WO2020129694A1 - 撮像素子および撮像装置 - Google Patents
撮像素子および撮像装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020129694A1 WO2020129694A1 PCT/JP2019/047778 JP2019047778W WO2020129694A1 WO 2020129694 A1 WO2020129694 A1 WO 2020129694A1 JP 2019047778 W JP2019047778 W JP 2019047778W WO 2020129694 A1 WO2020129694 A1 WO 2020129694A1
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
- H10F39/8037—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
- H10F39/8037—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor
- H10F39/80373—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor characterised by the gate of the transistor
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- H10D62/83—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers characterised by the materials being Group IV materials, e.g. B-doped Si or undoped Ge
- H10D62/834—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers characterised by the materials being Group IV materials, e.g. B-doped Si or undoped Ge further characterised by the dopants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/50—Constructional details
- H04N23/54—Mounting of pick-up tubes, electronic image sensors, deviation or focusing coils
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- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/77—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components
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- H10D30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D30/021—Manufacture or treatment of FETs having insulated gates [IGFET]
- H10D30/024—Manufacture or treatment of FETs having insulated gates [IGFET] of fin field-effect transistors [FinFET]
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- H10D30/00—Field-effect transistors [FET]
- H10D30/60—Insulated-gate field-effect transistors [IGFET]
- H10D30/62—Fin field-effect transistors [FinFET]
- H10D30/6215—Fin field-effect transistors [FinFET] having multiple independently-addressable gate electrodes
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- H10D64/665—Electrodes having a conductor capacitively coupled to a semiconductor by an insulator, e.g. MIS electrodes the conductor comprising a layer of elemental metal contacting the insulator, e.g. tungsten or molybdenum
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- H10D64/60—Electrodes characterised by their materials
- H10D64/66—Electrodes having a conductor capacitively coupled to a semiconductor by an insulator, e.g. MIS electrodes
- H10D64/667—Electrodes having a conductor capacitively coupled to a semiconductor by an insulator, e.g. MIS electrodes the conductor comprising a layer of alloy material, compound material or organic material contacting the insulator, e.g. TiN workfunction layers
- H10D64/668—Electrodes having a conductor capacitively coupled to a semiconductor by an insulator, e.g. MIS electrodes the conductor comprising a layer of alloy material, compound material or organic material contacting the insulator, e.g. TiN workfunction layers the layer being a silicide, e.g. TiSi2
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/011—Manufacture or treatment of image sensors covered by group H10F39/12
- H10F39/014—Manufacture or treatment of image sensors covered by group H10F39/12 of CMOS image sensors
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/802—Geometry or disposition of elements in pixels, e.g. address-lines or gate electrodes
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
- H10F39/8037—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor
- H10F39/80377—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor characterised by the channel of the transistor, e.g. channel having a doping gradient
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to an image pickup device and an image pickup device, and particularly to an image pickup device and an image pickup device capable of suppressing a reduction in image quality.
- the random noise derived from the amplification transistor and the selection transistor is the main cause of pixel noise, and it is difficult to reduce this random noise by the method described in Patent Document 1. Therefore, the image quality of a captured image generated by such an image sensor may be reduced.
- the present disclosure has been made in view of such a situation, and makes it possible to suppress reduction in image quality.
- the image sensor according to one aspect of the present technology is an image sensor including a pixel unit having a selection transistor including a multi-gate transistor and an amplification transistor.
- An imaging device includes an imaging unit that images a subject, and an image processing unit that performs image processing on image data obtained by imaging by the imaging unit, and the imaging unit includes a multi-gate transistor.
- the imaging device includes a pixel unit having a selection transistor and an amplification transistor.
- the image sensor according to one aspect of the present technology includes a pixel unit having a selection transistor including a multi-gate transistor and an amplification transistor.
- An image pickup apparatus includes an image pickup unit that picks up an image of a subject, and an image processing unit that performs image processing on image data obtained by the image pickup by the image pickup unit.
- a pixel unit having a selection transistor including a gate transistor and an amplification transistor is provided.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a main configuration example of an image sensor to which the present technology is applied.
- the image sensor 100 shown in FIG. 1 is a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) image sensor that captures an image of a subject and obtains the captured image as an electrical signal.
- the image sensor 100 has a plurality of pixel units arranged in a plane, such as an array. Incident light is photoelectrically converted in each pixel unit, and a pixel signal of a captured image is obtained.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows an example of a main configuration of such an image pickup device 100 on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
- the pixel unit of the image sensor 100 is a photodiode (PD) 111, a transfer transistor (TG) 112, a reset transistor (RST) 113, an amplification transistor (AMP) 114, and a selection transistor (SEL). 115.
- PD photodiode
- TG transfer transistor
- RST reset transistor
- AMP amplification transistor
- SEL selection transistor
- 115 selection transistor
- an element isolation area or the like that is separated from other pixel units can be formed in the white area.
- the element isolation region is composed of, for example, an insulating film such as LOCOS (local oxidation of silicon) or STI (shallow trench isolation). In the case of electronic reading, the element isolation region can be formed by the p-type region.
- the photodiode 111 photoelectrically converts the received light into a photocharge (here, photoelectron) having a charge amount corresponding to the light amount, and accumulates the photocharge.
- the anode of the photodiode 111 is connected (grounded) to the ground of the pixel region, and the cathode is connected to the floating diffusion (FD) via the transfer transistor 112.
- the cathode of the photodiode 111 may be connected to the power supply of the pixel region (pixel power supply), the anode may be connected to the floating diffusion via the transfer transistor 112, and the photocharge may be read out as a photohole.
- the transfer transistor 112 controls reading of photocharges from the photodiode 111.
- the transfer transistor 112 has a drain connected to the floating diffusion and a source connected to the cathode of the photodiode 111.
- a transfer control signal is supplied to the gate of the transfer transistor 112.
- the reading of the photocharges from the photodiode 111 is controlled by this transfer control signal.
- the transfer control signal that is, the gate potential of the transfer transistor 112
- the transfer control signal is in the ON state
- the photoelectric charges accumulated in the photodiode 111 are converted into the floating diffusion. Transferred. That is, the transfer transistor 112 functions as a switch. Therefore, the transfer transistor 112 is also referred to as a transfer switch.
- the reset transistor 113 resets the electric charge in the pixel unit (for example, the electric charge of the photodiode 111 or the floating diffusion).
- the reset transistor 113 has a drain connected to the power supply potential (VDD) and a source connected to the floating diffusion. Further, a reset control signal is supplied to the gate of the reset transistor 113. The reset of the charge in the pixel unit is controlled by this reset control signal. For example, when the reset control signal (that is, the gate potential of the reset transistor 113) is in the off state, the reset is not performed, and when the reset control signal is in the on state, the charge in the pixel unit is reset.
- the amplification transistor 114 amplifies the potential change of the floating diffusion and outputs it as an electric signal (analog signal). That is, the amplification transistor 114 functions as a read circuit that reads the voltage of the floating diffusion.
- the amplification transistor 114 has a gate connected to the floating diffusion, a drain connected to the source follower power supply voltage (VDD), and a source connected to the drain of the selection transistor 115.
- VDD source follower power supply voltage
- the amplification transistor 114 outputs a reset signal (reset level) corresponding to the potential of the floating diffusion in the reset state to the selection transistor 115.
- the amplification transistor 114 outputs to the selection transistor 115 a light accumulation signal (signal level) corresponding to the potential of the floating diffusion in the state where the photo electric charges are transferred from the photodiode 111.
- the selection transistor 115 controls the output of the electric signal supplied from the amplification transistor 114 to the signal line (VSL).
- the drain of the selection transistor 115 is connected to the source of the amplification transistor 114, and the source is connected to the signal line (VSL).
- a selection control signal is supplied to the gate of the selection transistor 115.
- the output of the electric signal supplied from the amplification transistor 114 to the signal line (VSL) is controlled by this selection control signal. For example, when the selection control signal (that is, the gate potential of the selection transistor 115) is in the off state, the reset signal, the pixel signal, and the like are not output from this pixel unit to the signal line (VSL).
- the signal (reset signal, pixel signal, etc.) output from the amplification transistor 114 is output to the signal line (VSL).
- This signal line is connected to a circuit (for example, an A/D conversion circuit or the like) outside the pixel area in which the pixel unit is configured.
- the signal output to the signal line (VSL) (that is, the signal read from this pixel unit) is transferred to the circuit outside the pixel region via this signal line (VSL).
