WO2020034925A1 - 离子光腔耦合系统及方法 - Google Patents

离子光腔耦合系统及方法 Download PDF

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WO2020034925A1
WO2020034925A1 PCT/CN2019/100253 CN2019100253W WO2020034925A1 WO 2020034925 A1 WO2020034925 A1 WO 2020034925A1 CN 2019100253 W CN2019100253 W CN 2019100253W WO 2020034925 A1 WO2020034925 A1 WO 2020034925A1
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optical cavity
ion
quantum
optical
ions
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曹冬阳
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06NCOMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N10/00Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
    • G06N10/40Physical realisations or architectures of quantum processors or components for manipulating qubits, e.g. qubit coupling or qubit control
    • GPHYSICS
    • G21NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21KHANDLING OF PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K1/00Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
    • G21K1/20Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating for confining charged particles or handling confined charged particles, e.g. ion traps
    • GPHYSICS
    • G21NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21KHANDLING OF PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K1/00Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/70Photonic quantum communication
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/26Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/34Dynamic spectrometers
    • H01J49/42Stability-of-path spectrometers, e.g. monopole, quadrupole, multipole, farvitrons
    • H01J49/4205Device types
    • H01J49/422Two-dimensional RF ion traps

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of optoelectronic technology, and in particular, to an ion optical cavity coupling system and method.
  • Ion trap is a technology that combines electric and magnetic fields to capture charged particles. It is widely used in mass spectrometers, determination of basic physical parameters, quantum computing, quantum storage, atomic clocks and other fields. Because the ion trap has excellent qubit properties, it can be used in quantum information processing. A quantum network is established to realize the transmission of quantum information without distortion in two or more quantum nodes (ion traps). The coupling of multiple ions and optical cavities is the core of building complex quantum networks and distributed quantum computing. Therefore, how to realize strong coupling between ions and optical cavity in ion system is the key to realize distributed quantum computing.
  • the optical cavities are arranged radially along the ion trap system.
  • the optical cavity is first used to obtain the quantum light signal, and the interaction between the ions and the quantum light signal in the ion trap system is saved to the phase information of the entanglement state of the two ions, and then the two ions are The phase information of the entangled state is converted into phase information of the photon. Finally, the phase information of the photon is emitted from the optical cavity and transmitted to another quantum node at a long distance through the fiber channel, thereby realizing the transfer of quantum node information.
  • the present application provides an ion optical cavity coupling system and method, which are used to solve the problem of low quantum state transfer efficiency of ions and photons in the existing ion optical cavity coupling scheme.
  • a first aspect of the present application provides an ion optical cavity coupling system including a first optical cavity, a second optical cavity, and an ion trap system.
  • the ion trap system includes a DC electrode pair, a ground electrode pair, and a radio frequency electrode pair. ;
  • At least one ion is arranged in the ion trap system, and a straight line at which the equilibrium position of the at least one ion is located is a center line, and the center line is perpendicular to the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity;
  • the two optical cavity mirrors of the first optical cavity are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the at least one ion, and the two optical cavity mirrors of the second optical cavity are distributed on the two optical cavity mirrors of the first optical cavity.
  • the second optical cavity has an angle with the center line;
  • the two DC electrodes of the DC electrode pair are symmetrically distributed outside the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity, and the ground electrode pair and the radio frequency electrode pair are distributed on two of the first optical cavity. In the space formed by the mirror of the light cavity;
  • the first optical cavity is configured to acquire a quantum optical signal and send the quantum optical signal to the ion trap system, so that the quantum information of the quantum optical signal is transferred to a single ion of the ion trap system;
  • the second optical cavity is used to obtain quantum information of the single ion in the ion trap system.
  • the quantum optical signal enters the ion trap system from the first optical cavity and exits from the second optical cavity, avoiding half the loss caused by reading in and reading out with the same optical cavity, and improving ions and photons. Quantum state transfer efficiency.
  • the first optical cavity is configured to acquire a quantum light signal and send the quantum light signal to the ion trap system, so that the quantum light
  • the quantum information of the signal is transferred to a single ion of the ion trap system, including:
  • the first optical cavity is configured to send the obtained quantum optical signal to the ion trap system, so that the quantum optical signal is absorbed by the at least one ion, and quantum information of the quantum optical signal is sequentially transferred.
  • quantum information of the quantum optical signal is sequentially transferred.
  • the quantum light signal is absorbed by at least one ion in the ion trap system, so that quantum information can be sequentially transferred to the collective excited state and the overall resonance mode excited state of the at least one ion, and then transferred to the ion trap system.
  • the excited state of a single ion further lays the foundation for the quantum information to be read out of the ion trap system from the second optical cavity.
  • the second optical cavity is used to obtain quantum information of the single ion in the ion trap system, including:
  • the second optical cavity is used to locate the single ion in the ion trap system by laser to obtain quantum information of the single ion.
  • the laser can only act on a single ion through the second optical cavity without affecting the state of other ions, thereby achieving a single ion. Addressing.
  • a coupling intensity between the first optical cavity and any one of the at least one ion, and the second light The coupling strength between the cavity and any one of the at least one ion is represented by g 0 , and the g 0 is expressed by the following formula:
  • c is the speed of light
  • L is the length of the first or second optical cavity
  • ⁇ 0 is the beam waist radius of the first or second optical cavity
  • is the quantum optical signal
  • the wavelength, ⁇ is the spontaneous emissivity of the ion.
  • the total coupling strength g N of the first optical cavity and all ions in the ion trap system is expressed by the following formula:
  • N is the total number of ions in the ion trap system.
  • the quantum optical signal obtained from the first optical cavity can interact with all ions in the ion trap system, which improves the coupling strength of the ion optical cavity coupling system.
  • both the first optical cavity mirror surface of the first optical cavity and the first optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity are plated with a first reflective film, so The second optical cavity mirror surface of the first optical cavity and the second optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity are both plated with a second reflective film, and the reflectance of the first reflective film is within a first preset range.
  • the reflectivity of the second reflective film is within a second preset range, and a maximum value of the first preset range is smaller than a minimum value of the second preset range.
  • a first reflective film and a second reflective film are respectively plated on the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity and the second optical cavity, so that a quantum optical signal can be obtained from the outside, and
  • the two optical cavities of the cavity reflect back and forth between the mirrors and interact with the ions repeatedly, thereby increasing the probability of interaction between the quantum optical signal and the ions in the ion trap system.
  • the distance between the two optical cavity mirrors of the second optical cavity and the center line is the same, and the two ground electrodes of the ground electrode pair and the ground electrode pair are the same.
  • the two radio frequency electrodes of the radio frequency electrode pair are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the center line, and the connection line of the two direct current electrodes of the DC electrode pair is parallel to the center line.
  • an angle is included between the ground electrode in the ground electrode pair and an adjacent radio frequency electrode, and the angle is greater than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees;
  • the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the second optical cavity are symmetrically distributed with the center line as a center.
  • One optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity is located at an angle formed by the ground electrode and an adjacent radio frequency electrode.
  • the other optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity is located in an included angle formed by another ground electrode and an adjacent RF electrode.
  • the above-mentioned positional relationship between the first optical cavity, the second optical cavity, the DC electrode pair, the ground electrode pair, and the radio frequency electrode pair can both trap at least one ion in the ion trap system or pass
  • the first optical cavity acquires a quantum optical signal
  • a single ion in the ion trap system is located through the second optical cavity.
  • the quantum information of the single ion can be read out from the ion trap system, thereby realizing the transmission of ion information.
  • a beam waist radius of the first optical cavity is larger than the at least two ions
  • the distance between two adjacent ions in the beam is smaller than or equal to the distance between two adjacent ions in the at least two ions.
  • the first optical cavity can be coupled with all ions in the ion trap, and a single ion in the ion trap system can be located and acquired through the second optical cavity.
  • a second aspect of the present application provides an ion optical cavity coupling method, which is applicable to an ion optical cavity coupling system.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling system includes a first optical cavity, a second optical cavity, and an ion trap system.
  • the system includes a DC electrode pair, a ground electrode pair, and a radio frequency electrode pair.
  • At least one ion is arranged in the ion trap system, and a straight line where the at least one ion is balanced is a center line, and the center line and the first line
  • Two optical cavity mirrors of a light cavity are perpendicular, two optical cavity mirrors of the first optical cavity are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the at least one ion, and two optical cavity mirrors of the second optical cavity are distributed on all sides.
  • the two DC electrodes of the DC electrode pair are symmetrically distributed on the first light Outside the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the cavity, the ground electrode pair and the radio frequency electrode pair are distributed in a space formed by the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity;
  • the method includes:
  • the quantum optical signal enters the ion trap system from the first optical cavity and is taken out from the second optical cavity, which avoids half the loss caused by reading in and reading out with the same optical cavity, and improves the quantum of ions and photons. State transfer efficiency.
  • the first optical cavity and the ion trap system are used to transfer quantum information of the quantum optical signal to a single of the ion trap system.
  • the ions are:
  • the quantum optical signal is absorbed by the at least one ion in the ion trap system; wherein the quantum information of the quantum optical signal is sequentially transferred To the collective excited state and the overall resonance mode excited state of the at least one ion, and then transferred from the overall resonance mode excited state to the excited state of a single ion of the ion trap system.
  • the using the second optical cavity to obtain quantum information of the single ion in the ion trap system includes:
  • a coupling intensity of the first optical cavity and any one of the at least one ion, and the second light The coupling strength between the cavity and any one of the at least one ion is represented by g 0 , and the g 0 is expressed by the following formula:
  • c is the speed of light
  • L is the length of the first or second optical cavity
  • ⁇ 0 is the beam waist radius of the first or second optical cavity
  • is the quantum optical signal
  • the wavelength, ⁇ is the spontaneous emissivity of a single ion.
  • the total coupling strength g N of the first optical cavity and all ions in the ion trap system is expressed by the following formula:
  • N is the total number of ions in the ion trap system.
  • both the first optical cavity mirror surface of the first optical cavity and the first optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity are plated with a first reflective film, so The second optical cavity mirror surface of the first optical cavity and the second optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity are both plated with a second reflective film, and the reflectance of the first reflective film is within a first preset range.
  • the reflectivity of the second reflective film is within a second preset range, and a maximum value of the first preset range is smaller than a minimum value of the second preset range.
  • the distance between the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the second optical cavity and the center line is the same, and the two ground electrodes of the ground electrode pair and the ground electrode pair are the same.
  • the two radio frequency electrodes of the radio frequency electrode pair are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the center line, and the connection line of the two direct current electrodes of the DC electrode pair is parallel to the center line.
  • an angle is included between the ground electrode in the ground electrode pair and an adjacent radio frequency electrode, and the angle is greater than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees;
  • the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the second optical cavity are symmetrically distributed with the center line as a center.
  • One optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity is located at an angle formed by the ground electrode and an adjacent radio frequency electrode.
  • the other optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity is located in an included angle formed by another ground electrode and an adjacent RF electrode.
  • a beam waist radius of the first optical cavity is larger than the at least two ions
  • the distance between two adjacent ions in the beam is smaller than or equal to the distance between two adjacent ions in the at least two ions.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling method of the second aspect can be implemented by the ion optical cavity coupling system of the first aspect, and its implementation principles and technical effects are similar, and details are not described herein again.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling system and method provided in the embodiments of the present application firstly obtain a quantum optical signal by using a first optical cavity, and send the obtained quantum optical signal to an ion trap system.
  • the quantum optical signal carries quantum information, and is then used.
  • the first optical cavity and the ion trap system transfer the quantum information of the above-mentioned quantum optical signal to a single ion in the ion trap system, and finally use the second optical cavity to obtain the quantum information of the single ion in the ion trap system.
  • the quantum optical signal enters the ion trap system from the first optical cavity and is taken out from the second optical cavity, which avoids half the loss caused by reading in and reading out with the same optical cavity, and improves the quantum of ions and photons. State transfer efficiency.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the basic structure of a linear well
  • FIG. 2 is a front view of the linear well shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a left side view of the linear well shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a saddle point of an electrostatic potential in an electrostatic field
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of transfer of quantum information between ions and photons
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a hardware structure for transferring quantum information between ions and photons
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of an ion optical cavity coupling system according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic plan view of an ion optical cavity coupling system
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing a change in energy level structure when ion coupling to an optical cavity
  • 11 is a schematic diagram of transmission of a quantum optical signal in an ion optical cavity coupling system
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic flowchart of an embodiment of an ion optical cavity coupling method according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the coupling strength of the atom or ion and the optical cavity is much greater than the intensity of the spontaneous radiation of the atom or ion and the attenuation rate of the optical cavity.
  • Distributed quantum computing A system with multiple quantum nodes, each of which contains multiple qubits, together completes a certain quantum computing task. The transmission of information between different quantum nodes is done by photons carrying quantum information. Distributed quantum computing is particularly suitable for some hardware systems that cannot be integrated on a large scale at present, and it is also particularly suitable for quantum computing tasks that cannot be completed by relying only on local quantum nodes.
  • Quantum network Photons are used to transfer quantum information between different quantum nodes, so that different quantum nodes can interact with each other.
  • Mode volume of the optical cavity The equivalent volume of the optical cavity is proportional to the square of the beam waist radius of the optical cavity and multiplied by the length of the optical cavity.
  • the beam waist radius of the optical cavity is larger than the distance between the ions, that is, the optical cavity whose beam waist radius is larger than the distance between the two ions.
  • the large optical cavity is represented by a first optical cavity.
  • the beam waist radius of the light cavity is smaller than the distance between the ions, that is, the light cavity with a beam waist radius smaller than the distance between the two ions.
  • the small optical cavity is represented by a second optical cavity.
  • Ion trap is a technology that combines electric and magnetic fields to capture charged particles. It is widely used in mass spectrometers, determination of basic physical parameters, quantum computing, quantum storage, atomic clocks and other fields. To capture charged particles with an electromagnetic field, it is necessary to use the electromagnetic field to generate a low point of potential energy in space. However, according to the Maxwell electromagnetic equations, charged particles do not have the lowest point of three-dimensional potential energy in the electrostatic field, so the charged particles cannot be captured only with the electrostatic field.
  • the charged particles will move along the direction of the electric field lines. Since there is no other charge in the space of the electrostatic field, the electric field lines will not terminate, so the charged particles will always move in one direction and will not stand still, nor will they be limited to a certain Areas.
  • the former is called a Penning Trap and the latter is called a Paul Trap.
  • PenningTrap is generally used to measure the characteristics of ions or stable subatomic particles, such as the electronic magnetic moment. Paul Trap is generally used in the field of atomic clocks or quantum information processing. Paul Trap is also called electric four-level ion trap or radio frequency trap.
  • Linear traps are widely used in the field of quantum information processing because they can capture multiple ions at the same time. They are also considered to be one of the most likely hardware systems for quantum computing.
  • the ion trap refers to a linear trap.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the basic structure of a linear well.
  • FIG. 2 is a front view of the linear well shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a left side view of the linear well shown in FIG. 1.
  • the linear well may be composed of six electrodes, of which four blade-shaped electrodes are divided into two groups, and one set of diagonal electrodes plus alternating voltage (referred to as radio frequency electrodes) ), Another set of diagonal electrodes are grounded (called the ground electrode), so that an electrical fourth-order potential is formed in the radial direction (XY direction). Electrostatic restraint is formed in the axial direction (Z direction).
