WO2021024909A1 - 光センサー、センサーユニット及び光センサーを利用した物体検出装置 - Google Patents
光センサー、センサーユニット及び光センサーを利用した物体検出装置 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N15/00—Thermoelectric devices without a junction of dissimilar materials; Thermomagnetic devices, e.g. using the Nernst-Ettingshausen effect
- H10N15/10—Thermoelectric devices using thermal change of the dielectric constant, e.g. working above and below the Curie point
- H10N15/15—Thermoelectric active materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/10—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/04—Casings
- G01J5/046—Materials; Selection of thermal materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/08—Optical arrangements
- G01J5/0801—Means for wavelength selection or discrimination
- G01J5/0802—Optical filters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/08—Optical arrangements
- G01J5/0853—Optical arrangements having infrared absorbers other than the usual absorber layers deposited on infrared detectors like bolometers, wherein the heat propagation between the absorber and the detecting element occurs within a solid
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/10—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors
- G01J5/20—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors using resistors, thermistors or semiconductors sensitive to radiation, e.g. photoconductive devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/10—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors
- G01J5/34—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors using capacitors, e.g. pyroelectric capacitors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/002—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials
- G02B1/005—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials made of photonic crystals or photonic band gap materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/008—Surface plasmon devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/20—Filters
- G02B5/204—Filters in which spectral selection is performed by means of a conductive grid or array, e.g. frequency selective surfaces
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one thermoelectric or thermomagnetic element covered by groups H10N10/00 - H10N15/00
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
- G01J2003/1213—Filters in general, e.g. dichroic, band
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/10—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors
- G01J2005/103—Absorbing heated plate or film and temperature detector
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical sensor that has a simple periodic structure, has high wavelength resolution and angular resolution, and detects light by converting light into heat.
- the present invention also relates to a sensor unit in which a plurality of such optical sensors are arranged.
- the present invention also relates to an object detection device that detects the presence or movement of an object by using such an optical sensor.
- Infrared spectroscopy can obtain information on the atomic and molecular vibrations and electrical properties of substances. Therefore, infrared spectroscopy is used for substance identification and physical property evaluation in a wide range of academic fields such as materials science and infrared astronomy, and has greatly contributed to the development of the academic fields.
- radiation thermometers and thermography are devices that can measure temperature in a non-contact manner by measuring the thermal radiation of a substance. And the industrial and social applications of radiation thermometers and thermography are rapidly advancing.
- a gas sensor based on the non-dispersive infrared absorption method (NDIR) absorbs infrared rays emitted from a light source into gas molecules, and measures the transmittance of light having a wavelength that matches the absorption of the gas. It is a sensor that detects the concentration of. Since the gas sensor has high sensitivity with almost no deterioration of the sensor element, there is an increasing need for it as a gas detection method.
- NDIR non-dispersive infrared absorption method
- infrared spectroscopy for example, in the Fourier transform spectroscopy, the size of the interferometer becomes several tens of centimeters, and it is difficult to reduce the size. In addition, a complicated sample stage and a goniometer-mounted goniometer stage are required for angle-resolved measurement of thermal radiation, which is a large scale. Further, in infrared temperature measurement, when a material having an unknown emissivity is measured, the accuracy is not guaranteed because the correspondence between the light intensity and the temperature is unknown. In order to solve the above problems, a two-wavelength type radiation thermometer is commercially available as an improved type.
- thermometer is effective for materials whose emissivity hardly changes with respect to wavelength, but when the emissivity changes with respect to wavelength, accuracy is not guaranteed and multi-wavelength measurement is possible. You will need it.
- the narrower the infrared detection wavelength width the more accurately and selectively the absorption of gas molecules can be measured.
- single wavelength measurement when the spectra of a plurality of molecular species overlap and separation is difficult, multi-wavelength measurement is desired. As described above, there is room for improvement in the conventionally proposed infrared spectroscopy.
- the distance between two nearby wavelengths can be reduced by increasing the wavelength resolution, and the emissivity can be treated as being almost constant within the range of the distance between the two nearby wavelengths, and the temperature can be obtained. Can be done.
- the function of the emissivity and the temperature can be obtained at the same time even when the wavelength dependence of the emissivity is large. If there is a small photodetector that can detect light of a plurality of wavelengths with high wavelength resolution, accurate temperature can be measured even if the emissivity is unknown.
- the non-dispersive infrared absorption method even when the spectra of a plurality of types of gases overlap, it is possible to measure the amount of each gas separately by measuring at multiple wavelengths.
- a photothermal conversion type infrared sensor that combines a heat detection material and a complete absorber that absorbs light of a specific wavelength and generates heat.
- the complete absorber used in these sensors has a dielectric photonic structure or a metal plasmonic structure.
- the complete absorber is formed by two-dimensional patterning, unlike the wavelength separation by a macro-laminated dielectric filter, and is suitable for miniaturization and multi-wavelength of the photodetector (Non-Patent Documents 1 to 3). ..
- the microfabrication patterns and processes of these fully absorbers are complex.
- the resolution of the sensor using the complete absorber is usually about 0.5 ⁇ m in the mid-infrared band with a detection wavelength of about 5 ⁇ m (Q value is about 10), which is much broader than the vibration of solid molecules. is there.
- a photothermal conversion type infrared light detection element having a wavelength selectivity of less than 0.1 ⁇ m and a directivity in the vertical direction such that the acceptance angle is less than ⁇ 1 ° has not been put into practical use. Therefore, it is desired to realize a small on-chip microelement having high wavelength resolution, high directivity, and multiple wavelengths with a simple structure.
- the resonance wavelength width of the complete absorber it is necessary to narrow the resonance wavelength width of the complete absorber by using a dielectric or a metal having a small loss as the material to be used.
- a dielectric or a metal having a small loss As the material to be used.
- Au, Al, Si in the infrared band, Al in the Ge ultraviolet band, and Au or Ag in the visible band are suitable.
- the value of figure of merit (FOM) ⁇ 1 / ⁇ 2 is about 3 or more in the operating wavelength.
- the detection of a plurality of wavelengths is required as an example, but even a single wavelength sensor having a high resolution and directivity is very useful.
