WO2020210481A1

WO2020210481A1 - Heterocyclic compounds as kinase inhibitors for therapeutic uses

Info

Publication number: WO2020210481A1
Application number: PCT/US2020/027453
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hsing-Pang Hsieh; Kun-Hung Lee; Wen-Hsing Lin; Chuan Shih
Original assignee: Nation Health Research Institutes
Current assignee: Nation Health Research Institutes
Priority date: 2019-04-12
Filing date: 2020-04-09
Publication date: 2020-10-15
Anticipated expiration: 2021-10-12
Also published as: EP3952865A1; TWI757722B; AU2020271855B2; CN114025755B; TW202104212A; WO2020210481A8; EP3952865A4; KR102913995B1; AU2020271855A1; KR20210151818A; JP7568641B2; CA3132855A1; JP2022528780A; US20220213064A1; CN114025755A

Abstract

Heterocyclic compounds of formula I shown below and pharmaceutical compositions containing one of such compounds: Also disclosed is a method of treating a condition modulated by the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor with one of the heterocyclic compounds.

Description

HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AS

KINASE INHIBITORS FOR THERAPEUTIC USES BACKGROUND

Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) is a member of tyrosine kinase class III. It plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. See

Cannarile et al., J. Immunother. Cancer, 2017, 5:53. Deregulation of this tyrosine kinase is associated with various disorders and diseases, such as inflammatory disorders, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, bone-related diseases, and cancers.

Recent studies have shown that CSF1R is related to differentiation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). See El-Gamal et al., J. Med. Chem., 2018, 61, 5450-5466. Specifically, TAMs express, on their surfaces, CSF1R, which forms a signaling axis with an active ligand, i.e., colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1). When activated, the CSF1R/CSF1 signaling axis promotes proliferation of monocytes, differentiation of the monocytes into TAMs, and survival of the TAMs.

Overexpression of CSF1 in several forms of cancer has been associated with activation and recruitment of TAMs to tumor sites. TAMs modify tumor microenvironment to render it more conducive to cancer cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Further, they can cause localized immunosuppression in tumor tissues, resulting in resistance to cancer therapy. As such, inhibiting the CSF1R/CSF1 signaling axis presents an attractive avenue for treating cancers associated with overexpression of CSF1.

Thus, there is a need to provide compounds that selectively inhibit CSF1R, demonstrate favorable safety profiles, and also exhibit high in vivo efficacy in treating cancers associated with CSF1R. SUMMARY

The present invention is based on unexpected discoveries that certain heterocyclic compounds effectively inhibit colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R).

In one aspect, this invention relates to these heterocyclic compounds and other heterocyclic compounds analogous thereto covered by formula I:

in which A is H, C_1-6 alkyl, or ORr, Rr being H or C_1-6 alkyl; Y¹ is phenyl substituted with (R¹)n, 5-membered heteroaryl substituted with (R²)o, 5-membered heterocycloalkenyl substituted with (R²)_O, or alkenyl substituted with (R²)o, in which R¹ in (R¹)n, n being 0-4, is, independently, F, Cl, Br, NO₂, CN, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, thionyl, iminyl, or spiroamino; and R² in (R²)o, o being 0-5, is, independently, F, Cl, Br, NO₂, CN, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, thionyl, iminyl, spiroamino, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl; X¹ is N or CR³, R³ being H, F, Cl, Br, CN, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl; X² is O, S, NH, or CH₂; Y² is

in which each of Q¹, Q², Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵, Q⁶, Q⁷, and Q⁸ is, independently, N or CR⁴, R⁴ being H, F, Cl, Br, CN, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl; Z¹ is O, S, or NRr; Z² is O, S, or NRr; and G and H are, respectively, C or N and N or C; X³ is deleted, CH₂, ( CH₂)₂, or

CH(CºCH); Y³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ heterocycloalkyl having one heteroatom, in which the one heteroatom is O or N; and X⁴ in (X⁴)_m, m being 0-5, is, independently, F, Cl, Br, CN, SO₂NH₂, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl.

The term“alkyl” refers to a straight or branched monovalent hydrocarbon moiety containing 1-20 carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, and t-butyl. The term“haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more halogen atoms. The term“alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched monovalent or bivalent hydrocarbon containing 2- 20 carbon atoms and one or more double bonds, e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, propenylene, allyl, and 1,4-butadienyl. The term“alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched monovalent or bivalent hydrocarbon containing 2-20 carbon atoms and one or more triple bonds, e.g., ethynyl, ethynylene, 1-propynyl, 1- and 2-butynyl, and 1 -methyl-2-butynyl. The term“aryl” refers to a monovalent 6-carbon monocyclic, 10-carbon bicyclic, 14-carbon tricyclic aromatic ring system, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl. The term“heteroaryl” refers to a monovalent aromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having one or more heteroatoms (such as O, N, S, or Se), e.g., imidazolyl, pyrazoyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, furyl, and thienyl. The term“cycloalkyl” refers to a monovalent or bivalent saturated hydrocarbon ring system having 3 to 30 carbon atoms (e.g., C3-C12), e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, 1,4-cyclohexylene, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. The term

“cycloalkenyl” refers to a monovalent or bivalent non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring system having 3 to 30 carbons (e.g., C3-C12) and one or more double bonds, e.g., cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl. The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent or bivalent nonaromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having one or more heteroatoms (such as O, N, S, or Se), e.g., piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxanyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydropyranyl. The term

"heterocycloalkenyl" refers to a monovalent or bivalent nonaromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having one or more heteroatoms (such as O, N, S, or Se) and one or more double bonds. The term“amino” refers to a -NRR' moiety, in which R and R' are, independently, H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroarakyl.

