WO2020111231A1 - 付加製造体の製造方法、および、付加製造体の製造装置 - Google Patents
付加製造体の製造方法、および、付加製造体の製造装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020111231A1 WO2020111231A1 PCT/JP2019/046786 JP2019046786W WO2020111231A1 WO 2020111231 A1 WO2020111231 A1 WO 2020111231A1 JP 2019046786 W JP2019046786 W JP 2019046786W WO 2020111231 A1 WO2020111231 A1 WO 2020111231A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/50—Treatment of workpieces or articles during build-up, e.g. treatments applied to fused layers during build-up
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/64—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by thermal means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/66—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by mechanical means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/10—Auxiliary heating means
- B22F12/17—Auxiliary heating means to heat the build chamber or platform
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/0006—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring taking account of the properties of the material involved
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/0093—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring combined with mechanical machining or metal-working covered by other subclasses than B23K
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
- B23K26/144—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor the fluid stream containing particles, e.g. powder
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
- B23K26/1462—Nozzles; Features related to nozzles
- B23K26/1464—Supply to, or discharge from, nozzles of media, e.g. gas, powder, wire
- B23K26/1476—Features inside the nozzle for feeding the fluid stream through the nozzle
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/60—Preliminary treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K37/00—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted for a procedure covered by only one of the other main groups of this subclass
- B23K37/04—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted for a procedure covered by only one of the other main groups of this subclass for holding or positioning work
- B23K37/0408—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted for a procedure covered by only one of the other main groups of this subclass for holding or positioning work for planar work
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K37/00—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted for a procedure covered by only one of the other main groups of this subclass
- B23K37/04—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted for a procedure covered by only one of the other main groups of this subclass for holding or positioning work
- B23K37/0426—Fixtures for other work
- B23K37/0435—Clamps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
- B23P15/24—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass dies
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
- H05B6/02—Induction heating
- H05B6/10—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications
- H05B6/101—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications for local heating of metal pieces
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
- H05B6/02—Induction heating
- H05B6/36—Coil arrangements
- H05B6/40—Establishing desired heat distribution, e.g. to heat particular parts of workpieces
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
- B22F12/41—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/50—Means for feeding of material, e.g. heads
- B22F12/53—Nozzles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
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- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
- B33Y40/20—Post-treatment, e.g. curing, coating or polishing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
- C22C29/02—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
- C22C29/06—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds
- C22C29/08—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds based on tungsten carbide
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a manufacturing method and a manufacturing apparatus of an additional manufacturing body suitable for difficult-to-cut materials such as cemented carbide and cermet.
- the additive manufacturing method is, for example, as disclosed in Patent Document 1, to apply pulsed laser energy to the raw material powder supplied to the substrate to melt and solidify the raw material powder to obtain a three-dimensional shaped additional manufactured body. obtain.
- a three-dimensional product can be obtained with a net shape or a near net shape.
- the term “Additive Manufacturing” is an industry standard term as defined by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) F2792.
- the additional manufacturing product obtained by the additional manufacturing method can form a near net shape that obtains a shape close to the design dimension, but the dimensional accuracy and surface roughness obtained by cutting or plastic working cannot be reached with the additional manufacturing product as it is. .. Therefore, the additive manufacturing method requires machining as a subsequent step depending on the application, and in order to benefit from the near net shape of the additive manufacturing method, it is necessary to cause defects such as cracks and cracks in the additive manufacturing body. No machining needs to be performed. Further, in the additive manufacturing, materials having excellent properties such as high strength and high corrosion resistance are often applied, but the workability of the additive manufactured product made of these materials is poor, and the desired shape can be efficiently obtained. Was difficult.
- Machining includes, for example, cutting, but if the additive manufacturing body is made of difficult-to-cut materials, the life of the cutting tool will be short and the efficiency will be low. Abnormal wear of the tool may occur during cutting, cutting resistance and cutting temperature may rise, and defects (surface scratches, cracks, and cracks) may occur in the additional manufacturing body.
- the method for producing an addition product of the present invention (hereinafter, may be simply referred to as an addition production method) includes an addition production step of shaping the addition production product under a heating condition and an addition production product while maintaining the heating condition. And a machining step for processing.
- the heating state is maintained in the additional manufacturing step and the machining step repeated a plurality of times.
- a preheating step of heating the base material on which the additional production body is modeled to a heated state preferably, prior to the additional production step, there is a preheating step of heating the base material on which the additional production body is modeled to a heated state.
- the additional production body is preferably composed of a difficult-to-cut material having a machinability index of 50 or less.
- the hard-to-cut material preferably, a cemented carbide or cermet, a high hardness material, a superalloy, or the like is applied.
- the heating method is not limited as long as the heating state can be stably maintained.
- a semiconductor laser for example, VCSEL: Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting LASER
- VCSEL Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting LASER
- the complicated shape of the additional manufacturing body can be maintained at a more stable temperature.
- the entire heating by the additional manufacturing body by the high frequency induction heating and the heating of the surface portion of the molded body by the semiconductor laser it contributes to stable modeling in a shorter time.
- the raw material powder supplied continuously or intermittently is melted and solidified to model the additional manufactured body.
- the heating state has a temperature of 1/6 Mp or more and 5/6 Mp or less, where Mp (° C.) is the melting point of the material forming the additional production body. ..
- Mp ° C.
- atomic diffusion occurs inside the material, that is, to alleviate residual stress when the melted part is solidified during additive manufacturing. Can be suppressed.
- the material itself tends to be softened, so that the machining load is reduced when machining is performed, so that it is possible to perform machining without damaging the cutting tool.
- the machining step preferably includes machining with a tool made of ceramics.
- the manufacturing apparatus for an additional manufactured body of the present invention (hereinafter, may be simply referred to as an additional manufactured apparatus) includes a modeling unit for molding the additional manufactured body, a processing unit for machining the additional manufactured body, and at least addition by the molding unit. And a heating unit that heats the additional manufactured body in the process of shaping the manufactured product and the process of machining by the working unit.
- a heating unit that heats the additional manufactured body in the process of shaping the manufactured product and the process of machining by the working unit.
- the heating source in the present invention one or both of high frequency induction heating and a semiconductor laser are preferably used.
- the additional manufacturing body is machined while maintaining the heating state in the additional manufacturing process. Therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain an additional production body processed into a final shape while suppressing the occurrence of defects in a difficult-to-cut material such as cemented carbide or cermet.
- (a) shows an example of the relationship between elapsed time and temperature in the main steps of the additional manufacturing method according to the present embodiment
- (b) shows the relationship between elapsed time and temperature in the main steps of the additional manufacturing method according to the present embodiment.
- Another example of the relationship between the elapsed time and the temperature in the main steps of the additive manufacturing method according to the present embodiment is shown.
- It is a top view which shows schematic structure of the additional manufacturing apparatus which concerns on this embodiment. The main part of the additional manufacturing apparatus which concerns on this embodiment is shown, (a) shows before attaching a base material, (b) shows the process of preheating a base material after attaching a base material.
- the principal part of the additional manufacturing apparatus which concerns on embodiment is shown, (a) shows an additional manufacturing process, (b) shows a machining process. It is a photograph which compares and shows the damage form of the milling cutter in 1st Example. It is a photograph which compares and shows the damage form of the end mill in 1st Example.
- the evaluation result of 2nd Example is shown, (a) is a graph which shows the relationship between measurement temperature and hardness, (b) is a graph which shows the relationship between heating holding time and hardness. It is a graph which shows the result of the abrasion test in a 1st experimental example.
- the additional manufacturing method according to the present embodiment includes a base material preheating step (S101), an additional manufacturing step (S103), a machining step (S105), and a cooling step (S107) as shown in FIG.
- the additive manufacturing method according to the present embodiment can suppress the occurrence of defects such as surface scratches, cracks and cracks that occur in difficult-to-cut materials such as cemented carbide and cermet.
- each step will be described in order.
- the base material in the present embodiment is a target on which the additional production body is formed in the next additional production process.
- the supplied raw material powder is melted by being applied with thermal energy and is cooled and solidified on the surface of the base material.
- the precursors of the additional product are laminated, and finally the additional product having a desired shape is obtained.
- the base material is the target for the raw material powder to be melted and solidified, and if the temperature gradient between the base material and the initial precursor to be shaped is large, the deformation of the precursor is ignored due to the thermal stress and residual stress generated. It may not be possible. Further, for example, when the additive-produced body is made of cemented carbide, the cemented carbide has high strength but low toughness, so that peeling may occur at the interface between the base material and the precursor during modeling. Therefore, it is preferable to perform preheating for heating the base material prior to the additional manufacturing process. By preheating, deformation due to thermal stress and relaxation of residual stress can be achieved.
- the means for preheating the substrate is not limited as long as the purpose can be achieved.
- high frequency induction heating semiconductor laser, gas burner, infrared electric heater, heating furnace, electron beam or laser irradiation, heating by halogen lamp irradiation, heating method using a heating wire such as a hot plate as a heat source, Can be heated.
- These means may be used alone or may be used in combination.
- This heating means can also be applied to maintain the heating state in the following additional manufacturing step S103 and machining step S105.