- such a sensor is also very useful for light in a wavelength range other than infrared rays (for example, a visible light range and a wide wavelength range extending from the visible light range to the low and high frequencies). Needless to say.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a complete absorber having four different operating principles.
- Various complete absorbers have been proposed so far. The operating principles of many complete absorbers are mostly classified into the four illustrated in FIG.
- the complete absorber according to FIG. 1A is a metal-insulator-metal structure (MIM structure) subjected to two-dimensional microfabrication, and is an optical sensor having wavelength selectivity in the mid-infrared band.
- MIM structure metal-insulator-metal structure
- the strip-shaped metal structure having a finite width in the fifth layer from the bottom (first layer from the top) serves as a resonator that confine the localized surface plasmon, and the width of the strip is large. As a result, the resonance wavelength changes.
- Non-Patent Document 4 In addition to the strip array, there are also disk array and hall array type devices, which also exhibit similar characteristics (Non-Patent Document 4).
- these MIM-structured elements have a complicated structure, and even if the half width of the wavelength is narrow, they are only about 10% of the incident wavelength (Q value is about 10), and are used for applications requiring high wavelength selectivity. Not suitable.
- Q value is about 10
- the bandwidth of the device is too wide for use as a gas sensor compared to the absorption bandwidth of gas molecules, there is a difficulty in separating the signal of the target gas molecule and the signal of a gas molecule other than the target.
- the acceptance angle opens more than ⁇ 30 ° from the vertical direction, and there is almost no directivity.
- the bottom metal layer, the pyroelectric layer above it, and the third metal layer above it constitute a pyroelectric heat detection sensor, and the MIM type as a photothermal conversion element is formed on the pyroelectric heat detection sensor. It has a structure in which a complete absorber is mounted. Heat is generated when light with a wavelength that resonates with the upper complete absorber or heat radiation is incident, and is detected by the heat detection unit immediately below.
- a resonator structure in which a deep groove with a narrow width is dug on a flat metal surface can also be used as a complete absorber.
- a resonator effect occurs in the longitudinal direction of the groove, and the deeper the groove, the longer the wavelength of resonance occurs. Further, as the width of the groove becomes smaller, the resonance wavelength becomes longer (Non-Patent Document 5).
- the complete absorber of (b) the confinement effect of the localized surface plasmon is used as in (a), and the wavelength width becomes as large as that of (a). Also, the directivity is not good.
- Non-Patent Document 6 a wavelength selection structure in which a resonator structure is formed between a laminated distributed reflector and a plasmonic reflecting layer as shown in FIG. 1C has been reported (Non-Patent Document 6).
- Non-Patent Document 7 A similar structure has also been reported (Non-Patent Document 7).
- these structures consist of a large number of thin-film deposition processes, and it is difficult to manufacture a plurality of devices having different film thicknesses in each minute region of the microscale side by side, so that it cannot be realized as an on-chip type multi-wavelength device. difficult.
- such a wavelength selection type sensor using a laminated complete absorber has a drawback that the resonance wavelength shifts with the incident angle of light.
- An object of the present invention is a highly directional day capable of detecting light in a specific wavelength range in an extremely narrow range, which is incident from a direction very close to the surface of an optical sensor in the direction perpendicular to the surface, for example, ⁇ 1 ° or less.
- an optical sensor in a narrow wavelength band having a Q value of 50 or more, and an array type sensor in which the optical sensor is arrayed and can be configured as a multi-wavelength sensor having high wavelength resolution and high directivity are provided. It is to be.
- a sensor capable of detecting light which has an absorber whose surface is formed on at least one of a metal and a dielectric and absorbs incident light, and a means for detecting heat generated by absorption of light by the absorber.
- the absorber is provided to vertically incident on the surface of the absorber and absorbs light having the same wavelength as the resonance wavelength of the absorber, and the surface of the absorber has a plurality of raised ridges.
- the surface of the absorber including the portion has a periodic structure in which the plurality of raised portions are arranged at a predetermined period so that a one-dimensional or two-dimensional lattice pattern is formed, and in the one-dimensional lattice pattern.
- Each of the plurality of raised portions is formed in a long shape and is arranged in a predetermined direction so as to be parallel to each other in the first cycle, and the width of the raised portions is the width of the first cycle.
- the thickness of the raised portion is 0.3 to 0.7 times, and the thickness of the raised portion is 0.05 to 0.2 times that of the first cycle.
- the plurality of raised parts are raised.
- Each of the portions is arranged in a grid pattern in the second cycle, the width of the raised portion is 0.3 to 0.7 times that of the second cycle, and the thickness of the raised portion is It is 0.05 to 0.2 times the second cycle, is excited by the surface parallel component of the light incident on the absorber and the momentum obtained from the lattice pattern, and propagates on the surface of the absorber.
- Each of the plurality of modes of surface plasmon polaritone or surface phonon polaritone is an optical sensor that is in a retracted state when the light incident on the absorber is incident perpendicular to the surface and the wavelength is the resonance wavelength.
- the raised portions are arranged in a two-dimensional lattice pattern, and the absorption of light by the absorber has no polarization dependence. Further, the raised portion is formed in a shape that maintains the symmetry of the two-dimensional lattice pattern. Alternatively, the raised portions are arranged in the one-dimensional grid pattern.
- the light absorbed by the absorber is light in a specific polarization direction. The light absorbed by the absorber is ultraviolet light, visible light or infrared light.
- the means for detecting the heat may be a means for detecting the temperature rise due to the heat. Further, the means for detecting the temperature rise may be a pyroelectric body or a bolometer.
- the thickness of the metal is 50 nm or more.
- the absorber vertically incidents on the surface of the absorber and absorbs 90% or more of light having the same wavelength as the resonance wavelength of the absorber.
- the metal is selected from Au, Ag and Al, and the derivative is selected from Si, Ge, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 and SiC.
- the bandwidth of the detected light may correspond to a Q value of 50 or more.
- the detection sensitivity half value angle from the direction having the highest detection sensitivity may be ⁇ 1 degree or less. Further, the direction in which the detection sensitivity is highest may be the direction perpendicular to the surface thereof.
- a sensor unit in which a plurality of any of the above optical sensors are arranged on a single chip is provided.