The term“carbonyl” refers to a -C(0)R moiety, in which R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, alkoxyl, amino, aryl, or heteroaryl. The term“thionyl” refers to a -S(0)R moiety, in which R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, alkoxyl, amino, aryl, or heteroaryl. The term“iminyl” refers to a -C(NR)R', in which R is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl and R' is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, alkoxyl, amino, aryl, or heteroaryl. The term“spiroamino” refers to a monovalent 7-11 membered bicyclic spiro moiety containing one N or a monovalent 10-16 membered tricyclic spiro moiety containing one N.

In addition, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, and alkoxyl can be substituted or unsubstituted. Possible substituents include, but are not limited to, D, CN, NO₂, halo, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂- C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxyl, C₃-C₃₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₃₀ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₃₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₃-C₃₀ heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, aryloxyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxyl, amino, halo, oxo (0=), thioxo (S=), thio, silyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, arylthio, C₁-C₁₀ alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, acylamino, aminoacyl, aminothioacyl, amidino, mercapto, amido, thioureido, thiocyanato, sulfonamido, guanidine, ureido, acyl, thioacyl, acyloxy, carbamido, carbamyl, carboxyl, and carboxylic ester.

The compounds of formula I include the compounds themselves, as well as their salts, their stereoisomers, their solvates, their tautomers, their deuterated analogues, and their prodrugs, if applicable. A salt, for example, can be formed between an anion and a positively charged group (e.g., ammonium) on a heterocyclic compound of this invention. Suitable anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, sulfamate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate,

methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, glutamate, glucuronate, glutarate, malate, maleate, succinate, fumarate, tartrate, tosylate, salicylate, lactate, naphthalenesulfonate, and acetate. Likewise, a salt can also be formed between a cation and a negatively charged group (e.g., carboxylate) on a heterocyclic compound. Suitable cations include sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and an ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium ion. The salts of the heterocyclic compounds of this invention can also contain quaternary nitrogen atoms. Examples of prodrugs include esters and other pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, which, upon administration to a subject, are capable of providing active heterocyclic compounds. A solvate refers to a complex formed between an active heterocyclic compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, e.g., water, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ethanolamine.

An additional aspect of this invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more of the heterocyclic compounds covered by formula I. The pharmaceutical composition can be used for treatment of a CSF1R modulated condition.

Also within the scope of this invention is a method of treating a CSF1R modulated condition, e.g., a cancer, an inflammatory disorder, a bone disorder, or an autoimmune disease. The method includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of one or more of the above-described heterocyclic compounds.

The term“treatment” or“treating” refers to administering one or more heterocyclic compounds of this invention to a subject who has a CSF1R modulated condition, a symptom of such a condition, or a predisposition toward it, with the purpose of conferring a therapeutic or prophylactic effect.“An effective amount” refers to the amount of an active compound that is required to confer such effect. Effective doses will vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on the types of disease treated, route of administration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatment.

A pharmaceutical composition of this invention can be administered parenterally, orally, nasally, rec tally, topically, or buccally. The term“parenteral” as used herein refers to subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrastemal, intrathecal, intralesional, or intracranial injection, as well as any suitable infusion technique.

A sterile injectable composition can be a solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer’s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium (e.g., synthetic mono- or di-glycerides). Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives, are useful in preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically acceptable oils, such as olive oil and castor oil, especially in their

polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions can also contain a long chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, carboxymethyl cellulose, or similar dispersing agents. Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens and Spans or other similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms can also be used for the purpose of formulation.

A composition for oral administration can be any orally acceptable dosage form including capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions, and solutions. In the case of tablets, commonly used carriers include lactose and com starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried com starch. When aqueous suspensions or emulsions are administered orally, the active ingredient can be suspended or dissolved in an oily phase combined with emulsifying or suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring, or coloring agents can be added.

A nasal composition can be prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation. For example, such a composition can be prepared as a solution in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.

A pharmaceutical composition of this invention can also be administered in the form of a suppository for rectal administration.

The carrier in a pharmaceutical composition must be“acceptable” in the sense that it is compatible with the active ingredient of the composition and, preferably, capable of stabilizing the active ingredient, and not deleterious to the subject to be treated. One or more solubilizing agents can be utilized as pharmaceutical excipients for delivery of an active heterocyclic compound of this invention. Examples of other carriers include colloidal silicon oxide, magnesium stearate, cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, and D&C Yellow #10.

The details of the invention are set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments, and also from the appending claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed first in detail are heterocyclic compounds of formula I:

A, Y¹, X¹, X², Y², X³, Y³, X⁴, and m are defined in the SUMMARY section above.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula I have Y¹ being phenyl substituted with ^(R1)n, 5-membered heteroaryl substituted with (R²)₀, or 5-membered heterocycloalkenyl substituted with (R²)o, in which R¹ in (R¹)n is, independently, F, Cl, Br, NO₂, CN, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, thionyl, iminyl, or spiroamino; and R² in (R²)₀ is, independently, F, Cl, Br, NO₂, CN, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, thionyl, iminyl, spiroamino, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl. In one subset of this embodiment, the compounds of formula I have Y² being Y³ being pyridyl, and R¹ being C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I have Y² being

in which Z² is O or NRr.

In one subset of this embodiment, the compounds of formula I have Y² being

Y³ being pyridyl, and R¹ being amino.

In still another embodiment, the compounds of formula I are those covered by formula la:

in which R¹ is amino or C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl.

In one subset of this embodiment, the compounds of formula la have Y² being

Y³ being pyridyl; X³ being CH₂; X⁴ being CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, or OCH₃; m being 1; and R¹ preferably being amino.

In another subset, the compounds have Y² being

Y³ being phenyl; X³ being CH₂; each of X⁴ being, independently, F, Cl, Br, CN, SO₂NH₂, CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, OCF₃, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, or amino; and m being 0-2. In a third subset, the compounds have Y² being

Y³ being phenyl; X³ being deleted; each of X⁴ being, independently, F, Cl, Br, CN, SO₂NH₂, CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, OCF₃, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, or amino; and m being 0-2.

