を行った。クロスヘッドスピードは、亀裂進展が20mmに到達するまでは0.5mm/分、20mm到達後は1mm/分とした。試験は亀裂が100mm進展するまで行い、試験中に取得した荷重-変位線図の面積からGICを算出した。
(18)のGIC試験の(a)から(c)と同様に試験片を作製し、幅20mm、長さ195mmの試験片を得た。この試験片をJIS K7086(1993)附属書2に従って、GIIC試験を行った。
(13)~(16)で作製した一方向プリプレグを所定の大きさにカットし、一方向に6枚積層した後、真空バッグを行い、オートクレーブを用いて、180℃2時間、内圧0.59MPaで加熱加圧して硬化し、一方向炭素繊維強化複合材料を得た。この一方向炭素繊維強化複合材料を幅12.7mm、長さ230mmでカットし、両端に1.2mm、長さ50mmのガラス繊維強化プラスチック製のタブを接着し試験片を得た。この試験片はインストロン万能試験機を用いて、JIS K7073(1988)の規格に準じて0゜引張試験を行った。
(a)(13)~(16)で作製したプリプレグを、繊維方向を揃えて20ply積層した。ただし、積層中央面(10ply目と11ply目の間)に、繊維配列方向と直角に、幅40mm、厚み50μmのフッ素樹脂製フィルムをはさんだ。
(b)積層したプリプレグを金型上に配置した後、加熱型プレス成形機により、1.0MPaの加圧下、180℃4時間で流動・成形せしめ、一方向炭素繊維強化複合材料を成形した。
(c)(18)のGIC試験の(c)~(e)と同様にしてGIC測定を、(19)のGIIC試験と同様にしてGIIC測定を行った。
(13)~(16)で作製したプリプレグを所定の大きさにカットし、一方向に6枚積層した後、それを金型上に配置し、加熱型プレス成形機により、1.0MPaの加圧下、180℃4時間で流動・成形させることで、一方向炭素繊維強化複合材料を得た。この一方向炭素繊維強化複合材料を幅12.7mm、長さ230mmでカットし、両端に1.2mm、長さ50mmのガラス繊維強化プラスチック製のタブを接着し試験片を得た。この試験片はインストロン万能試験機を用いて、JIS K7073(1988)の規格に準じて0゜引張試験を行った。
(13)~(16)で作製した一方向プリプレグを幅50mm、長さ50mmにカットし、プリプレグが幅80mm以上となるように繊維間隔を手で広げた後、オーブンにて180℃2時間の条件で硬化し、観察用の炭素繊維強化複合材料の試験体を得た。試験体の樹脂領域を偏光顕微鏡(キーエンス(株)製;VHX-5000、偏光フィルター付き)により観察を行った。ファンシェイプ組織やフォーカルコニック組織といった高次構造形成が観察された場合を「A」、高次構造が観察されなかった場合を「B」と判定した。
(13)~(16)で作製したプリプレグを長さ20mm、幅10mmにカットした測定試料を用意した。広角X線回折装置(D8 DISCOVER;BRUKER AXS社製)に取り付けられた温度制御装置(FP82;メトラートレド社製)内に測定試料をセットし、2次元での広角X線回折測定を行った。条件[II]は、温度制御装置を用いて40℃から2℃/分で100℃まで測定試料を昇温し、100℃到達から30分間保持し、30分間経過直後の広角X線回折測定によって得られた回折パターンについて、2θ=1.0°~6.0°の間のピークの有無を確認した。条件[III]は、温度制御装置を用いて40℃から2℃/分で180℃まで測定試料を昇温し、180℃到達から2時間保持し、経過直後の広角X線回折測定によって得られた回折パターンについて、2θ=1.0°~6.0°の間のピークの有無を確認した。
・装置:D8 DISCOVER;BRUKER AXS社製
・X線源:CuKα線(管電圧50kV、管電流22mA)
・検出器:Vantec500
・温度制御装置:FP82;メトラートレド社製
1.0~6.0°範囲における回折角度2θのピークを有する場合は「A」、ピークを有さない場合は「B」と判定した。
(13)~(16)で作製したプリプレグを硬化して得た炭素繊維強化複合材料から2cm角を切り出すことで、試験片を得た。測定は、炭素繊維強化複合材料内の樹脂部分について任意の5箇所に対して、以下の条件により行った。
・装置:PDP320((株)PHOTO Design製)
・ビーム径:1μm
・光源:YAGレーザー/1064nm
・回折格子:Single 300gr/mm
・スリット:100μm
・検出器:CCD:Jobin Yvon 1024×256
・対物レンズ:×100。
測定した試験片の任意の方向を0°とし、偏光方向を0°~150まで30°間隔で変化させて偏光ラマン分光を測定。芳香環のC=C伸縮振動に由来する1600cm-1付近のラマンバンド強度について、±20%以上変動した偏光方位を有する場合は分子異方性ありとして「A」と判定し、測定した5箇所について偏光方位0°~150°のいずれも変動幅が20%以下だった場合は分子異方性なしとして「B」と判定した。結果を表1~6に示す。
構成要素[B]と[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物の粘度挙動の評価を、動的粘弾性測定装置(ARES-G2、TAインスツルメント社製)を用いて行った。測定には、直径40mmのパラレルプレートを用い、測定条件は、角周波数3.14rad/s、ギャップ1.0mmとした。測定は、エポキシ樹脂組成物を90℃で3分間溶解させ、ギャップ1mmに設定した後、エポキシ樹脂の温度を40℃まで降温し、40℃から160℃まで2℃/分の速度で上昇させた。130~150℃における最低粘度の結果を、表1~6に示した。