- a multi-gate transistor is a non-planar (non-planar) transistor in which a plurality of gate electrode surfaces are three-dimensionally formed with respect to a channel.
- both the selection transistor 115 and the amplification transistor 114 are multi-gate transistors, the effective channel width can be expanded in both the selection transistor 115 and the amplification transistor 114. It is possible to suppress an increase in random noise (typically, it is possible to reduce random noise), as compared with the case where at least one of them is a planar type (planar type). That is, it is possible to suppress the reduction of the image quality of the captured image (typically, the image quality can be improved).
- the source and drain in order to form a low resistance source and drain uniformly in the channel width direction, the source and drain must have a certain dimension. Even if a transistor having a vertical channel is used as the amplifying transistor 114 as described in Patent Document 1, the silicon channel of the amplifying transistor 114 is not affected by the diffusion layer portion of the selection transistor 115, and the dimensional accuracy is improved.
- a predetermined size is required as a size between the gate electrode of the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115. As described above, a predetermined distance was required between the gate electrodes of the selection transistor 115 and the amplification transistor 114.
- the selection transistor 115 and the amplification transistor 114 can be provided with at least one of the selection transistor 115 and the amplification transistor 114 more than the planar type.
- An increase in the required distance between the gate electrodes can be suppressed (typically, this distance can be made shorter). Therefore, an increase in the size of each pixel can be suppressed more than a case where at least one of the selection transistor 115 and the amplification transistor 114 is a planar type (typically, the miniaturization of each pixel can be made easier. ).
- FinFET may be applied as the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115.
- a FinFET is an example of a multi-gate transistor, and is a FET (Field Effect Transistor) having a fin-shaped (standing) silicon channel formed between a source and a drain and a gate electrode formed so as to cover the silicon channel. ).
- FET Field Effect Transistor
- FIG. 2A is a plan view showing a main configuration example of the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115.
- FIG. As shown in this figure, an amplification transistor 114 is formed on the left side of the figure, and a selection transistor 115 is formed on the right side of the figure. That is, the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 are formed adjacent to each other.
- a fin-shaped silicon channel 121A is formed in the silicon layer 121.
- the amplification transistor 114 is formed by forming the gate electrode 114A (gate electrode 114A-1 and gate electrode 114A-2) so as to cover the silicon channel 121A.
- the selection transistor 115 is formed by forming the gate electrode 115A (gate electrode 115A-1 and gate electrode 115A-2) so as to cover the silicon channel 121A. That is, the gate electrode 115A of the selection transistor 115 and the gate electrode 114A of the amplification transistor 114 are formed in the same silicon channel 121A.
- insulating films 122-1 to 122-6 are formed on portions on both sides (upward and downward in the figure) of the fin-shaped silicon channel 121A other than the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115.
- the insulating films 122-1 to 122-6 are referred to as the insulating film 122 when there is no need to distinguish between the insulating films 122-1 to 122-6.
- the insulating film 122 is formed of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
- FIG. 2B shows an example of a cross-sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 2A is cut along the line X-X' as indicated by the alternate long and short dash line.
- the gate electrode 114A is also formed above the silicon channel 121A. That is, the gate electrode 114A-1 and the gate electrode 114A-2 of A of FIG. 2 as well as the gate electrode 114A of the amplification transistor 114 are formed so as to cover the fin-shaped silicon channel 121A.
- the amplification transistor 114 is a so-called FinFET (having a so-called FinFET structure).
- the gate electrode 115A is also formed on the upper side of the silicon channel 121A. That is, the gate electrode 115A-1 and the gate electrode 115A-2 of A in FIG. 2 as well as the gate electrode 115A of the selection transistor 115 are formed so as to cover the fin-shaped silicon channel 121A.
- FIG. 2C shows an example of a cross-sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 2A is cut as indicated by the alternate long and short dash line between Y and Y′. As shown in FIG. 2C, the gate electrode 115A of the selection transistor 115 is formed so as to cover the fin-shaped silicon channel 121A.
- the amplification transistor 114 is a so-called FinFET (having a so-called FinFET structure).
- the effective channel width can be expanded in both the selection transistor 115 and the amplification transistor 114, so that at least one of the selection transistor 115 and the amplification transistor 114 is
- the increase in random noise can be suppressed more than in the case of the planar type (planar type). That is, it is possible to suppress the reduction of the image quality of the captured image (typically, the image quality can be improved).
- the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 have a double-headed arrow due to the silicon channel 121A, the insulating film 122-2, and the insulating film 122-5. It is formed (arranged) at a predetermined interval as shown by 123.
- a low resistance source or drain can be made uniform in the channel width direction as in the case of the planar type (planar type) FET.
- the size for forming can be reduced. Further, it becomes unnecessary to consider the influence of the diffusion layer portion of the select transistor 115 in forming the silicon channel. Therefore, it is possible to suppress an increase in the necessary distance between amplification transistor 114 and selection transistor 115 (gate electrode 114A and gate electrode 115A) indicated by double-headed arrow 123. Therefore, it is possible to suppress an increase in the size of each pixel as compared with the case where at least one of the selection transistor 115 and the amplification transistor 114 is a planar type.
- the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 adjacent to each other as described above, it is possible to further suppress an increase in the distance between the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 (gate electrode 114A and gate electrode 115A). Further, as described above, the gate electrode 115A of the selection transistor 115 and the gate electrode 114A of the amplification transistor 114 are formed in the same silicon channel 121A, thereby further simplifying the structure of each pixel ( Can be simplified). Therefore, it is possible to further suppress an increase in the size of each pixel.
- an impurity may be injected into the portion of the selection transistor 115 of the silicon channel 121A (the portion covered with the gate electrode 115A). That is, the selection transistor 115 may have a silicon channel in which a dopant is implanted.
- the selection transistor 115 to which the FinFET is applied as described above when the off (off) characteristic is prioritized, it is desirable to set the on/off threshold voltage Vth higher than when not prioritized. Further, when the degree of modulation or the amount of saturated charge is prioritized, it is desirable to set the on/off threshold voltage Vth to be lower than that when not prioritized.
- 3A is a plan view showing a main configuration example of the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 in that case.
- an ion-implanted region 131 in which ions are implanted as a dopant is formed in the selection transistor 115 portion of the fin-shaped silicon channel 121A.
- FIG. 3B An example of a cross-sectional view of the structure shown in A of FIG. 3 taken along the dashed line between XX′ is shown in FIG. 3B.
- FIG. 3C shows an example of a sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 3A is cut along the line YY′ as shown by the alternate long and short dash line.
- the ion-implanted region 131 is formed in the fin-shaped silicon channel 121A at the portion of the select transistor 115.
- the threshold voltage Vth of the selection transistor 115 can be controlled as described above by implanting ions as a dopant into the silicon channel 121A and forming the ion implantation region 131 as described above. For example, by implanting boron (B) as a dopant into the selection transistor 115 portion of the fin-shaped silicon channel 121A, the ion implantation region 131 can be made a P-type semiconductor. That is, the threshold voltage Vth of the selection transistor 115 can be made higher than that when no dopant is implanted.
- the ion implantation region 131 can be made an N-type semiconductor. That is, the threshold voltage Vth of the selection transistor 115 can be made lower than that when no dopant is implanted.
- the thermal diffusion coefficient is relatively large.
- the dopant that easily diffuses heat (dopant having a large thermal diffusion coefficient) is used, the dopant is diffused from the region of the selection transistor 115 to the region of the amplification transistor 114 by the subsequent heat treatment (that is, the ion implantation region 131 is amplified by the amplification transistor).
- the Vth controllability of the amplification transistor 114 may be deteriorated and that 1/f noise may be increased due to an increase in MOS interface electron density. This may reduce the quality of the captured image.
- ions having a smaller thermal diffusion coefficient than boron (B) may be implanted into the selection transistor 115 portion of the silicon channel 121A as a dopant. That is, the selection transistor 115 may have a silicon channel into which ions having a thermal diffusion coefficient smaller than that of boron (B) are implanted.
- indium (In) may be implanted as the dopant.
- the diffusion of the ion implantation region 131 (the portion of the selection transistor 115 of the silicon channel 121A) from being diffused as shown by the arrow B in FIG. 3 is suppressed more than in the case where boron (B) is used as the dopant. be able to. Therefore, deterioration of Vth controllability of the amplification transistor 114 and increase of 1/f noise due to increase of MOS interface electron density can be suppressed. In other words, it is possible to improve the off characteristic of the selection transistor 115 while suppressing the deterioration of the Vth controllability of the amplification transistor 114 and the increase of 1/f noise. That is, it is possible to suppress the reduction of the image quality of the captured image (typically, the image quality can be improved).