Formula la includes compounds in which Y² is

Y³

is phenyl or pyridyl, and X³ is CH₂. As an example, Y² is

Formula la further includes compounds in which Y² is

Y³ is phenyl or pyridyl, and X³ is CH₂. For instance, Y² is

In a fourth embodiment, the heterocyclic compounds of this invention are covered by formula lb:

A subset of compounds of formula lb have Y¹ being Y³ being phenyl or

pyridyl; and X³ being deleted or CH₂. In a different subset, compounds of formula lb have Y¹ being

Y³ being phenyl or pyridyl; and X³ being deleted or CH₂, in which Q⁹ is N or CR⁵, R⁵ being H, F, Cl, Br, CN, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl.

In another subset, compounds of this formula have Y¹ being Y³

being phenyl or pyridyl; and X³ being deleted or CH₂.

Typically, the compounds of formula lb have each of X⁴ being, independently, CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, or OCH₃ and m being 0-2.

Exemplary compounds of formula I include, but are not limited to, the following compounds:

The compounds of formula I can be prepared according to methods well known in the field. See, for example, R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations (2nd Ed., VCH Publishers 1999); P. G. M. Wuts and T. W. Greene, Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (4th Ed., John Wiley and Sons 2007); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser’s Reagents for Organic Synthesis (John Wiley and Sons 1994); L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons 2009); and G. J. Yu et al., J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 6044-6054.

Also within the scope of this invention is a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more of the heterocyclic compounds of formula I. The pharmaceutical composition is used for treating a CSF1R modulated condition.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further contains one of the following therapeutic agents: an anti-proliferative agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunomodulatory agent, and an immunosuppressive agent.

In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further contains one of the following therapeutic agents: an alkylating agent, e.g., adozelesin, altretamine, bizelesin, busulfan, carboplatin, carboquone, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, estramustine, fotemustine, hepsulfam, ifosfamide, improsulfan, irofulven, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan, oxaliplatin, piposulfan, semustine, streptozocin, temozolomide, thiotepa, and treosulfan; an antibody, e.g., alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, galiximab, gemtuzumab, nivolumab, panitumumab, pembrolizumab, pertuzumab, rituximab, tositumomab, trastuzumab, and 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan; a targeted signal transduction inhibitor, e.g., bortezomib, geldanamycin, and rapamycin; a kinase inhibitor, e.g., erlotinib, gefitinib, flavopiridol, imatinib mesylate, lapatinib, sorafenib, sunitinib malate, AEE- 788, AG-013736, AMG 706, AMN107, BMS-354825, BMS-599626, 7-hydroxystaurosporine, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, trametinib, cobimetinib, selumetinib, and vatalanib; a taxane, e.g., DJ- 927, docetaxel, TPI 287, paclitaxel, and DHA-paclitaxel; a retinoid, e.g., alitretinoin, bexarotene, fenretinide, isotretinoin, and tretinoin; an alkaloid, e.g., etoposide, homoharringtonine, teniposide, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine; an antibiotic, e.g., bleomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, menogaril, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, neocarzino statin, pentostatin, and plicamycin; an antiangiogenic agent, e.g., AE- 941, ABT-510, 2-methoxyestradiol, lenalidomide, and thalidomide; a topoisomerase inhibitor, e.g., amsacrine, edotecarin, exatecan, irinotecan, 7-ethyl- 10-hydroxy-camptothecin, rubitecan, topotecan, and 9-aminocamptothecin; an antimetabolite, e.g., azacitidine, capecitabine, cladribine, clofarabine, cytarabine, decitabine, floxuridine, fludarabine, 5-fluorouracil, ftorafur, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, nelarabine, pemetrexed, raltitrexed, thioguanine, and trimetrexate; a hormone or hormone antagonist, e.g., anastrozole, androgens, buserelin, diethylstilbestrol, exemestane, flutamide, fulvestrant, goserelin, idoxifene, letrozole, leuprolide, magestrol, raloxifene, tamoxifen, and toremifene; a biological response modifier, e.g., imiquimod, interferon-a, and interleukin-2; an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor; a chemotherapeutic agent, e.g., 3-amino-2-carboxyaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, altrasentan, aminoglutethimide, anagrelide, asparaginase, bryostatin-1, cilengitide, elesclomol, eribulin mesylate, ixabepilone, lonidamine, masoprocol, mitoguanazone, oblimersen, sulindac, testolactone, and tiazofurin; a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor; a phosphoinositide 3- kinase inhibitor, a cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor; a protein kinase B inhibitor, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor; a famesyltransferase inhibitor; an aromatase inhibitor (such as anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane); a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor; a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, a programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor, a programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitor, or an interleukin 8 receptor beta inhibitor.

Still within the scope of this invention is a method of treating a CSF1R modulated condition using one or more of the above-described heterocyclic compounds. For example, the condition can be a cancer, e.g., acute myeloid leukemia, bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, glioblastoma multiforme, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, metastatic tumor, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, pigmented villondular synovitis, prostate cancer, tenosynovial giant cell tumors, endometrial cancer, multiple myeloma, myelocytic leukemia, bone cancer, renal cancer, brain cancer, myeloproliferative disorder, esophageal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, uveal melanoma, follicular lymphoma, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, astrocytoma, and pulmonary adenocarcinoma; an inflammatory disorder or an autoimmune disease, e.g., psoriatic arthritis, arthritis, asthma, thyroiditis, glomerular nephritis, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy; or a bone disorder, e.g., osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, periprosthetic osteolysis, and Paget’s disease.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the above description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following specific examples are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. All publications cited herein are

incorporated by reference in their entirety.

EXAMPLE 1: Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds

Exemplary compounds of this invention, shown in Table 1 below, were prepared by procedures shown in Scheme 1, Scheme 2, Scheme 3, or Scheme 4. Table 1 includes mass spectral data for the compounds.