(13)~(16)で作製した一方向プリプレグを厚さ約1mmとなるように積層した後、積層したプリプレグをナイロンフィルムで隙間のないように覆い、オートクレーブ中で180℃2時間、内圧0.59MPaで加熱加圧して硬化し、一方向炭素繊維強化複合材料を成形した。成形した炭素繊維強化複合材料を用いて、長さ40mm、幅10mmにカットし、試験片を得た。測定は以下の条件により、炭素繊維強化複合材料内の炭素繊維軸に対して平行(0°)、垂直(90°)、45°に対して行った。
・装置:X’ PertPro(スペクトリス(株)PANalytical事業部製)
・X線源:CuKα線(管電圧45kV、管電流40mA)
・検出器:ゴニオメーター+モノクロメーター+シンチレーションカウンター
・走査範囲:2θ=1~90°
・走査モード:ステップスキャン、ステップ単位0.1°、計数時間40秒
1~10°範囲における回折角度2θのピークを表1~6に記載した。また、ピークを有さない場合は「B」と記載した。
(13)~(16)で作製した一方向プリプレグを、2枚の表面の平滑なポリ四フッ化エチレン樹脂板間に挟持して密着させ、7日間かけて徐々に180℃まで温度を上昇させてゲル化、硬化させて板状の樹脂硬化物を作製する。硬化後、密着面と垂直な方向から切断し、その断面を研磨後、光学顕微鏡で200倍以上に拡大しプリプレグの上下面が視野内におさまるようにして写真を撮影した。断面写真の横方向の5カ所でポリ四フッ化エチレン樹脂板間の間隔を測定し、その平均値をプリプレグの厚さとした。プリプレグの表面から、厚さの20%深さ位置にプリプレグの表面と平行な線を引いた。次に、プリプレグの表面と上記線との間に存在する構成要素[D]の合計面積と、プリプレグ厚みに渡って存在する構成要素[D]の合計面積を求め、プリプレグの厚さ100%に対して、プリプレグの表面から20%の深さの範囲に存在する構成要素[D]の存在率を計算した。ここで、構成要素[D]の合計面積は、断面写真から構成要素[D]部分をくり抜き、その質量から換算して求めた。
(18)で作製した炭素繊維強化複合材料を炭素繊維に直交する方向から切断し、その断面を研磨後、光学顕微鏡で200倍以上に拡大し写真撮影した。写真上の無作為に選んだ繊維層領域について、炭素繊維の体積含有率が50%となる、炭素繊維層と平行に引いたラインを繊維層領域と層間樹脂層領域の境界ラインとして、1000μmの長さに渡り平均化した境界ラインを引き、その間の距離を層間樹脂層の厚みとした。同様の操作を計5箇所の層間樹脂層領域について実施し、その平均値を採用した。
(13)~(16)で作製した一方向プリプレグを厚さ約1mmとなるように積層した後、積層したプリプレグをナイロンフィルムで隙間のないように覆い、オートクレーブ中で180℃2時間、内圧0.59MPaで加熱加圧して硬化し、一方向炭素繊維強化複合材料を成形した。成形し得られた炭素繊維強化複合材料5mgをサンプルパンに量り取り、示差走査熱量分析計(Q-2000:TAインスツルメント社製)を用い、窒素雰囲気下で昇温速度5℃/分として50℃から400℃まで昇温した。熱流量の変化を記録し、250℃以上の温度域の吸熱ピークの有無を確認した。250℃以上のピークを有する場合は「A」、ピークを有さない場合は「B」と判定し、結果を表1~6に記載した。
表1、2の配合比に従って上記(12)エポキシ樹脂組成物の調製の手順で炭素繊維強化複合材料用エポキシ樹脂組成物を作製した。得られたエポキシ樹脂組成物を用いて、上記(17)の手順で構成要素[B]と[C]を含む樹脂組成物のネマチック-等方相転移温度を測定し、(13)プリプレグの作製の手順でプリプレグを得た。得られたプリプレグを用いて、上記の(18)モードI層間靭性(GIC)試験用複合材料製平板の作製とGIC測定、(19)モードII層間靭性(GIIC)試験用複合材料製平板の作製とGIIC測定、(23)炭素繊維強化複合材料の偏光顕微鏡観察、(24)プリプレグの広角X線回折測定、(25)偏光ラマン分光による樹脂組成物中の異方性の測定、(26)構成要素[B]と[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物の粘度測定を行った。結果を表1、2に示す。
比較例1は、本発明における構成要素[A]、[C]を用いているが、構成要素[B]を含まず、条件[I]、[III]を満たしていない場合である。比較例1は、同じ構成要素[A]および[C]を用いた実施例2と比較して大幅にモードI層間靱性GICおよびモードII層間靱性GIICは低く、本発明のプリプレグは、特にモードI層間靱性GICおよびモードII層間靱性GIICが飛躍的に向上することが分かる。
比較例2は、条件[I]~[III]を満たしているが、本発明における構成要素[A]を満たさない炭素繊維を使用した場合である。比較例2は構成要素[B]および[C]を含む同じ樹脂組成物を用いた実施例2と比較して、界面剪断強度、モードI層間靱性GICおよびモードII層間靱性GIICが低い。このことから炭素繊維の表面にサイジング剤が塗布されていることが重要であると分かる。