  • the six electrodes mentioned above are added together to form a three-dimensional low potential energy point, binding charged ions.
  • the electrostatic potential in free space must satisfy the Laplace equation, as shown in formula (1):
  • electrostatic potential of a linear trap can be expressed by the following formula (2):
  • r i represents the spatial position where the coordinates (x, y, z) are located
  • k i represents the coefficient corresponding to each coordinate component
  • ⁇ 0 is the reference potential energy of the ion, which is a constant.
  • FIG. 4 shows the electrostatic potential in the electrostatic field. Schematic diagram of saddle points. It can be known from FIG. 4 that the charged particles are not stationary or confined to a certain area in the electrostatic field, so the electrostatic field cannot stably bind the charged particles.
  • an equivalent two-dimensional bound potential energy can be obtained.
  • an alternating electric field in the xy direction to form a two-dimensional binding potential energy in the xy direction
  • an electrostatic field in the z direction to form a one-dimensional binding potential energy in the z direction.
  • the two-dimensional restraint potential energy ⁇ rad (x, y, z, t) in the xy direction can be expressed by formula (3)
  • the one-dimensional restraint potential energy ⁇ ax (x, y, z) in the z direction can be expressed by ( 4) means:
  • V RF represents the voltage of the alternating electric field
  • ⁇ RF represents the frequency of the alternating electric field
  • U r represents the voltage of the electrostatic field in the xy direction
  • ⁇ x , ⁇ y , and ⁇ z represent the moving ion in the xy direction, respectively.
  • a coefficient corresponding to each coordinate component U DC represents the voltage of the electrostatic field in the z direction
  • ⁇ x , ⁇ y , and ⁇ z represent the coefficients corresponding to each coordinate component of the moving ion in the z direction, respectively.
  • V RF, ⁇ RF, U r, U DC, ⁇ x, ⁇ y, ⁇ z and ⁇ x, ⁇ y, ⁇ z are constants.
  • F represents the electric field force on the moving ions
  • m is the mass of the moving ions
  • E (x, y, z, t) represents the moving ions at time t with spatial coordinates at (x, y, z)
  • the electric field strength of e, e represents the charge amount of moving ions
  • ⁇ rad is the two-dimensional binding potential energy in the xy direction
  • ⁇ ax is the one-dimensional binding potential energy in the z direction.
  • r i (t) represents the orbit of the moving ion
  • ⁇ i is the resonance frequency of the resonance movement made by the moving ion
  • a i and q i represent constants
  • a i ⁇ 1, q i ⁇ 1, and ⁇ RF represents the frequency of the alternating electric field.
  • the motion of ions in a linear trap can be divided into two parts, one of which is The resonance motion with a frequency of ⁇ i is another part of the micro motion that is additionally driven (a i and q i are constants much smaller than 1, and the sizes of a i and q i are related to the structure of the linear well and the applied voltage).
  • the micro motion can be offset by adding an external compensation electrode, so generally only the resonance motion of ions is considered.
  • the movement of ions in the linear trap can be likened to a spring-connected ball vibrating back and forth near the equilibrium position, which refers to the center position of the ion when it makes a resonant movement in the linear trap (ion trap). At this equilibrium position, the ion's restoring force is 0, and the velocity of the ion at this equilibrium position is maximum, the kinetic energy is maximum, and the potential energy is 0.
  • Doppler cooling is generally used to cool atoms or ions.
  • ion trap systems generally used for quantum information processing use divalent atoms, because after losing an electron there is only one electron outside the nucleus, and its properties are similar to those of hydrogen atoms.
  • the ions in the ion trap are described using calcium ions as an example.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an energy level structure of calcium ions.
  • the ion is first in an energy ground state S (for example, represented by 4 2 S 1/2 ).
  • S for example, represented by 4 2 S 1/2
  • the excited state P for example, represented by 4 2 P 1/2
  • the excited state P is an unstable state, its It will radiate the energy of 397nm photons quickly, and the ions return to the ground state S (4 2 S 1/2 ). Repeat this process continuously, and the energy of the ions will be taken away by the photons with a wavelength of 397nm, thereby reducing the energy of the ions.
  • the state of the ions will change from the ground state S (4 2 S 1/2 ) Jump to the excited state P (for example, represented by 4 2 P 3/2 ). Since the excited state P is an unstable state, it will quickly radiate the energy of 393nm photons, and the ions return to the ground state S (4 2 S 1 / 2 ), repeating this process continuously, the energy of the ions is taken away by the photons with a wavelength of 393nm, thereby reducing the energy of the ions.
  • the Doppler cooling method can quickly reduce the temperature of ions, for example, the temperature of ions can be reduced from 1000K to 500uK at room temperature.
  • the bound ions after Doppler cooling can be used as quantum bits for quantum information processing.
  • quantum information processing An important direction in quantum information processing is to build a quantum network.
  • the characteristic of a quantum network is that quantum information must be able to be transmitted without distortion in two or more quantum nodes. Because of the excellent qubit properties of ion traps, it has become one of the candidates for realizing quantum nodes.
  • the quantum information of ions in one quantum node needs to be first transferred to a photon, and then the photon is transmitted to another quantum node through an optical channel. In the reverse, the photon information is passed back to the ions.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of quantum information transfer between ions and photons.
  • the energy level diagram of calcium ions in the ion trap is shown in FIG. 5.
  • the Zeeman effect when In the middle, each spectral line emitted by the ion is split into three), and the energy level of the calcium ion is split.
  • the energy levels (ground state s and ground state s ′) after the ground state split are used to encode the quantum state of the ion, and the metastable state D (3 2
  • the energy level of D 5/2 ) is used as the transition energy level to prepare the quantum state of the ion (that is, the ion is excited by the laser with a wavelength of 729 nm).
  • the quantum state of the ion is expressed by formula (7):
  • > symbol indicates a quantum state
  • s> indicates that the ion is in the ground state s
  • s ′> indicates that the ion is in the ground state s ′
  • indicates a constant.
  • cos ⁇ represents the coefficient when the ion is in the ground state s
  • the two-color Raman virtual process means that two laser beams are used to irradiate ions, but only emit photons, but not receive photons.
  • the excited state P of the ion will also be split into two energy levels, corresponding to the two energy levels of the ground state S, respectively.
  • Irradiated ions non-resonant excitation
  • the ions will transition to the excited state P (4 2 P 3/2 ), because the excited state P (4 2 P 3/2 ) is unstable, it will fall back to the metastable state D (3 2 D 5/2 ), and emit a photon of 854nm.
  • the ion is excited (non-resonant excitation) with a 397nm two-color Raman laser, the ion will transition to the excited state P (4 2 P 1/2 ). Because the excited state P (4 2 P 1/2 ) is unstable, it will fall back.
  • the energy of a photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength. The longer the wavelength of a photon, the smaller the energy. Therefore, when two-color Raman lasers of 393 nm and 397 nm are used to irradiate ions, the ions will jump to different heights, as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the quantum state of the radiated photons is expressed by formula (8):
  • H represents the horizontal direction of the photon quantum state
  • V represents the vertical direction of the photon quantum state.
  • cos ⁇ represents the coefficient in the H direction when the photon is in the metastable state D
  • Coefficient representing the photon in the metastable D state in the V direction.
  • 0> represents the initial state of the photon
  • D> represents the ion is in the metastable state D
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a hardware structure of quantum information transfer between ions and photons.
  • the hardware structure diagram of the quantum information transfer between ions and photons may include: a light cavity 71, an electrode 72, a lens 73, a beam splitter 74, and a photoelectric converter 75.
  • the transfer of the ion quantum information to the photon quantum information is achieved through the interaction of the optical cavity 71, the electrode 72, the lens 73, the beam splitter 74, and the photoelectric converter 75.
  • the optical cavity 71 the electrode 72, the lens 73, the beam splitter 74, and the photoelectric converter 75.
  • the collection efficiency of the photons will be very low.
  • the two-color Raman virtual process must use a light cavity to achieve Lambda-type light transfer.
  • the ultra-high reflection film is plated on one mirror of the optical cavity and the high-reflection film is plated on the other mirror, so that 854nm photons can be oscillated many times in the optical cavity and then emitted, so that the radiant photons can be greatly improved by means of stimulated radiation. Quantity, thereby improving the efficiency of transferring quantum information from ions to photons. Therefore, the structure of ions coupled to the optical cavity is the core of the quantum network and distributed quantum computing.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of an ion optical cavity coupling system according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic plan view of an ion optical cavity coupling system.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling system may include: a first optical cavity 91, a second optical cavity 92, and an ion trap system.
  • the ion trap system includes a DC electrode pair 93 and a ground electrode. Pair 94 and RF electrode pair 95.
  • At least one ion 96 is arranged in the ion trap system, and a straight line at which the equilibrium position of the at least one ion 96 is located is a center line 100.
  • the cavity mirror is vertical.
  • the two optical cavity mirrors of the first optical cavity 91 are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the at least one ion 96.
  • the two optical cavity mirrors of the second optical cavity 92 are distributed on the two optical cavity mirrors of the first optical cavity 91.
  • the second optical cavity 92 has an included angle with the center line 100.
  • the two DC electrodes of the above-mentioned DC electrode pair 93 are symmetrically distributed on the outside of the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity 91, and the ground electrode pair 94 and the radio frequency electrode pair 95 are distributed on two of the first optical cavity 91. In the space formed by the mirror of the optical cavity.
  • the at least one ion 96 is arranged in a space formed by the DC electrode pair 93, the ground electrode pair 94, and the radio frequency electrode pair 95.
  • the first optical cavity 91 is used to obtain a quantum optical signal and send the quantum optical signal to the ion trap system, so that the quantum information of the quantum optical signal is transferred to a single ion in the ion trap system.
  • the second optical cavity 92 is used to obtain quantum information of the single ion in the ion trap system.
  • the DC electrode pair 93, the ground electrode pair 94, and the radio frequency electrode pair 95 included in the ion trap system may be referred to as ion trap electrodes, and the three pairs of electrodes may be used to generate an electromagnetic field, thereby imprisoning ion.
  • the ion trap system includes one DC electrode pair 93, one ground electrode pair 94, and one radio frequency electrode pair 95. It can be understood that each optical cavity is formed by two optical cavity mirror surfaces spaced apart and parallel to each other.
  • the positional relationship between the first optical cavity 91 and the second optical cavity 92 and each electrode pair in the ion trap system can also be explained as follows:
  • the distance between the two optical cavity mirrors of the second optical cavity 92 and the center line 100 is the same.
  • the two ground electrodes of the ground electrode pair 94 and the two RF electrodes of the RF electrode pair 95 are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the center line 100.
  • the connection between the two DC electrodes of the DC electrode pair 93 is parallel to the above-mentioned center line 100.
  • connection line between the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the second optical cavity 92 and the center line 100 has an included angle that is greater than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees.
  • an angle is included between the ground electrode in the ground electrode pair 94 and an adjacent radio frequency electrode, and the angle is greater than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees.
  • the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the second optical cavity 92 are symmetrically distributed with the above-mentioned center line 100 as the center (that is, a line connecting the same positions of the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the second optical cavity 92 with The center line 100 is vertical), one optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity 92 is located at an angle formed by the ground electrode and the adjacent RF electrode, and the other optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity 92 is located at the other ground electrode and the The angle formed by the adjacent RF electrode.
  • a direction in which the center line 100 is located is a Z direction, also referred to as an axial direction
  • a direction perpendicular to the center line 100 is an XY direction. Also called radial, or perpendicular to axial.
  • the RF electrode pair 95 is disposed in the Y direction and the ground electrode pair 94 is disposed in the X direction. Therefore, a saddle-shaped potential energy can be formed in the XY direction to trap ions.
  • the electrode pair in the Z direction applies a direct current signal, so it can be referred to as a DC electrode pair 93.
  • the DC electrode pair 93 is used to bind ions in the Z direction.
  • each ground electrode of the ground electrode pair 94 and each radio frequency electrode of the radio frequency electrode pair 95 are spaced apart, and two ground electrodes of the ground electrode pair 94 and two radio frequency electrodes of the radio frequency electrode pair 95 are centered respectively.
  • the line 100 is symmetrically distributed in the center.
  • a line perpendicular to the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity is the center line 100. It is assumed that the direction in which the center line 100 is located is the Z direction, and the two optical cavity mirrors of the first optical cavity 91 are respectively located inside the two DC electrodes of the DC electrode pair 93.
  • the first optical cavity 91 may be used to obtain an external quantum optical signal, and then send it to the ion trap system, so that the quantum information of the quantum optical signal is transferred to a single ion of the ion trap system.
  • the second optical cavity 92 has an included angle with the above-mentioned centerline 100.
  • the lines at the same positions of the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the second optical cavity 92 may be perpendicular to the centerline 100, that is, The second optical cavity 92 can be set perpendicular to the Z direction, or the lines connecting the same positions of the two optical cavity mirrors of the second optical cavity 92 can be at different angles from the center line 100 by 30 degrees, 45 degrees, or 60 degrees.
  • the specific value of the included angle may be determined according to actual conditions, and is not limited in the embodiments of the present application.
  • the second optical cavity 92 is located between the ground electrode pair 94 and the radio frequency electrode pair 95, that is, one optical cavity of the second optical cavity 92 is mirror-distributed on one of the ground electrode pair 94 and one of the adjacent radio frequency electrode pair 95.
  • the other optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity 92 is located in the included angle formed by the other ground electrode of the ground electrode pair 94 and the other radio frequency electrode of the radio frequency electrode pair 95.
  • the second optical cavity 92 may be used to obtain quantum information of a single ion in the ion trap system.
  • FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 exemplarily show a first optical cavity 91, two second optical cavities 92, a DC electrode pair 93, a ground electrode pair 94, a radio frequency electrode pair 95, and an ion trap.
  • eight ions and two optical cavity mirror lines of the second optical cavity 92 are axially arranged perpendicularly to the center line 100 for description. It is worth noting that the number of the second optical cavity 92 may be equal to or less than the number of ions in the ion trap system, and the number of ions is not limited to eight, which may be hundreds or even more.
  • the specific amounts of the second optical cavity 92, the DC electrode pair 93, the ground electrode pair 94, the radio frequency electrode pair 95, and the ions in the embodiment of the present application can be set according to actual conditions, and are not performed in the embodiment of the present application. limited.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling system is set in a vacuum cavity. After the ion optical cavity coupling system is placed in the vacuum cavity, it can be evacuated by a vacuum pump unit. . Each electrode of the ion optical cavity coupling system in the vacuum cavity is connected to an external power source through a lead wire.
  • the DC electric signal passed in the DC electrode pair 93 in the ion trap system is generated by amplification of the signal generated by the voltage source, and the AC electric signal passed in the RF electrode pair 95 is generated by the amplification of the signal generated by the signal source.
  • the at least one ion trapped in the ion trap system may be arranged along the Z-axis direction, that is, the at least one ion may be arranged in the DC electrode pair 93, the ground electrode pair 94, and The space formed by the RF electrode pair 95.
  • a distance between each two ions is about 5 nm (micrometers).