- at least one of the plurality of optical sensors may have a detection wavelength different from that of the other optical sensors.
- the one optical sensor is different from the other optical sensors in the period in which the raised portion is arranged.
- a thermal barrier may be provided in at least a part of the region between the plurality of optical sensors.
- an object detection device having any of the above optical sensors and detecting the presence or movement of the object by detecting light from the object in a specific direction.
- the object may be selected from the group consisting of articles, animals and humans.
- the optical sensor may detect infrared rays.
- a sensor with excellent spectral sensitivity can be realized.
- a pyroelectric body, a bolometer, a thermoelectric electromotive element, etc. are used as the heat detector.
- the absorption wavelength of the sensor can be flexibly changed by designing the resonance wavelength of the complete absorber.
- the material used in the present invention and its composition may be the same regardless of the wavelength, and the spectral sensitivity curve is designed only by the structural parameters of the complete absorber.
- the advantage is that the wavelength selectivity can be flexibly adjusted by fine processing without changing the detection material.
- it since it is a heat detection type, it does not require low temperature cooling unlike a quantum infrared sensor, and a compact and energy-saving type sensor is possible.
- optical sensor can mount a plurality of optical sensors having high wavelength resolution on one chip, it can be used as an ultra-small spectroscope or a multicolor imaging sensor.
- it can be applied as a motion sensor, a gesture sensor, a motion sensor for houses, offices, hospitals, a compact and highly accurate position sensor combined with a laser light source, and the like.
- the finite-width strip-shaped metal structure of the upper fifth layer serves as a resonator that traps the localized surface plasmon, and the resonance wavelength changes depending on the width of the strip.
- the Q value is around 10.
- (D) Schematic diagram of a photoabsorber used by the optical sensor of the present invention. It is a block diagram which shows an example which concerns on the object detection apparatus which concerns on this invention. It is sectional drawing which shows an example of the optical sensor which concerns on this invention. It is a top view which shows an example of the optical sensor which has a one-dimensional periodic structure. It is a top view which shows an example of the optical sensor which has a two-dimensional periodic structure.
- (A) shows a pyroelectric photodetector element for one wavelength, and this element is manufactured in an area of 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm.
- disk-shaped plate-like bodies (more generally, circular or regular polygonal ridges) such as metal are arranged in a grid pattern on a metal (which may be a dielectric) film formed on the surface of each element.
- (B) is a schematic diagram of a 4-wavelength on-chip sensor in which a photodetector for 4 wavelengths is manufactured in an area of 1 cm ⁇ 1 cm.
- (E), (f) and (g) are the results of the electromagnetic field simulation of the complete absorber.
- (A) The figure which shows the dependence of the absorption intensity with respect to the polarization of the incident light.
- B) The figure which shows the angle dependence of the resonance wavelength with respect to some i, j. In the case of a two-dimensional square lattice, it does not show polarization dependence. Due to the steep angle dependence as in (b), an optical sensor having high directivity in the vertical incident direction becomes possible.
- the figure which shows the dependence of the light absorption intensity of the element with respect (a) diameter and (b) height of the disk of a unit lattice which is the smallest unit of a lattice.
- the schematic diagram of the manufacturing process of the infrared sensor manufactured by this invention (A) both surfaces polished 100nm sided silicon oxide film of the wafer, Si 3 N 4 film deposited by 350nm sputtering. (B) A Pt electrode is formed on the Si 3 N 4 film on the upper surface, a ZnO pyroelectric film, an Au electrode, and a silicon template layer for a complete absorber are formed on the Pt electrode. (C) The resist is exposed by laser drawing, and after development, a mask pattern for forming a disk for reactive ion etching (RIE) is formed.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- (C) A scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of a sensor having a period of 3.7 ⁇ m viewed from above.
- (D) A photograph of the cross section of the device taken by SEM from diagonally above. The figure which shows the difference of the absorption spectrum between the case where the inside of a disk structure is Au and the case where the inside is Si. Since light absorption occurs on the surface, there is almost no difference between the two. The figure which shows the optical responsiveness, the temperature rise, and the wavelength dependence of an electric signal of a 4-wavelength detection type membrane pyroelectric sensor.
- the wavelengths are: (a) column: 3.522 ⁇ m ( ⁇ 1 ); (b) column: 3.722 ⁇ m ( ⁇ 2 ); (c) column: 3.822 ⁇ m ( ⁇ 3 ); (d) column: 3.922 ⁇ m. ( ⁇ 4 ).
- Top row Absorption spectrum simulation; Second row: Temperature rise spectrum simulation results; and Bottom row: Spectral sensitivity curve measured from the experiment. The figure which shows the angle dependence of the spectral sensitivity curve of the sensor which has a resonance wavelength of 3.722 ⁇ m measured by an experiment. If the angle of incidence deviates from the vertical, the intensity will drop significantly.
- a pulsed light having a time width of 104 femtoseconds having a resonance wavelength was irradiated.
- FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram showing an example of the object detection device 300 of the present invention.
- the object detection device 300 is a detection device that detects the existence or movement of the target object O by detecting the light L coming from the object (hereinafter referred to as “target object”) O to be analyzed.
- the target object O is, for example, an article, an animal, or a human.
- the object detection device 300 includes a plurality of sensor units U and an analysis device 20.
- the sensor unit U includes a plurality of (four in FIG. 2) optical sensors 10 arranged on a single chip.
- the optical sensors 10 are arranged in an XY plane including, for example, an X direction and a Y direction orthogonal to the X direction.
- the direction orthogonal to the XY plane is referred to as the Z direction.
- the optical sensor 10 is an optical sensor capable of detecting the light L incident from the target object O. Then, the optical sensor 10 generates heat according to the amount of received light L absorbed, and generates an electric signal (hereinafter referred to as "detection signal") according to the temperature of the generated heat.
- the detection signal can also be rephrased as a signal representing a change in the light L coming from the target object O.
- the light L detected by the optical sensor 10 according to the present invention is, for example, ultraviolet light, visible light, or infrared light.
- an electromagnetic wave (heat radiation) emitted according to the temperature of the target object O is also included as a kind of light L.
- the analyzer 20 detects the presence or movement of the target object O by analyzing the detection signal generated by each optical sensor 10 by any known technique.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of the optical sensor 10.