比較例8および9は、条件[I]、[III]を満たさない場合である。エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物がスメクチック構造形成できないことで、モードI層間靱性GICおよびモードII層間靱性GIICが低くなることが分かる。
表3および表4の配合比に従って上記(14)の手順でプリプレグを得た。得られたプリプレグを用いて、上記の(28)プリプレグの厚み20%の深さの範囲に存在する構成要素[D]の存在率、(18)モードI層間靭性(GIC)試験用複合材料製平板の作製とGIC測定、(19)モードII層間靭性(GIIC)試験用複合材料製平板の作製とGIIC測定、(23)炭素繊維強化複合材料の偏光顕微鏡観察、(24)プリプレグの広角X線回折測定、(25)偏光ラマン分光による樹脂組成物中の異方性の測定、(20)0°引張強度試験用複合材料製平板の作製と測定、(29)炭素繊維強化複合材料の層間樹脂層厚みの測定、(23)偏光顕微鏡による観察、(27)X線回折による回折角度2θの測定を行った。加えて、上記構成要素[B]と[C]を含む樹脂組成物のネマチック-等方相転移温度、(26)構成要素[B]と[C]を含む樹脂組成物の粘度測定も行った。
比較例13、14はいずれも、構成要素[B]および[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物が高次構造を形成し、かつ構成要素[D]を含まず、層間樹脂層を形成していない場合である。比較例13、14は、同じ構成要素[B]、[C]を用いた実施例12、13、16~19および20、21よりもモードII層間靱性GIICは低く、本発明のプリプレグはモードII層間靱性GIICが飛躍的に向上していることがわかる。また、比較例15は、条件[I]を満たすように構成要素[D]が配置されており、なおかつ構成要素[B]および[C]を含む樹脂組成物の硬化物が高次構造を形成するが、[D]のエポキシ樹脂組成物中での含有割合が少なく十分な厚さの層間樹脂層を形成していない場合である。この場合、モードII層間靱性GIIC向上効果が見られなかった。比較例20~23は、エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物が高次構造を形成せず、構成要素[D]の存在により十分な厚みの層間樹脂層を形成する場合である。比較例20と実施例10、16との比較、比較例21と実施例11、17との比較,比較例22と実施例12、18との比較により、同じ構成要素[A]、[D]を用いた各実施例と比較してモードI層間靱性GIC、モードII層間靱性GIIC、引張強度はいずれも低く、本発明のプリプレグは特にモードI層間靱性GICとモードII層間靱性GIICが飛躍的に向上していることが分かる。また、比較例23はエポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物が高次構造を形成せず、構成要素[D]を含まず、層間樹脂層を形成しない場合である。比較例23を実施例10~22および、比較例13、14と比較すると、高次構造を形成するエポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物は、モードI層間靱性GICとモードII層間靱性GIICが飛躍的に向上していることが確認できる。比較例17、18は、構成要素[B]および[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物のネマチック-等方相転移温度が110℃より低く、硬化物が高次構造(スメクチック構造)を形成しない場合である。この場合、モードI層間靱性GICが十分に向上しないことが分かる。
表5の配合比に従って上記(15)の手順でプリプレグを得た。得られたプリプレグを用いて、上記の(28)プリプレグの厚み20%の深さの範囲に存在する構成要素[D]の存在率、(18)モードI層間靭性(GIC)試験用複合材料製平板の作製とGIC測定、(19)モードII層間靭性(GIIC)試験用複合材料製平板の作製とGIIC測定、(23)炭素繊維強化複合材料の偏光顕微鏡観察、(24)プリプレグの広角X線回折測定、(25)偏光ラマン分光によるエポキシ樹脂組成物中の異方性の測定、(20)0°引張強度試験用複合材料製平板の作製と測定、(29)炭素繊維強化複合材料の層間樹脂層厚みの測定、(23)偏光顕微鏡による観察、(27)X線回折による回折角度2θの測定を行った。加えて、上記構成要素[B]と[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物のネマチック-等方相転移温度、(26)構成要素[B]と[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物の粘度測定も行った。実施例の各種測定結果は表5に示す通りであり、実施例23~28のように炭素繊維層間に不織布をスペーサーとする高次構造形成をした層間樹脂層が配置されることにより、優れたモードI層間靱性GIC、モードII層間靱性GIIC、引張強度が得られた。