All chemicals and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as received. All reactions were carried out under an atmosphere of dry nitrogen unless specified otherwise. Reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography using Merck 60 F254 silica gel glass backed plates (5 x 10 cm) and zones were detected visually under ultraviolet irradiation (254 nm) or by spraying with phosphomolybdic acid reagent (Aldrich) followed by heating at 80°C. Microwave reactions were performed in the CEM Discover SP System.

Flash column chromatography was performed by using Merck Kieselgel 60, No. 9385, 230-400 mesh ASTM silica gel as the stationary phase. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectra were measured on a Varian Mercury-300 or Varian Mercury-400 spectrometer. Chemical shifts were recorded in parts per million (ppm) on the delta (d) scale relative to the resonance of the solvent peak. The following abbreviations were used to describe coupling: s = singlet; d = doublet; t = triplet; q = quartet; quin = quintet; ABq = AB quartet; AA’XX’ = second order AA’XX’ pattern; app. = apparent; br = broad; and m = multiplet.

Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) data was obtained with an Agilent MSD-1100 ESI-MS/MS, an Agilent 1200 series LC/MSD VL, or a Waters Acquity UPLC-ESI- MS/MS system.

Scheme 1

Among the listed reagents and solvents in Scheme 1, SOCk is thionylchloride, DMF is dimethylformamide, PhMe is toluene, tBuOK is potassium tert-butoxide, THF is tetrahydrofuran, DMSO is dimethylsulfoxide, and CH₂CI₂ is methylene chloride.

4-Chloro-7-fluoroquinazoline (B). To a suspension of 7-fluoroquinazolin-4-ol compound A (6.32 g, 38.5 mmol) in dry PhMe (30 mL), SOCk (22 mL, 7.7 eq.) and DMF (2.6 mL) were added. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 10 h. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature, quenched with water (200 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc; 170 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (300 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried over sodium sulfate (Na₂S0₄), and concentrated to afford compound B (6.08 g, 86%) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C8H4CIFN2: 182, 184; found: 183, 185 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) d 9.04 (s, 1H), 8.33 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, ⁴J_F,H = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, ³J_F,H = 9.2 Hz, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (ddd, J = 9.2, 2.4 Hz, ³J_F,H = 8.4 Hz, 1H).

4-((7-fluoroquinazolin-4-yl)oxy)aniline (C). A mixture of 4-aminophenol F (3.05 g, 28.0 mmol) and t-BuOK (3.14 g, 28.0 mmol) in dry THF (100 mL) was stirred for 20 min at 0 °C. Subsequently, compound B (4.44 g, 24.3 mmol) was added slowly in small portions. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 3 h at 0 °C, during which a suspension was formed.

Afterwards, the suspension was filtered through a pad of celite, The pad was rinsed with THF. THF in the filtrate was removed by evaporation to give a crude residue. The residue was suspended in methanol (MeOH) and sonicated to form a solid. The solid was collected via filtration and dried to afford the titled product C (5.47 g, 88%) as an off-white solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C₁₄HioBrN₃O: 255; found: 256 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCb) d

8.76 (s, 1H), 8.40 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, ⁴J_F,H = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dd, ³J_F,H = 9.2 Hz, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (ddd, J= 9.2, 2.4 Hz, ³J_F,H = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 8.8 Hz, J_AX' = 0 Hz, 2H),

6.77 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 8.8 Hz, J_AX' = 0 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (br, 2H).

4-(4-aminophenoxy)-N,N-dimethylqumazolm-7-amine (D). To a solution of compound C (600 mg, 2.35 mmol) in DMSO (7.1 mL), 2 M dimethlyamine in THF (3 eq.,

3.53 mL) was added. The mixture was then irradiated in microwave for 10 min at 170 °C. After compound C was consumed, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and 2% sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) solution (80 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organic extracts were sequentially washed with 2% Na₂CO₃ solution (160 mL), water

(200 mL), and brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂S0₄, and concentrated. The crude residue was suspended in MeOH. Particles in the supension were collected via filtration and dried to afford the titled product D (207 mg, 32%) as a pale yellow solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for

CI₆HI₆N₄0: 280; found: 281 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCb): d 8.58 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 9.0 Hz, J_AX' = 0 Hz,

J_AA' = 2.9 Hz, J_xx' = 2.9 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 9.0 Hz, /AX· =

0 Hz, J_AA' = 2.9 Hz, J_xx' = 2.9 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (br, 2H), 3.15 (s, 6H).

1-(4-((7-(dimethylamino)quinazolin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)-3-phenylurea (compound 4, E). To a solution of compound D (165 mg, 0.588 mmol) in CH₂CI₂ (15 mL), compound H (108 mL, 0.883 mmol) was added. The mixture was refluxed for 10 h, during which a suspension was formed. Particles in the suspension were collected via filtration and rinsed with excess CH₂CI₂ to afford the titled product E (214 mg, 91%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C23H21N5O2: 399; found: 400 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): d 8.77 (br s, 1H), 8.71 (br s, 1H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 8.8 Hz, /AX· = 0 Hz, J_AA' = 2.6 Hz, J_xx' = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.19 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 8.8 Hz, J_AX' = 0 HZ, J_AA' = 2.6 Hz, J_xx' = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (s, 6H).

Compounds 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 52, and 106 were prepared in a manner similar to compound 4, with appropriate amines G and isocyanates H.

Scheme 2

Among the listed reagents and solvents in Scheme 2, Py is pyridine, and Et₃N is triethylamine.