- the present embodiment maintains the heating state, specifically, the heating temperature, in the preheating step S101 also in the additional manufacturing step S103 and the machining step S105.
- the heating temperature can be maintained stably by covering the portion other than the portion that maintains the heating temperature with a heat insulating material.
- Another heating method which is a method of heating an object from the outside, can supply sufficient energy for heating a member having a small heat capacity.
- the heating temperature in the preheating step S101 is not limited as long as the purpose can be achieved. However, in order to form a difficult-to-cut material stably, it is important to control the temperature of the additional manufacturing body during the additional manufacturing. In order to moderate the thermal stress gradient during quenching during additive manufacturing and to mitigate strain accumulation, the melting point of the material that constitutes the additive manufacturing product is Mp (°C), and the temperature is maintained at 1/6 Mp or higher. Preferably. In this temperature range, migration of dislocations is likely to occur, so that strain is less likely to be accumulated and defects are less likely to occur.
- the heating temperature in the preheating step does not need to be higher than necessary, and the heating temperature can be 5/6 Mp or less.
- the preferred heating temperature is 1/3 Mp to 3/4 Mp. Further, the preferable heating temperature is 2/5 Mp to 3/4 Mp.
- the heating temperature in the preheating step is preferably 500°C or higher, more preferably 600°C or higher, and further preferably 650 to 900°C. Is. The maintenance of the heating temperature and the allowable range will be described later.
- the material constituting the base material is not limited as long as it can achieve the purpose, and a metal material or a ceramic material can be used. However, when heating by high frequency induction heating, a material that can be heated by high frequency induction heating is used. Therefore, it is preferable that the base material is basically made of a metal material, and among them, a material that is resistant to expansion and shrinkage due to heating in the heating temperature range is preferable. Specifically, Ni-based alloys, particularly Ni-based superalloys, Co-based alloys, particularly Co-based superalloys, Cr-based alloys, Mo-based alloys, and Fe-based superalloys are preferable.
- a three-dimensional additive manufacturing body is formed on the base material.
- the method of additional manufacturing is not particularly limited, but, for example, a directed energy deposition method such as laser melt deposition, a powder bed fusion bonding method, a plasma powder overlay, or the like can be used.
- Additive manufacturing by the directed energy deposition method is a procedure in which the raw material powder is melted by using a heat source of laser, electron beam, plasma, or arc, and the molten raw material powder is adhered to the surface of the base material to solidify. , Repeat while moving the position.
- a desired three-dimensional additional production body is formed by repeating the procedure of melting and solidifying the raw material powder on the surface of the precursor formed on the base material while moving the position.
- the procedure of melting and solidifying the raw material powder is repeated while moving the position. Defects may occur due to thermal stress due to a temperature gradient generated between the molten portion (molten pool) and the solidified surroundings.
- the additional production body is made of cemented carbide
- the cemented carbide has high strength, but has low toughness, so defects due to thermal stress are likely to occur. Therefore, in the preferred embodiment, the heating state by the preheating step S101 is maintained even in the additional manufacturing step.
- the preheating step S101 is not performed, the additional manufacturing body is heated with the start of the additional manufacturing, and the heating state is maintained until the additional manufacturing step is completed.
- the machining process is entered.
- the additive manufacturing product can form a near net shape for the final manufactured product, but with the additional manufacturing product as it is, the dimensional accuracy and surface roughness obtained by cutting and plastic working are reached. Can not. Therefore, machining is performed to obtain the desired shape and size.
- the machining process in the present embodiment broadly includes machining, but most typically includes cutting (milling, drilling, turning, etc.).
- the additional production body is made of a difficult-to-cut material such as cemented carbide or cermet, the cutting process is not easy. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the heating state in the additional manufacturing process is maintained even in the machining process.
- the hardness of the additional product will be reduced even if the additional product is made of a difficult-to-cut material. Therefore, for example, when the cutting tool collides with the additional manufacturing body, shear deformation is likely to occur, and resistance when chips are generated is small. Further, the material in which the hard particles are dispersed is difficult to cut at room temperature, but chips are first generated by heating, and depending on the material composition, the hard particles are used as the starting point and the chips are fragmented. It is easy to cut and improves the properties of the machined surface by attaching chips to the tool.
- the cutting process is performed while the heating state in the additional manufacturing process is maintained, so that it can be said that this is a highly efficient process with less energy loss as compared with the case where the heating state is released and then heating is performed again.
- the temperatures during the additional manufacturing and the machining can be controlled to the optimum states. Residual stress may occur due to mechanical processing, but it is possible to control the surface hardening and chipping resistance by working in a relaxed state and conversely applying residual stress. It will be possible.
- the present embodiment allows performing other mechanical processes such as plastic working and grinding process, and performing these processes in combination.
- the cemented carbide or cermet and the ceramic cutting tool have the same hardness, for example, 1300 to 1800 in HV. Therefore, it is usually difficult to cut a cemented carbide or cermet with a ceramic cutting tool.
- the degree of softening of the cemented carbide and the cermet is larger than that of the ceramics, so that there is a difference in hardness between the two. It is possible to cause a cutting phenomenon by utilizing this difference. Further, since a ceramic cutting tool is unlikely to cause adhesion due to contact with a metal material, chips can be stably discharged to cemented carbide or cermet.
- the ceramic cutting tool is effective for the cutting process in the heated state in the present embodiment.
- alumina-based ceramics, silicon nitride-based ceramics, zirconia-based ceramics, or the like can be applied.
- Sialon is preferable as the silicon nitride ceramics.
- the cooling step is performed, for example, in the order of slow cooling and cooling. That is, it is preferable to apply slow cooling with a slow cooling rate until a temperature range in which the material constituting the additional production body has a low cracking sensitivity is applied, and to apply cooling with a high cooling rate from a temperature range in which a cracking sensitivity is low. ..
- the fast cooling rate and the slow cooling rate here are relative to each other, and the specific cooling rate in the slow cooling may be determined based on the material forming the additional manufacturing body.
- FIG. 2A shows a pattern in which the heating temperature raised in the additional manufacturing process is maintained through the additional manufacturing process and the machining process.
- FIG. 2A does not include a preheating step. Since the heating is selected from the range of 1/6 Mp or more and 5/6 Mp or less as described above, the heating temperature is maintained in this temperature range. It is preferable to maintain the heating temperature (T) in the additional manufacturing process without changing in the machining process. However, this is not realistic considering the industrial scale of production. Therefore, in the present embodiment, it is considered that the temperature is maintained even if the temperature fluctuates in the range of T ⁇ 100° C.
- T heating temperature
- a preferable temperature fluctuation range is T ⁇ 50° C. or lower, a more preferable temperature fluctuation range is T ⁇ 30° C. or lower, and a still more preferable temperature fluctuation range is T ⁇ 10° C. or lower.
- the maintenance of this heating temperature is followed by the subsequent patterns.
- the maintenance in the range of T ⁇ 100° C. or less as used herein is a maintenance range of the temperature in one machining process. For example, when the additional manufacturing process and the machining process are repeated twice, the temperature difference between the heating temperature of the first machining process and the heating temperature of the second machining process is within T ⁇ 100°C or less. is not. That is, it means that the heating temperature in the first machining step falls within T ⁇ 100° C. or less.
- FIG. 2B shows a pattern in which the heating temperature raised in the preheating process is maintained through the preheating process, the additional manufacturing process, and the machining process.
- the heating temperature mentioned here is the highest temperature in the preheating step. It is difficult to make the temperature of the entire additional production body uniform. Therefore, the surface temperature of the side surface of the additional product when subjected to high-frequency induction heating, that is, the maximum temperature, and the surface temperature of the central part of the additional product are investigated in advance, and the correlation between the side surface temperature and the central part temperature of the additional product ( Based on the data of (temperature difference, etc.), control is performed so that the temperature of the central portion of the additional manufacturing body that is the actual modeling portion becomes equal to or higher than the desired temperature.
- the additional manufacturing process and the machining process may be performed only once as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, but each of them is repeated a plurality of times as shown in FIG. 2C for the following reason.
- powder is put into a molten pool formed by laser irradiation, for example, but it is difficult to control the shape and size of the molten pool. Therefore, there is a case where the procedure of adjusting the shape of the additional production body by machining and then performing the additional production is repeated. That is, by alternately repeating the additional manufacturing process and the machining process, the machining tool can easily reach the machining site, the machining can be stably performed, and the desired shape can be obtained.
- the repeating process of the additional manufacturing process and the machining process is a useful method for manufacturing a member having a complicated shape.
- FIG. 2C illustrates two times as a plurality of times, it goes without saying that the additional manufacturing step and the machining step may be performed three times or more. As shown in FIG. 2C, even when the additional manufacturing process and the machining process are repeated a plurality of times, the heating state is maintained in the repeated process.
- FIG. 3A shows a pattern in which machining is performed prior to the additional manufacturing and further machining is performed after the additional manufacturing.
- the machining performed prior to the additive manufacturing is exemplified by machining the base material so as to have a shape suitable for the subsequent additive manufacturing.
- This machining step is different in processing target from machining the additional manufacturing body which is performed after the additional manufacturing step. Therefore, in FIG. 3A, the term “preliminary processing” is used to distinguish it from machining the additional manufacturing body.