  • Each of the above ions is generally selected from the alkaline-earth (ie, Tu) metal elements in the periodic table, such as calcium (Ca), beryllium (Be); For example, thorium (Yb), cadmium (Cd). Since the neutral atom cannot sense the electric field force, the selected metal element needs to use laser to excite the electrons outside the atom and cause it to fall off the nucleus to form ions.
  • the elements selected by the ions can be different. Therefore, for different elements selected, lasers with different wavelengths need to be selected, and lasers emitted by lasers with different wavelengths are used to excite electrons outside the elements, thereby achieving stripping of electrons outside the nuclear .
  • lasers with different wavelengths need to be selected, and lasers emitted by lasers with different wavelengths are used to excite electrons outside the elements, thereby achieving stripping of electrons outside the nuclear .
  • a laser with a wavelength of 423 nm and a wavelength of 375 nm to simultaneously act on calcium atoms to obtain calcium ions.
  • the DC electrode pair 93 of the ion trap system can bind ions in the ion trap system in the Z direction.
  • the direct current electrode pair 93 is applied to two ends of the first optical cavity 91 in the form of two opposite direct current (DC) electrodes.
  • the distance between the two DC electrodes of the DC electrode pair 93 is generally on the order of several millimeters, and the voltage is generally on the order of tens of volts.
  • Such an electrode structure can generate a resonance bound potential field of 100KHz in the Z direction.
  • the ion trap system is respectively a radio frequency electrode pair 95 (two radio frequency alternating current RF electrodes) and a ground electrode pair 94 (two ground GND electrodes) in the XY direction.
  • the distance between each pair of electrodes is about 2 millimeters.
  • the frequency of the radio frequency AC can be selected from 20-50MHz, and the voltage is generally hundreds of volts. Therefore, according to the above-mentioned parameter calculation, a resonance bound potential field with a size of 1 MHz can be generated in the XY direction. In this way, a binding potential field is generated in all three directions, and ions can be trapped in three directions at the same time.
  • each type of electrode is generally made of tungsten wire and straightened into a cylindrical shape with a diameter of about 1 mm.
  • the beam waist radii of the first optical cavity 91 and the second optical cavity 92 need to satisfy the following conditions:
  • the beam waist radius of the first optical cavity 91 is greater than the distance between two adjacent ions of the at least two ions, and the beam waist radius of the second light cavity 92 is less than or equal to the distance between the two adjacent ions of the at least two ions.
  • the first optical cavity 91 can be coupled to all ions in the ion trap, and the second optical cavity 92 can locate and acquire a single ion in the ion trap system.
  • the first optical cavity 91 and the second optical cavity 92 are respectively distributed in the Z direction and perpendicular to the Z direction.
  • the first optical cavity 91 is plated with a first reflective film on the first optical cavity mirror surface and the second optical cavity is plated with a second reflective film on the mirror surface.
  • the first optical cavity 91 is used to read in and store quantum optical signals.
  • the distance between the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity 91 is about 1 mm, and the beam waist radius can be about 50 microns.
  • the first optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity 92 (one or more in number) is plated with a first reflective film, the second optical cavity mirror surface is plated with a second reflective film, and the second The optical cavity 92 is used to read out quantum information of trapped ions.
  • the distance between the two optical cavity mirrors of the second optical cavity 92 is about 300 microns, and the beam waist radius can be about 5 microns. Compared with the distance between the two ions, the beam waist radius of the second optical cavity 92 can reach the same level.
  • the second optical cavity 92 with a beam waist radius of 5 micrometers can act on a single On the ions, the purpose of addressing a single ion and obtaining a single ion can be achieved.
  • adjacent ions are at the same interval.
  • the first optical cavity 91 is configured to acquire a quantum optical signal and send the quantum optical signal to an ion trap system, so that the quantum information of the quantum optical signal is transferred to a single ion of the ion trap system.
  • the first optical cavity 91 is configured to send the obtained quantum optical signal to the ion trap system, so that after the quantum optical signal is absorbed by the at least one ion in the ion trap system, the quantum information of the quantum optical signal is sequentially transferred to In the collective excited state and the overall resonant mode excited state of these at least one ion, the quantum information is then transferred from the overall resonant mode excited state to the excited state of a single ion of the ion trap system.
  • the first optical cavity 91 acquires a quantum optical signal from the outside and sends it to the ion trap system
  • the at least one ion in the ion trap system After absorbing the quantum light signal, the ions are changed from the ground state to the collective excited state. Therefore, the quantum information of the quantum light signal is first transferred to the collective excited state of the ions.
  • the quantum information may be in any one of the at least one ion, and Can be converted to each other in at least one of the above ions
  • i are integers
  • g i denotes the coupling strength of each ion trap system 91 of the first optical cavity.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a change in energy level structure when ion coupling to an optical cavity. As shown in Figure 10, the energy level structure of the ion itself is on the left side, and the energy level transition of the ion from the ground state to the excited state can be achieved by a two-color Raman virtual process.
  • the interval is much smaller than the energy interval between the ion energy levels, so the ion trap system can also use the stimulated Raman process to achieve state transfer, that is
  • 1, n ph 0>
  • 0, n ph 1>, where , N ph represents the resonance mode of ions, 0 represents the fundamental mode, and 1 represents the excitation mode. Therefore, 1 in
  • the quantum information of the photon is transferred from the excited state of the overall resonance mode of at least one ion back to the excited state of the single ion, that is,
  • 0, n ph 1> ⁇
  • 0 1 ... 1 j ... 0 N , n ph 0>, the quantum information of the photon is transferred back to the j-th ion, where 0 ⁇ j ⁇ N, and j is an integer.
  • the operation can be performed inside the ion string, so that the quantum information is transferred to the excited state of a single ion (that is The state of an ion in the ion string becomes an excited state, or an ion becomes a superimposed state, and the remaining ions are in a ground state.
  • a single ion that is The state of an ion in the ion string becomes an excited state, or an ion becomes a superimposed state, and the remaining ions are in a ground state.
  • the excited state of a single ion can be expressed as:
  • the second optical cavity 92 is used to obtain quantum information of a single ion in the ion trap system, which may be specifically explained as follows:
  • the second optical cavity 92 is used to locate a single ion in the ion trap system by laser to obtain quantum information of the single ion.
  • the distance between the ions is generally 5 micrometers, and the beam waist radius of the second optical cavity 92 can also reach the same level. Therefore, a laser can be used to pass through the second optical cavity 92 To locate ions in the ion trap system, and achieve the purpose of coupling a single ion in the ion trap system without affecting other ion states, so the second optical cavity 92 can obtain the quantum of the single ion in the ion trap system Information can also be said to achieve the function of single ion addressing.
  • the coupling strength between the first optical cavity 91 and any one of the at least one ion, and the coupling strength are denoted by g 0, g 0 can be expressed by the following formula:
  • c is the speed of light
  • L is the length of the first optical cavity 91 or the second optical cavity 92
  • ⁇ 0 is the beam waist radius of the first optical cavity 91 or the second optical cavity 92
  • is the wavelength of the quantum optical signal.
  • is the spontaneous emission rate of ions. It can be known from this formula that the larger the volume of the light cavity, that is, the longer the length of the light cavity and the larger the beam waist radius, the weaker the coupling strength between the light cavity and the ions.
  • a parameter C is introduced to indicate the optical cavity and the ion Whether they are strongly coupled.
  • C is much greater than 1
  • the interaction between light and ions is interpreted as a coherent operation, that is, quantum information in quantum light No errors are introduced during the transmission of signals and ions.
  • g is the coupling strength between the optical cavity and the ion
  • is the spontaneous emission rate of the ion, that is, the loss of the ion itself
  • k is the loss of the optical cavity itself
  • L is the length of the optical cavity
  • c is the speed of light
  • the total coupling strength g N of the first optical cavity 91 and all ions in the ion trap system is expressed by the following formula: Where N is the total number of ions in the ion trap system.
  • the second optical cavity 92 when used, strong coupling can be achieved without the overall enhancement of ions and the second optical cavity 92, that is, the coupling strength between the second optical cavity 92 and the ions is much greater than that of the second optical cavity. 92 and the loss of ions themselves.
  • the quantum information in the excited state of a single ion can be transferred to the quantum information of the quantum optical signal, so as to read from the ion trap. Out.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling system uses a first optical cavity to obtain a quantum optical signal, and sends the quantum optical signal to an ion trap system.
  • the quantum information of the quantum optical signal is absorbed by at least one ion in the ion trap system.
  • the second optical cavity is then used to locate a single ion and emit it through the quantum information of the quantum optical signal.
  • the quantum optical signal enters the ion trap system from the first optical cavity and is emitted from the second optical cavity, which improves the quantum state transfer efficiency of ions and photons.
  • the coupling between the first optical cavity 91 and the second optical cavity 92 and the ions are all strongly coupled, and a fully coherent quantum state transfer is achieved.
  • both the first optical cavity 91 and the second optical cavity 92 are plated with a first reflective film and the first optical cavity
  • the other optical cavity mirror surface of 91 and the other optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity 92 are plated with a second reflective film
  • the reflectance of the first reflective film is within a first preset range
  • the reflection of the second reflective film is The rate is within the second preset range
  • the maximum value of the first preset range is smaller than the minimum value of the second preset range.
  • the quantum optical signal is incident into the ion trap system from the first optical cavity mirror surface of the first optical cavity 91, and the first optical cavity mirror surface is plated with a first reflective film.
  • the reflectivity of the first reflective film cannot be too high (for example, near 99% is more appropriate).
  • the quantum optical signal can be easily incident from the first optical cavity 91 into the ion trap system, and the quantum optical signal and the ion trap system The ionic interaction (absorption by ions) in the medium, the light that cannot be absorbed by the ions is transmitted to the second optical cavity mirror surface of the first optical cavity 91, and the second optical cavity mirror surface is plated with a second reflective film.
  • the quantum optical signal transmitted to the mirror surface of the second optical cavity of the first optical cavity 91 is reflected back to the ion trap system. It continues to interact with ions, so the quantum light signal can be reflected back and forth between the two optical cavity mirrors of the first optical cavity 91, and interacts with ions repeatedly, thereby increasing the interaction between the quantum optical signal and the ions in the ion trap system. Probability of action, that is, the energy of a quantum light signal It is fully absorbed by the ion trap ions in the system.
  • the quantum information of the quantum light signal is first transferred to the collective excited state of all ions in the ion trap system, then to the overall resonance mode excited state (excitation state of the overall resonance motion mode), and finally through addressing
  • the single ion transfers the quantum information from the excited state of the overall resonance mode of the ion to the excited state of the single ion (internal quantum state), so that the quantum information of the quantum optical signal is transferred to the excited state of the single ion of the ion trap system through the first optical cavity 91 in.
  • the first optical cavity of the second optical cavity 92 is mirror-plated with a first reflective film
  • the second optical cavity of the second optical cavity 92 is mirror-plated with a second reflective film
  • a single ion in the ion trap system can be
  • the first optical cavity mirror surface coated with the first reflective film is laser-addressed, that is, the second optical cavity 92 can be used to address a single ion through the laser effect, and then the quantum information of a single ion is transferred to the photon via the second optical cavity 92 In the quantum state, the quantum state of the photon is finally read out from the ion trap system through the first optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity 92.
  • the quantum optical signal quantum information
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of transmission of a quantum optical signal in an ion optical cavity coupling system. The following first describes in detail the role of each part in the ion cavity coupling system. This embodiment is described using a commonly used XYZ spatial distribution. As shown in FIG. 11, the optical cavity coupling system includes a first optical cavity 91, four second optical cavities 92, a pair of DC electrode pairs 93, a pair of RF electrode pairs 95, and a pair of ground electrode pairs 94. Instructions.
  • connection line between the centers of the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity 91 is parallel to the Z axis, and the material for the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity 91 may be silicon dioxide.
  • Each optical cavity of the first optical cavity 91 is mirror-polished and plated with a reflective film so that it can reflect ultraviolet light.
  • the distance between the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity 91 is approximately 2 millimeters, and the beam waist radius of the first optical cavity 91 formed is approximately 100 microns.
  • each second optical cavity 92 may be made of an optical fiber and may be called an optical fiber cavity.
  • a plurality of second optical cavities 92 form an array of optical fiber cavities.
  • Each second optical cavity 92 in the optical fiber cavity array may correspond at the same time.
  • One ion 96, and at different times, the second light cavity 92 can also be used to correspond to another ion (only four second light cavities 92 are drawn in the figure.
  • the number of second light cavities 92 can be greater than Or equal to 1 and less than or equal to the total number of ions).
  • the second optical cavity 92 optical fiber optical cavity
  • the second optical cavity 92 is made by using a standard ultraviolet optical fiber
  • a carbon dioxide laser is used to focus on the cross-sectional surface of the optical fiber to process the required cross-sectional radius of the optical fiber.
  • the typical value of the beam waist radius can be 5 ⁇ m
  • the distance between every two second optical cavities 92 is 300 ⁇ m (that is, the second optical cavity 92 Distance between the two optical cavities).
  • the potential of the ion trap system is mainly realized by 6 electrodes with different voltages and directions.
  • a DC electrode pair 93 is placed in the direction (Z direction) where the center of the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity 91 is connected.
  • the distance between the two DC electrodes in the DC electrode pair 93 is several millimeters (optional). 3 mm), the same DC voltage is applied to each DC electrode, and depending on the required potential, 10V-50V can be selected.
  • a smaller voltage is selected.
  • a voltage of 20V can be applied to each DC electrode, which can generate a captive potential of 100KHz in the Z direction.
  • one RF electrode pair 95 and one ground electrode pair 94 are respectively placed in the directions (in the XY direction) perpendicular to the center line of the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity 91.
  • the applied voltage of the RF electrode is generally 200V- 500V high voltage, frequency is 30-40MHz.
  • an AC signal of 35 MHz and an AC voltage of 300 V can be used for implementation.
  • the distance between the two RF electrodes in the RF electrode pair 95 and the two ground electrodes in the ground electrode pair 94 can be 1 millimeter, so that a 1 MHz trapping potential can be generated in the XY direction.
  • the RF electrode pair 95 and the ground electrode pair 94 may be straightened by a tungsten wire into a cylindrical shape, and the tip of the DC electrode pair 93 may be made by a cylindrical electrode through electrochemical corrosion.
  • the speed of the chemical etching controls the tip angle of each DC electrode in the DC electrode pair 93.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling system in FIG. 11 needs to be placed in a superconducting vacuum cavity, and evacuated by a vacuum pump to a vacuum degree of 10 ⁇ (-11) mbar. All electrical signals in the system are realized by external power supply connected to vacuum electrodes through vacuum leads. Radio frequency electrical signals are generated by microwave sources with corresponding frequencies. Since microwave sources cannot generate voltages as high as 300V, an external RF amplifier is used to To achieve the voltage amplification function, for example, a helical resonator (helical resonator) is used to achieve this function.
  • the DC signal can be generated by a voltage source, and then a DC signal with a size of 20V can be obtained through a power amplifier.
  • a current source is used to apply current to a metal tube on which the corresponding atom is placed to heat the atom, so that the atom evaporates and sprays out of the metal tube, and then the ionized laser acts on the sprayed atomic beam to The electrons outside the atom are knocked out to obtain ions, and the obtained ions can feel the external electric field, so that a one-dimensional chain structure is regularly arranged in the ion trap system.