4-nitrophenyl ((6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)carbamate (J). To a -30 °C solution of (6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methanamine I (2.69 g, 15.3 mmol) and Py

(1.23 mL, 15.3 mmol) in CH₂CI₂ (50 mL), 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (3.85 g, 19.1 mmol) was slowly added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 8 h and allowed to slowly warm to 0 °C. Subsequently, water (50 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The mixture was then stirred for 20 min, during which a suspension was formed. Particles in the suspension were removed by filtering the reaction mixture through a pad of celite. The filtrate was washed with 2% sodium bisulfate solution (20 mL), 2% sodium bicarbonate solution (40 mL), water (20 mL), and brine (3 mL), dried over Na₂S0₄, and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography to afford the titled product J (3.33 g, quant.) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C14H10F3N3O4: 341; found: 342 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): d 8.73 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (A A’ XX’, J_AX = 9.2 Hz, /AX· = 0 HZ, J_AA' = 2.6 Hz, J_xx' = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 9.2 Hz, /AX·

= 0 Hz, J_AA' = 2.6 Hz, J_xx' = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 5.68 (br t, 1H), 4.58 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H).

l-(4-((7-(dimethylamino)quinazolin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)-3-((6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin- 3-yl)methyl)urea (compound 27, K). To a solution of compound J (2.19 g, 6.43 mmol) and compound D (1.06 g, 3.78 mmol) in CH₂CI₂ (95 mL), Et₃N (1.05 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 d, during which a suspension was formed. Particles in the suspension were collected via filtration and rinsed with excess CH₂CI₂ to afford the titled product K (1.33 g, 73%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C24H21F3N6O2: 482; found: 483 [M+H]⁺.

1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): d 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.72 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (AA’XX’,

J_AX = 8.8 Hz, /AX· = 0 Hz, J_AA' = 2.6 Hz, J_xx' = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (d, J = 9.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 8.8 Hz, /AX· = 0 Hz, J_AA' = 2.6 Hz, J_xx' = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (s, 6H).

l-(4-((7-(dimethylamino)qumazolm-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)-3-((6-methylpyridin-3- yl)methyl)urea (compound 65, K) LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C24H21F3N6O2: 428; found: 429 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) d 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (s, 6H), 2.44 (s, 3H).

l-(4-((7-(dimethylamino)qumazolin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)-3-((6-methylpyridin-3- yl)methyl)urea (compound 66, K) LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C24H21F3N6O2: 444; found: 445 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) d 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (s, 6H), 2.44 (s, 3H).

Compounds 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 87, 90, 91, 92, 96, and 101 were prepared in a manner similar to compound 27 with appropriate amines H and anilines D.

Scheme 3 Among the listed reagents, solvents and catalysts in Scheme 3, SOCl₂ is thionylchloride, RuPhos Pd G3 is (2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-diisopropoxy-1, 1' -biphenyl) [2-2^,-amino-l,V- biphenyl]] palladium(II) methanesulfonate, RuPhos is 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'- diisopropoxybiphenyl, and Cs₂CO₃ is cesium carbonate.

4-Chloro-7-bromoquinazoline (M). To a suspension of 7 -bromoquinazolin-4-ol L (1.17 g, 5.20 mmol) in dry PhMe (6 mL), SOCh (6 mL) and DMF (0.6 mL) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 95 °C for 9 h, cooled to room temperature, quenched with water (100 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (70 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (200 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂S0₄, and concentrated to afford the titled product M (1.26 g, 99%) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C8H4B1CIN2: 242, 244, 246; found: 243, 245, 247 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): d 9.05 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (dd, J = 9.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H).

4-((7-Bromoquinazolin-4-yl)oxy)aniline (N). A mixture of 4-aminophenol (0.678 g, 6.21 mmol) and t-BuOK (0.668 g, 5.95 mmol) in dry THE (15 mL) at 0 °C was stirred for 20 min. Subsequently, 4-chloro-7-bromoquinazoline M (1.26 g, 5.17 mmol) was added slowly in small portions. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 3 h at 0 °C, during which a suspension was formed. The suspension was filtered through a pad of celite. The pad was rinsed with THF (20 mL), and the resulting filtrate was evaporated to give a crude solid. The crude solid was suspended in MeOH (6 mL) and sonicated. Particles in the suspension were collected via filtration and dried to afford the titled product N (1.461 g, 89%) as an off-white solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C₁₄HioBrN₃O: 315, 317; found: 316, 318 [M+H]⁺.

1-(4-((7-Bromoquinazolin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)-3-((6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3- yl)methyl)urea (O; compound 31). To a solution of 4-((7-Bromoquinazolin-4-yl)oxy)aniline N (305 mg, 0.964 mmol) and compound Q (461 mg, 1.35 mmol) in CH₂CI₂ (6 mL), Et₃N

(0.27 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 1.5 d, during which a suspension was formed. Particles in the suspension was collected via filtration and rinsed with excess CH₂CI₂ to afford the titled product O (462 mg, 93%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C₂₂H₁₅BrF₃N₅0₂: 517, 519; found: 518, 520 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): d 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.72 (br s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 9.0 Hz, J_AX' = 0 HZ, 2H), 7.21 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 9.0 Hz, /AX· = 0 HZ, 2H), 6.86 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H).

l-(4-((7-(3,5-Dimethylpiperazin-l-yl)quinazolin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)-3-((6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)urea (P; compound 34). Freshly-distilled THF (4 mL) was purged with argon for 20 min, after which compound O (50 mg, 0.097 mmol), CS2CO3 (47 mg, 0.15 mmol), cis-2,6-dimethylpiperazine (17 mg, 0.15 mmol), Ruphos (4.1 mg,

0.009 mmol), and Ruphos Pd G3 (4.1 mg, 0.005 mmol) were added to form a suspension. The resulting mixture was stirred under argon for 5 min. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was refluxed overnight. The resulting pale-yellow solution was filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate was concentrated to give a residue. The residue was purified by column

chromatography to afford the titled product P (49 mg, 92%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C₂₈H₂₈F₃N₇O₂: 551; found: 552 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): d 8.85 (s, 1H), 8.72 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.09 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (AA’XX’, J_AX = 9.2 Hz, J_AX' = 0 HZ, 2H), 7.17-7.13 (m, 3H), 6.85 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.91-3.88 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.33 (m, 2H), 1.06 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 6H).

l-(4-((7-(4-hydroxypiperidin-l-yl)quinazolin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)-3-((6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)urea (P; compound 30). Similar to compound 34, compound 30 was prepared from compound 31 and was obtained as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C28H28F3N7O2: 538; found: 539 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): d 8.82 (br s, 1H), 8.72 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.15-7.11 (m, 3H), 6.84 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.87-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.77-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.14 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.43 (m, 2H).