- the pattern of FIG. 3A includes a form h1 in which the base material is preheated and then subjected to additional manufacturing and machining, and a form h2 in which the base material is heated during the additional manufacturing without preheating. Further, in FIG. 3A, an example in which the pre-processing is performed before the pre-heating is shown, but the pre-processing can be performed between the pre-heating and the additional manufacturing.
- FIG. 3B shows a pattern in which the temperatures of the additional manufacturing process and the machining process are different. This pattern is applicable when the heating temperature suitable for the additional manufacturing process and the heating temperature suitable for the machining process are different. However, it is preferable that the difference in temperature stays within the range of T ⁇ 200° C. or less.
- FIG. 3C shows a pattern in which, in addition to the temperatures of the additional manufacturing process and the machining process being different, the heating temperatures of the machining process being performed a plurality of times being different. This pattern means that the heating temperature in each machining step can be arbitrarily selected within the above-mentioned temperature range of 1/6 Mp or more and 5/6 Mp or less.
- a machining process may be added in the final stage, for example, a cooling (slow cooling, cooling) stage, and by selecting a low temperature such as room temperature in this machining process, high machining accuracy can be obtained. it can.
- different heating temperatures can be selected when the additional manufacturing process is performed plural times, here twice. If the temperature of the additional product is higher than the lower limit of the temperature suitable for cutting, the cutting can be performed even during slow cooling.
- a sufficient cooling process of the additional manufacturing body is provided before machining.
- the material to which the additional manufacturing method of the present embodiment is applied is not limited, but it is preferably applied to a metal material called a so-called difficult-to-cut material.
- the machinability index is an index as to whether or not it is a difficult-to-cut material.
- the machinability index is a percentage of the cutting speed for the same tool life of the materials to be compared, where the free cutting steel (AISI-B1112) is cut and the cutting speed for a constant tool life is 100.
- this machinability index is suitable for difficult-to-cut materials with a value of 50 or less, and because the cutting temperature and cutting resistance are high, the tool wears quickly and is difficult to cut.
- cemented carbide and cermet which have high hardness, can be cut at a practical cutting speed by applying this embodiment.
- Hard-to-cut materials tend to have low thermal conductivity and high hardness at high temperatures. Therefore, local heating and rapid cooling in the additional manufacturing easily cause a temperature gradient, and thermal stress is generated, so that defects are likely to occur. In order to suppress defects, it is preferable to maintain the heating state in the additional manufacturing process and the machining process.
- the cemented carbide is typically a WC-Co based alloy, but WC-TiC-Co based alloys, WC-TaC-Co based alloys, WC-TiC-TaC-Co based alloys and the like are also used. Further, the binder phase may contain other metal elements such as Cr and Cu.
- the cermet is typically a TiN-Ni based alloy, a TiN-TiC-Ni based alloy, a TiC-Ni-Mo 2 C based alloy, or the like.
- Cemented carbide is generally used as a cutting tool, but for applications where toughness is required, such as the mold described below, use a composition different from that used as a cutting tool. Is preferred. The same applies to cermet. That is, when the additive production body made of cemented carbide is used in, for example, a die, the amount of Co in the WC-Co alloy is preferably 20% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less. This Co content is larger than that of the WC-Co alloy used as a cutting tool. This provides toughness, strength and hardness suitable for use as a mold.
- high-hardness materials and superalloys are listed as materials to which the additive manufacturing method of the present embodiment is applied.
- the high hardness material refers to a Fe-based material exceeding 50 HRC, and is JIS SKD11, SKH51, SUS630, or the like.
- the superalloy is an alloy mainly containing other than Fe such as Ni, Cr, Co and Mo.
- the Ni-based superalloy contains, for example, 50 mass% or more of Ni, and in addition, chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), niobium (Nb), aluminum (Al).
- a Ni-base superalloy is an alloy having a gamma phase as a main phase. The gamma phase does not undergo phase transformation during the cooling process and maintains the crystal structure as it is, so cracking does not easily occur.
- a Ni-based superalloy is formed on steel or cemented carbide, an intermediate layer is formed near the interface, but in this case, the gamma phase fraction of the intermediate layer becomes high and the toughness is significantly reduced. Can be suppressed.
- a difficult-to-cut material having a machinability index of 50 or less there is a Ti alloy (for example, Ti-6 mass% Al-4 mass% V).
- the use of the additional production body obtained by the present invention is not limited, but preferred applications include wear resistant members such as dies and bearings used for hot forging, casting, die casting, and hot stamping. These molds come into contact with the material to be molded at high temperatures and repeat friction, but wear resistance is required in order to repeat stable molding. Therefore, these molds are made of a material that can stably obtain high strength at high temperature, so that long life is achieved. Specific examples include composite materials such as cemented carbide and cermet, die steel, high speed tool steel and the like.
- All of these materials correspond to difficult-to-cut materials, and the load of machining when molding into the desired die shape is large. Therefore, when a die is formed using such a material, if an additional manufacturing method is used, the die can be formed into a near net shape close to the design dimension, and thus the machining load can be reduced.
- a mold made of a difficult-to-cut material is a suitable application for the present embodiment in which the machining load can be reduced by machining in a state where the heating temperature is maintained.
- the additional manufacturing apparatus 1 has a function of modeling the additional manufacturing body and a function of cutting the molded additional manufacturing body 7. Further, the additional manufacturing apparatus 1 has a function of performing the additional manufacturing process of the additional manufacturing body 7 and the cutting process (machining process) of the additional manufacturing body 7 while maintaining the heated state.
- the cutting function can be replaced with grinding, turning, or the like.
- the additional manufacturing apparatus 1 includes a housing 10, a working unit 20 for modeling the additional manufacturing body 7, and a cutting process for the molded additional manufacturing body 7, and from preheating of the base material 3 to finishing the cutting of the additional manufacturing body 7.
- the heating unit 30 for maintaining the heating state of the above, and the control unit 40 for controlling the operation of the working unit 20 and the heating unit 30 are provided.
- the housing 10 accommodates the working unit 20 and the heating unit 30 and isolates the inside from the surroundings.
- a door 11 is provided in the housing 10, and the door 11 is closed when the working unit 20 and the heating unit 30 are operated.
- the operator of the additional manufacturing apparatus 1 opens the door 11 and enters the inside of the housing 10 when mounting the base material 3 or when taking out the cut additional manufacturing body 7.
- the inside of the housing 10 can be seen through the ceiling of the housing 10.
- the working unit 20 includes a spindle 21, a modeling head 23 attached to the spindle 21, and a machining head 25.
- the working unit 20 has a concept including the modeling unit and the processing unit of the present invention.
- the main shaft 21 moves the modeling head 23 and the machining head 25 to required positions. Further, the main shaft 21 gives, for example, a rotational driving force to a tool attached to the machining head 25.
- a plurality of machining heads 25 can be provided.
- a laser nozzle 24 is attached to the modeling head 23 as shown in FIG.
- the laser nozzle 24 is used in the additional manufacturing process.
- the laser nozzle 24 irradiates the surface of the base material 3 with a laser.
- the laser nozzle 24 melts and solidifies the raw material powder by the laser by additionally discharging the raw material powder 5 continuously supplied from a powder supply source (not shown) to the laser irradiation area to additionally manufacture.
- the raw material powder 5 can be atomized powder having an average particle diameter of about 10 ⁇ m to 250 ⁇ m, which is made of the above-mentioned applied material.
- a cutting tool 26 is attached to the machining head 25 as an example.
- the cutting tool 26 is used in a machining process after the additional manufacturing process.
- the cutting tool 26 is selected to be suitable for the material forming the additional manufacturing body 7.
- the additional production body 7 is made of cemented carbide or cermet
- the cutting tool 26 made of ceramics is preferably selected.
- the working unit 20 includes a table 28 to which the base material 3 is fixed, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5(b).
- the modeling head 23 to which the laser nozzle 24 is attached and the machining head 25 to which the cutting tool 26 is attached oppose the base material 3 attached to the table 28 from above and perform their respective operations.
- An area where the modeling head 23 and the machining head 25 operate is simply referred to as an operation area.
- the high frequency induction heating has a function of performing the heating state in the preheating process while maintaining the heating state until the machining process is completed.
- the heating unit 30 is supplied with a high-frequency power source 31 that outputs a high-frequency current, a high-frequency oscillator 33 that outputs the high-frequency current output from the high-frequency power source 31 as a high-frequency current having a desired frequency, and a high-frequency current output from the high-frequency oscillator 33.
- a high frequency coil 35 is supplied with a high-frequency power source 31 that outputs a high-frequency current, a high-frequency oscillator 33 that outputs the high-frequency current output from the high-frequency power source 31 as a high-frequency current having a desired frequency, and a high-frequency current output from the high-frequency oscillator 33.
- a high frequency coil 35 The high-frequency power source 31, the high-frequency oscillator 33, and the high-frequency coil 35 are portions that are directly involved in heating the base material 3 and the additional manufacturing body 7.
- the objects to be heated in this embodiment are the base material 3 and the additional manufacturing body 7.
- the heating unit 30 includes a chiller 36 and a temperature controller 37.
- the chiller 36 circulates the cooling medium in the high frequency oscillator 33, and the temperature controller 37 adjusts the temperature of the high frequency power supply 31.