  • the system can begin to acquire external quantum optical signals, so that the quantum optical signals are transmitted from the first optical cavity of the first optical cavity 91 Mirror incident, after passing through the first optical cavity mirror, interacts with ion strings in the ion trap system.
  • the wavelength of the quantum optical signal and the energy level interval of the ion are exactly the same, and they are also exactly the same as a certain light field mode of the first optical cavity 91. Therefore, there is a resonance enhancement effect, which makes the quantum optical signal Increased absorption.
  • the ion When the ion absorbs the quantum light signal, it will coherently transfer the quantum information of the quantum light signal to the collective excited state of the ion, that is,
  • 0>
  • 1> ⁇ i g i
  • 1, n ph 0> ⁇
  • 0, n ph 1> Finally, the method of two-color Raman laser is still used to transfer the quantum information from the excited state of the overall resonance mode of the ion to the excited state of the single ion, that is,
  • 0, n ph 1> ⁇
  • 0 1 ... 1 j ... 0 N , n ph 0>, thus completing the coherent absorption process of
  • the ions in the ion trap system can continue to perform quantum information processing according to the absorbed quantum information.
  • the obtained Quantum information is stored in the excited state of an ion.
  • the excited state of the ion can be directly transferred to the quantum state of the photon through the corresponding second optical cavity 92, that is, Thereby read from the ion trap system.
  • the ion-optical cavity coupling system realizes the reception of quantum optical signals, the quantum information processing of quantum optical signals, and the reading of quantum optical signals.
  • a first optical cavity and a second optical cavity are used to couple ions, thereby achieving addressing of a single ion.
  • the second optical cavity has a very small beam waist radius, it can only act on a single ion without affecting the state of other ions.
  • the first optical cavity achieves enhanced coupling strength between the ion and the optical cavity. Under the structure, the strong coupling between the optical cavity and the ions and the single ion addressing are realized at the same time.
  • the biggest advantage of this optical cavity coupling system is that there are no movable optical elements.
  • the ions will make resonant motion in the ion trap system, especially the micro motion will change the equilibrium position of the ions, so that the ions are no longer in the center of the second optical cavity:
  • the micro motion of the ions can be minimized by adjusting the voltage of the external compensation electrode, that is, making qi as close to 0 as possible, so that the communication ions that need to transmit quantum information are located in the center of the second optical cavity, thereby improving coupling effectiveness.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling system of the embodiment of the present application uses different optical cavities to couple ions, and acquires and reads out a quantum optical signal, thereby avoiding half the loss caused by reading in and reading out with the same optical cavity. Secondly, the system simultaneously The coupling strength enhancement of ions and optical cavity and single ion addressing are realized, and the complexity of the read and read operation of quantum optical signals in the system is reduced.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic flowchart of an embodiment of an ion optical cavity coupling method according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling method is suitable for an ion optical cavity coupling system.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling system includes a first optical cavity, a second optical cavity, and an ion trap system.
  • the ion trap system includes a DC electrode pair and a ground electrode. And RF electrode pairs.
  • At least one ion is arranged in the ion trap system, and a straight line where the equilibrium position of the at least one ion is located is a center line, and the center line is perpendicular to the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity; the two optical cavities of the first optical cavity
  • the mirror surface is symmetrically distributed on both sides of at least one ion, the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the second optical cavity are distributed in the space formed by the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity, and the second optical cavity has an angle with the center line .
  • the two DC electrodes of the DC electrode pair are symmetrically distributed outside the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity, and the ground electrode pair and the radio frequency electrode pair are distributed in a space formed by the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the first optical cavity.
  • the method for coupling an ion optical cavity may include the following steps:
  • Step 121 Use a first optical cavity to obtain a quantum light signal, and send the obtained quantum light signal to an ion trap system, where the quantum light signal carries quantum information.
  • the first optical cavity acquires external quantum light signals through an optical cavity mirror surface, and the optical cavity mirror surface is plated with a first reflective film, and the first reflective film may allow quantum optical signals. Pass, therefore, the first optical cavity can send the acquired quantum optical signal to the ion trap system. Since it is required in the embodiments of the present application to use quantum information of a quantum optical signal to transfer information in ions, the quantum optical signal carries quantum information.
  • Step 122 Use the first optical cavity and the ion trap system to transfer the quantum information of the quantum optical signal to a single ion in the ion trap system.
  • At least one ion is arranged in a space formed by a DC electrode pair, a ground electrode pair, and a radio frequency electrode pair on a center line.
  • a quantum optical signal is incident on an ion trap system through a light cavity mirror of a first optical cavity, and a space formed by a DC electrode pair, a ground electrode pair, and a radio frequency electrode pair of the ion trap system. And at least one ion is arranged on the center line, so the quantum light signal incident in the ion trap system can interact with the ions in the ion trap system (absorbed by the ions), and the light that has not been absorbed by the ions is transmitted to the first
  • a second reflective film is plated on the optical cavity mirror surface, and the second reflective film can prevent quantum light signals from exiting the ion trap system from the optical cavity mirror surface.
  • the quantum optical signal can be reflected back and forth between the two optical cavity mirrors of the first optical cavity, and repeatedly interact with the ions, thereby Increased the probability of interaction between quantum light signals and ions in the ion trap system.
  • this step 122 (using the first optical cavity and the ion trap system to transfer the quantum information of the above-mentioned quantum optical signal to a single ion of the ion trap system) can be specifically explained as follows:
  • the quantum optical signal is absorbed by at least one ion in the ion trap system; wherein the quantum information of the quantum optical signal is sequentially transferred to the collective excited state and the overall resonance of the at least one ion.
  • the whole resonance mode excited state is transferred to the excited state of a single ion of the ion trap system.
  • the ions are changed from the ground state to the collective excited state. Therefore, the quantum information of the quantum light signal is first transferred to the collective excited state of the at least one ion.
  • the ions interact with each other, and the quantum information of the quantum light signal is transferred from the collective excited state of the ions to the excited state of the overall resonance mode of the ion, and finally transferred from the excited state of the overall resonance mode of the ion back to a single ion. In the excited state.
  • Step 123 Use the second optical cavity to obtain quantum information of a single ion in the ion trap system.
  • the beam waist radius of the second optical cavity and the distance between the two ions can reach the same level. Therefore, the second optical cavity can be used to obtain a single ion in the ion trap system. Quantum information.
  • this step 123 (obtaining the quantum information of a single ion in the ion trap system by using the second optical cavity) can be specifically interpreted as the following steps:
  • Step A1 Use a laser beam to pass through the second optical cavity to locate a single ion in the ion trap system.
  • Step A2 Use the second optical cavity to obtain the quantum information of the single ion.
  • the beam waist radius of the second optical cavity can be at a level from the distance between the two ions, a laser can be used to locate a single ion in the ion trap system through the second optical cavity, thereby achieving separate coupling to the ion trap.
  • the single ion in the system does not affect the purpose of other ion states. Therefore, the second optical cavity can obtain the quantum information of the single ion in the ion trap system, and it can be said that the single ion addressing function is realized.