表6の配合比に従って上記(16)の手順でプリプレグを得た。得られたプリプレグを用いて、上記の(28)プリプレグの厚み20%の深さの範囲に存在する構成要素[D]の存在率、(18)モードI層間靭性(GIC)試験用複合材料製平板の作製とGIC測定、(19)モードII層間靭性(GIIC)試験用複合材料製平板の作製とGIIC測定、(23)炭素繊維強化複合材料の偏光顕微鏡観察、(24)プリプレグの広角X線回折測定、(25)偏光ラマン分光によるエポキシ樹脂組成物中の異方性の測定、(20)0°引張強度試験用複合材料製平板の作製と測定、(29)炭素繊維強化複合材料の層間樹脂層厚みの測定、(23)偏光顕微鏡による観察、(27)X線回折による回折角度2θの測定を行った。加えて、上記構成要素[B]と[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物のネマチック-等方相転移温度、(26)構成要素[B]と[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物の粘度測定も行った。実施例の各種測定結果は表6に示す通りであり、実施例29~37のように炭素繊維層間に短繊維ウェブをスペーサーとする高次構造形成をした層間樹脂層が配置されることにより、優れたモードI層間靱性GIC、モードII層間靱性GIIC、引張強度が得られた。
Claims (19)
- 下記構成要素[A]~[C]を含み、かつ条件[I]~[III]を満たすプリプレグ。
[A]:サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維
[B]:一般式(1)で示される構造を有するエポキシ樹脂
(一般式(1)中Q1、Q2、Q3はそれぞれ群(I)より選択される1種の構造を含む。一般式(1)中のR1、R2はそれぞれ炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を示す。群(I)中のZは各々独立に、炭素数1~8の脂肪族炭化水素基、炭素数1~8の脂肪族アルコキシ基、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、又はアセチル基を示す。nは各々独立に0~4の整数を示す。一般式(1)および群(I)中のY1、Y2、Y3は、単結合もしくは群(II)から1つ選択される。)
[C]:[B]の硬化剤
[I]:構成要素[B]および[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物が、ネマチック-等方相転移温度を130~180℃の温度範囲に有する。
[II]:100℃、30分間等温保持した後のプリプレグが、100℃における広角X線回折によって測定される回折角度2θ=1.0~6.0°に由来する高次構造を有さない。
[III]:180℃、2時間等温保持した後のプリプレグが、180℃における広角X線回折によって測定される回折角度2θ=1.0~6.0°に由来する高次構造を有する。 - 下記構成要素[A]~[D]を含み、かつ条件[I’]、[II]、[III]、[IV]および[V]を満たすプリプレグ。
[A]:サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維
[B]:一般式(1)で示される構造を有するエポキシ樹脂
(一般式(1)中Q1、Q2、Q3はそれぞれ群(I)より選択される1種の構造を含む。一般式(1)中のR1、R2はそれぞれ炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を示す。群(I)中のZは各々独立に、炭素数1~8の脂肪族炭化水素基、炭素数1~8の脂肪族アルコキシ基、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、又はアセチル基を示す。nは各々独立に0~4の整数を示す。一般式(1)および群(I)中のY1、Y2、Y3は、単結合もしくは群(II)から1つ選択される。)
[C]:[B]の硬化剤
[D]:スペーサー材
[I’]:構成要素[B]および[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物が、ネマチック-等方相転移温度を110~180℃の温度範囲に有する。
[II]:100℃、30分間等温保持した後のプリプレグが、100℃における広角X線回折によって測定される回折角度2θ=1.0~6.0°に由来する高次構造を有さない。
[III]:180℃、2時間等温保持した後のプリプレグが、180℃における広角X線回折によって測定される回折角度2θ=1.0~6.0°に由来する高次構造を有する。
[IV]:構成要素[D]の90%以上がプリプレグ表面からプリプレグの厚さの20%の深さ以内に存在する。
[V]:エポキシ樹脂組成物中の構成要素[D]の含有割合が3~40質量%である。 - 下記条件[VI]を満たす、請求項1または2に記載のプリプレグ。
[VI]:明細書に規定する方法で測定される、サイジング剤塗布炭素繊維を洗浄後の炭素繊維のサイジング剤付着率が、サイジング塗布炭素繊維に対して0.08質量%以上である。 - 前記構成要素[B]が、前記一般式(1)で示される構造を有するエポキシ樹脂の一部が重合したプレポリマーを含む、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のプリプレグ。