- ions having a smaller thermal diffusion coefficient than phosphorus (P) may be implanted into the portion of the selection transistor 115 of the silicon channel 121A as a dopant. That is, the selection transistor 115 may have a silicon channel into which ions having a thermal diffusion coefficient smaller than that of phosphorus (P) are implanted.
- arsenic (As) may be implanted as the dopant.
- antimony (Sb) may be injected as the dopant.
- the diffusion of the ion implantation region 131 (the portion of the selection transistor 115 of the silicon channel 121A) from being diffused as shown by the arrow B in FIG. 3 is suppressed as compared with the case where phosphorus (P) is used as the dopant. be able to. Therefore, deterioration of Vth controllability of the amplification transistor 114 and increase of 1/f noise due to increase of MOS interface electron density can be suppressed. That is, it is possible to improve the modulation degree and the saturation charge amount of the selection transistor 115 while suppressing the deterioration of the Vth controllability of the amplification transistor 114 and the increase of 1/f noise. That is, it is possible to suppress the reduction of the image quality of the captured image (typically, the image quality can be improved).
- the gate sidewall 114A (gate sidewall 141-1 and gate sidewall 141-2) is formed on the gate electrode 114A of the amplification transistor 114, and the gate sidewall 115A of the selection transistor 115 is formed. It is assumed that 142 (gate side wall 142-1 and gate side wall 142-2) is formed. After that, the dopant may be injected into the silicon channel 121A. By this dopant injection, a drain electrode 143-1 of the amplification transistor 114 is formed on the opposite side of the gate electrode 114A from the selection transistor 115.
- an electrode 143-2 for the source of the amplification transistor 114 and the drain of the selection transistor 115 is formed between the gate electrode 114A and the gate electrode 115A. Further, a source electrode 143-3 of the selection transistor 115 is formed on the side of the gate electrode 115A opposite to the amplification transistor 114.
- the electrodes 143-1 to 143-3 are referred to as the electrodes 143 unless it is necessary to describe them separately.
- the length of the electrode 143-2 (distance between the gate sidewall 141-2 and the gate sidewall 142-1) indicated by the double-headed arrow 144 may be 100 nm or more.
- the distance between the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 should be 200 nm or more. Good.
- the dopant may be implanted into the silicon channel 121A to form the electrode 143 before the gate sidewall 141 and the gate sidewall 142 are formed.
- the distance between the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 may be 100 nm or more.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a main configuration example of a manufacturing apparatus to which the present technology is applied.
- the manufacturing apparatus 200 manufactures (generates) the image sensor 100 of the example of FIG. In the following, only some steps of manufacturing the image sensor 100 will be described.
- the manufacturing apparatus 200 includes a fin forming part 211, a SiO2 forming part 212, an ion implantation part 213, a SiO2 exposing part 214, an etching part 215, a resist removing part 216, an annealing process part 217, and a gate forming part. 218.
- the Fin formation unit 211 acquires the silicon layer 121 in step S201, forms a fin-shaped silicon channel 121A in the silicon layer 121, and supplies it to the SiO2 formation unit 212.
- step S202 the SiO2 forming unit 212 acquires the silicon layer 121 having the fin-shaped silicon channel 121A formed therein, which is supplied from the Fin forming unit 211. Further, the SiO2 forming part 212 forms an insulating film 122 of SiO2 in the isolation regions on both sides of the silicon channel 121A of the silicon layer 121. Further, the SiO 2 forming part 212 supplies the silicon layer 121 on which the insulating film 122 is formed to the ion implantation part 213.
- FIG. 7A is a plan view showing a main configuration example of the silicon layer 121 on which the insulating film 122 is formed.
- the AMP formation region 251 is a region of the silicon layer 121 (silicon channel 121A) where the amplification transistor 114 is formed.
- the SEL formation region 252 is a region of the silicon layer 121 (silicon channel 121A) where the selection transistor 115 is formed.
- FIG. 7B shows an example of a cross-sectional view in the case where the configuration shown in A of FIG. 7 is cut as indicated by a dashed line between XX′.
- FIG. 7C shows an example of a cross-sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 7A is cut along the line YY′ as shown by the alternate long and short dash line.
- an insulating film 122-1 and an insulating film 122-2 are formed on both sides of the fin-shaped silicon channel 121A.
- step S203 the ion implantation unit 213 acquires the silicon layer 121 having the insulating film 122 formed thereon, which is supplied from the SiO2 forming unit 212. Further, the ion implantation part 213 applies a photoresist to the surface of the silicon layer 121. Further, the ion implantation part 213 removes a part of the SEL formation region 252 in the photoresist to form an opening.
- FIG. 8A is a plan view showing a main configuration example of the silicon layer 121.
- a photoresist 261 is applied to the surface of the silicon layer 121, and the photoresist 261 is removed in a part of the SEL formation region 252 to form an opening 261A.
- the opening 261A By forming the opening 261A, the insulating film 122-1 and the insulating film 122-2 (that is, SiO2) and the silicon channel 121A are partially exposed.
- step S204 the ion implantation unit 213 implants a dopant (ion) into the silicon channel 121A exposed in the opening 261A.
- FIG. 8B shows an example of a sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 8A is cut as indicated by a chain line between XX′. As shown by an arrow 262 in FIG. 8B, a dopant (ion) is implanted into the silicon channel 121A from the opening 261A to form the ion implantation region 131.
- the threshold voltage Vth of the select transistor 115 can be controlled by implanting ions as a dopant into the silicon channel 121A and forming the ion-implanted region 131.
- the dopant for example, ions having a smaller thermal diffusion coefficient than boron (B) or phosphorus (P) may be implanted.
- B boron
- P phosphorus
- the off characteristic of the transistor 115 can be improved, and the modulation degree and the saturation charge amount of the selection transistor 115 can be improved. That is, it is possible to suppress the reduction of the image quality of the captured image (typically, the image quality can be improved).
- the ion implantation part 213 supplies the ion-implanted silicon layer 121 to the SiO2 exposed part 214.
- step S205 the SiO2 exposed part 214 acquires the silicon layer 121 supplied from the ion implantation part 213. Further, the SiO2 exposed portion 214 newly applies a photoresist to the silicon layer 121. Further, the SiO2 exposed portion 214 performs a photolithography process on the applied photoresist to expose the SiO2 in the portion to be dug. The SiO 2 exposed portion 214 supplies the silicon layer 121, in which the insulating film 122 in the AMP formation region 251 and the SEL formation region 252 is exposed, to the etching portion 215.
- FIG. 9A is a plan view showing a main configuration example of the silicon layer 121. As shown in FIG. 9A, the photoresist 261 in the AMP formation region 251 and the SEL formation region 252 is removed, and SiO2 is exposed (insulating films 122-1 to 122-4).
- FIG. 9B shows an example of a sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 9A is cut as indicated by the alternate long and short dash line between XX′.
- step S206 the etching section 215 acquires the silicon layer 121 supplied from the SiO2 exposed section 214.
- the etching section 215 also etches the silicon layer 121 to remove SiO2 in the exposed portion. Further, the etching unit 215 supplies the etched silicon layer 121 to the resist removing unit 216.
- FIG. 10A is a plan view showing a main configuration example of the silicon layer 121.
- the insulating film 122 (SiO2) in the AMP formation region 251 and the SEL formation region 252 is removed by etching.
- the silicon layer 121 is exposed on both sides of the silicon channel 121A.
- FIG. 10B shows an example of a cross-sectional view in the case where the structure shown in A of FIG. 10 is cut as indicated by a dashed line between XX′.
- step S207 the resist removing unit 216 acquires the etched silicon layer 121 supplied from the etching unit 215.
- the resist removing unit 216 also removes the photoresist 261 applied to the silicon layer 121. Further, the resist removing unit 216 supplies the silicon layer 121 from which the photoresist has been removed to the annealing processing unit 217.
- FIG. 11A is a plan view showing a main configuration example of the silicon layer 121. As shown in A of FIG. 11, the photoresists 261-1 to 261-3 in A of FIG. 10 are removed, and the insulating films 122-1 to 122-6 are exposed.