- the heating unit 30 can perform stable operation without overheating.
- the heating unit 30 may include means for cooling another portion, for example, the table 28 of the working unit 20.
- Control unit 40 controls the operations of the working unit 20 and the heating unit 30. Regarding the operation of the working unit 20, the control unit 40 moves the modeling head 23 to the operating position when modeling the additional manufacturing body 7, and supplies the raw material powder to the laser nozzle 24. Further, an instruction is given to irradiate the base material 3 with a laser. When the modeling of the additional manufacturing body 7 is completed, the control unit 40 retracts the modeling head 23 from the operating position and moves the machining head 25 to the operating position. After that, the control unit 40 controls the operations of the machining head 25 and the cutting tool 26 in order to perform a predetermined cutting process. When the predetermined cutting process is completed, the control unit 40 retracts the machining head 25.
- the control unit 40 includes a first temperature sensor 41 and a second temperature sensor 43 in order to realize an appropriate heating temperature by the heating unit 30.
- the first temperature sensor 41 measures the temperature T1 immediately above the additional manufacturing body 7, and the second temperature sensor 43 measures the temperature T3 of the base material 3. If the difference between the temperature T1 measured by the first temperature sensor 41 and the temperature T3 measured by the second temperature sensor 43 is within the specified range ⁇ T (Formula 1), the control unit 40 follows the heating unit 30. Instruct to continue heating under the conditions. If the difference between the temperature T1 and the temperature T3 exceeds the specified range ⁇ T (equation 2), the control unit 40 instructs the heating unit 30 to perform heating under a condition different from the previous condition.
- the control unit 40 acquires the temperature T3 measured by the second temperature sensor 43 and compares the temperature T3 with the set temperature Ts.
- the control unit 40 maintains the initial heating condition until the temperature T3 reaches the set temperature Ts, but switches to the heating condition in which the temperature T3 is maintained at the set temperature Ts when the temperature T3 reaches the set temperature Ts.
- the control for maintaining the heating state is executed during the next additional manufacturing process and machining process by the above-described equations (1) and (2).
- Base material A base material made of a Ni-based alloy having the following composition (JIS NCF718 equivalent material, mass%) was prepared. This base material is produced through solution heat treatment and aging treatment (JIS G4901). C: 0.05%, Cr: 19%, Ni: 52.5%, Mo: 3%, Nb: 5%, Al: 0.5%, Ti: 0.8%, balance: Fe and inevitable impurities.
- Composite powder A WC—Co cemented carbide composite powder A having a Co content of 40% by mass.
- Manufacturing method tungsten carbide powder (average particle diameter 0.8 ⁇ m) and cobalt powder (average particle diameter 0.6 ⁇ m). The tungsten carbide powder and the cobalt powder were weighed so that the weight ratio was 6:4. Then, a small amount of carbon powder and paraffin wax were added to the weighed powder, and the mixture was put into an attritor together with ethanol and wet-mixed to obtain a slurry of mixed powder.
- the slurry of the obtained mixed powder was dried and granulated with a spray dryer to obtain granulated powder having an average particle size of 80 ⁇ m.
- the granulated powder was degreased and then heat-treated at 1260° C. to obtain a composite powder A.
- the melting point of the composite powder A is about 1320° C., and the machinability index is about 2 to 5. Since the melting point of the powder varies depending on the material composition, the melting point of the powder was determined with reference to the reported equilibrium phase diagram or the calculated phase diagram calculated by thermodynamic equilibrium calculation and phase diagram calculation based on the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) method.
- Composite powder B TiCN-Ni cermet alloy powder having a Ni content of 65% by mass.
- Manufacturing method of composite powder B titanium carbonitride powder (average particle diameter 1.2 ⁇ m) and nickel powder (average particle diameter 2.5 ⁇ m). The titanium carbonitride powder and the nickel powder were weighed so that the weight ratio was 5:5. Then, a small amount of carbon powder and paraffin wax were added to the weighed powder, and the mixture was put into an attritor together with ethanol and wet-mixed to obtain a slurry of mixed powder. Then, the slurry of the obtained mixed powder was dried and granulated with a spray dryer to obtain granulated powder having an average particle size of 80 ⁇ m. The granulated powder was degreased and then heat-treated at 1300° C. to obtain a composite powder B. The melting point of the composite powder B is about 1350° C., and the machinability index is about 2 to 5.
- the axial rake angle after tool attachment is +5° (positive shape) and the latter is ⁇ 5° (negative shape), respectively.
- the clearance angle is 5° in all cases.
- FIG. 7 shows the damage pattern of the tool that has been subjected to the cutting test using the milling cutter
- FIG. 8 shows the damage pattern of the tool that has been subjected to the cutting test using the end mill.
- the cutting is accompanied by heating and a stable tool wear state is achieved. It was confirmed that when the heating temperature was 500 to 600° C., good wear morphology was obtained regardless of the tool shape. As shown in the comparative example, it was difficult to perform cutting at room temperature because the tool was damaged and broken at an early stage. The machinability index of cemented carbide is extremely small, and heat cutting functions effectively. We also confirmed the effect of heat cutting on Ni-based superalloys (Alloy 718) other than cemented carbide, but that heat cutting is particularly effective for work materials such as cemented carbide that are difficult to cut at room temperature. Was confirmed.
- the composite powder A was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the preheating step, the additional manufacturing step and the machining step were adopted under the following conditions. Both the additive manufacturing body 7A used and the additive manufacturing body 7B using the composite powder B were able to realize cutting under the following conditions.
- test piece obtained from the additional production body 7A obtained as described above, the WC-Co based cemented carbide (sintered body) and the high speed tool steel (JIS SKH51 ) was used to measure the relationship between heating temperature and hardness.
- the hardness was measured by using a high temperature micro-Vickers hardness tester (AVK-HF) manufactured by Mitutoyo Co., Ltd., pressing a diamond indenter (load 30 kgf) into a test piece heated to each temperature, and measuring the diagonal length of the indentation. It was calculated by measuring. The result is shown in FIG.
- the additional production body 7A was measured after performing a heat treatment of holding it at 1200° C.
- 5%Co to 40%Co and the like mean a cemented carbide in which the amount of Co is 5% by mass to 40% by mass and the balance is WC.
- the hardness of the high-speed tool steel sharply decreases from about 600° C., while the hardness of HRA 40 or more is maintained at 800° C. in the example, and the cemented carbide ( It was confirmed that it had the same hardness as the sintered body).
- a test piece obtained from the additional production body 7A
- the change in hardness after holding at 700°C (in air) for a predetermined time was measured to evaluate the softening resistance.
- the results are shown in Fig. 9(b).
- the same evaluation was performed for hot die steels (JIS SKD61, DAC10, DAC45).
- "DAC” is a registered trademark of Hitachi Metals, Ltd.
- FIG. 9( b ) since the example is a cemented carbide, it exhibits extremely high softening resistance as compared with the hot die steel.
- YXR is a registered trademark of Hitachi Metals, Ltd.
- the test conditions are as follows, but the test is to press the test piece against the outer periphery of the cylindrical work that rotates while eccentric.
- the number of slides on the horizontal axis in FIG. 10 corresponds to the number of rotations of the work.
- vertical load: 250N The present example shows much higher wear resistance than the hot die steel and has the same wear resistance as the cemented carbide (sintered body).
- Table 3 shows the strength measurement results of the cemented carbide (Example) produced by additive manufacturing and the cemented carbide (sintered body) produced by ordinary sintering.
- the bending resistance of cemented carbide manufactured by additive manufacturing is lower than that of sintered cemented carbide, but this is because the carbide structure of the shaped material is large.
- the friction resistance characteristics as described in FIG. 10 are exhibited, and it is suitable for a site or application where high wear resistance is required.
- Example 2 When the additional product is large, it is difficult to obtain a uniform temperature by high-frequency induction heating, and although the portion near the coil is red-heated, it takes time to heat the entire additional product. Therefore, in order to control the temperature in the vicinity of the processing point during additional manufacturing and cutting, in addition to the high frequency induction heater used in the first and second embodiments, a heating mechanism using a semiconductor laser is additionally provided. Other than that, it was the same as that of the first embodiment. When the test piece obtained from the additional product 7A is heated only by the high frequency induction heater, when the set temperature of the high frequency induction heater is 800°C, the side surface of the additional product 7A reaches 800°C within about 5 minutes.
- the vicinity of the central portion of the upper surface of the additional manufacturing body 7A was about 650°C.
- a temperature rise of up to 800°C could be confirmed in about 10 minutes, and preheating modeling and heating in a more uniform state. It was confirmed that the cutting environment was in place.