  • a first optical cavity is used to obtain a quantum optical signal, and the obtained quantum optical signal is sent to an ion trap system.
  • the quantum optical signal carries quantum information.
  • the optical cavity and ion trap system transfers the quantum information of the above-mentioned quantum optical signal to a single ion in the ion trap system, and finally uses a second optical cavity to obtain the quantum information of the single ion in the ion trap system.
  • the quantum optical signal enters the ion trap system from the first optical cavity and is taken out from the second optical cavity, which avoids half the loss caused by reading in and reading out with the same optical cavity, and improves the quantum of ions and photons. State transfer efficiency.
  • the coupling strength between the first optical cavity and any one of the at least one ion, and the second optical cavity and the at least one ion are denoted by g 0, g 0 is represented by the following formula:
  • c is the speed of light
  • L is the length of the first or second optical cavity
  • ⁇ 0 is the beam waist radius of the first or second optical cavity
  • is the wavelength of the quantum optical signal
  • is the single ion Spontaneous emission rate.
  • the total coupling strength g N of the first optical cavity and all ions in the ion trap system is expressed by the following formula:
  • N is the total number of ions in the ion trap system.
  • both the first optical cavity mirror surface of the first optical cavity and the first optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity are plated with a first reflective film, and the first light
  • the second optical cavity mirror surface of the cavity and the second optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity are both plated with a second reflective film.
  • the reflectance of the first reflective film is within a first preset range
  • the reflectance of the second reflective film is within a second preset range
  • the maximum value of the first preset range is smaller than that of the second preset range. The minimum value.
  • the distance between the two optical cavity mirrors of the second optical cavity and the center line is the same, and the two ground electrodes of the ground electrode pair and the two of the RF electrode pair
  • the two RF electrodes are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the center line, and the connection between the two DC electrodes of the DC electrode pair is parallel to the center line.
  • an included angle is formed between the ground electrode in the ground electrode pair and an adjacent radio frequency electrode, and the included angle is greater than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees.
  • the two optical cavity mirror surfaces of the second optical cavity are symmetrically distributed with the center line as a center.
  • One optical cavity mirror surface of the second optical cavity is located at an angle formed by the ground electrode and an adjacent radio frequency electrode.
  • An optical cavity mirror is located in an included angle formed by another ground electrode and an adjacent RF electrode.
  • a beam waist radius of the first optical cavity is larger than two adjacent ones of the at least two ions.
  • the distance between individual ions and the beam waist radius of the second optical cavity is smaller than the distance between two adjacent ions of the at least two ions.
  • adjacent ions are at the same interval.
  • the ion optical cavity coupling method provided in the embodiment of the present application can be implemented by using the above-mentioned ion optical cavity coupling system shown in FIG. 8 to FIG. 11, and the implementation principles and technical effects thereof are similar, and details are not described herein again.
  • the term "plurality” herein refers to two or more.
  • the term “and / or” in this document is only a kind of association relationship describing related objects, which means that there can be three kinds of relationships, for example, A and / or B can mean: A exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and exists alone B these three cases.
  • the character "/" in this article generally indicates that the related objects are an "or” relationship; in the formula, the character "/" indicates that the related objects are a "divide” relationship.
  • the size of the sequence numbers of the above processes does not mean the order of execution.
  • the execution order of each process should be determined by its function and internal logic, and should not deal with the implementation of this application.
  • the implementation process of the example constitutes any limitation.

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Abstract

一种离子光腔耦合系统及方法,其中,该系统包括:第一光腔(91)、第二光腔(92)以及包括直流电极对(93)、接地电极对(94)和射频电极对(95)的离子阱系统,离子阱系统中排列有至少一个离子(96),至少一个离子(96)的平衡位置所在直线且与第一光腔(91)的两个光腔镜面垂直的直线为中心线(100),第二光腔(92)与中心线(100)具有夹角,第一光腔(91)用于获取量子光信号并将其发送至离子阱系统中,以使该量子光信号的量子信息转移到离子阱系统的单个离子(96)中,第二光腔(92)用于获取离子阱系统中单个离子(96)的量子信息。这一系统和方法提高了离子与光子的量子态转移效率。

Description

离子光腔耦合系统及方法
本申请要求于2018年08月14日提交的申请号为201810925152.0、申请名称为“离子光腔耦合系统及方法”的中国专利申请的优先权,其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及光电子技术领域,尤其涉及一种离子光腔耦合系统及方法。
背景技术
离子阱是联合电场和磁场来捕获带电粒子的一项技术,广泛用于质谱仪、基本物理参数测定、量子计算、量子存储、原子钟等领域。由于离子阱具有优良的量子比特性质,因而可以应用于量子信息处理中,通过建立量子网络以实现量子信息在两个甚至多个量子节点(离子阱)中无失真地传输。多离子与光腔的耦合是构建复杂量子网路和分布式量子计算的核心。因而,如何在离子系统中实现离子与光腔的强耦合是实现分布式量子计算的关键。
目前,现有的离子光腔耦合方案中,光腔沿着离子阱系统径向设置。在该方案的量子节点信息转移过程中,首先利用光腔获取量子光信号,并将离子阱系统中离子与量子光信号的相互作用保存到两个离子的纠缠态相位信息中,其次将两离子的纠缠态相位信息转化为光子的相位信息,最后光子的相位信息从光腔射出,并经过光纤信道传到远距离的另一个量子节点,实现了量子节点信息的转移。
然而,上述离子光腔耦合方案中,由于量子光信号进入光腔后,与离子相互作用的作用结果需要保存到两个离子的纠缠态相位信息中,再转化为光子的相位信息从光腔出射,离子与光子的量子态转移效率低。
发明内容
本申请提供离子光腔耦合系统及方法,用于解决现有离子光腔耦合方案中离子与光子的量子态转移效率低的问题。
本申请第一方面提供一种离子光腔耦合系统,包括:第一光腔、第二光腔,以及离子阱系统,所述离子阱系统,包括:直流电极对、接地电极对和射频电极对;
所述离子阱系统中排列有至少一个离子,所述至少一个离子的平衡位置所在直线为中心线,所述中心线与所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面垂直;
所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面对称分布在所述至少一个离子的两侧,所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面分布在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中,且所述第二光腔与所述中心线具有夹角;
所述直流电极对的两个直流电极对称分布在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面的外侧,所述接地电极对和所述射频电极对分布在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中;
所述第一光腔用于获取量子光信号并将所述量子光信号发送至所述离子阱系统中,以使所述量子光信号的量子信息转移到所述离子阱系统的单个离子中;
所述第二光腔用于获取所述离子阱系统中所述单个离子的量子信息。
该技术方案中,量子光信号从第一光腔中进入离子阱系统,并且从第二光腔中射出,避免了用同一个光腔读入读出带来的一半损耗,提高了离子与光子的量子态转移效率。
可选的,在第一方面的一种可能实现方式中,所述第一光腔用于获取量子光信号并将所述量子光信号发送至所述离子阱系统中,以使所述量子光信号的量子信息转移到所述离子阱系统的单个离子中,包括:
所述第一光腔用于将获取到的所述量子光信号发送至所述离子阱系统中,使所述量子光信号被所述至少一个离子吸收,所述量子光信号的量子信息依次转移到所述至少一个离子的集体激发态和整体谐振模激发态中,再从所述整体谐振模激发态中转移到所述离子阱系统的单个离子的激发态中。
本实施例中,利用量子光信号通过被离子阱系统中至少一个离子吸收,可以使量子信息依次转移到上述至少一个离子的集体激发态和整体谐振模激发态中,再转移到离子阱系统的单个离子的激发态中,进而为量子信息从第二光腔读出离子阱系统奠定了基础。
可选的,在第一方面的另一种可能实现方式中,所述第二光腔用于获取所述离子阱系统中所述单个离子的量子信息,包括:
所述第二光腔用于通过激光定位所述离子阱系统中的所述单个离子,获取所述单个离子的量子信息。
本申请实施例中,由于第二光腔的束腰半径可以与两个离子间距相当,因而,激光通过第二光腔可以只作用在单个离子上而不影响其他离子的状态,实现了单个离子寻址。
可选的,在第一方面的再一种可能实现方式中,在所述离子阱系统中,所述第一光腔与所述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度、所述第二光腔与所述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度均用g 0表示,所述g 0通过如下公式表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000001
其中,c为光速,L为所述第一光腔或所述第二光腔的长度,ω 0为所述第一光腔或所述第二光腔的束腰半径,λ为量子光信号的波长,γ为离子的自发辐射率。
可选的,所述第一光腔与所述离子阱系统中的所有离子的总耦合强度g N用如下公式表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000002
其中,所述N为所述离子阱系统中离子的总数量。
在本实施例中,从第一光腔获取的量子光信号可以与离子阱系统中的所有离子相互作用,提高了该离子光腔耦合系统的耦合强度。
可选的,在第一方面的又一种可能实现方式中,所述第一光腔的第一光腔镜面和所述第二光腔的第一光腔镜面均镀第一反射膜,所述第一光腔的第二光腔镜面和所述第二光腔的第二光腔镜面均镀第二反射膜,所述第一反射膜的反射率介于第一预设范围内,所述第二反射膜的反射率介于第二预设范围内,所述第一预设范围的最大值小于所述第二预设范围的最小值。
本实施例中,通过在第一光腔和第二光腔的两个光腔镜面分别镀第一反射膜和第二反射膜,这样既可以从外界获取量子光信号,使其在第一光腔的两个光腔镜面之间来回反射,反复与离子相互作用,进而增加量子光信号与离子阱系统中离子的相互作用概率,其次,量子 光信号的量子信息转移到单个离子中后,也可以通过第二光腔获取单个离子的量子信息,实现了单个离子的寻址,从而实现了离子中信息的传递。
可选的,在第一方面的又一种可能实现方式中,所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面与所述中心线的距离相同,所述接地电极对的两个接地电极与所述射频电极对的两个射频电极对称分布在所述中心线的两侧,所述直流电极对的两个直流电极的连线与所述中心线平行。
可选的,在第一方面的又一种可能实现方式中,所述接地电极对中的接地电极和相邻的射频电极之间具有夹角,所述夹角大于0度且小于180度;
所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面以所述中心线为中心对称分布,所述第二光腔的一个光腔镜面位于所述接地电极和相邻射频电极形成的夹角中,所述第二光腔的另一个光腔镜面位于另一个接地电极与相邻的另一个射频电极形成的夹角中。
本申请实施例中,第一光腔、第二光腔、直流电极对、接地电极对以及射频电极对各部分的上述位置关系,既可以将至少一个离子囚禁在离子阱系统中,又可以通过第一光腔获取量子光信号,通过第二光腔定位离子阱系统中的单个离子,可以从离子阱系统中读出单个离子的量子信息,实现了离子信息的传递。
可选的,在第一方面的又一种可能实现方式中,在所述离子阱系统中的离子数量为至少两个时,所述第一光腔的束腰半径大于所述至少两个离子中相邻两个离子的间距,所述第二光腔的束腰半径小于或等于所述至少两个离子中相邻两个离子的间距。
这样,第一光腔可以实现与离子阱中所有离子的耦合,并且通过第二光腔可以定位并获取到离子阱系统中的单个离子。
本申请第二方面提供一种离子光腔耦合方法,适用于离子光腔耦合系统,所述离子光腔耦合系统包括:第一光腔、第二光腔,以及离子阱系统,所述离子阱系统,包括:直流电极对、接地电极对和射频电极对,所述离子阱系统中排列有至少一个离子,所述至少一个离子的平衡位置所在直线为中心线,所述中心线与所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面垂直,所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面对称分布在所述至少一个离子的两侧,所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面分布在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中,且所述第二光腔与所述中心线具有夹角,所述直流电极对的两个直流电极对称分布在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面的外侧,所述接地电极对和所述射频电极对分布在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中;
所述方法包括:
利用所述第一光腔获取量子光信号,并将所述量子光信号发送至所述离子阱系统中,所述量子光信号携带量子信息;
利用所述第一光腔和所述离子阱系统,将所述量子光信号的量子信息转移到所述离子阱系统的单个离子中;
利用所述第二光腔获取所述离子阱系统中所述单个离子的量子信息。
该技术方案中,量子光信号从第一光腔进入离子阱系统,并且从第二光腔取出,避免了用同一个光腔读入读出带来的一半损耗,提高了离子与光子的量子态转移效率。
可选的,在第二方面的一种可能实现方式中,所述利用所述第一光腔和所述离子阱系统,将所述量子光信号的量子信息转移到所述离子阱系统的单个离子中,包括:
利用所述第一光腔和所述离子阱系统的囚禁作用,使所述量子光信号被所述离子阱系统中的所述至少一个离子吸收;其中,所述量子光信号的量子信息依次转移到所述至少一个离 子的集体激发态和整体谐振模激发态中,再从所述整体谐振模激发态中转移到所述离子阱系统的单个离子的激发态中。
可选的,在第二方面的另一种可能实现方式中,所述利用所述第二光腔获取所述离子阱系统中所述单个离子的量子信息,包括:
利用激光通过所述第二光腔,定位所述离子阱系统中的所述单个离子;
利用所述第二光腔,获取所述单个离子的量子信息。
可选的,在第二方面的再一种可能实现方式中,在所述离子阱系统中,所述第一光腔与所述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度、所述第二光腔与所述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度均用g 0表示,所述g 0通过如下公式表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000003
其中,c为光速,L为所述第一光腔或所述第二光腔的长度,ω 0为所述第一光腔或所述第二光腔的束腰半径,λ为量子光信号的波长,γ为单离子的自发辐射率。
可选的,所述第一光腔与所述离子阱系统中的所有离子的总耦合强度g N用如下公式表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000004
其中,所述N为所述离子阱系统中离子的总数量。
可选的,在第二方面的又一种可能实现方式中,所述第一光腔的第一光腔镜面和所述第二光腔的第一光腔镜面均镀第一反射膜,所述第一光腔的第二光腔镜面和所述第二光腔的第二光腔镜面均镀第二反射膜,所述第一反射膜的反射率介于第一预设范围内,所述第二反射膜的反射率介于第二预设范围内,所述第一预设范围的最大值小于所述第二预设范围的最小值。
可选的,在第二方面的又一种可能实现方式中,所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面与所述中心线的距离相同,所述接地电极对的两个接地电极与所述射频电极对的两个射频电极对称分布在所述中心线的两侧,所述直流电极对的两个直流电极的连线与所述中心线平行。
可选的,在第二方面的又一种可能实现方式中,所述接地电极对中的接地电极和相邻的射频电极之间具有夹角,所述夹角大于0度且小于180度;
所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面以所述中心线为中心对称分布,所述第二光腔的一个光腔镜面位于所述接地电极和相邻射频电极形成的夹角中,所述第二光腔的另一个光腔镜面位于另一个接地电极与相邻的另一个射频电极形成的夹角中。
可选的,在第二方面的又一种可能实现方式中,在所述离子阱系统中的离子数量为至少两个时,所述第一光腔的束腰半径大于所述至少两个离子中相邻两个离子的间距,所述第二光腔的束腰半径小于或等于所述至少两个离子中相邻两个离子的间距。
第二方面的离子光腔耦合方法,可以通过第一方面的离子光腔耦合系统实现,其实现原理和技术效果类似,在此不再赘述。
本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合系统及方法,首先利用第一光腔获取量子光信号,并将获取到的量子光信号发送至离子阱系统中,该量子光信号携带量子信息,其次利用第一光腔和离子阱系统,将上述量子光信号的量子信息转移到离子阱系统的单个离子中,最后再利用第二光腔获取离子阱系统中单个离子的量子信息。该技术方案中,量子光信号从第一光腔进入离子阱系统,并且从第二光腔取出,避免了用同一个光腔读入读出带来的一半损耗,提 高了离子与光子的量子态转移效率。
附图说明
图1为线性阱的基本结构示意图;
图2为图1所示线性阱的正视图;
图3为图1所示线性阱的左视图;
图4为静电场中静电势的马鞍点示意图;
图5为钙离子的能级结构示意图;
图6为离子和光子间量子信息的转移示意图;
图7为离子和光子间量子信息转移的硬件结构示意图;
图8为本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合系统的结构示意图;
图9为离子光腔耦合系统的平面示意图;
图10为离子耦合到光腔的时能级结构的变化示意图;
图11为量子光信号在离子光腔耦合系统中的传输示意图;
图12为本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合方法实施例的流程示意图。
具体实施方式
以下,对本申请实施例中的部分用语进行解释说明,以便于本领域技术人员理解:
强耦合:原子或者离子和光腔的耦合强度远远大于原子或者离子的自发辐射强度和光腔的衰减率。
分布式量子计算:用多个量子节点,每个量子节点包含多个量子比特的系统共同完成某个量子计算任务,不同量子节点之间的信息传输由携带量子信息的光子完成。分布式量子计算特别合适一些现在还无法大规模集成的硬件系统,还特别适合单依靠本地量子节点无法完成的量子计算任务。
量子网络:在不同量子节点之间用光子传输量子信息,使得不同量子节点之间可以交互。
光腔的模式体积:等效的光腔体积,正比于光腔的束腰半径平方再乘光腔长度。
大光腔:光腔的束腰半径与离子之间的间距相比较大,即束腰半径大于两个离子间距的光腔。可选的,在本申请实施例中,大光腔用第一光腔表示。
小光腔:光腔的束腰半径与离子之间的间距相比较小,即束腰半径小于两个离子间距的光腔。可选的,在本申请实施例中,小光腔用第二光腔表示。
可选的,下面首先针对本申请实施例适用场景进行简要说明。
离子阱是联合电场和磁场来捕获带电粒子的一项技术,广泛用于质谱仪、基本物理参数测定、量子计算、量子存储、原子钟等领域。想要用电磁场捕获带电粒子,需要用电磁场在空间产生电势能低点,但是根据麦克斯韦电磁方程组,带电粒子在静电场中没有三维势能最低点,所以仅仅用静电场不能捕获带电粒子。
可以理解的是:带电粒子会沿着电场线方向运动,由于静电场的空间中没有其他电荷,电场线不会终止,所以带电粒子会一直朝一个方向运动不会静止,也不会局限在某个区域内。为了捕获带电粒子,需要联合静电场和静磁场或者用静电场和交变电场结合,前者称为彭宁阱(Penning Trap),后者称为保罗阱(Paul Trap)。Penning Trap一般用于测量离子或者稳定 的亚原子粒子的特性,例如,电子磁矩等。Paul Trap一般用于原子钟或者量子信息处理领域。Paul Trap又称为电四级离子阱或者射频阱,其根据能否同时捕获多个离子(是否有多个电势能低点)可以分为线性阱和针型阱。线性阱因为可以同时捕获多个离子广泛应用于量子信息处理领域,也被认为是最有可能实现量子计算的硬件系统之一。可选的,在本申请实施例中,如无特殊声明,离子阱均是指线性阱。
图1为线性阱的基本结构示意图。图2为图1所示线性阱的正视图。图3为图1所示线性阱的左视图。可选的,如图1至图3所示,线性阱可以由六片电极构成,其中,四片刀片形状的电极分为两组,一组对角线电极加交变电压(称为射频电极),另一组对角线电极接地(称为接地电极),从而在径向(XY方向)形成电四级势,两端的针型电极加电压相同的静电压(称为直流电极),从而在轴向(Z方向)形成静电束缚。上述六片电极电极加在一起形成三维势能低点,束缚带电离子。
可选的,为了使本领域技术人员更好的理解线性阱,下述对线性阱的基本原理进行简要说明。
可选的,自由空间中的静电势必须满足拉普拉斯(Laplace)方程,具体如公式(1)所示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000005
式中,Ф表示静电场中的电势能,
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000006
为梯度符号,表示对电势能求偏导数。
此外,线性阱的静电势可以用如下公式(2)表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000007
式中,r i表示坐标(x,y,z)所在的空间位置,k i表示每个坐标分量对应的系数,Ф 0为离子的基准电势能,是常数。
根据公式(1)和公式(2)可以得到k xx+k yy+k zz=0。因而,k x,k y,k z中的某个系数必须为负数,即静电势在某个方向有亚稳态的马鞍点,具体如图4所示,图4为静电场中静电势的马鞍点示意图。由图4可知,带电粒子在静电场中不会静止或被局限在某个区域内,所以,静电场不能稳定的束缚带电粒子。
可选的,如图4所示,如果将静电势旋转起来,就可以得到等效的二维束缚电势能。具体的,在实际应用中,通过在在xy方向加交变电场,形成xy方向的二维束缚势能,在z方向加静电场,形成z方向的一维束缚势能。可选的,xy方向的二维束缚势能Ф rad(x,y,z,t)可以用公式(3)表示,z方向的一维束缚势能Ф ax(x,y,z)可以用公式(4)表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000009
式中,V RF表示交变电场的电压,Ω RF表示交变电场的频率,U r表示静电场在xy方向上的电压,α x、α y、α z分别表示运动离子在xy方向上的每个坐标分量对应的系数,U DC表示静电场在z方向的电压,β x、β y、β z分别表示运动离子在z方向上的每个坐标分量对应的系数。在本实施例中,V RF、Ω RF、U r、U DC、α x、α y、α z以及β x、β y、β z均为常数。
可选的,静电场中的运动离子满足公式(5)所示的牛顿第二定律:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000010
式中,
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000011
表示运动离子的加速度,F表示运动离子受到的电场力,m是运动离子的质量,E(x,y,z,t)表示运动离子在t时刻、空间坐标为(x,y,z)处的电场强度,e表示运动离子的电 荷量,Ф rad为xy方向的二维束缚势能,Ф ax为z方向的一维束缚势能。
可选的,根据上述公式(3)、公式(4)和公式(5)可以得到运动离子的运动轨道r i(t),该r i(t)用公式(6)表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000012
式中,r i(t)表示运动离子的运动轨道,
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000013
表示运动离子所做谐振运动的幅度,ω i为运动离子所做谐振运动的谐振频率,且
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000014
a i和q i表示常数,且a i<<1,q i<<1,Ω RF表示交变电场的频率。
综上所述,离子在线性阱中的运动可以分为两部分,一部分是幅度为
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000015
频率为ω i的谐振运动,另一部分是附加驱动的微运动(a i和q i是远小于1的常数,a i和q i的大小与线性阱的结构和所加电压相关)。实际应用中,一般情况下,微运动可以通过加外部补偿电极来抵消掉,所以,一般只考虑离子的谐振运动。可以理解的是,离子在线性阱中的运动可以类比弹簧连接的小球在平衡位置附近来回振动,所述平衡位置是指离子在线性阱(离子阱)中做谐振运动时的中心位置,离子位于该平衡位置时,离子的回复力为0,而且,离子在该平衡位置处的速度最大,动能最大,势能为0。
下述简单介绍离子阱的光学性质以及离子阱与光的相互作用。
由上述分析可知,离子会在离子阱中做谐振运动,然而,外部的电磁噪声和空间中残留的高速运动粒子会使得离子的能量升高,从而跳出离子阱外。为了能够长时间将离子束缚在离子阱中,需要将离子的动能减少,即,控制离子在谐振运动时的振幅减小。
可选的,在原子物理中,一般采用多普勒冷却的方式给原子或离子降温。
通常情况下,一般用于量子信息处理的离子阱系统都用二价原子,因为失去一个电子后原子核外只有一个电子,其性质类似于氢原子的性质。可选的。本申请实施例中,离子阱中的离子以钙离子为例说明。示例性的,图5为钙离子的能级结构示意图。
以图5所示的钙离子为例,如图5所示,离子首先处于能量基态S(例如,用4 2S 1/2表示),当用波长为397nm的激光照射离子阱中的束缚离子时,离子的状态会从基态S(例如,用4 2S 1/2表示)跳跃到激发态P(例如,用4 2P 1/2表示),由于激发态P是不稳定的状态,其会快速辐射出397nm光子的能量,离子重新回到基态S(4 2S 1/2),不断重复这个过程,离子的能量就被波长为397nm的光子带走,从而降低了离子的能量。
同理,对于处于能量基态S(4 2S 1/2)的离子,当用波长为393nm的激光照射离子阱中的束缚离子时,离子的状态会从基态S(4 2S 1/2)跳跃到激发态P(例如,用4 2P 3/2表示),由于激发态P是不稳定的状态,其会快速辐射出393nm光子的能量,离子重新回到基态S(4 2S 1/2),不断重复这个过程,离子的能量就被波长为393nm的光子带走,从而降低了离子的能量。
值得说明的是,采用多普勒冷却的方式可以快速降低离子的温度,例如,可以将离子的温度从室温1000K降低到500uK。经过多普勒冷却后的束缚离子就可以作为很好的量子比特用于量子信息处理。
量子信息处理中一个重要的方向是构建量子网络,量子网络的特点是量子信息要能在两个甚至多个量子节点中无失真地传输。由于离子阱具有优良的量子比特性质成为实现量子节点的候选之一。为了让量子信息能够在两个远距离的离子阱中间传输,首先需要将一个量子节点中的离子的量子信息转移给光子,再将光子通过光信道传输到另一个量子节点处,在该 量子节点中再把光子的信息逆向传给离子。
可选的,在本申请实施例中,仍然以钙离子为例来阐述离子和光子间量子信息的传递过程,具体过程如图6所示。图6为离子和光子间量子信息的转移示意图。
参照图5和图6所示,钙离子在离子阱中能级图参照图5所示,但是,当离子阱加上外部磁场时,由于塞曼(Zeeman)效应(当离子被置于强磁场中时,离子发出的每条光谱线都分裂成三条),钙离子的能级会劈裂。
可选的,如图5和图6所示,本申请实施例中,用基态劈裂后的能级(基态s和基态s′)来编码离子的量子态,并用亚稳态D(3 2D 5/2)的能级作为过渡能级来制备离子的量子态(即,通过波长为729nm的激光激发离子),得到离子的量子态用公式(7)表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000016
式中,|>符号表示量子态,|s>表示离子处于基态s,|s′>表示离子处于基态s′,α表示常数,在本申请的实施例中,后续如无特殊说明,均沿用此表示,cosα表示离子处于基态s时的系数,
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000017
表示离子处于基态s′时的系数。
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000018
表示离子量子态的相位差。
在本申请实施例中,为了无失真地将离子的量子态传输到光子的量子态,需要保证量子态的幅度和相位都不变,其可以用双色拉曼虚过程来实现。可选的,双色拉曼虚过程表示采用两束激光照射离子,但只发射光子,而不接收光子。
可选的,如图5和图6所示,在磁场中,离子的激发态P也会被劈裂成两个能级,分别对应基态S的两个能级,用393nm的双色拉曼激光照射离子(非共振激发),离子会跃迁到激发态P(4 2P 3/2),由于激发态P(4 2P 3/2)不稳定,会掉回亚稳态D(3 2D 5/2),并发出854nm的光子。当用397nm的双色拉曼激光激发离子(非共振激发),离子会跃迁到激发态P(4 2P 1/2),由于激发态P(4 2P 1/2)不稳定,会掉回亚稳态D(3 2D 3/2),并发出866nm的光子。
可以理解的是,光子的能量和波长成反比,光子的波长越长,能量越小。因而,利用393nm和397nm的双色拉曼激光照射离子时,离子会跳跃到不同的高度,具体如5所示。
由于磁场定义了量子化轴,所以,辐射的光子根据角动量的改变会有不同的偏振,最终离子处于亚稳态D上,辐射的光子的量子态用公式(8)表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000019
式中,H表示光子量子态的水平方向,V表示光子量子态的垂直方向,
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000020
为光子量子态的相位差,cosα表示光子处于亚稳态D时在H方向的系数,
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000021
表示光子处于亚稳态D时在V方向的系数。
由公式(7)和公式(8)可知光子的量子态与离子的量子态的幅度和相位完全一致,因而实现了离子的量子信息到光子的量子信息之间的相干转移,公式如公式(9)所示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000022
其中,
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000023
表示离子的量子态,|0>表示光子的初态,|D>表示离子处于亚稳定态D,
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000024
表示光子的量子态。
可选的,图7为离子和光子间量子信息转移的硬件结构示意图。如图7所示,该离子和光子间量子信息转移的硬件结构示意图可以包括:光腔71、电极72、透镜73、分束器74和光电转换器75。
可选的,如图7所示,通过光腔71、电极72、透镜73、分束器74和光电转换器75的相互作用,实现了离子量子信息到光子量子信息的转移。在该实施例中,由于单个离子每次 只能辐射单个光子,加上信道上的损耗,光子的收集效率会非常低。此外,双色拉曼虚过程必须要用光腔来实现Lambda型的光转移。通过在光腔的一面镜子上镀超高反射膜,另一面镜子上镀高反射膜,使得854nm光子可以在光腔内震荡多次后再出射,这样可以通过受激辐射的方式大大提高辐射光子数量,从而提高了量子信息从离子到光子的转移效率。因而,离子耦合到光腔的结构是实现量子网络,分布式量子计算的核心。
图8为本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合系统的结构示意图。图9为离子光腔耦合系统的平面示意图。如图8和图9所示,该离子光腔耦合系统,可以包括:第一光腔91、第二光腔92,以及离子阱系统,该离子阱系统,包括:直流电极对93、接地电极对94和射频电极对95。
参照图8和图9所示,离子阱系统中排列有至少一个离子96,所述至少一个离子96的平衡位置所在直线为中心线100,该中心线100与第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面垂直。
其中,第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面对称分布在上述至少一个离子96的两侧,第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面分布在第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中,且第二光腔92与中心线100具有夹角。
可选的,上述直流电极对93的两个直流电极对称分布在第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面的外侧,接地电极对94和射频电极对95分布在第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中。
可选的,上述至少一个离子96排列在直流电极对93、接地电极对94和射频电极对95形成的空间中。
其中,该第一光腔91用于获取量子光信号并将量子光信号发送至上述离子阱系统中,以使量子光信号的量子信息转移到离子阱系统的单个离子中,该第二光腔92用于获取该离子阱系统中所述单个离子的量子信息。
具体的,参照图8和图9所示,离子阱系统包括的直流电极对93、接地电极对94和射频电极对95可以称为离子阱电极,该三对电极可以用于产生电磁场,进而囚禁离子。可选的,本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合系统以离子阱系统包括1个直流电极对93、1个接地电极对94和1个射频电极对95进行举例说明。可以理解的是,每个光腔是由间隔一段距离且相互平行的两个光腔镜面形成的。
可选的,参照图8和图9所示,第一光腔91、第二光腔92与离子阱系统中各电极对的位置关系也可以解释如下:
第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面与上述中心线100的距离相同,上述接地电极对94的两个接地电极与射频电极对95的两个射频电极对称分布在中心线100的两侧,直流电极对93的两个直流电极的连线与上述中心线100平行。
可选的,在一种可能实现方式中,第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面的连线与中心线100具有夹角,该夹角大于0度且小于180度。
可选的,上述接地电极对94中的接地电极和相邻的射频电极之间具有夹角,该夹角大于0度且小于180度。
参照上述图8和图9所示,第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面以上述中心线100为中心对称分布(即,第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面相同位置的连线与中心线100垂直),该第二光腔92的一个光腔镜面位于上述接地电极和相邻射频电极形成的夹角中,第二光腔92的另一个光腔镜面位于另一个接地电极和与相邻的另一个射频电极形成的夹角中。