- FIG. 11B shows an example of a sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 11A is cut along the line XX′ as indicated by the alternate long and short dash line.
- step S208 the annealing processing unit 217 acquires the photoresist-removed silicon layer 121 supplied from the resist removal unit 216. In addition, the annealing unit 217 anneals the silicon layer 121 at a predetermined temperature and for a predetermined time in order to reduce the interface state density, and removes the lattice defects generated on the sidewall of the silicon channel 121A.
- FIG. 12A is a plan view showing a main configuration example of the silicon layer 121.
- FIG. 12B shows an example of a cross-sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 12A is cut along the line XX′ as shown by the alternate long and short dash line.
- FIG. 12C shows an example of a sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 12A is cut along the line YY′ as shown by the alternate long and short dash line.
- the ion implantation region 131 is expanded as shown by arrows 271 and 272, as shown in FIG. 12B.
- the annealing unit 217 supplies the annealed silicon layer 121 to the gate forming unit 218.
- the ion implantation region 131 of the ion implantation region 131 can be formed as compared with the case of using boron (B) or phosphorus (P) as the dopant. Since the diffusion can be suppressed, it is possible to suppress an increase in the necessary distance (the length of the double-headed arrow 132 of A in FIG. 3) between the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 (gate electrode 114A and gate electrode 115A). it can. Therefore, it is possible to further suppress an increase in the size of each pixel.
- step S209 the gate formation unit 218 forms a gate electrode of polysilicon (Poly-Si) so as to cover the AMP formation region 251 and the SEL formation region 252 of the fin-shaped silicon channel 121A.
- the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 (in other words, the image sensor 100) having the configuration as shown in FIG. 3 are formed.
- the gate forming unit 218 outputs the image sensor 100 thus generated to the outside of the manufacturing apparatus 200, and ends the generation process.
- the manufacturing apparatus 200 can more easily generate the image sensor 100. It should be noted that when the image sensor 100 of the example of FIG. 2 is generated, the processes of steps S203 and S204 of FIG. 6 may be omitted.
- the work function of the gate electrode may be controlled instead of injecting the dopant into the silicon channel 121A. That is, the threshold voltage Vth of the selection transistor 115 or the amplification transistor 114 may be controlled by selecting the material used as the gate electrode 115A of the selection transistor 115 or the gate electrode 114A of the amplification transistor 114.
- the Vth of the selection transistor 115 can be increased. Accordingly, the off characteristic of the selection transistor 115 can be improved. That is, it is possible to suppress the reduction of the image quality of the captured image (typically, the image quality can be improved).
- the Vth of the selection transistor 115 can be further lowered.
- the modulation degree and the saturation charge amount of the selection transistor 115 can be improved. That is, it is possible to suppress the reduction of the image quality of the captured image (typically, the image quality can be improved).
- the threshold voltage Vth of the amplification transistor 114 can be similarly controlled by the material of the gate electrode 114A. That is, it is possible to suppress the reduction of the image quality of the captured image (typically, the image quality can be improved).
- the selection transistor 115 and the amplification transistor 114 may have gate electrodes made of materials having different work functions.
- FIG. 13A is a plan view showing a main configuration example of the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 in that case.
- the gate electrode 311 of the amplification transistor 114 is formed of an N-type semiconductor and the threshold voltage Vth is set low.
- the gate electrode 312 of the selection transistor 115 is formed of a P-type semiconductor, and the threshold voltage Vth is set high.
- FIG. 14A shows an example of a cross-sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 13A is cut as indicated by the alternate long and short dash line between YY′.
- FIG. 14B shows an example of a cross-sectional view in the case where the structure shown in FIG. 13A is cut as indicated by the alternate long and short dash line between ZZ′.
- the silicon channel 121A of the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 in this case is only formed so as to cover the gate electrode 114A and the gate electrode 115A, and the dopant is implanted. Absent. Therefore, the ion implantation region 131 does not diffuse due to the annealing process or the like. Therefore, the distance between the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 can be made shorter than in the case of the second embodiment. This makes it possible to suppress an increase in the size of each pixel (typically, it is possible to further facilitate miniaturization of each pixel).
- the work function becomes larger on the right side of the element table as shown in the element table of FIG. 15, for example.
- the gate electrode 311 and the gate electrode 312 may be metal gates using metal.
- the graph of FIG. 16 is a diagram showing examples of work functions of various metals. As shown in the graph of FIG. 16, various metals have different work functions.
- the work functions of the gate electrode 311 and the gate electrode 312 can be controlled by selecting the metal applied to the gate electrode 311 and the gate electrode 312.
- the material of the gate electrode 312 of the selection transistor 115 is tungsten (W), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), or the like
- the material of the gate electrode 311 of the amplification transistor 114 is an N-type semiconductor.
- the threshold voltage Vth of 115 can be set higher than that of the amplification transistor 114.
- the material of the gate electrode 311 and the material of the gate electrode 312 may be exchanged.
- the relationship of the threshold voltage Vth between the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 can be reversed to that in the above example.
- the gate electrode 311 and the gate electrode 312 may be formed of a compound of metal and silicon (silicide).
- An example of the work function of silicide is shown in FIG. Similar to the case of the metal, by using a silicide having a larger work function among the various silicides as shown in FIG. 17, the threshold voltage Vth of the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 can be set higher. Further, the threshold voltage Vth of the amplification transistor 114 or the selection transistor 115 can be set lower by using the silicide having a smaller work function.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of the configuration in pixel units, like the image sensor 400 shown in FIG. 18, the transfer transistor 112 to the selection transistor are provided between pixels arranged in the horizontal direction (row direction) of the pixel array in the drawing.
- the respective vertical positions (positions in the column direction of the pixel array, that is, rows) of 115 may be the same.
- FIG. 18 shows a configuration example of two pixel units (pixel unit 411 and pixel unit 412) adjacent to each other in the row direction of the pixel array. As indicated by a dotted line in FIG.
- the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 of the pixel unit 411 and the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 of the pixel unit 412 are in the same row (in the same vertical direction in the drawing). Position).
- an element isolation region that is separated from other pixel units can be formed in the white region between pixel units.
- the element isolation region is made of, for example, an insulating film such as LOCOS or STI. In the case of electronic reading, the element isolation region can be formed by the p-type region.
- the transfer transistor 112 and the reset transistor 113 may be arranged in a different row (vertical position in the drawing) from the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115.
- the layout of control lines etc. can be simplified. Therefore, by applying the present technology in such a layout, an increase in the size of the pixel array can be suppressed more easily (typically, the pixel array can be made smaller).
- the number of photodiodes 111 configured in one pixel unit may be plural. That is, a so-called pixel sharing structure is applied so that the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 amplify the charges of the plurality of photodiodes 111 and control the output of those charges to the signal line. Good.
- the amplification transistor 114 and the selection transistor 115 may be, for example, a tri-gate transistor, a full-circle gate FET, or a multi-gate transistor other than FinFET. May be
- FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating a main configuration example of an imaging device as an example of an electronic device to which the present technology is applied.
- the imaging device 600 shown in FIG. 19 is a device that images a subject and outputs an image of the subject as an electrical signal.
- the imaging device 600 includes an optical unit 611, a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) image sensor 612, an image processing unit 613, a display unit 614, a codec processing unit 615, a storage unit 616, an output unit 617, and a communication unit. It has a unit 618, a control unit 621, an operation unit 622, and a drive 623.
- CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
- the optical unit 611 includes a lens that adjusts the focus to the subject and collects light from a focused position, a diaphragm that adjusts the exposure, and a shutter that controls the timing of imaging.
- the optical unit 611 transmits the light (incident light) from the subject and supplies it to the CMOS image sensor 612.
- the CMOS image sensor 612 photoelectrically converts incident light to A/D-convert a signal (pixel signal) for each pixel, performs signal processing such as CDS, and supplies the processed image data to the image processing unit 613. ..
- the image processing unit 613 performs image processing on the captured image data obtained by the CMOS image sensor 612. More specifically, the image processing unit 613 performs, for example, color mixture correction, black level correction, white balance adjustment, demosaic processing, matrix processing, gamma correction on the captured image data supplied from the CMOS image sensor 612. And various image processing such as YC conversion. The image processing unit 613 supplies the captured image data subjected to the image processing to the display unit 614.
- the display unit 614 is configured as, for example, a liquid crystal display or the like, and displays an image (for example, an image of a subject) of the captured image data supplied from the image processing unit 613.