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Abstract
Description
この難切削材料として、好ましくは、超硬合金またはサーメット、さらには高硬度材、超合金等が適用される。
本発明の製造方法において、加熱状態を安定して維持することができるのであれば、加熱方式は限定しない。一方で、付加製造体を構成する材料の種類に応じた適切な温度域に保持する必要があり、温度制御の面から好ましくは、高周波誘導加熱が適用される。また、半導体レーザ(例えばVCSEL:Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting LASER(垂直共振器面発光レーザ))は表面からの局所加熱として有用である。なお、複数の熱源を併用することで付加製造体の複雑な形状をより安定な温度に維持することもできる。高周波誘導加熱による付加製造体による全体の加熱と、半導体レーザによる造形体の表面部の加熱を組合せることで、より短時間での安定造形に寄与する。
また、本発明の製造方法において、付加製造工程は、連続的もしくは断続的に供給される原料粉末を溶融し、凝固することで付加製造体が造形される。
また、本発明の製造方法において、機械加工工程は、好ましくは、セラミックス製の工具による加工を含む。
本発明における加熱源として、好ましくは、高周波誘導加熱および半導体レーザの一方または双方が用いられる。
本実施形態に係る付加製造方法は、図1に示すように基材の予熱工程(S101)と、付加製造工程(S103)と、機械加工工程(S105)と、冷却工程(S107)と、を備える。
本実施形態に係る付加製造方法は、付加製造工程(S103)における加熱状態が機械加工工程(S105)を終えるまで維持される。この加熱状態の維持により、本実施形態に係る付加製造方法は、例えば超硬合金やサーメットといった難切削材料に生ずる表面キズ、亀裂や割れなどの欠陥が生じるのを抑制できる。以下、各工程について順に説明する。
はじめに、基材について説明し、本発明の好ましい形態として基材を予熱する理由、基材を加熱する手段、予熱する温度の順で説明する。
本実施形態における基材は、次の付加製造工程で付加製造体が造形される対象である。供給される原料粉末は熱エネルギーが加えられることで溶融するとともに基材の表面で冷却、凝固される。原料粉末の供給、溶融、冷却、凝固を繰り返すことにより付加製造体の前駆体が積層され、最終的には所望する形状の付加製造体が得られる。
本実施形態は好ましい例として、付加製造工程S103および機械加工工程S105においても、予熱工程S101による加熱状態、具体的には加熱温度を維持する。安定して加熱温度を維持するためには、以上の加熱手段の中で高周波誘導加熱によるエネルギー投入が効果的である。これは、対象物内において、渦電流と金属の電気抵抗によるジュール熱が発生し、金属の自己発熱が起こるため、熱容量の大きい部材であっても、十分な加熱が可能である。特に、加熱温度を維持する部分以外を断熱材で覆うことで、加熱温度の維持を安定させることができる。対象物を外部から加熱する方法である他の加熱方法は、熱容量の小さい部材の加熱においては十分なエネルギーを投入できる。
但し、難切削材料を安定して造形するためには、付加製造中の付加製造体の温度制御が重要である。付加製造中の急冷時の熱応力勾配を緩やかにし、ひずみの蓄積を緩和するためには、付加製造体を構成する材料の融点をMp(℃)とすると1/6Mp以上の温度に加熱し維持することが好ましい。この温度域では、転移の移動が起こり易いため、ひずみは蓄積されにくいので欠陥が生じにくい。予熱工程における加熱温度は必要以上に高くする必要はなく、加熱温度は5/6Mp以下にすることができる。好ましい加熱温度は1/3Mp~3/4Mpである。さらに、好ましい加熱温度は2/5Mp~3/4Mpである。
付加製造体が超硬合金から構成される場合には、予熱工程における加熱温度は500℃以上であることが好ましく、より好ましい加熱温度は600℃以上であり、さらに好ましい加熱温度は650~900℃である。なお、加熱温度の維持と許容範囲については後述する。
次に、付加製造工程について説明する。
付加製造工程は、基材の上に三次元の付加製造体を造形する。付加製造の方式は、特に限定されないが、たとえば、レーザメルトデポジションなどの指向性エネルギー堆積(Directed energy deposition)方式、粉末床溶融結合方式、プラズマ粉体肉盛などを用いることができる。
指向性エネルギー堆積方式による付加製造は、原料粉末を、レーザ、電子ビーム、プラズマ、アークのいずれかの熱源を用いて溶融させ、溶融した原料粉末を基材の表面に付着させて凝固させる手順を、位置を移動させながら繰り返す。さらに、基材に造形された前駆体の表面に、原料粉末の溶融、凝固の手順を、位置を移動させながら繰り返すことで、所望する三次元の付加製造体を造形する。
そこで、望ましい実施形態では、付加製造工程においても、予熱工程S101による加熱状態を維持する。予熱工程S101を行わない場合には、付加製造の開始に伴って付加製造体を加熱し、付加製造工程を終えるまでその加熱状態を維持する。
所望する付加製造体が得られたならば、機械加工工程に移行する。前述したように、付加製造体は最終的に得たい製造物体に対してニアネットシェイプを形成できるが、付加製造体のままでは、切削や塑性加工で得られる寸法精度、表面粗さには到達できない。そのため、得たい形状、寸法にするために、機械加工が施される。
本実施形態における機械加工工程とは、機械加工を広く包含するが、最も典型的には切削加工(フライス加工、穴あけ加工、旋削加工など)が掲げられる。ここで、付加製造体が難切削材料、例えば超硬合金やサーメットからなる場合には、切削加工が容易ではない。そこで、本実施形態においては、付加製造工程における加熱状態を機械加工工程においても維持する。
室温においては、超硬合金やサーメットとセラミックス製の切削工具とは同程度の硬さ、例えばHVで1300~1800を有している。したがって、通常は、セラミックス製の切削工具で超硬合金やサーメットを切削することは困難である。しかし、上述した加熱状態においては、超硬合金やサーメットの軟化の程度はセラミックスのそれよりも大きいので、両者の硬さに差が生じる。この差を利用して切削加工現象を起こすことが可能である。また、セラミックス製の切削工具は金属材料との接触による凝着が生じ難いため、超硬合金やサーメットに対して安定した切りくずの排出ができる。このように、セラミックス製の切削工具は、本実施形態における加熱状態にある切削加工に有効である。
セラミックス製の切削工具の材質としては、アルミナ系セラミックス、窒化珪素系セラミックス、ジルコニア系セラミックスなどを適用できる。窒化珪素系セラミックスとしては、サイアロンが好ましい。
付加製造体に必要な加工を施したならば、加熱状態を解いて、付加製造体を冷却する。
冷却工程は、例えば、徐冷、放冷の順に行われる。つまり、付加製造体を構成する材料の割れ感受性の低い温度域になるまでは冷却速度の遅い徐冷を適用し、割れ感受性の低い温度域からは冷却速度の速い放冷を適用することが好ましい。ここでいう冷却速度の速い、遅いは相対的な関係であって、具体的な徐冷における冷却速度は付加製造体を構成する材料に基づいて定めればよい。
次に、本実施形態が包含する加熱状態を維持するいくつかのパターンを図2および図3を参照して説明する。
図2(a)は、付加製造工程および機械加工工程を通じて、付加製造工程で昇温された加熱温度が維持されるパターンを示している。図2(a)は、予熱工程を備えていない。
前述したように加熱は1/6Mp以上、5/6Mp以下の範囲から選択されるので、加熱温度の維持はこの温度範囲において行われる。
付加製造工程における加熱温度(T)を機械加工工程において変動させることなく維持することが好ましい。しかし、工業的な生産規模を考慮するとこれは現実的ではない。したがって、本実施形態においては、機械加工工程において設定した加熱温度(T)を基準として、T±100℃以下の範囲で温度が変動しても、温度が維持されているものとみなす。好ましい温度の変動範囲はT±50℃以下であり、より好ましい温度の変動範囲はT±30℃以下であり、さらに好ましい温度の変動範囲はT±10℃以下である。この加熱温度の維持は、以降のパターンにも踏襲される。
なお、ここでいうT±100℃以下の範囲における維持とは、1度の機械加工工程における温度の維持範囲のことである。例えば、付加製造工程および機械加工工程が2回繰り返される場合に、1回目の機械加工工程の加熱温度と2回目の機械加工工程の加熱温度の温度差がT±100℃以下の範囲に収まることではない。つまり、1回目の機械加工工程における加熱温度がT±100℃以下に収まることを意味する。
付加製造時には、例えばレーザの照射によって形成された溶融池に粉体を投入するが、溶融池の形状や大きさの制御は難しい。そのために、付加製造体の形状を機械加工によって整えた後に付加製造するという手順を繰り返す場合がある。つまり、付加製造工程と機械加工工程を交互に繰り返して行うことで、加工部位に加工工具が容易に届くようになり、加工を安定的に行い、所望の形状を得ることができる。このように付加製造工程と機械加工工程の繰り返し工程は、複雑形状の部材を製造する上で有用な方法である。
なお、図2(c)は複数回として2回を例示しているが、付加製造工程と機械加工工程を3回ずつ以上行われてもよいことは言うまでもない。図2(c)に示すように、複数回の付加製造工程と機械加工工程が繰り返される場合にも、繰り返される過程で加熱状態が維持される。
図3(a)のパターンは、基材を予め加熱してから付加製造および機械加工する形態h1と、予熱することなく付加製造の際に基材を加熱する形態h2と、を含む。また、図3(a)においては、予熱の前に予備加工を行う例を示しているが、予熱と付加製造の間に予備加工を行うこともできる。