- the optical sensor 10 according to the present invention is composed of a plurality of layers.
- the support substrate 11, the bottom electrode 12, the pyroelectric body 13, and the absorber 14 are laminated in this order.
- the support substrate 11 is formed of, for example, an insulator such as SiNx.
- the bottom electrode 12 is formed on the upper surface of the support substrate 11.
- it is made of a material that reflects light (eg Pt).
- the pyroelectric body 13 (example of "means for detecting heat") is formed of, for example, a material (for example, ZnO) capable of spontaneous polarization in response to a change in temperature.
- the pyroelectric body 14 generates heat according to the light absorbed by the absorber 14. Then, the pyroelectric body 14 spontaneously polarizes according to the internal temperature, so that a detection signal corresponding to the temperature is generated.
- the absorber 14 is formed on the upper surface of the pyroelectric body 13.
- the absorber 14 has, for example, the structure illustrated in FIG. 1, and absorbs light in the vicinity of this resonance wavelength by resonance as described above.
- the absorber 14 is made of a metal or a dielectric.
- the absorber 14 also functions as a top electrode.
- the metal forming the absorber 14 is, for example, Au, Ag, or Al.
- Derivatives that form the absorber 14 are, for example, Si, Ge, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 or SiC.
- the absorber 14 may be formed of a plurality of materials. For example, an absorber 14 in which a metal and a dielectric are combined may be adopted. However, the surface of the absorber 14 may be formed on at least one of a metal or a dielectric.
- the surface of the absorber 14 includes a raised portion (hereinafter referred to as a “raised portion”) 141.
- a raised portion hereinafter referred to as a “raised portion”
- the region of the surface of the absorber 14 other than the raised portion 14 is referred to as the “base portion 142” for convenience.
- the portion protruding from the surface of the base portion 142 is the raised portion 141.
- the surface of the absorber 14 includes a plurality of raised portions 141.
- the absorber 14 according to the present invention is incident on the surface of the absorber 14 in the vertical direction and absorbs light having the same wavelength as the resonance wavelength of the absorber 14.
- the absorber 90 can absorb 90% or more of the light having the same wavelength as the resonance wavelength, preferably 95% or more, and more preferably 99% or more. Therefore, it can be said that the absorber 14 according to the present invention is a complete absorber that substantially completely absorbs light.
- the "vertical direction” is, for example, the Z direction perpendicular to the XY plane.
- the optical sensor 10 absorbs not only the light in the vertical direction but also the light incident from the vicinity of the vertical direction including the vertical direction (within a range in which the inclination angle is ⁇ 1 ° or less with respect to the vertical direction) with a high absorption rate. To do.
- the optical sensor 10 can absorb light incident from the vertical direction with the highest absorption rate.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the thickness H (height in the Z direction) of the raised portion 141.
- the thickness H of the raised portion is referred to as the thickness H of the raised portion, as described later. To do.
- the surface of the absorber 14 has a periodic structure in which a plurality of raised portions 141 are arranged at a predetermined period (hereinafter referred to as "unit period").
- the periodic structure is a structure in which a plurality of raised portions 141 are arranged by a unit period so that a lattice pattern is formed. That is, the plurality of raised portions 141 are positioned with each other at intervals corresponding to the unit period.
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of the absorber 14 having a periodic structure related to the one-dimensional lattice pattern
- FIG. 5 is a plan view of the absorber 14 having a periodic structure related to the two-dimensional lattice pattern.
- the raised portion 141 is formed in a long shape along the Y direction in a plan view.
- the raised portion 141 formed in a rectangular shape is illustrated in FIG. 4, the shape of the raised portion 141 is arbitrary as long as it is long.
- the raised portion 141 may be oval.
- the longitudinal direction of the raised portion 141 is the Y direction
- the lateral direction is the X direction.
- the plurality of raised portions 141 are arranged so as to be parallel to each other along the X direction (example of "predetermined direction”). Specifically, the plurality of raised portions 141 are arranged in a unit period T1 (example of "first period”). That is, two raised portions 141 adjacent to each other are periodically arranged at intervals corresponding to the unit cycle T1.
- the unit period T1 is the moving distance when two raised portions 141 adjacent to each other are translated so that one completely overlaps the other.
- the unit period T1 is, for example, 0.2 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, preferably 3.0 ⁇ m to 14.0 ⁇ m.
- the width W1 of the raised portion 141 is 0.3 to 0.7 times the unit period T1.
- the exact definition of the width W1 of the raised portion 141 will be described later.
- W1 is 0.3 to 0.7 times the unit cycle T1.
- the width W1 is, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m to 17.0 ⁇ m, preferably 0.9 ⁇ m to 10.0 ⁇ m.
- the thickness H of the raised portion 141 is 0.05 to 0.2 times the unit period T1.
- the thickness H is within the above range, the directivity, sensitivity and wavelength resolution can be improved. From the viewpoint of making this effect more remarkable, it is preferable that the thickness H is 0.05 to 0.2 times the unit cycle T1.
- the thickness H is, for example, 0.01 ⁇ m to 5.0 ⁇ m, preferably 0.15 ⁇ m to 3.0 ⁇ m.
- the raised portion 141 is formed in a circular shape in a plan view.
- the raised portion 141 formed in a circular shape is illustrated, but the shape of the raised portion 141 is arbitrary.
- the raised portion 141 may be formed in a regular polygonal shape.
- a unit lattice in which a plurality of raised portions 141 have a predetermined shape (described mainly in the present specification as a square lattice or a regular triangular lattice, but generally has a periodic structure. It can be any grid that exists) is arranged to repeat. That is, the unit grid is the smallest unit of the grid pattern.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a case where the raised portions 141 are arranged in a square grid pattern.
- the plurality of raised portions 141 are arranged in a unit period T2 (example of "second period"). That is, two ridges adjacent to each other are periodically arranged at intervals corresponding to the unit period T2. Since this is a two-dimensional periodic structure, the unit period of repetition in the two directions of the X direction and the Y direction (the length of the period is T2) is shown in the figure. Needless to say, since FIG. 5 is a square lattice, these two repeating directions (X direction and Y direction) are orthogonal to each other, and the magnitude of the unit period T2 is also shown as the length in the X direction and the Y direction.