Compounds 24, 96 ,97, 98 ,99, 100 were prepared analogously to compound 34.

Scheme 4

Among the listed reagents, solvents, and catalysts listed in Scheme 3, POCl₃ is phosphoryl chloride, Cul is copper iodide, 1,10-phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, K2CO3 is potassium carbonate, and fBuOH is tert-butanol.

7-(Dimethylamino)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (R). A solution of 7-fluoroquinazolin-4(3H)- one A (1.65 g, 10.1 mmol) and dimethylamine (2M in THE, 20 mL, 40.2 mmol) in 2- methoxyethanol (60 mL) in a 250 mL sealed tube was stirred at 130 °C for 1 d, during which a solid was formed. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was suspended in MeOH (8 mL) and filtered to afford the titled product R (1.5 g, 79%) as a brown solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C10H11N30: 189; found: 190 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): d 11.69 (br, 1H),

7.91 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (dd, J= 9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (s, 6H).

4-Chloro-N,N-dimethylqumazolm-7-amme (S). To a suspension of 7- (dimethylamino)quinazolin-4(3H)-one R (910 mg, 4.81 mmol) in dry PhMe (10 mL), POCl₃ (4 mL) was added, after which the resulting mixture was stirred at 95 °C for 12 h. The reaction mixture was the cooled to 0 °C, quenched with ice water (100 mL), and neutralized with saturated sodium carbonate solution until the color of the solution turned from bright orange to pale yellow. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (170 mL), and the organic extract was washed with water (200 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂S0₄, and concentrated to afford the titled product S (948 mg, 95%) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C10H10CIN3: 207, 209; found: 208, 210 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCb): d 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd, 7= 9.3, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, 7= 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (s, 1H).

4-((1H-indol-5-yl)oxy)-N,N-dimethylquinazolin-7-amine (T). DMF (4 mL) was purged with argon. Subsequently, 4-Chloro-N,N-dimethylquinazolin-7-amine S (322 mg, 1.55 mmol), 5-hydroxyindole (413 mg, 3.10 mmol), K2CO3 (429 mg, 3.10 mmol), Cul (29.5 mg, 0.155 mmol), and 1,10-phen (27.9 mg, 0.155 mmol) were added to form a reaction mixture, which was stirred at 90 °C for 3 h under argon. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (15 mL) and water (15 mL), and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (60 mL), and the organic extract was washed with water (120 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂S0₄, and concentrated. The residue was suspended in MeOH and particles were collected by filtration to afford the titled product T (381 mg, 81%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C₁₈H₁₆N₄O: 304; found: 305 [M+H]⁺.

5-((7-(dimethylamino)quinazolin-4-yl)oxy)-N-((6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3- yl)methyl)-lH-indole-l-carboxamide (U; compound 67). To a solution of 4-(4-amino-3- methoxyphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylquinazolin-7-amine T (170 mg, 0.95 mmol) in dry THE

(5 mL), NaH (60% in oil, 112 mg, 2.79 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. Subsequently, the mixture was cooled to -60 °C, and

4-nitrophenyl ((6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)carbamate V (574 mg, 1.68 mmol) was added in 3 portions. The mixture was then slowly warmed to 0 °C, stirred for 1 h, and quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was diluted with EtOAc (35 mL), washed with water (80 mL) and brine (3 mL), dried over Na₂S0₄, and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography to afford the titled product U (171 mg, 65%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) m/z calculated for C₂₆H₂₁F₃N₆O₂: 506; found: 507 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): d 8.94 (t, 7 = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.82 (d, 7 = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, 7 = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, 7 = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (dd, 7 = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, 7 = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, 7 = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, 7 = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (dd, 7 = 9.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H) 7.16 (dd, 7 = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, 7 = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, 7 = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, 7 = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.13 (s, 6H).

Compounds 29, 35, 38, 64, 68, 69, 83, and 89 were prepared in a manner similar to compound 67. Table 1. Exemplary heterocyclic compounds

EXAMPLE 2: CSF1R kinase assay

A study was conducted to test certain compounds described in EXAMPLE 1 in inhibiting CSF1R kinase activity. Results from this study are shown in Table 2 below (see column 2).

Activity of CSF1R kinase was determined using a CSF1R Kinase-Glo assay.

Recombinant N-terminal GST-CSF1R (CSF1R residues L534-C972) containing the CSFIR kinase domain was expressed in Sf9 insect cells and purified. The kinase assay was carried out in 96-well plates at 30 °C for 180 min with the tested compounds in a final volume of 50 ml including the following components: 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 4 mM MnCl₂, 10 mM MgCl₂, 0.01% BSA, 0.5 mM Na₃VO₄, 0.02% Triton X-100, 40mM ATP, 2 mM DTT and 20mM poly(Glu.Tyr) 4:1 peptide, and 600 ng recombinant GST-CSF1R. Following incubation, 50 ml Kinase-Glo Plus Reagent (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) was added and the mixture was incubated at 25 °C for 20 min. A 70- mL aliquot of each reaction mixture was transferred to a black microtiter plate and luminescence was measured on Wallac Vector 1420 multilabel counter (PerkinElmer, Shelton, CT, USA). Percentage inhibition values were obtained by comparison of reaction rate with the rates in control wells (i.e., in the absence of test compound). IC₅₀ values were calculated from a series of percentage inhibition values determined at a range of test compound concentrations using GraphPad Prism version 6 software (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA).