次に、図3(c)は付加製造工程と機械加工工程の温度が異なるのに加えて、複数回行われる機械加工工程の加熱温度が異なるパターンを示している。このパターンは、前述した1/6Mp以上、5/6Mp以下の温度範囲の中で、それぞれの機械加工工程における加熱温度を任意に選択できることを意味する。加熱され高温となった付加製造体を切削加工した場合、冷却過程で寸法収縮を生じる。そのため、加熱中の切削で高精度な加工は困難である。そこで、上述の温度範囲の中で低い温度を選択することにより、精密な機械加工が可能になる。特に、最終段階、例えば冷却(徐冷、放冷)段階において機械加工工程を加えてもよく、この機械加工工程においては室温のように低い温度を選択することで、高い加工精度を得ることができる。
また、図3(c)に示すように、複数回、ここでは2回の付加製造工程が行われる場合、異なる加熱温度を選択できる。付加製造体の温度が、切削に適する温度の下限よりも高い状態であれば、徐冷中であっても切削加工可能である。なお、より精度良く加工するため、機械加工前に付加製造体の十分な冷却過程を設ける。ここで、切削加工を安定的に行うためには、温度が一定になるまで機械加工の開始を待つことが好ましい。
本実施形態の付加製造方法が適用される材料に制限はないが、いわゆる難切削材料と称される金属材料に適用されることが好ましい。
機械加工工程S105で行われる加工が切削である場合には、難切削材料ということになるが、本実施形態において難切削材料であるか否かは被削性指数が指標となる。被削性指数は硫黄快削鋼(AISI‐B1112)を切削して、一定の工具寿命に対する切削速度を100とし、比較する材料の同一工具寿命に対する切削速度を百分率で表すものである。
超硬合金は、典型的にはWC-Co系合金であるが、WC-TiC-Co系合金、WC-TaC-Co系合金、WC-TiC-TaC-Co系合金なども用いられている。また、結合相には、Cr、Cuなどの他の金属元素を含むこともある。
またサーメットは、典型的にはTiN-Ni系合金、TiN-TiC-Ni系合金、TiC-Ni-Mo2C系合金などである。
つまり、超硬合金からなる付加製造体を例えば金型に用いる際には、WC-Co系合金において、Co量が20質量%以上、50質量%以下であることが好ましい。このCo量は、切削工具として用いられるWC-Co系合金に比べて多い。これにより、金型としての使用に適した靱性、強度および硬度が与えられる。
高硬度材は、50HRCを超えるFe基の材料を指し、JIS SKD11、SKH51、SUS630などである。
超合金は、Ni、Cr、Co、MoなどのFe以外を主体とした合金である。その内、Ni基超合金とは、たとえばNiを50質量%以上含み、その他にクロム(Cr)、コバルト(Co)、モリブデン(Mo)、タングステン(W)、ニオブ(Nb)、アルミニウム(Al)、チタン(Ti)、鉄(Fe)、ジルコニウム(Zr)、タンタル(Ta)、バナジウム(V)、ハフニウム(Hf)、マンガン(Mn)、ケイ素(Si)、ランタン(La)、マグネシウム(Mg)、炭素(C)、ホウ素(B)等から選択される元素を含む合金である。一般に、Ni基超合金は、ガンマ相を主相とする合金である。ガンマ相は冷却過程で相変態することなく、そのままの結晶構造が保たれるため、ワレが起こりにくい。また、鋼や超硬合金の上にNi基超合金を造形した場合には、界面近傍に中間層が形成されるが、この場合、中間層のガンマ相分率が高くなり靭性の著しい低下を抑制することができる。
さらに、被削性指数が50以下の難切削材料として、Ti合金(例えば、Ti-6質量%Al-4質量%V)がある。
本発明により得られる付加製造体の用途は限定されるものではないが、好適な用途として、温熱間鍛造、鋳造、ダイカスト、ホットスタンプに用いられる金型や軸受け等の耐摩耗部材が掲げられる。
これらの金型は、高温にて被成形材と接触し、摩擦が繰り返されるが、安定した成形を繰り返すために、耐摩耗性が要求される。そのため、これらの金型は高温で高強度が安定して得られる材料で作製することで長寿命が図られている。具体的には、超硬合金やサーメット等の複合材料、ダイス鋼、高速度工具鋼等が掲げられる。
次に、本発明を実施するのに好ましい付加製造装置1を、図4~図6を参照して説明する。
付加製造装置1は、付加製造体を造形する機能と、造形された付加製造体7に切削加工する機能と、を備える。また、付加製造装置1は、付加製造体7の付加製造工程および付加製造体7の切削工程(機械加工工程)を、加熱状態を維持したままで行う機能を備えている。尚、切削加工の機能は、研削加工、旋削加工などに置き換えることができる。
付加製造装置1は、ハウジング10と、付加製造体7を造形するとともに造形された付加製造体7に切削加工を施す工作部20と、基材3の予熱から付加製造体7の切削を終えるまでの加熱状態を維持する加熱部30と、工作部20と加熱部30の動作を制御する制御部40とを備える。
ハウジング10は、工作部20、加熱部30を収容するとともに内部を周囲から隔離する。ハウジング10にはドア11が設けられており、工作部20および加熱部30を動作させる際には、ドア11は閉じられる。付加製造装置1のオペレータは、基材3の取り付けを行うとき、切削加工が施された付加製造体7を取り出すときなどは、ドア11を空けてハウジング10の内部に入る。
なお、図4はハウジング10の天井を透視することにより、内部を視認できるようにしている。
工作部20は、図4および図6(a),(b)に示すように、主軸21と、主軸21に取り付けられる造形ヘッド23およびマシニングヘッド25とを備える。なお、工作部20は本発明の造形部と加工部を含む概念を有している。
主軸21は、自身が回転することにより、造形ヘッド23およびマシニングヘッド25を必要とされる位置に移動させる。また、主軸21は、マシニングヘッド25に取り付けられる工具に例えば回転駆動力を与える。なお、図6(b)には一つのマシニングヘッド25だけを示しているが、複数のマシニングヘッド25を備えることができる。
レーザノズル24は付加製造工程で用いられる。レーザノズル24は、基材3の表面にレーザを照射する。レーザノズル24は、図示を省略する粉末供給源から連続的に供給される原料粉末5をレーザの照射領域に吐出することにより、レーザで原料粉末を溶融し凝固して付加製造する。原料粉末5は、上述した適用材料による平均粒径10μm~250μm程度のアトマイズ粉とすることができる。
切削工具26は、付加製造工程の後の機械加工工程で用いられる。この切削工具26は、付加製造体7を構成する材料に適したものが選択される。付加製造体7が超硬合金、サーメットからなるときには、セラミックス製の切削工具26が選択されるのが好ましい。
加熱部30では、予熱工程における加熱状態を機械加工工程が終わるまで維持したままで行う機能を、ここでは高周波誘導加熱が担っている。
加熱部30は、高周波電流を出力する高周波電源31と、高周波電源31から出力された高周波電流を所望する周波数の高周波電流として出力する高周波発振器33と、高周波発振器33から出力された高周波電流が流れる高周波コイル35とを備える。高周波電源31、高周波発振器33および高周波コイル35は、基材3および付加製造体7の加熱に直接的に関わる部分である。
高周波コイル35に高周波電力が流れると磁界が形成され、この磁界の範囲内におかれる被加熱物の表面付近に高密度のうず電流が発生し、そのジュール熱で被加熱物を発熱させる。本実施形態における被加熱物は、基材3および付加製造体7である。
図示を省略するが、加熱部30は、他の部分、例えば工作部20のテーブル28を冷却する手段を備えることができる。
制御部40は、工作部20および加熱部30の動作を司る。
工作部20の動作について、制御部40は、付加製造体7を造形する際には造形ヘッド23を動作位置に移動させるとともに、レーザノズル24に原料粉末を供給する。さらにレーザの基材3への照射を指示する。付加製造体7の造形が終われば、制御部40は、造形ヘッド23を動作位置から退避させるとともにマシニングヘッド25を動作位置に移動させる。その後、制御部40は、所定の切削加工を行うためにマシニングヘッド25および切削工具26の動作を制御する。所定の切削加工が終われば、制御部40はマシニングヘッド25を退避させる。
制御部40は、第1温度センサ41で測定された温度T1と第2温度センサ43で測定された温度T3の差が規定範囲ΔT(式1)に収まっていれば、加熱部30に従前の条件で加熱を続けるように指示する。制御部40は、温度T1と温度T3の差が規定範囲ΔT(式2)を超えれば、加熱部30に従前とは異なる条件で加熱をするように指示する。
|T1-T3|≦ΔT …式(1) , |T1-T3|>ΔT …式(2)
<基材3の固定~予熱工程>
はじめに、図5(a),(b)に示すように、オペレータがテーブル28の所定位置に基材3を載せ、かつ固定する。
基材3の固定が終わると、オペレータは制御部40の操作盤を操作して、加熱部30の高周波コイル35に高周波電源31および高周波発振器33を介して高周波電流を流す。基材3の表層部に渦電流が生じることで、基材3は自己発熱する。
基材3の予熱工程において、制御部40は第2温度センサ43で測定される温度T3を取得し、温度T3と設定温度Tsを比較する。制御部40は、温度T3が設定温度Tsに達するまでは当初の加熱条件を維持するが、温度T3が設定温度Tsに達すれば温度T3が設定温度Tsで維持される加熱条件に切り替える。
設定温度Tsに達した後には、次の付加製造工程および機械加工工程の間、上述した式(1),(2)より加熱状態を維持する制御が実行される。
基材3が設定温度まで昇温されると、図6(a)に示すように、レーザノズル24から原料粉末を吐出しつつ加熱溶融、凝固することで、基材3の上に付加製造体7を造形する。レーザノズル24を移動させながら付加製造を行うことにより、所望する形状の付加製造体7を造形することができる。
所望する付加製造体7が得られたならば、造形ヘッド23を動作領域から後退させるとともに、図6(b)に示すように、マシニングヘッド25を動作領域に進出させる。次いで、マシニングヘッド25を移動させながら切削工具26を回転させることにより、付加製造体7を所望する形状に加工する。
機械加工が終われば、前述した手順で冷却工程が行われる。