- the image processing unit 613 further supplies the captured image data that has undergone image processing to the codec processing unit 615, if necessary.
- the codec processing unit 615 subjects the captured image data supplied from the image processing unit 613 to encoding processing of a predetermined method, and supplies the obtained encoded data to the storage unit 616. Further, the codec processing unit 615 reads the encoded data recorded in the storage unit 616, decodes the encoded data to generate decoded image data, and supplies the decoded image data to the image processing unit 613.
- the image processing unit 613 performs predetermined image processing on the decoded image data supplied from the codec processing unit 615.
- the image processing unit 613 supplies the decoded image data subjected to the image processing to the display unit 614.
- the display unit 614 is configured as a liquid crystal display or the like, for example, and displays the image of the decoded image data supplied from the image processing unit 613.
- the codec processing unit 615 supplies the output unit 617 with the encoded data obtained by encoding the captured image data supplied from the image processing unit 613 or the encoded data of the captured image data read from the storage unit 616. You may make it output to the exterior of the imaging device 600. In addition, the codec processing unit 615 supplies the captured image data before encoding or the decoded image data obtained by decoding the encoded data read from the storage unit 616 to the output unit 617, and the image capturing apparatus 600 receives the external image data. You may make it output to.
- the codec processing unit 615 may transmit the captured image data, the encoded data of the captured image data, or the decoded image data to another device via the communication unit 618. Further, the codec processing unit 615 may acquire the captured image data or the encoded data of the image data via the communication unit 618. The codec processing unit 615 appropriately performs encoding and decoding on the captured image data acquired via the communication unit 618 and the encoded data of the image data. The codec processing unit 615 supplies the obtained image data or coded data to the image processing unit 613, stores it in the storage unit 616, or outputs it to the output unit 617 and the communication unit 618, as described above. You may do so.
- the storage unit 616 stores the encoded data and the like supplied from the codec processing unit 615.
- the encoded data stored in the storage unit 616 is read by the codec processing unit 615 and decoded as necessary.
- the captured image data obtained by the decoding process is supplied to the display unit 614, and the captured image corresponding to the captured image data is displayed.
- the output unit 617 has an external output interface such as an external output terminal, and outputs various data supplied via the codec processing unit 615 to the outside of the imaging device 600 via the external output interface.
- the communication unit 618 supplies various information such as image data and encoded data supplied from the codec processing unit 615 to another device that is a communication partner of predetermined communication (wired communication or wireless communication). Further, the communication unit 618 acquires various information such as image data and encoded data from another device that is a communication partner of predetermined communication (wired communication or wireless communication), and supplies the information to the codec processing unit 615. ..
- the control unit 621 has a predetermined digital circuit and the like, and performs processing relating to the control of the operation of each processing unit (each processing unit shown within the dotted line 620, the operation unit 622, and the drive 623) of the imaging device 600.
- the control unit 621 has, for example, a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, etc., and the CPU executes various programs related to such control by executing a program or data loaded from the ROM or the like into the RAM. May be.
- the operation unit 622 includes, for example, an arbitrary input device such as a jog dial (trademark), a key, a button, or a touch panel, receives an operation input from, for example, a user, and supplies a signal corresponding to the operation input to the control unit 621. To do.
- an arbitrary input device such as a jog dial (trademark), a key, a button, or a touch panel
- the drive 623 reads the information stored in the removable medium 624 mounted on itself, such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, or a semiconductor memory.
- the drive 623 reads various types of information such as programs and data from the removable medium 624 and supplies it to the control unit 621. Further, when the writable removable medium 624 is attached to the drive 623, the drive 623 stores in the removable medium 624 various information such as image data and encoded data supplied via the control unit 621. ..
- the present technology described in each embodiment is applied as the CMOS image sensor 612 of the above-described imaging device 600. That is, the image pickup device 100 or the image pickup device 400 described above is used as the CMOS image sensor 612. As a result, the CMOS image sensor 612 can suppress the reduction in image quality of the captured image. Therefore, the imaging device 600 can obtain a higher quality captured image by capturing the subject.
- the series of processes described above can be executed by hardware or software.
- a program forming the software is installed in the computer.
- the computer includes a computer incorporated in dedicated hardware and, for example, a general-purpose personal computer capable of executing various functions by installing various programs.
- FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing a hardware configuration example of a computer that executes the series of processes described above by a program.
- a CPU Central Processing Unit
- ROM Read Only Memory
- RAM Random Access Memory
- An input/output interface 910 is also connected to the bus 904.
- An input unit 911, an output unit 912, a storage unit 913, a communication unit 914, and a drive 915 are connected to the input/output interface 910.
- the input unit 911 includes, for example, a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a touch panel, an input terminal and the like.
- the output unit 912 includes, for example, a display, a speaker, an output terminal and the like.
- the storage unit 913 includes, for example, a hard disk, a RAM disk, a non-volatile memory, or the like.
- the communication unit 914 includes, for example, a network interface.
- the drive 915 drives a removable medium 921 such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, or a semiconductor memory.
- the CPU 901 loads the program stored in the storage unit 913 into the RAM 903 via the input/output interface 910 and the bus 904 and executes the program, thereby performing the above-described series of operations. Is processed.
- the RAM 903 also appropriately stores data necessary for the CPU 901 to execute various processes.
- the program executed by the computer can be recorded in a removable medium 921 as a package medium or the like and applied.
- the program can be installed in the storage unit 913 via the input/output interface 910 by mounting the removable medium 921 in the drive 915.
- this program can be provided via a wired or wireless transmission medium such as a local area network, the Internet, or digital satellite broadcasting.
- the program can be received by the communication unit 914 and installed in the storage unit 913.
- this program can be installed in advance in the ROM 902 or the storage unit 913.
- the technology according to the present disclosure (this technology) can be applied to various products.
- the technology according to the present disclosure is realized as a device mounted on any type of moving body such as an automobile, an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a motorcycle, a bicycle, personal mobility, an airplane, a drone, a ship, and a robot. May be.
- FIG. 21 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration example of a vehicle control system which is an example of a mobile body control system to which the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- the vehicle control system 12000 includes a plurality of electronic control units connected via a communication network 12001.
- the vehicle control system 12000 includes a drive system control unit 12010, a body system control unit 12020, a vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030, a vehicle interior information detection unit 12040, and an integrated control unit 12050.
- a microcomputer 12051, an audio/video output unit 12052, and an in-vehicle network I/F (interface) 12053 are illustrated as a functional configuration of the integrated control unit 12050.
- the drive system control unit 12010 controls the operation of devices related to the drive system of the vehicle according to various programs.
- the drive system control unit 12010 includes a drive force generation device for generating a drive force of a vehicle such as an internal combustion engine or a drive motor, a drive force transmission mechanism for transmitting the drive force to wheels, and a steering angle of the vehicle. It functions as a steering mechanism for adjusting and a control device such as a braking device for generating a braking force of the vehicle.
- the body system control unit 12020 controls operations of various devices mounted on the vehicle body according to various programs.
- the body system control unit 12020 functions as a keyless entry system, a smart key system, a power window device, or a control device for various lamps such as a head lamp, a back lamp, a brake lamp, a winker, or a fog lamp.
- radio waves or signals of various switches transmitted from a portable device that substitutes for a key can be input to the body system control unit 12020.
- the body system control unit 12020 accepts the input of these radio waves or signals and controls the vehicle door lock device, the power window device, the lamp, and the like.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 detects information outside the vehicle equipped with the vehicle control system 12000.
- the imaging unit 12031 is connected to the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 causes the image capturing unit 12031 to capture an image of the vehicle exterior and receives the captured image.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 may perform object detection processing or distance detection processing such as people, vehicles, obstacles, signs, or characters on the road surface based on the received image.
- the image pickup unit 12031 is an optical sensor that receives light and outputs an electric signal according to the amount of received light.
- the imaging unit 12031 can output the electric signal as an image or as distance measurement information.
- the light received by the imaging unit 12031 may be visible light or invisible light such as infrared light.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 detects in-vehicle information.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 is connected with, for example, a driver state detection unit 12041 that detects the state of the driver.
- the driver state detection unit 12041 includes, for example, a camera that captures an image of the driver, and the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 determines the degree of fatigue or concentration of the driver based on the detection information input from the driver state detection unit 12041. It may be calculated or it may be determined whether or not the driver is asleep.