可选的,在下述具体实施例中,以中心线100所在的方向(即,平行于中心线100的方向)为Z方向,也称为轴向,与中心线100垂直的方向为XY方向,也称为径向,或垂直于轴向。
可选的,在离子光腔耦合系统所在的空间中,假设射频电极对95设置在Y方向,接地电极对94设置在X方向,因而,可以在XY方向形成马鞍形电势能来囚禁离子。在Z方向的电极对施加的是直流电信号,因而可以称为直流电极对93,该直流电极对93用于在Z方向束缚离子。
可选的,接地电极对94的每个接地电极和射频电极对95的每个射频电极呈间隔分布,且接地电极对94的两个接地电极和射频电极对95的两个射频电极分别以中心线100为中心对称分布。
可选的,在离子阱系统中的上述至少一个离子的平衡位置所在直线中,与第一光腔的两个光腔镜面垂直的直线为中心线100。假设,该中心线100所在的方向为Z方向,该第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面分别位于直流电极对93的两个直流电极的内侧。该第一光腔91可以用于获取外部的量子光信号,进而将其发送到离子阱系统中,以使量子光信号的量子信息转移到离子阱系统的单个离子中。
可选的,第二光腔92与上述中心线100具有夹角,在一种可能实现方式中,第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面相同位置的连线可以垂直于中心线100,即第二光腔92可以垂直于Z方向进行设置,或者第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面相同位置的连线可以与中心线100成30度、45度、60度等不同的夹角。关于该夹角的具体取值可以根据实际情况确定,本申请实施例并不对其进行限定。
该第二光腔92位于接地电极对94和射频电极对95之间,即,第二光腔92的一个光腔镜面分布在接地电极对94的一个接地电极和相邻射频电极对95的一个射频电极形成的夹角中,第二光腔92的另一个光腔镜面位于接地电极对94的另一个接地电极和射频电极对95的另一个射频电极形成的夹角中。该第二光腔92可以用于获取该离子阱系统中单个离子的量子信息。
图8和图9示例性的给出了1个第一光腔91、2个第二光腔92、1个直流电极对93、1个接地电极对94、1个射频电极对95、离子阱系统中轴向排列有8个离子以及第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面的连线垂直于中心线100进行说明。值得说明的是,第二光腔92的数量可以等于或小于离子阱系统中离子的数量,而离子的数量不局限于8个,其可以有上百个,甚至更多。因而,本申请实施例中的第二光腔92、直流电极对93、接地电极对94、射频电极对95以及离子的具体数量均可以根据实际情况进行设定,本申请实施例并不对其进行限定。
可选的,在申请实施例中,该离子光腔耦合系统被设置在一个真空腔体中,当该离子光腔耦合系统被放置在该真空腔体中后,可以由真空泵组将其抽真空。真空腔体中的离子光腔耦合系统的各个电极均通过引线与外面电源连接。
离子阱系统中的直流电极对93中通入的直流电信号由电压源产生的信号经过放大器的放大产生,射频电极对95中通入的交流电信号由信号源产生的信号经过放大器的放大产生。
可选的,在本申请实施例中,离子阱系统中被囚禁的上述至少一个离子可以沿着Z轴方向排列,也即,这些至少一个离子可以排列在直流电极对93、接地电极对94和射频电极对95形成的空间中。
可选的,对于上述至少一个离子,每两个离子之间的间距大约为5nm(微米)。上述每个离子一般选用元素周期表中碱土族(即土族)的金属元素,例如,钙(Ca)、铍(Be);或者,上述每个离子可以选用核外带两个电子的过度金属元素,例如,镱(Yb)、镉(Cd)。由于中性原子是不能感受电场力的,所以,选用的金属元素需要用激光将原子外部的电子激发,并使其从原子核上脱落,形成离子。
值得说明的是,离子选用的元素可以不同,因而,对于选择的不同元素,需要选择不同波长的激光器,并利用不同波长的激光器发射的激光来激发元素外部的电子,进而实现核外电子的剥离。例如,当选用碱土族中的金属元素钙时,需要利用波长为423nm和波长为375nm的激光器同时作用钙原子,以得到钙离子。
由上述可知,离子阱系统的直流电极对93可以在Z方向束缚离子阱系统中的离子。该直流电极对93以两个相对的直流(DC)电极的形式加在第一光腔91的两端。该直流电极对93的两个直流电极之间的距离一般在几个毫米量级,电压一般在几十伏特量级。这样的电极构架可以在Z方向产生100KHz大小的谐振束缚电势场。离子阱系统在XY方向分别是射频电极对95(两个射频交流RF电极)和接地电极对94(两个接地GND电极)。每对电极之间的间距大约为2毫米,射频交流的频率可选的在20-50MHz,电压一般为上百伏特。因而,根据上述参数计算,可以在XY方向产生1MHz大小的谐振束缚电势场。这样在三个方向都产生了束缚势场,可以同时在三个方向囚禁离子。
可选的,在离子阱系统中,每个形式的电极一般都由钨丝做成,并拉直为圆柱型,直径在1毫米左右。
可选的,在本申请的实施例中,在离子阱系统中的离子数量为至少两个时,第一光腔91和第二光腔92的束腰半径需要满足如下条件:
该第一光腔91的束腰半径大于至少两个离子中相邻两个离子的间距,第二光腔92的束腰半径小于或等于至少两个离子中相邻两个离子的间距。
这样,第一光腔91可以与离子阱中所有离子耦合,第二光腔92可以定位并获取到离子阱系统中的单个离子。
具体的,第一光腔91和第二光腔92分别分布于Z方向和垂直于Z方向。在Z方向,第一光腔91的第一光腔镜面镀第一反射膜,第二光腔镜面镀第二反射膜,该第一光腔91用于读入和存储量子光信号。第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面之间的距离大约为1毫米,束腰半径可以为50微米左右。在XY平面(垂直于Z方向),第二光腔92(数量为一个或到多个)的第一光腔镜面镀第一反射膜,第二光腔镜面镀第二反射膜,该第二光腔92用于读出囚禁离子的量子信息。第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面之间的距离约为300微米左右,束腰半径可以到5微米左右。与两个离子的间距相比较,第二光腔92的束腰半径可以达到相同的水平,如果按照两离子间距为5微米计算,束腰半径为5微米的第二光腔92可以作用到单个离子上面,进而可以实现寻址单离子以及获取单个离子的目的。
可选地,在离子数大于2时,相邻的离子间隔相同。
在本申请的实施例中,第一光腔91用于获取量子光信号并将该量子光信号发送至离子阱系统中,以使量子光信号的量子信息转移到离子阱系统的单个离子中,具体为:
该第一光腔91用于将获取到的量子光信号发送至离子阱系统中,使该量子光信号被离子阱系统中的上述至少一个离子吸收后,该量子光信号的量子信息依次转移到这些至少一个离 子的集体激发态和整体谐振模激发态中,该量子信息再从整体谐振模激发态中转移到离子阱系统的单个离子的激发态中。
可选的,在本申请实施例的离子光腔耦合系统中,第一光腔91从外界获取到量子光信号,并将其发送至离子阱系统中时,离子阱系统中的上述至少一个离子吸收量子光信号后,使得这些离子从基态变为集体激发态,因而,该量子光信号的量子信息首先转移到这些离子的集体激发态中,具体的,用|0>=|0 10 2…0 N>→|1>=∑ ig i|0 10 2…1 i…0 N>表示,其中,|0>表示离子阱系统中的所有离子整体处于基态,|0 10 2…0 N>表示离子阱系统中包括的1-N个离子分别处于基态,|1>表示离子阱系统中的离子处于集体激发态,∑ ig i|0 10 2…1 i…0 N>表示当量子光信号被上述至少一个离子吸收后,量子光信号的量子信息转移到了上述至少一个离子的集体激发态中,此时,量子信息可以在上述至少一个离子中的任何一个离子中,且可以在上述至少一个离子中相互转移,且0≤i≤N,i为整数,g i表示离子阱系统中每个离子与第一光腔91的耦合强度。
其次,量子光信号的量子信息再从离子的集体激发态转移到离子的整体谐振模激发态。详见图10。图10为离子耦合到光腔的时能级结构的变化示意图。如图10所示,左侧为离子本身的能级结构,可以用双色拉曼虚过程实现离子从基态到激发态的能级跃迁,右侧为离子阱系统的谐振模能级结构,其能量间隔远远小于离子能级之间能量间隔,所以,离子阱系统也可以用受激拉曼过程来实现状态转移,即|1,n ph=0>→|0,n ph=1>,其中,n ph代表离子的谐振模式,0代表基模,1代表激发模,因而,|1,n ph=0>中的1表示离子阱系统中的离子处于集体激发态,n ph=0表示离子阱系统中的没有离子处于整体谐振模激发态,而|0,n ph=1>中的0表示离子阱系统中没有离子处于集体激发态,n ph=1表示离子阱系统中的离子处于整体谐振模激发态,所以,|1,n ph=0>→|0,n ph=1>表示光子的量子信息从至少一个离子的集体激发态转移到整体谐振模激发态。由此,离子阱中的所有离子回到基态。
最后,光子的量子信息再从至少一个离子的整体谐振模激发态转移回到单个离子的激发态中,即|0,n ph=1>→|0 1…1 j…0 N,n ph=0>,光子的量子信息转移回到第j个离子中,其中,0≤j≤N,j为整数。
因而,在本实施例中,当量子信息从外部量子光信号转移到离子阱系统的离子上之后,就可以在离子串内部进行运算,从而使该量子信息转移到单个离子的激发态中(即离子串中某个离子的状态变为激发态,也可以是某个离子变为叠加态,而其余离子处于基态,本实施例中以一个离子变为激发态进行说明)。可选的,单个离子的激发态可以表示为:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000025
可选的,在本申请的实施例中,第二光腔92用于获取离子阱系统中单个离子的量子信息,具体可以解释如下:
该第二光腔92用于通过激光定位离子阱系统中的单个离子,获取该单个离子的量子信息。
可选的,在本申请的实施例中,离子之间的间距一般为5微米,而第二光腔92的束腰半径也可以达到相同的水平,所以,可以利用激光通过第二光腔92来定位离子阱系统中的离子,而且实现单独耦合到离子阱系统中的单个离子而不影响其他离子状态的目的,所以,该第二光腔92可以获取离子阱系统中的该单个离子的量子信息,也可以说实现了单个离子寻址的功能。
可选的,在本申请实施例所示的离子阱系统中,第一光腔91与上述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度、第二光腔92与上述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度均用g 0表示,该g 0可以通过如下公式表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000026
其中,c为光速,L为该第一光腔91或第二光腔92的长度,ω 0为第一光腔91或第二光腔92的束腰半径,λ为量子光信号的波长,γ为离子的自发辐射率。由该公式可知,光腔的体积越大,即光的腔长度越长、光腔的束腰半径越大,则光腔与离子之间的耦合强度越弱。
可选的,为了判断光腔与离子的耦合是否为相干耦合,即耦合强度是否远远大于光腔和离子本身的损耗,本申请实施例中,引入了参数C,用于表示光腔与离子之间是否为强耦合。示例性的,利用
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000027
表示强耦合。即,如果C远远大于1,则表示光腔与离子的耦合强度远远大于光腔和离子本身的损耗,此时,光与离子之间的作用解释为相干操作,即量子信息在量子光信号与离子的传递过程中不会引入错误。
可选的,
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000028
中的g为光腔与离子的耦合强度,γ为离子的自发辐射率,即离子本身的损耗,k为光腔本身的损耗,其中,
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000029
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000030
表示光腔的精细度,L为光腔的长度,c为光速。
示例性的,在实际应用中,第一光腔91的典型实验数值为(g,k,γ)=2π×(1.4,0.05,11.4)MHz,将其带入
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000031
可以得到C=1.7,因而,在典型的实验数值下,第一光腔91与离子耦合强度并不能满足远远大于光腔和离子本身损耗的条件,这种情况下,第一光腔91与离子的耦合是非相干的。但是,如果将第一光腔91在离子阱系统的轴向和离子串耦合,该第一光腔91则可以耦合到多个离子,这时第一光腔91与离子的耦合强度会随着离子数目的增加而增大。
可选的,在本申请的实施例中,第一光腔91与离子阱系统中的所有离子的总耦合强度g N用如下公式表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000032
其中,N为离子阱系统中离子的总数量。
可选的,利用实验中的典型参数,取N=53,g 0=2π×1.4MHz,此时,g N=2π×10.2MHz,相应的,(g,k,γ)=2π×(10.2,0.05,11.4)MHz,所以,C N=91。此时,得到的第一光腔91与离子的耦合强度远远大于光腔和离子本身损耗的条件,实现了第一光腔91与离子在离子阱系统的轴向的相干耦合。
可选的,对于较小的光腔,即长度和束腰半径均较小的第二光腔92,可选的,第二光腔92的长度L=100um,束腰半径ω 0=4um。当离子阱系统中的单个离子与第二光腔92耦合时,该第二光腔92与单个离子的耦合强度可以用
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000033
表示。
示例性的,当第二光腔92的长度L=100um,束腰半径ω 0=4um时,在实际应用中,可以估算出(g,k,γ)=2π×(6.3,0.1,11.4)MHz,相应的,可以得到C=17.5。
由此可知,当利用第二光腔92时,不需要离子与第二光腔92的整体增强就可以达到强耦合,即第二光腔92与离子的耦合强度也远远大于第二光腔92和离子自身的损耗。通过第二光腔92和离子的耦合,并且从第二光腔92外部入射双色拉曼光束可以再将单个离子激发态中的量子信息转移为量子光信号的量子信息,从而从离子阱中读出。
本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合系统,利用第一光腔获取量子光信号,将该量子光信号发送至离子阱系统中,量子光信号的量子信息被离子阱系统中的至少一个离子吸收,转移到上述至少一个离子的集体激发态和整体谐振模激发态,即转移到离子内部的电子状态,最后再经过量子计算处理,量子信号最后转移到离子阱中单个离子的激发态中,最后再利用第 二光腔定位到单个离子,并通过量子光信号的量子信息发射出去。该技术方案,量子光信号从第一光腔中进入离子阱系统,并且从第二光腔中射出,提高了离子与光子的量子态转移效率。
该实施例中,第一光腔91、第二光腔92与离子的耦合都是强耦合,实现了完全相干的量子态转移。
可选的,在本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合系统中,第一光腔91的一个光腔镜面和第二光腔92的一个光腔镜面均镀第一反射膜,第一光腔91的另一个光腔镜面和第二光腔92的另一个光腔镜面均镀第二反射膜,该第一反射膜的反射率介于第一预设范围内,该第二反射膜的反射率介于第二预设范围内,且第一预设范围的最大值小于第二预设范围的最小值。
可选的,在本实施例中,量子光信号从第一光腔91的第一光腔镜面入射到离子阱系统中,该第一光腔镜面上镀有第一反射膜,可选的,该第一反射膜的反射率不能太高(例如,99%附近比较合适),这样,可以使量子光信号比较容易从第一光腔91入射到离子阱系统中,量子光信号和离子阱系统中的离子相互作用(被离子吸收),未能被离子吸收的光传输到第一光腔91的第二光腔镜面处,该第二光腔镜面上镀有第二反射膜,可选的,该第二反射膜的反射率越高越好(可选的,一般在99.99%以上),这样,传输到第一光腔91的第二光腔镜面的量子光信号被反射回离子阱系统中继续与离子相互作用,所以,量子光信号可以在第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面之间来回反射,反复与离子相互作用,从而增加了量子光信号与离子阱系统中离子的相互作用概率,即,量子光信号能够充分被离子阱系统中的离子所吸收。离子吸收量子光信号后,量子光信号的量子信息首先转移到离子阱系统中所有离子的集体激发态,再转移到整体谐振模激发态(整体谐振运动模式的激发态),最后再通过寻址单个离子将量子信息从离子整体谐振模激发态转待单个离子的激发态中(内部量子态),这样量子光信号的量子信息通过第一光腔91转移到了离子阱系统的单个离子的激发态中。
可选的,由于第二光腔92的第一光腔镜面镀第一反射膜,第二光腔92的第二光腔镜面镀第二反射膜,所以,离子阱系统中的单个离子均可以通过镀第一反射膜的第一光腔镜面被激光寻址,即利用第二光腔92可以通过激光作用寻址单个离子,进而将单个离子的量子信息通过第二光腔92转移到光子的量子态中,最后通过第二光腔92的第一光腔镜面将光子的量子状态从离子阱系统中读出。通过第一光腔91和第二光腔92的作用,实现了量子光信号(的量子信息)的读入读出,实现了离子中的信息的传递。
示例性的,结合上述内容,下述为本申请实施例的技术方案进行详细说明。
图11为量子光信号在离子光腔耦合系统中的传输示意图。下述首先详细介绍离子光腔耦合系统中各部分的作用。本实施例以常用的XYZ空间分布进行说明。如图11所示,该光腔耦合系统以包括1个第一光腔91、4个第二光腔92、1对直流电极对93、1对射频电极对95和1对接地电极对94进行说明。
可选的,如图11所示,第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面中心的连线与Z轴平行,第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面的制作材料可以是二氧化硅,第一光腔91的每个光腔镜面被抛光,并镀上反射膜,使其能够反射紫外光。可选的,第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面之间的距离约为2毫米,形成的第一光腔91的束腰半径大约为100微米。
可选的,第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面中心的连线与Z轴垂直。每个第二光腔92可以由 光纤制成,可以称为光纤光腔,多个第二光腔92组成光纤光腔阵列,光纤光腔阵列中每个第二光腔92在同一时刻可以对应一个离子96,而在不同时刻,该第二光腔92还可以用于对应另一个离子(图中只画了四个第二光腔92,实际上,第二光腔92的数量可以为大于或等于1且小于或等于离子总数量的整数)。实际应用中,第二光腔92(光纤光腔)可以由标准的裸光纤制作而成,也可以由模式与光模式一致的光纤做成。
例如,当采用标准的紫外光纤制作第二光腔92时,可选的,首先利用二氧化碳激光器聚焦到光纤断面表面,加工出需要的光纤断面半径。比如,制成球面半径为150微米的第二光腔92,束腰半径的典型值可以做到5微米,每两个第二光腔92之间的间距为300微米(即第二光腔92的两个光腔镜面的距离)。
可选的,离子阱系统的电势主要由6个不同电压和方向的电极实现。在第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面中心连线的方向(Z方向)放置有一个直流电极对93,直流电极对93中的两个直流电极之间的距离在几个毫米(可选为3毫米),每个直流电极加上相同的直流电压,根据需要的电势不同,可以选取10V-50V。本实施例中,由于需要在Z方向弱囚禁离子,所以选取较小的电压。可选的,可以在每个直流电极上施加20V的电压,这样可以在Z方向产生100KHz大小的囚禁势能。
相应的,在垂直于第一光腔91的两个光腔镜面中心连线的方向(在XY方向)分别放置一个射频电极对95和一个接地电极对94,射频电极的施加电压一般为200V-500V的高压,频率为30-40MHz。可选的,在本申请实施例中,可以选用35MHz的交流信号和300V的交流电压实现。射频电极对95中的两个射频电极和接地电极对94中的两个接地电极之间的距离可以为1毫米,这样,可以在XY方向上产生1MHz大小的囚禁势能。
可选的,射频电极对95和接地电极对94可以由钨丝拉直成圆柱形,直流电极对93的尖端可以由圆柱电极通过电化学腐蚀的方法制作而成,具体的,可以通过控制电化学腐蚀的速度来控制直流电极对93中每个直流电极的尖端角度。
可选的,图11中的离子光腔耦合系统需要放置在超导真空腔体里面,用真空泵将其抽为真空,真空度达到10^(-11)毫巴(mbar)。该系统中的所有电信号由外部电源通过真空引线接入真空电极实现,射频电信号通过对应频率的微波源产生,由于微波源不能产生300V这么高的电压,所以,利用一个外部的射频放大器来实现电压放大的功能,例如,采用螺旋共振器(helical resonator)来实现这个功能。直流电信号可以通过一个电压源产生,进而经过一个功率放大器得到大小为20V的直流信号。
可选的,在本实施例中,利用电流源给放置了对应原子的金属管通电流来加热该原子,使得原子蒸发喷射出金属管,再通过离子化的激光作用于喷射的原子束,以打掉原子外部的电子,得到离子,得到的离子能够感受到外部的电场,从而,在离子阱系统中规则排布形成一维链状结构。
可选的,当离子光腔耦合系统中的所有电学信号和真空状态已经达到要求后,该系统就可以开始获取外部的量子光信号,使得量子光信号从第一光腔91的第一光腔镜面入射,透过该第一光腔镜面后和离子阱系统中的离子串相互作用。