冷却工程が始まると高周波コイル35への電流の供給が止められる。または、冷却速度を設定したい場合は、高周波コイル35へ必要な電流を供給することもできる。
[基材]
下記の組成(JIS NCF718相当材,質量%)を有するNi基合金からなる基材を用意した。この基材は、固溶化熱処理および時効処理(JIS G4901)を経て作製されている。
C:0.05%,Cr:19%、Ni:52.5%、Mo:3%、Nb:5%、Al:0.5%、Ti:0.8%、残部:Feおよび不可避的不純物
次に、付加製造体7を構成する原料粉末として、以下の複合粉末Aおよび複合粉末Bを用意した。
複合粉末A:Co量が40質量%であるWC―Co超硬合金
複合粉末Aの製造方法:炭化タングステン粉末(平均粒子径0.8μm)と、コバルト粉末(平均粒子径0.6μm)を用い、炭化タングステン粉末とコバルト粉末とを重量比で6:4になるよう秤量した。そして、秤量した粉末に少量のカーボン粉末とパラフィンワックスを添加し、エタノールと一緒にアトライターに投入して湿式混合して混合粉末のスラリーを得た。そして、得られた混合粉末のスラリーをスプレードライヤーで乾燥造粒して平均粒径80μmの造粒粉末を得た。この造粒粉末を脱脂後1260℃で熱処理して複合粉末Aを得た。複合粉末Aの融点はおよそ1320℃、被削性指数は2~5程度である。粉末の融点は、材料組成によって異なるため、報告されている平衡状態図もしくは,CALPHAD(CALculation of PHAse Diagram)法に基づく熱力学平衡計算および状態図計算によって求めた計算状態図を参考に決定した。
複合粉末Bの製造方法:炭窒化チタン粉末(平均粒子径1.2μm)と、ニッケル粉末(平均粒子径2.5μm)を用い、炭窒化チタン粉末とニッケル粉末とを重量比で5:5になるよう秤量した。そして、秤量した粉末に少量のカーボン粉末とパラフィンワックスを添加し、エタノールと一緒にアトライターに投入して湿式混合して混合粉末のスラリーを得た。そして、得られた混合粉末のスラリーをスプレードライヤーで乾燥造粒して平均粒径80μmの造粒粉末を得た。この造粒粉末を脱脂後1300℃で熱処理して複合粉末Bを得た。複合粉末Bの融点はおよそ1350℃、被削性指数は2~5程度である。
[予熱工程、付加製造工程、機械加工工程]
以上の基材および複合粉末Aを用いて、以下に示す条件で予熱工程、付加製造工程および機械加工工程を実施した。複合粉末Aを用いた付加製造体7Aからなる試験片を用い、セラミックス(サイアロン)、超硬合金および多結晶ダイヤモンド(PCD;Polycrystalline diamond)の3種類の材質の切削工具を用いて切削性の評価を行った。切削工具は、フライスとエンドミルの2種類とした。なお、超硬合金は表面にTiAlNからなるコーティング(厚さ:約3μm)が施されているCo量が10質量%であるWC-Co系超硬合金(焼結体)である。また、セラミックス(サイアロン)については、後述する第2実施例において同様の材質を用いている。
フライスを用いた切削試験の結果を表1に示し、エンドミルを用いた切削試験の結果を表2に示す。また、図7にフライスを用いた切削試験を経た工具の損傷形態を示し、図8にエンドミルを用いた切削試験を経た工具の損傷形態を示す。
100×100×10mmのNi基合金製の基材を高周波誘導加熱によりそれぞれ以下の予熱温度まで加熱
予熱温度;800℃
予熱温度は基材側面を放射温度計で測定した値を目的温度として維持した。
*付加製造工程:
積層造形方式;指向性エネルギー堆積方式のレーザメルトデポジション
造形条件;レーザ出力:1000~2000W、送り:100~1000mm/min、粉末送給ガス量:4~12L/min、積層ピッチ0.4~0.8mmで造形し、1層あたり20パスで、高さが30mmになるように材料を付着させて、おおむね40層程度にわたって積層させる。そして、30mm×30mm×30mmの付加製造体を得た。
付加製造時の温度;予熱工程の加熱温度である以下の温度を維持
基材側面の温度;800℃
(1)フライスの切削条件
カッタ径:φ50mm
軸切込:0.3mm、径切込:30mm、切削距離:30mm
工具形状:ネガ(軸方向すくい角-5°),ポジ(軸方向すくい角5°)
工具材種:サイアロン、超硬合金、PCD
切削速度:20m/min、30m/min、300m/min、800m/min
一刃送り:0.05mm/tooth
加工温度:予熱工程の加熱温度である以下の温度域を維持もしくは室温(R.T.)25℃
維持温度;100~200℃、500~600℃、700~800℃
工具径:φ12mm
軸切込:6mm、径切込:0.5mm、切削距離:30mm
工具材種:サイアロン、超硬合金
切削速度:30m/min、300m/min
加工温度:予熱工程の加熱温度から以下の温度域を維持もしくは室温(R.T.)25℃
維持温度;100~200℃、500~600℃
図7に示すように、被削材加熱温度を500~600℃に増大すると工具の損傷幅は小さくなり、損傷形態も欠損から摩耗形態に変化し、安定した切削が行える。これは、被削材を加熱したことで、被削材に軟化が生じ、工具にかかる負荷が減じたためと解される。つまり、加熱を伴う切削により安定した工具摩耗状態に移行しているといえる。なお、加熱温度が500~600℃のとき、工具形状によらず良好な摩耗形態が得られることを確認した。比較例に示すように、室温での切削は、工具が早期に欠損、破損するため切削加工が困難であった。超硬合金の被削性指数は極めて小さく、加熱切削が有効に機能する。超硬合金以外のNi基超合金(Alloy718)等への加熱切削の効果も確認したが、室温では切削困難である超硬合金のような被削材に対して加熱切削は特に有効であることが確認された。
以上の基材ならびに複合粉末Aおよび複合粉末Bを用いて、以下に示す条件で予熱工程、付加製造工程および機械加工工程を採用する以外は、第1実施例と同様にして、複合粉末Aを用いた付加製造体7Aおよび複合粉末Bを用いた付加製造体7Bともに、以下の条件による切削加工を実現できた。
100×100×10mmのNi基合金製の基材を高周波誘導加熱により700℃まで加熱
*付加製造工程:
積層造形方式;指向性エネルギー堆積方式のレーザメルトデポジション
造形条件;レーザ出力:1000~2000W、送り:100~1000mm/min、粉末送給ガス量:4~12L/min、積層ピッチ0.4~0.8mmで造形し、1層あたり20パスで、高さが10mmになるように材料を付着させて、おおむね15層程度にわたって積層させる。そして、30mm×30mm×10mmの付加製造体を得た。
付加製造時の温度:予熱工程の加熱温度である700℃を維持
カッタ径:φ50mm、チップ:サイアロン製
切削速度:1000m/min、送り0.08mm/t
軸切込:0.5mm、径切込:30mm、切削距離:30mm
加工温度:予熱工程の加熱温度である700℃を維持
次に、以上のようにして得た付加製造体7Aから得られた試験片(実施例)、Co量を変えたWC-Co系超硬合金(焼結体)および高速度工具鋼(JIS SKH51)を用い、加熱温度と硬さの関係を測定した。硬さは、株式会社ミツトヨ製の高温マイクロビッカース硬さ試験機(AVK-HF)を用いて、各温度に加熱した試験片にダイヤモンド圧子を押し込み(荷重30kgf)、圧痕の対角の長さを測定することで算出した。
その結果を図9(a)に示す。なお、付加製造体7Aは真空中、1200℃で2時間保持する熱処理を行ったのちに測定した。また、図9(a)において、5%Co~40%CoなどはCo量が5質量%~40質量%、残部がWCである超硬合金を意味する。
図9(a)に示すように、高速度工具鋼は600℃程度から硬さが急激に低下するのに対して、実施例は800℃においてHRA40以上の硬さが維持され、超硬合金(焼結体)と同等の硬度を備えていることが確認された。
図9(b)に示すように、実施例は超硬合金である分、熱間金型用鋼に比べて、極めて高い軟化抵抗を示す。
次に、付加製造体7Aから得られた試験片(実施例 7A)について、機械的特性を測定するとともに、高温摩耗試験を行った。付加製造体7Bから得られた試験片(実施例 7B)についても高温摩耗試験を行った。付加製造体7Bは、硬質相にTiCN、結合相に65質量%Niを含むサーメット材料である。
機械的特性の結果を表3に、高温摩耗試験の結果を図10に示す。なお、比較のために熱間金型用鋼(JIS SKD61,SKD61+窒化,YXR33)、超硬合金(WC-40%Co焼結)についても同様の試験を行った。なお、「YXR」は日立金属(株)の登録商標である。
試験条件は以下の通りであるが、試験は偏芯しながら回転する円筒状のワークの外周に試験片を押し付けるというものである。図10の横軸の摺動回数は、ワークの回転数に相当する。
ワーク温度:900℃,試験片温度:25~100℃程度
ワーク外周の速度:30m/min,垂直加重:250N
本実施例は、熱間金型用鋼に比べて格段に高い耐摩耗性を示し、超硬合金(焼結体)と同等の耐摩耗性を備えている。
表3は積層造形により作製した超硬合金(実施例)と通常の焼結により作製した超硬合金(焼結体)の強度測定結果を示す。焼結した超硬合金に比べ積層造形により作製された超硬合金の抗折力が低くなっているが、これは造形材の炭化物の組織が大きいためである。一方で、粗大な炭化物を有している場合、図10で記載したような耐摩擦特性が発揮され、高い耐摩耗性が求められる部位や用途に適している。
[切削工具による高温切削性評価]
次に、付加製造体7Aから得られた試験片を用い、セラミックス(サイアロン)と超硬合金の2種類の切削工具を用いて切削性の評価を行った。超硬合金は、第1実施例で用いたのと同じ表面にTiAlNからなるコーティングが施されたものを用いた。この評価は、常温の試験片と700℃に加熱された試験片のそれぞれについて行われた。結果を表4に示す。
はじめに、切削工具がセラミックスおよびTiAlNコーティングが施されている超硬合金のいずれであっても、試験片が加熱されていれば切削が可能である。特に、切削工具がセラミックスからなる場合には、1000m/minという速い切削速度での切削が実現される。