- the directions of repetition in the two-dimensional periodic structure are not necessarily orthogonal to each other.
- the plurality of raised portions 141 are arranged in the second period T2 so as to form a grid such as a square grid or a regular triangular grid.
- the unit period T2 is the movement distance when two raised portions 141 adjacent to each other are translated so that one completely overlaps the other.
- the unit period T2 is, for example, 0.2 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, preferably 3.0 ⁇ m to 14.0 ⁇ m.
- the width W2 of the raised portion 141 is 0.3 to 0.7 times the unit period T2.
- a strict definition of the width W2 of the raised portion 141 will be described later, including the case where the shape of the raised portion 141 is not necessarily rotationally symmetric.
- the width W2 is preferably 0.3 to 0.7 times the unit period T2.
- the width W2 is, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m to 17.0 ⁇ m, preferably 0.9 ⁇ m to 10.0 ⁇ m.
- the thickness H of the raised portion 141 is 0.05 to 0.2 times the unit period T2.
- the thickness H is within the above range, the directivity, sensitivity and wavelength resolution can be improved. From the viewpoint of making this effect more remarkable, it is preferable that the thickness H is 0.05 times to 0.02 times the unit cycle T2.
- the thickness H is, for example, 0.01 ⁇ m to 5.0 ⁇ m, preferably 0.15 ⁇ m to 3.0 ⁇ m.
- the planar shape of the raised portion 141 is arbitrary.
- At least one of the plurality of optical sensors 10 in one sensor unit U may have a unit period different from that of the other optical sensors 10. For example, when the unit period is relatively large, the wavelength range of the absorbed light is shifted to the long wavelength side, and when the unit period is relatively small, the wavelength of the absorbed light is shifted to the short wavelength side. That is, at least one of the plurality of optical sensors 10 can have a different detection wavelength from the other optical sensors 10.
- the unit period of all the optical sensors 10 in the sensor unit U may be different.
- the present invention provides an optical sensor that employs a wavelength-selective complete absorber having a basic structure having a periodic structure as shown in FIG. 1D.
- the wavelength selection element constituting this sensor is composed of a complete absorber having a simple periodic structure formed on the surface of a metal or a dielectric.
- the periodic structure (one-dimensional lattice pattern) shown in FIG. 1 has raised portions extending in a straight line arranged in parallel.
- a two-dimensional lattice pattern periodic structure can be adopted. 6 (a) and 6 (b) will be described later.
- a one-dimensional grid pattern may be referred to as a "one-dimensional grid”
- a two-dimensional grid pattern may be referred to as a "two-dimensional grid”.
- the periodic structure is a raised structure (circular or polygonal in a plan view) formed of the metal on the metal surface or formed of the dielectric on the dielectric surface. (Square), which is a periodic arrangement, and the structures are arranged in a grid pattern.
- the smallest unit of the grid is called a unit grid.
- the shape of the raised structure in each unit cell is, for example, a regular n-sided polygon in a plan view.
- the lattice is, for example, a square lattice or a regular triangular lattice among two-dimensional lattices.
- the shape of the raised portion should be consistent with the grid. That is, the rotational symmetry of the lattice is four-fold symmetry in the case of a square lattice (1/4 rotation, that is, a rotation of (360/4) ° matches the original lattice, and so on). In some cases, it is three times symmetric. However, for each of the square lattice and the regular triangular lattice, it is desirable that the raised portion in the unit lattice is symmetrical 4 m times and 3 m times (m is a natural number).
- the shape of the raised portion is preferably a square or a regular octagon, and in the case of a regular triangular lattice, the shape of the raised portion is preferably a regular triangle, a regular hexagon, or a regular dodecagon. If they are not matched, the half width of the absorption spectrum is widened and the background (absorption at a wavelength significantly deviated from the center wavelength) is increased. Also, complete absorption is impaired. Furthermore, it is desirable that each raised portion in the grid be the same size and shape as each other. If the size and shape of each raised structure are different, the characteristics of the complete absorber described below will deteriorate.
- the raised portion when the raised portion is circular (disk-shaped), the circle has rotational symmetry for any number of rotations. Therefore, it should be noted that the raised portion in the circular unit grid can be either a square grid or a regular triangular grid. It should be noted that the above conditions do not necessarily have to be strictly obeyed depending on the characteristics required for the optical sensor, or can be intentionally configured to deviate from these conditions, as explained below.
- the lattice may be a one-dimensional lattice.
- the two-dimensional lattice may be made anisotropic, or the shape of the raised portion in the unit lattice in the two-dimensional lattice may be made anisotropic.
- the one-dimensional lattice means a case where raised portions extending linearly in a specific direction are arranged parallel to each other and at equal intervals, as shown in FIG. 1 (d).
- an affine transformation that is, parallel lines are parallel
- an oblique grid, a rectangular grid, or a parallel grid obtained by performing a projection transformation that is maintained as it is.
- anisotropy is given to the shape of the raised portion in the unit lattice in the two-dimensional lattice, for example, an elliptical raised portion obtained by extending a circular raised portion in a specific direction (n-fold symmetry (n ⁇ 3)). You can use the one that lost.
- the ellipse has two-fold symmetry, but loses the three or more symmetries of the original circle.
- the materials that can be used as a metal or a dielectric are, for example, Au, Ag, Al, Si, Ge, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 , and SiC.
- the metal and dielectric materials are not limited to the above examples.
- the wavelength selection element composed of the complete absorber according to the present invention has a resolution of a Q value of 50 or more only for light having a desired wavelength among the light incident in a range of an angle inclined by about 1 ° from the vertical direction. Resonantly absorbs and emits heat. The heat generated on the surface of this complete absorber is conducted to the back side of the absorber by heat conduction, detected by a heat detector located immediately below it, and the heat is converted into electricity in the heat detector. And the electricity is detected.
- the concept of "complete absorber” is used, but it should be noted that the term “complete absorption” does not mean logically all, that is, it is not limited to those that truly absorb 100%. There is a need to. Since the sensor provided in the present invention is a physical entity, it is usually rare for the elements constituting the sensor to absorb 100% of light, and in the examples and simulations described below, it is about 99%. However, even with this, the operation is substantially the same as when an element that truly absorbs 100% is used.