- the microcomputer 12051 calculates the control target value of the driving force generation device, the steering mechanism or the braking device based on the information on the inside and outside of the vehicle acquired by the outside information detection unit 12030 or the inside information detection unit 12040, and the drive system control unit.
- a control command can be output to 12010.
- the microcomputer 12051 realizes a function of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) including avoidance or impact mitigation of a vehicle, follow-up traveling based on an inter-vehicle distance, vehicle speed maintenance traveling, a vehicle collision warning, or a vehicle lane departure warning. It is possible to perform cooperative control for the purpose.
- ADAS Advanced Driver Assistance System
- the microcomputer 12051 controls the driving force generation device, the steering mechanism, the braking device, or the like based on the information around the vehicle acquired by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 or the vehicle interior information detection unit 12040, thereby It is possible to perform cooperative control for the purpose of autonomous driving or the like that autonomously travels without depending on the operation.
- the microcomputer 12051 can output a control command to the body system control unit 12020 based on the information on the outside of the vehicle acquired by the outside information detection unit 12030.
- the microcomputer 12051 controls the headlamp according to the position of the preceding vehicle or the oncoming vehicle detected by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030, and performs cooperative control for the purpose of anti-glare such as switching the high beam to the low beam. It can be carried out.
- the voice image output unit 12052 transmits an output signal of at least one of a voice and an image to an output device capable of visually or audibly notifying information to an occupant of the vehicle or the outside of the vehicle.
- an audio speaker 12061, a display unit 12062, and an instrument panel 12063 are illustrated as output devices.
- the display unit 12062 may include at least one of an onboard display and a head-up display, for example.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing an example of the installation position of the imaging unit 12031.
- the vehicle 12100 has imaging units 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, 12105 as the imaging unit 12031.
- the imaging units 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, 12105 are provided at positions such as the front nose of the vehicle 12100, the side mirrors, the rear bumper, the back door, and the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior.
- the image capturing unit 12101 provided on the front nose and the image capturing unit 12105 provided on the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior mainly acquire an image in front of the vehicle 12100.
- the imaging units 12102 and 12103 included in the side mirrors mainly acquire images of the side of the vehicle 12100.
- the image capturing unit 12104 provided in the rear bumper or the back door mainly acquires an image behind the vehicle 12100.
- the images in the front acquired by the image capturing units 12101 and 12105 are mainly used for detecting the preceding vehicle, pedestrians, obstacles, traffic lights, traffic signs, lanes, or the like.
- FIG. 22 shows an example of the shooting range of the imaging units 12101 to 12104.
- the imaging range 12111 indicates the imaging range of the imaging unit 12101 provided on the front nose
- the imaging ranges 12112 and 12113 indicate the imaging ranges of the imaging units 12102 and 12103 provided on the side mirrors
- the imaging range 12114 indicates The imaging range of the imaging part 12104 provided in a rear bumper or a back door is shown. For example, by overlaying the image data captured by the image capturing units 12101 to 12104, a bird's-eye view image of the vehicle 12100 viewed from above can be obtained.
- At least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may have a function of acquiring distance information.
- at least one of the image capturing units 12101 to 12104 may be a stereo camera including a plurality of image capturing elements, or may be an image capturing element having pixels for phase difference detection.
- the microcomputer 12051 based on the distance information obtained from the imaging units 12101 to 12104, the distance to each three-dimensional object in the imaging range 12111 to 12114 and the temporal change of this distance (relative speed with respect to the vehicle 12100). By determining, the closest three-dimensional object on the traveling path of the vehicle 12100, which is traveling in the substantially same direction as the vehicle 12100 at a predetermined speed (for example, 0 km/h or more), can be extracted as the preceding vehicle. it can. Further, the microcomputer 12051 can set an inter-vehicle distance to be secured in front of the preceding vehicle in advance, and can perform automatic brake control (including follow-up stop control), automatic acceleration control (including follow-up start control), and the like. In this way, it is possible to perform cooperative control for the purpose of autonomous driving or the like that autonomously travels without depending on the operation of the driver.
- automatic brake control including follow-up stop control
- automatic acceleration control including follow-up start control
- the microcomputer 12051 uses the distance information obtained from the imaging units 12101 to 12104 to convert three-dimensional object data regarding a three-dimensional object to other three-dimensional objects such as two-wheeled vehicles, ordinary vehicles, large vehicles, pedestrians, and utility poles. It can be classified, extracted, and used for automatic avoidance of obstacles. For example, the microcomputer 12051 distinguishes obstacles around the vehicle 12100 into obstacles visible to the driver of the vehicle 12100 and obstacles difficult to see. Then, the microcomputer 12051 determines the collision risk indicating the risk of collision with each obstacle, and when the collision risk is equal to or higher than the set value and there is a possibility of collision, the microcomputer 12051 outputs the audio through the audio speaker 12061 and the display unit 12062. A driver can be assisted for avoiding a collision by outputting an alarm to the driver and performing forced deceleration or avoidance steering through the drive system control unit 12010.
- At least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may be an infrared camera that detects infrared rays.
- the microcomputer 12051 can recognize a pedestrian by determining whether or not a pedestrian is present in the images captured by the imaging units 12101 to 12104. To recognize such a pedestrian, for example, a procedure of extracting a feature point in an image captured by the image capturing units 12101 to 12104 as an infrared camera, and a pattern matching process on a series of feature points indicating an outline of an object are performed to determine whether the pedestrian is a pedestrian. It is performed by the procedure of determining.
- the voice image output unit 12052 causes the recognized pedestrian to have a rectangular contour line for emphasis.
- the display unit 12062 is controlled so as to superimpose and display. Further, the audio image output unit 12052 may control the display unit 12062 to display an icon indicating a pedestrian or the like at a desired position.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied to the imaging unit 12031 among the configurations described above.
- the image pickup device 100 of FIG. 1, the image pickup device 400 of FIG. 18, and the image pickup apparatus 600 of FIG. 19 can be applied to the image pickup unit 12031.
- the technique according to the present disclosure to the image capturing unit 12031, it is possible to suppress the reduction in the image quality of the captured image. Therefore, based on the captured image, more accurate (more appropriate) moving body control and Driving assistance can be provided.
- the present technology is applicable to any configuration mounted on an arbitrary device or a device that configures a system, for example, a processor (eg, video processor) as a system LSI (Large Scale Integration) or the like, or a module (eg, video module) using a plurality of processors or the like. It can also be implemented as a unit (for example, a video unit) using a plurality of modules or the like, a set in which other functions are further added to the unit (for example, a video set), or the like (that is, a partial configuration of the device).
- a processor eg, video processor
- LSI Large Scale Integration
- module eg, video module
- It can also be implemented as a unit (for example, a video unit) using a plurality of modules or the like, a set in which other functions are further added to the unit (for example, a video set), or the like (that is, a partial configuration of the device).
- the present technology can also be applied to a network system composed of multiple devices.
- it can also be applied to cloud services that provide services related to images (moving images) to arbitrary terminals such as computers, AV (Audio Visual) devices, portable information processing terminals, and IoT (Internet of Things) devices. it can.
- the configuration described as one device (or processing unit) may be divided and configured as a plurality of devices (or processing units).
- the configurations described above as a plurality of devices (or processing units) may be integrated into one device (or processing unit).
- part of the configuration of a certain device (or processing unit) may be included in the configuration of another device (or another processing unit). ..
- the system means a set of a plurality of constituent elements (devices, modules (parts), etc.), and it does not matter whether or not all the constituent elements are in the same housing. Therefore, a plurality of devices housed in separate housings and connected via a network, and one device housing a plurality of modules in one housing are all systems. ..
- the present technology can have a configuration of cloud computing in which one device is shared by a plurality of devices via a network and jointly processes.
- the program described above can be executed in any device.
- the device may have a necessary function (function block or the like) so that necessary information can be obtained.
- each step described in the above-mentioned flowchart can be executed by one device or shared by a plurality of devices.
- the plurality of processes included in the one step can be executed by one device or shared by a plurality of devices.
- a plurality of processes included in one step can be executed as a process of a plurality of steps.
- the processes described as a plurality of steps can be collectively executed as one step.
- the program executed by the computer may be configured such that the processes of the steps for writing the program are executed in time series in the order described in this specification, or in parallel, or when the call is made. It may be executed individually at a necessary timing such as time. That is, as long as no contradiction occurs, the processing of each step may be executed in an order different from the order described above. Furthermore, the process of the step of writing this program may be executed in parallel with the process of another program, or may be executed in combination with the process of another program.