EXAMPLE 3: Cellular proliferation assays

Studies were conducted to evaluate in vivo anticancer activity of certain compounds described in EXAMPLE 1 using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4- sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) (MTS) cell viability assays. Results from these studies are shown in Table 2 below (see columns 3 and 4).

Cell line and culture:

The cell lines M-NFS-60 (ATOC^® CRL-1838™) and BaF3-CSFlR-1600 were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). The stable BaF3- CSF1R-1600 cell line expresses ETV6-CSF1R fusion protein consisting of N-terminal ETS- variant gene 6 protein (ETV6 residues M1-G337) and CSF1R tyrosine kinase (CSF1R residues L533-C972). The M-NSF-60 and BaF3-CSFlR-1600 cells were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.05 mM 2-ME, 10 U/ml penicillin, and 10 g/ml streptomycin at 37 °C and 5% CO₂.

MTS cell viability assays:

M-NFS-60 and BaF3-CSFlR-1600 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 10000 cells/100 ml and 8000 cells/100 ml per well, respectively, for 16 h and treated with vehicle or various concentrations of test compounds in medium for 72 h. Viable cells were quantified using the MTS method (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) according to manufacturer’s recommended protocol. The results were determined by measuring absorbance at 490 nm using a plate reader (Victor 2). The GI50 value was defined as the amount of compound that caused 50% reduction in cell viability in comparison with DMSO-treated (vehicle) control and was calculated using Prism GraphPad Prism version 6 software (GraphPad).

Table 2. Inhibitory activity of heterocyclic compounds

in a CSF1R kinase assay and in M-NFS-60 and BaF3-CSFlR cell assays

EXAMPLE 4. Kinase selectivity profile

A study was conducted to determine kinase selectivity of compounds 27 and 67. More specifically, each compound was tested for inhibitory activity of CSF1R kinase, as compared to that of seven other kinases, i.e., Aurora A, Aurora B, tyrosine-protein kinase Kit (c-Kit), fins-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) A, PDGFR B, and discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 1 (DDR1). Results from this study are shown in Table 3 below.

In vitro profiling of the kinase panel was performed at Reaction Biology Corporation (www.reactionbiology.com, Malvern, PA) using the“HotSpot” assay platform. Briefly, specific kinase/substrate pairs along with required cofactors were prepared in a reaction buffer containing 20 mM Hepes pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 0.02% Brij35, 0.02 mg/ml BSA, 0.1 mM Na₃V0₄, 2 mM DTT, and 1% DMSO. Compound 27 or 67 was added. 20 minutes later, a mixture of ATP (Sigma, St. Louis MO) and ³³P ATP (Perkin Elmer, Waltham MA) was added to the resulting reaction solution to give a final concentration of 10 mM. The reaction was carried out at room temperature for 120 min., followed by spotting the reaction solution onto P81 ion exchange filter paper (Whatman Inc., Piscataway, NJ). Unbound phosphate was removed by extensive washing filters in 0.75% phosphoric acid. After subtracting the background derived from a control reaction containing an inactive enzyme, kinase activity was determined as the percentage of the remaining kinase activity in a test sample compared to a vehicle (DMSO) reaction. An IC50 value and a dose-response curve for each compound against each kinase were obtained using Prism (Graph Pad Software). Selectivity, expressed as an IC50 ratio, was determined by dividing the IC50 value of a kinase, e.g., Aurora A, by that of CSF1R.

Table 3. Kinase selectivity profile

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

Further, from the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A compound of formula I:

wherein

A is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or ORr, Rr being H or C_1-6 alkyl;

Y¹ is phenyl substituted with (R¹)n, 5-membered heteroaryl substituted with (R²)o, 5- membered heterocycloalkenyl substituted with (R²)o, or alkenyl substituted with (R²)o, in which R¹ in (R¹)n, n being 0-4, is, independently, F, Cl, Br, NO₂, CN, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl , C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, thionyl, iminyl, or spiroamino; and R² in (R²)₀, o being 0-5, is,

independently, F, Cl, Br, NO₂, CN, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, thionyl, iminyl, spiroamino, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl;

X¹ is N or CR³, R³ being H, F, Cl, Br, CN, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl;

X² is O, S, NH, or CH₂;

in which each of Q¹, Q², Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵, Q⁶, Q⁷, and Q⁸ is, independently, N or CR⁴, R⁴ being H, F, Cl, Br, CN, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl; Z¹ is O, S, or NRr; Z² is O, S, or NRr; and G and H are, respectively, C or N and N or C;

X³ is deleted, CH₂, (CH₂)₂, or CH(CºCH);

Y³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ heterocycloalkyl having one heteroatom, in which the one heteroatom is O or N; and X⁴ in (X⁴)m, m being 0-5, is, independently, F, Cl, Br, CN, SO₂NH₂, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y¹ is phenyl substituted with (R¹)n,

5-membered heteroaryl substituted with (R²)o, or 5-membered heterocycloalkenyl substituted with (R²)o, in which R¹ in (R¹)n is, independently, F, Cl, Br, NO₂, CN, C₁-C₆ alkyl,

C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, Cg-Cg cycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, thionyl, iminyl, or spiroamino; and R² in (R²)o is, independently, F, Cl, Br, NO₂, CN, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, thionyl, iminyl, spiroamino, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl.

3. The compound of claim 2, wherein Y² is Y³ is pyridyl, and R¹ is

C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl.

4. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y² is

in which Z² is O or NRr.

5. The compound of claim 4, wherein Y² is Y³ is pyridyl, and R¹ is

ammo.

6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of formula la:

in which R¹ is amino or C₅-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl.

7. The compound of claim 6, wherein Y² is Y³ is pyridyl; X³ is

CH₂; X⁴ is CH₃. CH₂F, CHF2, CF₃, or OCH₃; and m is 1.