- the degree of absorption that can be called a "complete absorber” in the sense of the essence of the present invention varies depending on various conditions, but for example, 90% or more, preferably 95% or more, more preferably 99%. If it has the above absorption rate, it can be regarded as a "complete absorber".
- FIG. 6 (a) and 6 (b) are schematic views illustrating an example of the design of the optical sensor according to the present invention.
- A shows a pyroelectric photodetector (also called a single wavelength sensor) for one wavelength, and this element is manufactured in an area of 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm.
- FIG. 6B shows a 4-wavelength on-chip sensor in which such a 4-wavelength photodetector is manufactured in an area of 1 cm ⁇ 1 cm.
- FIG. 6C shows the light reflection spectrum and absorption spectrum of the device for one wavelength.
- FIG. 6D shows the results of a simulation of the wavelength dependence of the temperature distribution and temperature rise in the element for one wavelength element, that is, the single wavelength sensor.
- the simulation was performed as follows.
- the optical spectrum transmission, reflectance and absorptivity
- full-wave simulation based on the FDTD method using FullWAVE of RSoft Design Inc.
- the excited electromagnetic field is assumed to propagate in the -z-axis direction
- the electric field is oscillated in the x-axis direction
- the intensity of the incident field and their phases are normal to 1. It became.
- the dielectric functions of Au, Si and SiO 2 were those described in Non-Patent Document 8, and the dielectric functions of ZnO were those described in Non-Patent Document 4. Further, Si 3 N 4 was determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry measurement.
- the multi-wavelength sensor is a single-wavelength sensor according to the present invention, that is, an optical sensor element for one wavelength integrated on a chip.
- the relationship between the structure of the complete absorber and the resonance wavelength in this single-wavelength sensor is described below. Will be described.
- the basic reciprocal lattice vector of the surface lattice which is the lattice formed on the surface of the absorber by the periodic structure defined above.
- the surface plasmon polaritons are excited when the following momentum conservation relationship holds between them, and light is efficiently absorbed.
- ⁇ be the angle from the vertical direction of the surface.
- equation (3) can be written as follows.
- FIG. 7 shows (a) the dependence of the incident light on the polarization of absorption and (b) the angular dependence of the resonance wavelengths on some i and j.
- the raised portion in the unit lattice is circular and the periodic structure is also a square lattice, so that the structure has no anisotropy and does not show polarization dependence.
- the resonance wavelength shows a clear angle dependence as shown in FIG. 7B, strongly reflecting the diffraction effect of the periodic structure.
- some branches appearing in the range of 3.0 to 5.0 ⁇ m are degenerate, and only wavelengths near 2.6 ⁇ m and 3.7 ⁇ m show complete absorption. ing.
- the resonance mode of 3.7 ⁇ m among them shows an angle dependence that changes sharply at 0 °, and by utilizing this, a sensor with high directivity becomes possible.
- a strong absorption peak (a strong detection output peak in terms of sensor output) appears near the incident angle of 0 degrees, but even if the incident angle deviates slightly, there are three cases of angle deviation.
- the intensity drops sharply, i.e. very high.
- the effect of obtaining angular selectivity, in other words, directivity, can be obtained. This effect is obtained from the fact that degeneracy has occurred (is in a degenerate state) as described above.
- SPP surface plasmon polariton
- this mode of degeneracy at zero angle is not used as the mode of complete absorption, the angle resolution cannot be increased.
- this degenerate mode is used as the mode of complete absorption, if unnecessary subpeaks due to the localization mode of surface plasmons on the surface of the raised portion in the unit cell coexist and overlap, this subpeak has low directivity. Therefore, the high directivity of the degenerate mode cannot be utilized, and the wavelength selectivity is also impaired.
- Infrared sensors with a periodic structure have been proposed in the past (Non-Patent Documents 1 to 3), but the momentum is preserved by the momentum of the surface plasmon polariton, the surface parallel component of the incident light, and the diffraction grating, and the incident angle is 0. Resonance in degrees The degeneracy of each mode is not taken into account. Also, in the spectrum, important performances such as narrowing the band, complete absorption, and low background have not been realized. Also, the angular resolution and directivity are low. The reason for this is that the resonator effect of the localized surface plasmon and the resonance of the diffraction grating and surface plasmon polaritons optimized in the present invention are mixed without being well separated, and are broad or subpeak. It has become a lot of complicated absorption spectra.
- the degeneracy can be indirectly controlled by performing the optimization as shown below.
- Adjust the height and diameter of the disk generally the raised portion in the unit cell
- the complete absorption at the incident angle of 0 degrees approaches 100%.
- the height and diameter of the disk should not be made too large.
- the present invention can be regarded as an "excitation phenomenon of surface plasmon polaritons via a diffraction phenomenon" in the first place. This is different from the resonance due to the confinement effect of the "localized surface plasmon" illustrated in FIGS. 1 (a) and 1 (b) in a finite-sized object. As the disc grows taller and larger, not only does the disc act purely as a diffraction grating, but each disc in turn becomes an object that also acts as a resonator independently.
- the surface plasmon confined in the disk begins to appear as a broad background having a structure in the vicinity of 4 to 6 ⁇ m as a mode of “localized surface plasmon”.
- the size of the disk is about 2 to 3 ⁇ m, which is smaller than the period, but the resonance wavelength of the confined mode is considered to appear in about 4 to 6 ⁇ m, which is longer than that.
- the "localized surface plasmon" has a wide half-value width as shown in the graph of the simulation result of the absorption rate shown in the lower part of FIGS. 1 (a) and 1 (b), which is not preferable as a sensor.
- FIG. 1A is a horizontal confinement mode
- FIG. 1B is a vertical confinement mode. If the disk diameter becomes too large, the characteristics of the structure shift to the groove structure as shown in FIG. 1 (b), and not only the horizontal mode but also the vertical confinement mode comes out, which is more complicated. It is considered to be a spectrum.
- the optical filter is designed and created without noticing the difference between the above two resonances, the mode of "localized surface plasmon" cannot be suppressed, and therefore an unwanted peak or background appears in the spectrum, which is an unfavorable characteristic. It will only have.