- An image sensor including a pixel unit having a selection transistor including a multi-gate transistor and an amplification transistor.
- the image pickup device according to any one of (1) to (5), in which the selection transistor and the amplification transistor are formed in a row different from that of the transfer transistor and the reset transistor in the pixel unit.
- the pixel unit has a single photoelectric conversion element,
- the selection transistor controls the output of the charges read from the photoelectric conversion element to a signal line,
- the said amplification transistor is an image sensor in any one of (1) thru
- the pixel unit has a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements
- the selection transistor controls the output to the signal line of the charge read from any of the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements
- the said amplification transistor is an image sensor in any one of (1) thru
- the selection transistor has a silicon channel of a P-type semiconductor into which ions having a thermal diffusion coefficient smaller than that of boron are implanted.
- the image pickup device according to any one of (1) to (14), wherein the selection transistor has a silicon channel into which an impurity is injected before the side wall of the gate is formed.
- the selection transistor has a silicon channel into which an impurity is implanted after the sidewall of the gate is formed.
- the image sensor according to any one of (1) to (16), wherein the selection transistor and the amplification transistor have gate electrodes made of materials having different work functions.
- the selection transistor has a P-type semiconductor gate electrode
- the image pickup device according to any one of (1) to (17), wherein the amplification transistor has an N-type semiconductor gate electrode.
- the selection transistor has a gate electrode of tungsten, ruthenium, or rhodium,
- the image pickup device according to any one of (1) to (18), wherein the amplification transistor has an N-type semiconductor gate electrode.
- An imaging unit that images a subject An image processing unit for performing image processing on the image data obtained by the image pickup by the image pickup unit,
- the imaging unit includes a pixel unit having a selection transistor including a multi-gate transistor and an amplification transistor.
- 100 image pickup elements 111 photodiodes, 112 transfer transistors, 113 reset transistors, 114 amplification transistors, 114A gate electrodes, 115 transfer transistors, 115A gate electrodes, 121 silicon layers, 121A silicon channels, 122 insulating films, 131 ion implantation areas, 141 And 142 gate side wall, 143 electrode, 200 manufacturing device, 211 Fin forming part, 212 SiO2 forming part, 213 ion implantation part, 214 SiO2 exposed part, 215 etching part, 216 resist removing part, 217 annealing process part, 218 gate forming part.
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Abstract
Description
1.第1の実施の形態(撮像素子)
2.第2の実施の形態(撮像素子)
3.第3の実施の形態(製造装置)
4.第4の実施の形態(撮像素子)
5.応用例
6.移動体への応用例
7.付記
<画素単位構成>
図1は、本技術を適用した撮像素子の主な構成例を示す平面図である。図1に示される撮像素子100は、被写体を撮像し、撮像画像を電気信号として得るCMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)イメージセンサである。撮像素子100は、例えばアレイ状等、面状に配置される複数の画素単位を有する。各画素単位において入射光が光電変換され、撮像画像の画素信号が得られる。図1においては、このような撮像素子100の1画素単位の主な構成例が模式的に示されている。
このような撮像素子100について、従来、例えば特許文献1に記載のように、残像および暗電流の抑制のために、増幅トランジスタが垂直チャネルを有するようにする方法が考えられた。
そこで、この選択トランジスタ115および増幅トランジスタ114が、マルチゲートトランジスタからなるようにする。マルチゲートトランジスタは、ゲート電極面がチャネルに対して立体的に複数形成された非プレナー型(非平面型)のトランジスタである。
例えば、増幅トランジスタ114および選択トランジスタ115として、FinFETを適用するようにしてもよい。FinFETは、マルチゲートトランジスタの一例であり、ソース・ドレイン間に形成されるフィン形状の(起立型の)シリコンチャネルと、そのシリコンチャネルを覆うように形成されたゲート電極を有するFET(Field Effect Transistor)である。
<不純物の注入>
なお、シリコンチャネル121Aの選択トランジスタ115の部分(ゲート電極115Aにより覆われている部分)に不純物(ドーパント)を注入するようにしてもよい。つまり、選択トランジスタ115が、ドーパントが注入されたシリコンチャネルを有するようにしてもよい。
次に、図2のAの両矢印123や図3のAの両矢印132で示される増幅トランジスタ114および選択トランジスタ115(ゲート電極114Aおよびゲート電極115A)間に必要な距離について説明する。
<製造装置>
次に、以上のような撮像素子100の製造について説明する。一例として図3を参照して説明したシリコンチャネル121Aにドーパントを注入する場合の撮像素子100の製造について説明する。
<仕事関数の制御>
なお、シリコンチャネル121Aにドーパントを注入する代わりに、ゲート電極の仕事関数を制御するようにしてもよい。つまり、選択トランジスタ115のゲート電極115Aや増幅トランジスタ114のゲート電極114Aとして適用する材料を選択することにより、選択トランジスタ115や増幅トランジスタ114の閾値電圧Vthを制御するようにしてもよい。
<構成の応用>
次に、上述の本技術の応用例について説明する。図1において画素単位の構成例を示したが、図18に示される撮像素子400のように、画素アレイの図中水平方向(行方向)に並ぶ画素同士の間で、転送トランジスタ112乃至選択トランジスタ115のそれぞれの図中垂直方向の位置(画素アレイの列方向の位置、すなわち行)が、互いに同一であるようにしてもよい。図18においては、画素アレイの行方向に隣接する2画素単位(画素単位411および画素単位412)の構成例が示されている。この図18において点線で示されるように、画素単位411の増幅トランジスタ114および選択トランジスタ115と、画素単位412の増幅トランジスタ114および選択トランジスタ115とが、互いに同一の行(同一の図中垂直方向の位置)に配置されている。なお、図中、画素単位間の白色の領域には、例えば、他の画素単位と分離する素子分離領域等を形成することができる。素子分離領域は、例えば、LOCOSやSTI等の絶縁膜により構成される。電子読出しの場合、p型領域によって素子分離領域を形成することもできる。
なお、本技術は、撮像素子以外にも適用することができる。例えば、撮像装置のような、撮像素子を有する装置(電子機器等)に本技術を適用するようにしてもよい。図19は、本技術を適用した電子機器の一例としての撮像装置の主な構成例を示すブロック図である。図19に示される撮像装置600は、被写体を撮像し、その被写体の画像を電気信号として出力する装置である。
上述した一連の処理は、ハードウエアにより実行させることもできるし、ソフトウエアにより実行させることもできる。一連の処理をソフトウエアにより実行する場合には、そのソフトウエアを構成するプログラムが、コンピュータにインストールされる。ここでコンピュータには、専用のハードウエアに組み込まれているコンピュータや、各種のプログラムをインストールすることで、各種の機能を実行することが可能な、例えば汎用のパーソナルコンピュータ等が含まれる。
本開示に係る技術(本技術)は、様々な製品へ応用することができる。例えば、本開示に係る技術は、自動車、電気自動車、ハイブリッド電気自動車、自動二輪車、自転車、パーソナルモビリティ、飛行機、ドローン、船舶、ロボット等のいずれかの種類の移動体に搭載される装置として実現されてもよい。
<本技術の適用対象>
本技術は、任意の装置またはシステムを構成する装置に搭載するあらゆる構成、例えば、システムLSI(Large Scale Integration)等としてのプロセッサ(例えばビデオプロセッサ)、複数のプロセッサ等を用いるモジュール(例えばビデオモジュール)、複数のモジュール等を用いるユニット(例えばビデオユニット)、ユニットにさらにその他の機能を付加したセット(例えばビデオセット)等(すなわち、装置の一部の構成)として実施することもできる。
なお、本技術の実施の形態は、上述した実施の形態に限定されるものではなく、本技術の要旨を逸脱しない範囲において種々の変更が可能である。
(1) マルチゲートトランジスタからなる選択トランジスタおよび増幅トランジスタを有する画素単位
を備える撮像素子。
(2) 前記マルチゲートトランジスタは、FinFETである
(1)に記載の撮像素子。
(3) 前記選択トランジスタおよび前記増幅トランジスタは、互いに隣接して形成される
(1)または(2)に記載の撮像素子。
(4) 互いに隣接する前記選択トランジスタおよび前記増幅トランジスタのゲートの間隔は、100nm以上である
(3)に記載の撮像素子。
(5) 前記選択トランジスタおよび前記増幅トランジスタのゲートは、互いに同一のシリコンチャネルに形成される
(1)乃至(4)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(6) 前記画素単位において、前記選択トランジスタおよび前記増幅トランジスタは、転送トランジスタおよびリセットトランジスタとは異なる行に形成される
(1)乃至(5)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(7) 前記画素単位は、単一の光電変換素子を有し、
前記選択トランジスタは、前記光電変換素子から読み出された電荷の信号線への出力を制御し、
前記増幅トランジスタは、前記選択トランジスタが前記電荷を信号として前記信号線に出力する場合に、前記信号を増幅する
(1)乃至(6)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(8) 前記画素単位は、複数の光電変換素子を有し、
前記選択トランジスタは、前記複数の光電変換素子の内のいずれかから読み出された電荷の信号線への出力を制御し、
前記増幅トランジスタは、前記選択トランジスタが前記電荷を信号として前記信号線に出力する場合に、前記信号を増幅する
(1)乃至(7)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(9) 前記選択トランジスタは、不純物が注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