付加製造体が大きい場合には、高周波誘導加熱によって均一温度にすることが難しく、コイルに近い部分が赤熱されるものの、付加製造体の全体が加熱されるのに時間がかかる。そこで、付加製造および切削加工時の加工点近傍の温度制御のため、第1実施例および第2実施例で用いた高周波誘導加熱器に加え、半導体レーザによる加熱機構を付設した。それ以外は、第1実施例と同様にした。
付加製造体7Aから得られる試験片を高周波誘導加熱器のみで昇温させると、高周波誘導加熱器の設定温度が800℃のとき、付加製造体7Aの側面はおよそ5分以内で800℃に到達したが、付加製造体7Aの上面中心部近傍は650℃程度であった。これに対し、同じ寸法の付加製造体7Aの上面中心部近傍に半導体レーザによる加熱を適用したところ、約10分で800℃までの昇温が確認でき、より均一な状態での予熱造形と加熱切削の環境が整ったことが確認された。
3 基材
5 原料粉末
7 付加製造体
10 ハウジング
11 ドア
20 工作部(造形部、加工部)
21 主軸
23 造形ヘッド
24 レーザノズル
25 マシニングヘッド
26 切削工具
28 テーブル
30 加熱部
31 高周波電源
33 高周波発振器
35 高周波コイル
36 チラー
37 温調器
40 制御部
41 第1温度センサ
43 第2温度センサ
Claims (10)
- 加熱状態の下で付加製造体を造形する付加製造工程と、
前記加熱状態を維持したままで前記付加製造体を加工する機械加工工程と、を有する、
ことを特徴とする付加製造体の製造方法。
- 前記付加製造工程と前記機械加工工程が複数回繰り返され、
複数回繰り返される前記付加製造工程と前記機械加工工程において、前記加熱状態が維持される、
請求項1に記載の付加製造体の製造方法。
- 前記付加製造工程に先立って、前記付加製造体が造形される基材を前記加熱状態になるまで加熱する予熱工程を有する、
請求項1または請求項2に記載の付加製造体の製造方法。
- 前記付加製造体は、被削性指数が50以下の難切削材料から構成される、
請求項1~請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の付加製造体の製造方法。
- 前記加熱状態は、高周波誘導加熱および半導体レーザの一方または双方により実現される、
請求項1~請求項4のいずれか一項に記載の付加製造体の製造方法。
- 前記付加製造工程において、
連続的または断続的に供給される原料粉末を溶融し、凝固することで前記付加製造体が造形される、
請求項1~請求項5のいずれか一項に記載の付加製造体の製造方法。
- 前記付加製造体を構成する材料の融点をMp(℃)とすると、
前記加熱状態は、1/6Mp以上、5/6Mp以下の温度を有する、
請求項1~請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の付加製造体の製造方法。
- 前記機械加工工程は、
セラミックス製の工具による加工を含む、
請求項1~請求項7のいずれか一項に記載の付加製造体の製造方法。
- 付加製造体を造形する造形部と、
前記付加製造体を機械加工する加工部と、
前記造形部による少なくとも前記付加製造体の造形の過程および前記加工部による前記機械加工の過程において、前記付加製造体を加熱する加熱部と、を備えることを特徴とする付加製造体の製造装置。
- 前記加熱部は、高周波誘導加熱および半導体レーザの一方または双方により前記付加製造体を加熱する、
請求項9に記載の付加製造体の製造装置。
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| JP2020557854A JP7004088B2 (ja) | 2018-11-29 | 2019-11-29 | 付加製造体の製造方法、および、付加製造体の製造装置 |
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| PCT/JP2019/046786 Ceased WO2020111231A1 (ja) | 2018-11-29 | 2019-11-29 | 付加製造体の製造方法、および、付加製造体の製造装置 |
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| US (1) | US20210197281A1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP3888819A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP7004088B2 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN112334253B (ja) |
| SG (1) | SG11202101837XA (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2020111231A1 (ja) |
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| JP7102640B1 (ja) * | 2022-02-28 | 2022-07-19 | ヤマザキマザック株式会社 | 付加製造方法、付加製造システム、及び、付加製造プログラム |
| WO2022210221A1 (ja) * | 2021-03-30 | 2022-10-06 | 日立金属株式会社 | 複合部材、製造物および複合部材の製造方法 |
| JP2023050638A (ja) * | 2021-09-30 | 2023-04-11 | 高周波熱錬株式会社 | 加工装置 |
| JP7275339B1 (ja) | 2022-02-28 | 2023-05-17 | ヤマザキマザック株式会社 | 金属積層造形物の製造方法及びその製造加工プログラム |
| WO2023127352A1 (ja) * | 2021-12-28 | 2023-07-06 | 株式会社プロテリアル | 切削装置、ホルダおよび切削方法 |
| WO2025110086A1 (ja) * | 2023-11-22 | 2025-05-30 | 株式会社プロテリアル | 造形用粉末および造形物 |
| US12427576B2 (en) | 2021-09-06 | 2025-09-30 | Jtekt Corporation | Composite processing machine |
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| CN112091210A (zh) * | 2019-06-17 | 2020-12-18 | 广东汉邦激光科技有限公司 | 3d激光成型装置及3d激光成型方法 |
| JP7439520B2 (ja) * | 2020-01-10 | 2024-02-28 | 株式会社ジェイテクト | 付加製造装置 |
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| GB2618618B (en) * | 2022-05-13 | 2024-11-27 | Forg3D Ltd | Method and apparatus for manufacturing a metal structure |
| CN115007881A (zh) * | 2022-06-16 | 2022-09-06 | 广东省科学院智能制造研究所 | 旋转挤压装置、复合增材制造系统及方法 |
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| WO2022210221A1 (ja) * | 2021-03-30 | 2022-10-06 | 日立金属株式会社 | 複合部材、製造物および複合部材の製造方法 |
| US12427576B2 (en) | 2021-09-06 | 2025-09-30 | Jtekt Corporation | Composite processing machine |
| JP2023050638A (ja) * | 2021-09-30 | 2023-04-11 | 高周波熱錬株式会社 | 加工装置 |
| JP7465613B2 (ja) | 2021-09-30 | 2024-04-11 | 高周波熱錬株式会社 | 加工装置 |
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| JP2023125830A (ja) * | 2022-02-28 | 2023-09-07 | ヤマザキマザック株式会社 | 金属積層造形物の製造方法及びその製造加工プログラム |
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| JP7102640B1 (ja) * | 2022-02-28 | 2022-07-19 | ヤマザキマザック株式会社 | 付加製造方法、付加製造システム、及び、付加製造プログラム |
| WO2025110086A1 (ja) * | 2023-11-22 | 2025-05-30 | 株式会社プロテリアル | 造形用粉末および造形物 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN112334253B (zh) | 2023-06-06 |
| EP3888819A1 (en) | 2021-10-06 |
| CN112334253A (zh) | 2021-02-05 |
| US20210197281A1 (en) | 2021-07-01 |
| JPWO2020111231A1 (ja) | 2021-09-02 |
| JP7004088B2 (ja) | 2022-02-04 |
| SG11202101837XA (en) | 2021-06-29 |
| EP3888819A4 (en) | 2022-12-21 |
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