- the disk diameter and height are too small, the diffraction effect becomes small and complete absorption cannot be achieved, but conversely, if the disk diameter and height are too large, it is more like a diffraction grating.
- the behavior as an isolated resonator also appears, and there is a problem that a clean spectrum cannot be obtained.
- the optimum structure is obtained in consideration of this point.
- an arrangement of disks (raised portions) as protrusions is formed on the surface of the optical sensor, and the height and diameter of the protrusions suppress the manifestation of absorption due to the generation of localized surface plasmon, and the surface plasmon polariton.
- the adjustment is made so that complete absorption occurs by promoting the diffraction effect of.
- the directivity and wavelength resolution of the device can be improved by avoiding the appearance of absorption by localized surface plasmon (LSPR) as much as possible and maximizing the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) by the diffraction phenomenon. it can.
- LSPR localized surface plasmon
- SPP surface plasmon polaritons
- the shape of the raised portion in the unit lattice which is the symmetric unit of the lattice, is not limited to a circle, and a regular polygon having rotational symmetry can also be used. Moreover, this lattice can use not only a square lattice but also a regular triangular lattice. Further, the shape of the raised portion in the unit grid should be consistent with the symmetry of the grid having the unit grid as the minimum unit as described above.
- a raised portion such as a square or a regular octagon
- a regular triangular lattice it is preferable to use a raised portion such as an equilateral triangle, a regular hexagon, or a regular dodecagon.
- the raised portion in the lattice and / or the unit lattice has anisotropy.
- a one-dimensional grid may be used instead of the two-dimensional grid as shown in FIG. 6 (c). More specifically, as shown in FIG. 1 (d), the linear and strip-shaped ridges extending in a specific direction may be arranged parallel to each other at equal intervals, that is, in a one-dimensional lattice pattern. ..
- the resonance wavelength that is, the wavelength of light that completely absorbs and is detected by the optical sensor.
- the description mainly targets light in the mid-wavelength infrared region, but as is clear from the theoretical explanation given above, the resonance wavelength does not need to be limited to this region, and ultraviolet rays, It is possible to configure a sensor that operates for a wide range of light including visible light and various infrared rays.
- FIG. 6 shows the results of the electromagnetic field simulation. From FIG. 6 (e), it can be seen that the enhancement of the x-direction component of the electric field occurs at the end of the disk structure with respect to the incident of light from the ⁇ z direction. More specifically, in the side wall of the disk structure, the Ex-direction component of the electric field has a value of about 12 on the scale shown on the right side of the figure, but it is shown that this value decreases as the distance increases. .. Further, from FIG.
- the phase of the electric field in the z direction is inverted at the left end and the right end of the disk (values of about -18 and 18 on the scale on the right side of the figure, respectively), and the propagation type surface plasmon polariton. Can be seen to be excited. From FIG. 6 (g), it can be seen that light absorption occurs on the upper surface of the fully absorbing structure by Au. From FIG. 6 (d), it is shown that when infrared light having a resonance wavelength of 1 mW is irradiated in a radius of 0.5 mm, a temperature rise of 2.3 K occurs in the pyroelectric sensor portion, and infrared light is observed. It can be seen that it has sufficiently high responsiveness as a sensor.
- the chip When a plurality of optical sensors according to the present invention are integrated on one chip to form a multi-wavelength optical sensor, the chip is designed so as not to be affected by heat from adjacent optical sensors as much as possible. Between the upper photosensors, a component with high thermal resistance, such as a material with high thermal resistance, or a thermal barrier that reduces heat propagation by slits or notches can be installed.
- a component with high thermal resistance such as a material with high thermal resistance, or a thermal barrier that reduces heat propagation by slits or notches can be installed.
- FIG. 1 (a) using the confined type localized surface plasmon.
- FIG. 8 (a) shows the dependence of the spectral intensity on the diameter of the Au disk structure
- the optimum diameter of the disc was around 50% of the period p (0.3p to 0.7p)), and the optimum height of the disc was in the range of 0.05 to 0.2p.
- the optimum diameter (or the size of the corresponding portion) of the raised portion which is a more generalized disc, is the diameter of the circumscribed circle when the raised portion is a regular polygon.
- the raised portion when the raised portion has an elongated shape so that the polarization direction can be detected, that is, an elliptical shape or an elongated polygon, or when considering the width of the raised portion having another planar shape, the raised portion in the other direction.
- the width is the length of the line segment formed by the normal projection of the raised portion on the straight line in the relevant direction.
- the width differs depending on the direction, so here, the maximum and minimum values of the width when the direction is changed are referred to as the width of the widest part and the width of the narrowest part, respectively.
- the width of the narrowest portion of such a raised portion is 0.3 p or more, and the width of the widest portion is Optimal is 0.7p or less.
- the width of the widest part and the width of the narrowest part do not match, when simply referring to the range of width values without specifying which width, "between the maximum and the minimum”. It means "for values of arbitrary width”. That is, the "width" of the raised portion is the distance between two parallel straight lines that are in contact with the peripheral edge of the raised portion and sandwich the raised portion in a plan view, and the distance is 0.3 to 0.7 times the period. It should be within the double range. It should be noted that there may be a plurality of distances (that is, "widths”) conceived by two parallel straight lines depending on the planar shape of the raised portion.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram of an Au disc, the optimum conditions shown for the case of Au are applied to the size of the raised portion made of these metals even with other metals and alloys such as Al, Ag, and Cu. .. Furthermore, the above optimum conditions for size can be applied as they are even when the raised portion of a disk or the like is made of a dielectric material.
- FIG. 6C shows the result of a simulation of a structure in which disks having a diameter of 1.85 ⁇ m and a disk height of 0.34 ⁇ m are arranged in a period of 3.7 ⁇ m.
- the periodic surface structure may be composed of only metal, or a surface structure such as Si is etched, and an Au film of about 100 nm is formed on the surface structure so as to maintain the underlying shape. The film may be formed conformally. This is because most of the induced charges and polarizations due to the incident light occur on the upper side of the metal periodic structure (see FIG. 6 (g)), and there is almost no difference even if the inside is Si.
- the thickness of a film of Au or other metal on such a surface is about 50 nm or more, light cannot reach the back side of such a film, and therefore the influence of a material or the like located 50 nm or more deep from the surface. Can be ignored.