(1)乃至(8)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(10) 前記選択トランジスタは、ボロンよりも熱拡散係数の小さいイオンが注入されたP型半導体のシリコンチャネルを有する
(1)乃至(9)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(11) 前記選択トランジスタは、インジウムが注入されたP型半導体のシリコンチャネルを有する
(1)乃至(10)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(12) 前記選択トランジスタは、リンよりも熱拡散係数の小さいイオンが注入されたN型半導体のシリコンチャネルを有する
(1)乃至(11)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(13) 前記選択トランジスタは、ヒ素が注入されたN型半導体のシリコンチャネルを有する
(1)乃至(12)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(14) 前記選択トランジスタは、アンチモンが注入されたN型半導体のシリコンチャネルを有する
(1)乃至(13)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(15) 前記選択トランジスタは、ゲートの側壁が形成される前に不純物が注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
(1)乃至(14)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(16) 前記選択トランジスタは、ゲートの側壁が形成された後に不純物が注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
(1)乃至(15)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(17) 前記選択トランジスタおよび前記増幅トランジスタは、仕事関数が互いに異なる材料のゲート電極を有する
(1)乃至(16)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(18) 前記選択トランジスタは、P型半導体のゲート電極を有し、
前記増幅トランジスタは、N型半導体のゲート電極を有する
(1)乃至(17)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(19) 前記選択トランジスタは、タングステン、ルテニウム、またはロジウムのゲート電極を有し、
前記増幅トランジスタは、N型半導体のゲート電極を有する
(1)乃至(18)のいずれかに記載の撮像素子。
(20) 被写体を撮像する撮像部と、
前記撮像部による撮像により得られた画像データを画像処理する画像処理部と
を備え、
前記撮像部は、マルチゲートトランジスタからなる選択トランジスタおよび増幅トランジスタを有する画素単位を備える
撮像装置。
Claims (20)
- マルチゲートトランジスタからなる選択トランジスタおよび増幅トランジスタを有する画素単位
を備える撮像素子。 - 前記マルチゲートトランジスタは、FinFETである
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタおよび前記増幅トランジスタは、互いに隣接して形成される
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 互いに隣接する前記選択トランジスタおよび前記増幅トランジスタのゲートの間隔は、100nm以上である
請求項3に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタおよび前記増幅トランジスタのゲートは、互いに同一のシリコンチャネルに形成される
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記画素単位において、前記選択トランジスタおよび前記増幅トランジスタは、転送トランジスタおよびリセットトランジスタとは異なる行に形成される
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記画素単位は、単一の光電変換素子を有し、
前記選択トランジスタは、前記光電変換素子から読み出された電荷の信号線への出力を制御し、
前記増幅トランジスタは、前記選択トランジスタが前記電荷を信号として前記信号線に出力する場合に、前記信号を増幅する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記画素単位は、複数の光電変換素子を有し、
前記選択トランジスタは、前記複数の光電変換素子の内のいずれかから読み出された電荷の信号線への出力を制御し、
前記増幅トランジスタは、前記選択トランジスタが前記電荷を信号として前記信号線に出力する場合に、前記信号を増幅する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタは、不純物が注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタは、P型半導体にボロンよりも熱拡散係数の小さいイオンが注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタは、P型半導体にインジウムが注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタは、N型半導体にリンよりも熱拡散係数の小さいイオンが注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタは、N型半導体にヒ素が注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタは、N型半導体にアンチモンが注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタは、ゲートの側壁が形成される前に不純物が注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタは、ゲートの側壁が形成された後に不純物が注入されたシリコンチャネルを有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタおよび前記増幅トランジスタは、仕事関数が互いに異なる材料のゲート電極を有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタは、P型半導体のゲート電極を有し、
前記増幅トランジスタは、N型半導体のゲート電極を有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記選択トランジスタは、タングステン、ルテニウム、またはロジウムのゲート電極を有し、
前記増幅トランジスタは、N型半導体のゲート電極を有する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 被写体を撮像する撮像部と、
前記撮像部による撮像により得られた画像データを画像処理する画像処理部と
を備え、
前記撮像部は、マルチゲートトランジスタからなる選択トランジスタおよび増幅トランジスタを有する画素単位を備える
撮像装置。
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| CN201980082719.5A CN113169203A (zh) | 2018-12-21 | 2019-12-06 | 摄像元件和摄像装置 |
| US17/294,239 US12046605B2 (en) | 2018-12-21 | 2019-12-06 | Imaging element and imaging device |
| DE112019006299.9T DE112019006299T5 (de) | 2018-12-21 | 2019-12-06 | Bildgebungselement und bildgebungsvorrichtung |
| EP19898191.2A EP3902004A4 (en) | 2018-12-21 | 2019-12-06 | IMAGING ELEMENT AND IMAGING DEVICE |
| JP2020561304A JP7653789B2 (ja) | 2018-12-21 | 2019-12-06 | 撮像素子および撮像装置 |
| KR1020217018979A KR102730076B1 (ko) | 2018-12-21 | 2019-12-06 | 촬상 소자 및 촬상 장치 |
| US18/468,002 US12136635B2 (en) | 2018-12-21 | 2023-09-15 | Imaging element and imaging device with selection and amplication transistor gates formed on same silicon channel |
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| US18/468,002 Continuation US12136635B2 (en) | 2018-12-21 | 2023-09-15 | Imaging element and imaging device with selection and amplication transistor gates formed on same silicon channel |
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| KR (1) | KR102730076B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN113169203A (ja) |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2022118654A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-04 | 2022-06-09 | ソニーグループ株式会社 | 固体撮像素子 |
| WO2023139955A1 (ja) * | 2022-01-18 | 2023-07-27 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 半導体装置及び撮像装置 |
| WO2023153091A1 (ja) * | 2022-02-09 | 2023-08-17 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 半導体装置及び電子機器 |
| WO2025094686A1 (ja) * | 2023-11-02 | 2025-05-08 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 光検出装置、および撮像装置、並びに電子機器 |
| WO2026053610A1 (ja) * | 2024-09-06 | 2026-03-12 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 光検出装置 |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TW202341459A (zh) * | 2022-02-07 | 2023-10-16 | 南韓商三星電子股份有限公司 | 影像感測器 |
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| WO2022118654A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-04 | 2022-06-09 | ソニーグループ株式会社 | 固体撮像素子 |
| WO2023139955A1 (ja) * | 2022-01-18 | 2023-07-27 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 半導体装置及び撮像装置 |
| WO2023153091A1 (ja) * | 2022-02-09 | 2023-08-17 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 半導体装置及び電子機器 |
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| WO2026053610A1 (ja) * | 2024-09-06 | 2026-03-12 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 光検出装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN113169203A (zh) | 2021-07-23 |
| KR20210104725A (ko) | 2021-08-25 |
| TWI861029B (zh) | 2024-11-11 |
| EP3902004A1 (en) | 2021-10-27 |
| JPWO2020129694A1 (ja) | 2020-06-25 |
| TW202038459A (zh) | 2020-10-16 |
| US20220020792A1 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
| DE112019006299T5 (de) | 2021-09-30 |
| US12046605B2 (en) | 2024-07-23 |
| JP7653789B2 (ja) | 2025-03-31 |
| EP3902004A4 (en) | 2022-03-16 |
| US20240021630A1 (en) | 2024-01-18 |
| KR102730076B1 (ko) | 2024-11-13 |
| US12136635B2 (en) | 2024-11-05 |
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