在本实施例中,量子光信号的波长和离子的能级间隔完全相同,并且和第一光腔91的某个光场模式也完全相同,所以,会有共振增强的效应,使得量子光信号的吸收增强。当离子吸收了量子光信号后,会把量子光信号的量子信息相干地转移到离子的集体激发态上,即|0>=|0 10 2…0 N>→|1>=∑ ig i|0 10 2…1 i…0 N>,再通过双色拉曼激光把量子信息从离子集体 激发态转移到离子的整体谐振模激发态中,即|1,n ph=0>→|0,n ph=1>,最后,仍然使用双色拉曼激光的方法,将量子信息从离子的整体谐振模激发态转移到单个离子的激发态中,即|0,n ph=1>→|0 1…1 j…0 N,n ph=0>,从而完成了离子串的量子信息相干吸收过程。
可选的,在完成了离子的量子信息吸收过程后,该离子阱系统中的离子可以根据吸收的量子信息继续做量子信息处理,在完成了某个量子信息的处理任务后,进而将得到的量子信息保存到某个离子的激发态中。在需要读出时候,可以直接将离子的激发态通过对应的第二光腔92转移到光子的量子态中,即
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000034
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000035
从而从离子阱系统中读出。
综上,该离子光腔耦合系统实现了量子光信号的接收、量子光信号的量子信息处理以及和量子光信号的读出。
本申请实施例中采用第一光腔和第二光腔来耦合离子,实现了单个离子的寻址。此外,由于第二光腔有极小的束腰半径,因而,可以只作用在单个离子上而不影响其他离子的状态,第一光腔实现了离子和光腔的耦合强度增强,并且在这种结构下,同时实现了光腔与离子的强耦合和单个离子寻址。
此外,该光腔耦合系统的最大优势是没有可移动的光学元件。但是,由于前面提到离子会在离子阱系统中做谐振运动,特别是微运动会改变离子的平衡位置,使得离子不再位于第二光腔的中心位置:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000036
这种情况下,可以通过调节外部补偿电极的电压最小化离子的微运动,即使得qi尽可能接近0,这样可以使得需要传输量子信息的通信离子位于第二光腔的中心,从而提高了耦合效率。
本申请实施例的离子光腔耦合系统分别利用不同的光腔耦合离子,并获取和读出量子光信号,避免了用同一个光腔读入读出带来的一半损耗,其次,该系统同时实现了离子与光腔的耦合强度增强和单个离子寻址,而且降低了该系统中量子光信号的读入读出操作复杂度。
进一步的,图12为本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合方法实施例的流程示意图。该离子光腔耦合方法适用于离子光腔耦合系统,该离子光腔耦合系统包括:第一光腔、第二光腔,以及离子阱系统,该离子阱系统,包括:直流电极对、接地电极对和射频电极对。其中,该离子阱系统中排列有至少一个离子,至少一个离子的平衡位置所在直线为中心线,该中心线与第一光腔的两个光腔镜面垂直;第一光腔的两个光腔镜面对称分布在至少一个离子的两侧,第二光腔的两个光腔镜面分布在第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中,且第二光腔与该中心线具有夹角。直流电极对的两个直流电极对称分布在第一光腔的两个光腔镜面的外侧,接地电极对和射频电极对分布在第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中。
可选的,参照图12所示,该离子光腔耦合方法可以包括如下步骤:
步骤121:利用第一光腔获取量子光信号,并将获取到的量子光信号发送至离子阱系统中,该量子光信号携带量子信息。
可选的,在本申请的实施例中,第一光腔通过一个光腔镜面获取外界的量子光信号,该光腔镜面上镀有第一反射膜,该第一反射膜可以允许量子光信号通过,因而,第一光腔可以将获取到的量子光信号发送至离子阱系统中。由于本申请实施例中需要利用量子光信号的量子信息实现离子中信息的转移,所以,该量子光信号携带有量子信息。
步骤122:利用第一光腔和离子阱系统,将上述量子光信号的量子信息转移到离子阱系统的单个离子中。
其中,该离子阱系统的直流电极对、接地电极对和射频电极对形成的空间中且在中心线上排列有至少一个离子。
可选的,在本申请实施例中,量子光信号通过第一光腔的一个光腔镜面入射到离子阱系统中,离子阱系统的直流电极对、接地电极对和射频电极对形成的空间中且在中心线上排列有至少一个离子,所以,入射到离子阱系统中的量子光信号可以和离子阱系统中的离子相互作用(被离子吸收),未能被离子吸收的光传输到第一光腔的另一个光腔镜面处,该光腔镜面上镀有第二反射膜,该第二反射膜可以阻止量子光信号从该光腔镜面射出离子阱系统。
这样,鉴于离子阱系统中直流电极对、射频电极对以及接地电极对产生的囚禁作用,量子光信号可以在第一光腔的两个光腔镜面之间来回反射,反复与离子相互作用,从而增加了量子光信号与离子阱系统中离子的相互作用概率。
具体的,该步骤122(利用第一光腔和离子阱系统,将上述量子光信号的量子信息转移到离子阱系统的单个离子中)具体可以解释为如下:
利用第一光腔和离子阱系统的囚禁作用,使量子光信号被离子阱系统中的至少一个离子吸收;其中,该量子光信号的量子信息依次转移到至少一个离子的集体激发态和整体谐振模激发态中,再从该整体谐振模激发态中转移到离子阱系统的单个离子的激发态中。
可选的,离子阱系统中的上述至少一个离子吸收量子光信号后,使得这些离子的从基态变为集体激发态,因而,该量子光信号的量子信息首先转移到至少一个离子的集体激发态中,离子阱系统中离子之间相互作用,量子光信号的量子信息再从离子的集体激发态转移到离子的整体谐振模激发态,最后再从离子的整体谐振模激发态转移回到单个离子的激发态中。
步骤123:利用第二光腔获取离子阱系统中单个离子的量子信息。
可选的,在本申请的实施例中,第二光腔的束腰半径与两个离子之间的间距可以达到相同的水平,所以,可以利用该第二光腔获取离子阱系统中单个离子的量子信息。
具体的,该步骤123(利用第二光腔获取离子阱系统中单个离子的量子信息)具体可以解释为如下步骤:
步骤A1:利用激光通过第二光腔,定位上述离子阱系统中的单个离子。
步骤A2:利用第二光腔,获取上述单个离子的量子信息。
可选的,由于第二光腔的束腰半径可以做到与两离子间距的水平,所以,可以利用激光通过第二光腔定位到离子阱系统中的单个离子,进而实现单独耦合到离子阱系统中的单个离子而不影响其他离子状态的目的,所以,该第二光腔可以获取离子阱系统中的该单个离子的量子信息,也可以说实现了单个离子寻址的功能。
可选的,关于本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合方法中未披露的信息可以参见上述图8至图11所示的离子光腔耦合系统中的介绍,此处不再赘述。
本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合方法,首先利用第一光腔获取量子光信号,并将获取到的量子光信号发送至离子阱系统中,该量子光信号携带量子信息,其次利用第一光腔和离子阱系统,将上述量子光信号的量子信息转移到离子阱系统的单个离子中,最后再利用第二光腔获取离子阱系统中单个离子的量子信息。该技术方案中,量子光信号从第一光腔进入离子阱系统,并且从第二光腔取出,避免了用同一个光腔读入读出带来的一半损耗,提高了离子与光子的量子态转移效率。
可选的,在本申请实施例的一种可能实现方式中,在上述离子阱系统中,第一光腔与上 述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度、第二光腔与上述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度均用g 0表示,所述g 0通过如下公式表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000037
其中,c为光速,L为第一光腔或第二光腔的长度,ω 0为第一光腔或第二光腔的束腰半径,λ为量子光信号的波长,γ为单离子的自发辐射率。
可选的,第一光腔与离子阱系统中的所有离子的总耦合强度g N用如下公式表示:
Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-000038
其中,该N为离子阱系统中离子的总数量。
可选的,在本申请实施例的另一种可能实现方式中,第一光腔的第一光腔镜面和第二光腔的第一光腔镜面均镀第一反射膜,该第一光腔的第二光腔镜面和第二光腔的第二光腔镜面均镀第二反射膜。
其中,该第一反射膜的反射率介于第一预设范围内,第二反射膜的反射率介于第二预设范围内,第一预设范围的最大值小于第二预设范围的最小值。
可选的,在本申请实施例的再一种可能实现方式中,上述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面与中心线的距离相同,接地电极对的两个接地电极与射频电极对的两个射频电极对称分布在中心线的两侧,直流电极对的两个直流电极的连线与中心线平行。
可选的,在本申请实施例的又一种可能实现方式中,该接地电极对中的接地电极和相邻的射频电极之间具有夹角,该夹角大于0度且小于180度。
该第二光腔的两个光腔镜面以上述中心线为中心对称分布,第二光腔的一个光腔镜面位于上述接地电极和相邻射频电极形成的夹角中,第二光腔的另一个光腔镜面位于另一个接地电极与相邻的另一个射频电极形成的夹角中。
可选的,在本申请实施例的又一种可能实现方式中,在上述离子阱系统中的离子数量为至少两个时,第一光腔的束腰半径大于至少两个离子中相邻两个离子的间距,第二光腔的束腰半径小于至少两个离子中相邻两个离子的间距。可选地,在离子数大于2时,相邻的离子间隔相同。
本申请实施例提供的离子光腔耦合方法,可利用上述8至图11所示离子光腔耦合系统实现,其实现原理和技术效果类似,在此不再赘述。
本文中的术语“多个”是指两个或两个以上。本文中术语“和/或”,仅仅是一种描述关联对象的关联关系,表示可以存在三种关系,例如,A和/或B,可以表示:单独存在A,同时存在A和B,单独存在B这三种情况。另外,本文中字符“/”,一般表示前后关联对象是一种“或”的关系;在公式中,字符“/”,表示前后关联对象是一种“相除”的关系。
可以理解的是,在本申请的实施例中涉及的各种数字编号仅为描述方便进行的区分,并不用来限制本申请的实施例的范围。
可以理解的是,在本申请的实施例中,上述各过程的序号的大小并不意味着执行顺序的先后,各过程的执行顺序应以其功能和内在逻辑确定,而不应对本申请的实施例的实施过程构成任何限定。

Claims (20)

  1. 一种离子光腔耦合系统,其特征在于,包括:第一光腔、第二光腔、直流电极对、接地电极对和射频电极对;
    所述第一光腔包括两个光腔镜面,在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中排列有至少一个离子;
    所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间与所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间存在交集;
    所述直流电极对的两个直流电极分别分布在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面的外侧,所述接地电极对和所述射频电极对分布在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中;
    所述第一光腔用于获取量子光信号,并将所述量子光信号的量子信息转移到所述至少一个离子中的单个离子中;
    所述第二光腔用于获取所述单个离子中的量子信息。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,所述第一光腔用于获取量子光信号,并将所述量子光信号的量子信息转移到所述至少一个离子中的单个离子中,包括:
    所述第一光腔用于将获取到的所述量子光信号发送至所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中,使所述量子光信号被所述至少一个离子吸收,所述量子光信号的量子信息依次转移到所述至少一个离子的集体激发态和整体谐振模激发态中,再从所述整体谐振模激发态中转移到所述单个离子的激发态中。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,所述第二光腔用于获取所述单个离子中的量子信息,包括:
    所述第二光腔用于通过激光定位所述单个离子,获取所述单个离子中的量子信息。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的系统,其特征在于,所述第一光腔与所述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度、所述第二光腔与所述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度均用g 0表示,所述g 0通过如下公式表示:
    Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-100001
    其中,c为光速,L为所述第一光腔或所述第二光腔的长度,ω 0为所述第一光腔或所述第二光腔的束腰半径,λ为量子光信号的波长,γ为离子的自发辐射率。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的系统,其特征在于,所述系统中的所有离子的总耦合强度g N用如下公式表示:
    Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-100002
    其中,所述N为所述系统中离子的总数量。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的系统,其特征在于,所述第一光腔的第一光腔镜面和所述第二光腔的第一光腔镜面均镀第一反射膜,所述第一光腔的第二光腔镜面和所述第二光腔的第二光腔镜面均镀第二反射膜,所述第一反射膜的反射率介于第一预设范围内,所述第二反射膜的反射率介于第二预设范围内,所述第一预设范围的最大值小于所述第二预设范围的最小值。
  7. 根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的系统,其特征在于,所述至少一个离子的数量为一个时,所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面与所述离子的平衡位置之间的距离相同,所述接地电极对的两个接地电极与所述射频电极对的两个射频电极分布在所述离子的两侧。
  8. 根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的系统,其特征在于,所述至少一个离子的数量大于1时,所述至少一个离子的平衡位置所在直线为中心线,所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面与所述中心线之间的距离相同,所述接地电极对的两个接地电极与所述射频电极对的两个射频电极分布在所述中心线的两侧,所述直流电极对的两个直流电极的连线与所述中心线平行。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的系统,其特征在于,所述接地电极对中的接地电极和相邻的射频电极之间具有夹角,所述夹角大于0度且小于180度;
    所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面以所述中心线为中心对称分布,所述第二光腔的一个光腔镜面位于所述接地电极和相邻射频电极形成的夹角中,所述第二光腔的另一个光腔镜面位于另一个接地电极与相邻的另一个射频电极形成的夹角中。
  10. 根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的系统,其特征在于,所述至少一个离子的数量大于1时,所述第一光腔的束腰半径大于相邻两个离子的间距,所述第二光腔的束腰半径小于或等于相邻两个离子的间距。
  11. 一种离子光腔耦合方法,其特征在于,适用于离子光腔耦合系统,所述离子光腔耦合系统包括:第一光腔、第二光腔、直流电极对、接地电极对和射频电极对,所述第一光腔包括两个光腔镜面,在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间排列有至少一个离子;所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间与所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间存在交集;所述直流电极对的两个直流电极分别分布在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面的外侧,所述接地电极对和所述射频电极对分布在所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中;
    所述方法包括:
    利用所述第一光腔获取量子光信号,并将所述量子光信号发送至所述第一光腔的两个光腔镜面形成的空间中,所述量子光信号携带量子信息;
    利用所述第一光腔,将所述量子光信号的量子信息转移到所述至少一个离子中的单个离子中;
    利用所述第二光腔获取所述单个离子中的量子信息。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,所述利用所述第一光腔,将所述量子光信号的量子信息转移到所述至少一个离子中的单个离子中,包括:
    利用所述第一光腔和三个电极对形成的囚禁作用,使所述量子光信号被所述至少一个离子吸收;其中,所述量子光信号的量子信息依次转移到所述至少一个离子的集体激发态和整体谐振模激发态中,再从所述整体谐振模激发态中转移到所述单个离子的激发态中。
  13. 根据权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,所述利用所述第二光腔获取所述单个离子中的量子信息,包括:
    利用激光通过所述第二光腔,定位所述单个离子;
    利用所述第二光腔,获取所述单个离子的量子信息。
  14. 根据权利要求11-13任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第一光腔与所述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度、所述第二光腔与所述至少一个离子中任一个离子的耦合强度均用g 0表示,所述g 0通过如下公式表示:
    Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-100003
    其中,c为光速,L为所述第一光腔或所述第二光腔的长度,ω 0为所述第一光腔或所述第二光腔的束腰半径,λ为量子光信号的波长,γ为单离子的自发辐射率。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,所述系统中的所有离子的总耦合强度g N用如下公式表示:
    Figure PCTCN2019100253-appb-100004
    其中,所述N为所述系统中离子的总数量。
  16. 根据权利要求11-15任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第一光腔的第一光腔镜面和所述第二光腔的第一光腔镜面均镀第一反射膜,所述第一光腔的第二光腔镜面和所述第二光腔的第二光腔镜面均镀第二反射膜,所述第一反射膜的反射率介于第一预设范围内,所述第二反射膜的反射率介于第二预设范围内,所述第一预设范围的最大值小于所述第二预设范围的最小值。
  17. 根据权利要求11-16任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一个离子的数量为一个时,所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面与所述离子的平衡位置之间的距离相同,所述接地电极对的两个接地电极与所述射频电极对的两个射频电极分布在所述离子的两侧。
  18. 根据权利要求11-16任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一个离子的数量大于1时,所述至少一个离子的平衡位置所在直线为中心线,所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面与所述中心线之间的距离相同,所述接地电极对的两个接地电极与所述射频电极对的两个射频电极分布在所述中心线的两侧,所述直流电极对的两个直流电极的连线与所述中心线平行。
  19. 根据权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于,所述接地电极对中的接地电极和相邻的射频电极之间具有夹角,所述夹角大于0度且小于180度;
    所述第二光腔的两个光腔镜面以所述中心线为中心对称分布,所述第二光腔的一个光腔镜面位于所述接地电极和相邻射频电极形成的夹角中,所述第二光腔的另一个光腔镜面位于另一个接地电极与相邻的另一个射频电极形成的夹角中。
  20. 根据权利要求11-16任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一个离子的数量大于1时,所述第一光腔的束腰半径大于相邻两个离子的间距,所述第二光腔的束腰半径小于或等于相邻两个离子的间距。
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