8. The compound of claim 6, wherein Y² is

Y³ is phenyl; X³ is CH₂; each of X⁴ is, independently, F, Cl, Br, CN, SO₂NH₂, CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, OCF₃, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, or amino; and m is 0-2.

9. The compound of claim 6, wherein Y² is

Y³ is phenyl; X³ is deleted; each of X⁴ is, independently, F, Cl, Br, CN, SO₂NH₂, CH₃, CHF₂, CHF₂, CF₃, OCF₃, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, or amino; and m is 0-2.

10. The compound of claim 7, wherein R¹ is amino.

11. The compound of claim 6, wherein Y² is Y³ is

phenyl or pyridyl; and X³ is CH₂.

12. The compound of claim 11, wherein Y² is

13. The compound of claim 6, wherein Y² is Y³ is

phenyl or pyridyl; and X³ is CH₂.

14. The compound of claim 13, wherein Y² is

15. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of formula lb:

16. The compound of claim 15, wherein Y¹ is

Y³ is phenyl or pyridyl; and X³ is deleted or CH₂.

17. The compound of claim 16, wherein each of X⁴ is, independently, CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, or OCH₃ and m is 0-2.

18. The compound of claim 15, wherein Y¹ is Y³

is phenyl or pyridyl; and X³ is deleted or CH₂, in which Q⁹ is N or CR⁵, R⁵ being H, F, Cl, Br, CN, amino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkoxyl.

19. The compound of claim 18, wherein each of X⁴ is, independently, CH₃, CH₂F, CHF2, CF₃, or OCH₃ and m is 0-2.

20. The compound of claim 15, wherein Y¹ is Y³ is phenyl or

pyridyl; and X³ is deleted or CH₂.

21. The compound of claim 20, wherein each of X⁴ is, independently, CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, or OCH₃ and m is 0-2.

22. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is one of the following compounds:

23. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is

24. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is

25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, further comprising a therapeutic agent selected from an anti-proliferative agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an

immunomodulatory agent, or an immunosuppressive agent.

27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, further comprising a therapeutic agent, the therapeutic agent being:

an alkylating agent selected from adozelesin, altretamine, bizelesin, busulfan, carboplatin, carboquone, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, estramustine, fotemustine, hepsulfam, ifosfamide, improsulfan, irofulven, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan, oxaliplatin, piposulfan, semustine, streptozocin, temozolomide, thiotepa, and treosulfan;

an antibody selected from alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, galiximab,

gemtuzumab, nivolumab, panitumumab, pembrolizumab , pertuzumab, rituximab, tositumomab, trastuzumab, and 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan;

a targeted signal transduction inhibitor selected from bortezomib, geldanamycin, and rapamycin;

a kinase inhibitor selected from erlotinib, gefitinib, flavopiridol, imatinib mesylate, lapatinib, sorafenib, sunitinib malate, AEE-788, AG-013736, AMG 706, AMN107, BMS- 354825, BMS-599626, 7-hydroxystaurosporine, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, trametinib, cobimetinib, selumetinib, and vatalanib;

a taxane selected from DJ-927, docetaxel, TPI 287, paclitaxel, and DHA-paclitaxel;

a retinoid selected from alitretinoin, bexarotene, fenretinide, isotretinoin, and tretinoin; an alkaloid selected from etoposide, homoharringtonine, teniposide, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine;

an antibiotic selected from bleomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, menogaril, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, neocarzinostatin, pentostatin, and plicamycin; an antiangiogenic agent selected from AE-941, ABT-510, 2-methoxyestradiol, lenalidomide, and thalidomide;

a topoisomerase inhibitor selected from amsacrine, edotecarin, exatecan, irinotecan, 7- ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin, rubitecan, topotecan, and 9-aminocamptothecin;

an antimetabolite selected from the group consisting of azacitidine, capecitabine, cladribine, clofarabine, cytarabine, decitabine, floxuridine, fludarabine, 5-fluorouracil, ftorafur, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, nelarabine, pemetrexed, raltitrexed, thioguanine, and trimetrexate;

a hormone or hormone antagonist selected from the group consisting of anastrozole, androgens, buserelin, diethylstilbestrol, exemestane, flutamide, fulvestrant, goserelin, idoxifene, letrozole, leuprolide, magestrol, raloxifene, tamoxifen, and toremifene;

a biological response modifier selected from imiquimod, interferon-a, and interleukin-2; an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor;

a chemotherapeutic agent selected from 3-amino-2-carboxyaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, altrasentan, aminoglutethimide, anagrelide, asparaginase, bryostatin-1, cilengitide, elesclomol, eribulin mesylate, ixabepilone, lonidamine, masoprocol, mitoguanazone, oblimersen, sulindac, testolactone, and tiazofurin;

a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor;

a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor;

a cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor;

a protein kinase B inhibitor;

a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor;

a farnesyltransferase inhibitor;

an aromatase inhibitor;

a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor;

a tyrosine kinase inhibitor,

an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor,

a programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor;

a programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitor; or

an interleukin 8 receptor beta inhibitor.

28. A method of treating a CSF1R modulated condition, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of claim 1, wherein the condition is selected from a cancer, an inflammatory disorder or an autoimmune disease, and a bone disorder.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the condition is a cancer selected from acute myeloid leukemia, bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, glioblastoma multiforme, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, metastatic tumor, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, pigmented villondular synovitis, prostate cancer, tenosynovial giant cell tumors, endometrial cancer, multiple myeloma, myelocytic leukemia, bone cancer, renal cancer, brain cancer, myeloproliferative disorder, esophageal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, uveal melanoma, follicular lymphoma, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, astrocytoma, and pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

30. The method of claim 28, wherein the condition is an inflammatory disorder or an autoimmune disease selected from psoriatic arthritis, arthritis, asthma, thyroiditis,

glomerulamephritis, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy.

31. The method of claim 28, wherein the condition is a bone disorder selected from osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, periprosthetic osteolysis, and Paget’s disease.