- 下記条件[VII]を満たす、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のプリプレグ。
[VII]:前記構成要素[B]および[C]を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物を40℃から2℃/分での昇温過程における角周波数3.14rad/sで測定した130~150℃における最低粘度が、0.1~10.0Pa・sの範囲にある。 - 前記プリプレグは、前記一般式(1)で示される構造を有するエポキシ樹脂以外の25℃で液状のエポキシ樹脂を含み、
前記構成要素[B]および前記25℃で液状のエポキシ樹脂の合計である樹脂100質量部に対して、前記構成要素[B]を80~99質量部の範囲で含み、前記25℃で液状のエポキシ樹脂を1~20質量部の範囲で含む、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のプリプレグ。 - 前記プリプレグは、前記一般式(1)で示される構造を有するエポキシ樹脂以外の一般式(2)で示される構造を有するエポキシ樹脂を含み、
前記構成要素[B]および前記一般式(2)で示される構造を有するエポキシ樹脂の合計である樹脂100質量部に対して、前記構成要素[B]を80~99質量部の範囲で含み、前記一般式(2)で示される構造を有するエポキシ樹脂を1~20質量部の範囲で含む、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のプリプレグ。
(一般式(2)中のR1、R2はそれぞれ炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を示す。Zは各々独立に、炭素数1~8の脂肪族炭化水素基、炭素数1~8の脂肪族アルコキシ基、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、又はアセチル基を示す。nは各々独立に0~4の整数を示す。) - 前記構成要素[C]が芳香族ポリアミンである、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載のプリプレグ。
- 下記条件[VIII]を満たす、請求項2~8のいずれかに記載のプリプレグ。
[VIII]:該プリプレグを2つ積層し、加熱硬化して得られる炭素繊維強化複合材料において隣接する炭素繊維層間に配置された層間樹脂層を含み、前記層間樹脂層の平均厚みが5~100μmの範囲にある。 - 前記構成要素[D]が、前記構成要素[B]に不溶である、請求項2~9のいずれかに記載のプリプレグ。
- 前記構成要素[D]の形態が粒子である、請求項2~10のいずれかに記載のプリプレグ。
- 前記構成要素[D]の形態が不織布である、請求項2~10のいずれかに記載のプリプレグ。
- 前記構成要素[D]の形態が短繊維ウェブである、請求項2~10のいずれかに記載のプリプレグ。
- 前記粒子の平均粒径が1~100μmである、請求項11に記載のプリプレグ。
- 前記粒子が熱可塑性樹脂からなる、請求項11または14に記載のプリプレグ。
- 前記不織布が熱可塑性樹脂からなる、請求項12に記載のプリプレグ。
- 前記粒子が、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリフタルアミド、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリエーテルケトン、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン、ポリエーテルケトンケトン、ポリアリールエーテルケトン、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリフェニルスルフィド、液晶性ポリマー、およびこれらの誘導体、からなる群から選択される樹脂を含むことを特徴とする請求項11、14または15に記載のプリプレグ。
- 前記短繊維ウェブを構成する短繊維の平均繊維長が2~20mmの範囲である、請求項13に記載のプリプレグ。
- 請求項1~18のいずれかに記載のプリプレグを硬化させてなる炭素繊維強化複合材料。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| EP19791841.0A EP3763774A4 (en) | 2018-04-27 | 2019-04-11 | PREPREGNATE AND COMPOSITE MATERIAL REINFORCED WITH CARBON FIBERS |
| US17/047,789 US20210115208A1 (en) | 2018-04-27 | 2019-04-11 | Prepreg and carbon fiber reinforced material |
| JP2019521837A JP7264050B2 (ja) | 2018-04-27 | 2019-04-11 | プリプレグおよび炭素繊維強化複合材料 |
| KR1020207029040A KR20210005852A (ko) | 2018-04-27 | 2019-04-11 | 프리프레그 및 탄소섬유강화 복합재료 |
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| EP (1) | EP3763774A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP7264050B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20210005852A (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN112041380A (ja) |
| TW (1) | TW201945451A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2019208242A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2020041050A (ja) * | 2018-09-10 | 2020-03-19 | 日立化成株式会社 | エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ樹脂組成物、エポキシ樹脂硬化物及び複合材料 |
| WO2023140271A1 (ja) * | 2022-01-20 | 2023-07-27 | 東レ株式会社 | プリプレグの製造方法、プリプレグテープの製造方法、プリプレグ積層体の製造方法および炭素繊維強化複合材料の製造方法 |
| WO2024166698A1 (ja) * | 2023-02-09 | 2024-08-15 | 東レ株式会社 | 繊維強化複合材料用成形材料および繊維強化複合材料 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018173953A1 (ja) * | 2017-03-24 | 2018-09-27 | 東レ株式会社 | プリプレグおよび炭素繊維強化複合材料 |
| US11208541B2 (en) * | 2017-07-28 | 2021-12-28 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Prepreg and carbon fiber reinforced material |
| CN109853242B (zh) * | 2019-01-12 | 2022-01-04 | 珠海锦帛复合材料有限公司 | 一种碳纤维上浆剂及其制备方法 |
| KR102616752B1 (ko) * | 2021-12-24 | 2023-12-22 | 재단법인 한국섬유기계융합연구원 | 유전물질의 유도발열을 활용한 고분자 복합재 성형용 몰드 |
| CN119840202A (zh) * | 2025-03-18 | 2025-04-18 | 莱州市金田机械有限公司 | 一种车用轮胎用长纤维复合材料负重轮的模压成型方法 |
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Cited By (4)
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| JP2020041050A (ja) * | 2018-09-10 | 2020-03-19 | 日立化成株式会社 | エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ樹脂組成物、エポキシ樹脂硬化物及び複合材料 |
| JP7119801B2 (ja) | 2018-09-10 | 2022-08-17 | 昭和電工マテリアルズ株式会社 | エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ樹脂組成物、エポキシ樹脂硬化物及び複合材料 |
| WO2023140271A1 (ja) * | 2022-01-20 | 2023-07-27 | 東レ株式会社 | プリプレグの製造方法、プリプレグテープの製造方法、プリプレグ積層体の製造方法および炭素繊維強化複合材料の製造方法 |
| WO2024166698A1 (ja) * | 2023-02-09 | 2024-08-15 | 東レ株式会社 | 繊維強化複合材料用成形材料および繊維強化複合材料 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP7264050B2 (ja) | 2023-04-25 |
| KR20210005852A (ko) | 2021-01-15 |
| EP3763774A4 (en) | 2021-12-15 |
| EP3763774A1 (en) | 2021-01-13 |
| US20210115208A1 (en) | 2021-04-22 |
| TW201945451A (zh) | 2019-12-01 |
| CN112041380A (zh) | 2020-12-04 |
| JPWO2019208242A1 (ja) | 2021-03-25 |
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