- FIG. 11 shows a wavelength selection element used in the optical sensor according to the present invention, which has a structure of a tall Au disk (shown by a broken line) and a Si disk (shown by a solid line) coated with Au having a thickness of 80 nm.
- the simulation result of the light absorption spectrum is shown.
- these two wavelength selection elements have the same parameters as each other. Specifically, the period was 3.7 ⁇ m, and the diameter and height of the disk were 1.85 ⁇ m and 0.34 ⁇ m, respectively. It was confirmed that both of these two complete absorbers had a period of 3.7 ⁇ m, and both showed an absorption rate of 0.99 at a resonance wavelength of 3.722 ⁇ m and were almost perfect absorbers.
- the wavelength resolution was 51 nm and the Q value was 71.
- a pyroelectric body, a bolometer, a thermoelectric electromotive element, etc. can be used as the heat detector, but in the following examples, a ZnO pyroelectric body was adopted as the heat detector. However, of course, other types of thermal detectors can be used in the same manner, and even when a pyroelectric body is used, the material may be other than ZnO.
- a four-wavelength infrared sensor in which four single-wavelength sensors according to the present invention are integrated on a single Si chip at different wavelengths will be described in detail below.
- the present invention is not intended to limit the present invention to such a configuration in which a plurality of single wavelength sensors are combined / integrated, and the present invention may be a single wavelength sensor, or may be a composite / integrated configuration. Note that it is included in the technical scope.
- optical sensor of the present invention is taken as an example of a four-wavelength (quad-wavelength IR sensor) infrared sensor in which four optical sensors according to the present invention and those having different absorption wavelengths are integrated on a single chip.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- anisotropic wet etching were performed on a 3-inch double-sided polished Si substrate.
- a set of 25 4-wavelength infrared sensors was arranged on this substrate. This creation procedure is shown in FIG.
- a 100 nm-thick Pt film deposited by electron beam (EB) deposition was used as the bottom electrode, but this film also provided a (111) plane for growing a highly crystalline ZnO (0001) film. It also functions as an epitaxial substrate.
- EB electron beam
- FIG. 9 The method for producing the four-infrared wavelength sensor will be described in detail below.
- a 3-inch double-sided polished Si wafer was thermally oxidized by dry oxidation at 1150 ° C. to form two SiO2 layers having a thickness of about 100 nm on both sides of the Si wafer.
- a 350 nm thick Si 3 N 4 film was deposited on both sides of the SiO 2 / Si wafer by direct current (200 W) reactive sputtering using a boron-doped Si target and an Ar / N 2 (18/10 sccm) mixed gas (1).
- a sputter i_Miller CFS-4EP-LL of Shibaura Mechatronics Co., Ltd. (Fig. 9 (a)).
- a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process is then applied on the sputtered Si 3 N 4 / SiO 2 / Si substrate in an N 2 atmosphere (specifically, heating at a rate of 5 ° C./sec). to, and maintained at a constant temperature for 1 minute at 1000 ° C., then allowed to cool) to improve the quality (hardness) of the Si 3 N 4 film.
- RTA rapid thermal annealing
- a photoresist pattern was generated as a mask for the lift-off process of the bottom Pt film electrode by a maskless lithography process.
- a 100 nm thick Pt film for the sensor bottom electrode with a 10 nm thick adhesive Ti layer was subjected to Si 3 N 4 / by an electron beam deposition apparatus (UEP300-1C of ULVAC Co., Ltd.) using a patterned photoresist mask. It was deposited on a SiO 2 / Si substrate. The lift-off process was performed using a PG remover. The same maskless lithography process as described above was applied for patterning of the ZnO pyroelectric film and the top Au electrode (by sputtering and electron beam deposition, respectively).
- RF sputtering treatment 300 W using a ZnO target and an Ar / O 2 mixed gas (16/04 sccm) was used for epitaxial growth of a ZnO film having a high degree of crystallinity on the Pt bottom film electrode.
- a 340 nm thick amorphous Si (boron-doped) film was patterned on the top Au electrode as a template layer for an Au disk array (FIG. 9 (b)).
- a photoresist disk array designed for each 4-wavelength sensor as a RIE mask for etching Si was patterned on a Si template using a direct laser drawing lithography process (FIG. 9 (c)).
- the remaining photoresist was removed by O 2 plasma and acetone.
- the Au disk array of the plasmonic absorber (complete absorber) having a two-dimensional periodic structure is finalized by applying the above maskless lithography process by CD sputtering of an 80 nm thick Au film after a 5 nm thick adhesive Ti layer. (Fig. 9 (e)).
- the 4-wavelength IR sensor chip on the 3-inch wafer was then subjected to a process for thermal isolation from the membrane support.
- a Si 3 N 4 layer AZ-514E photoresist RIE mask (for membranes and for heat isolation slits around individual single wavelength sensors) was first patterned.
- a Si 3 N 4 mask for anisotropic wet etching of Si was formed using RIE treatment (CHF 3 plasma).
- CHF 3 plasma RIE treatment
- the Si substrate on the bottom of each single wavelength sensor was heated with KOH solution (8 mg). / L, 80 ° C.) was used for complete etching by low speed anisotropic wet etching (FIG. 9 (f)).
- the sensor chip wafer was then held in a PG remover for 1 day, finally rinsed with acetone and then separated into 4 wavelength IR membrane sensor chips measuring 1 x 1 cm 2 .
- FIG. 10 summarizes the morphological features of the created 4-wavelength infrared membrane sensor.
- FIG. 10A is a photograph of nine sets of 4-wavelength infrared sensor chips made from the entire 3-inch wafer. The inset photograph shown in the upper right part of this figure is taken by irradiating a typical 4-wavelength infrared sensor created with white light from the bottom. From this inset photograph, it can be seen that there is an optically transparent Si 3 N 4 film around each of the single wavelength sensors, which is sufficiently retained by the Si 3 N 4 film created. (See also FIG. 9 (f)).
- FIG. 10B is a brightfield optical microscope image showing the entire four-wavelength infrared sensor including four single-wavelength sensors and also displaying a 2 mm long scale bar. From this, it can be seen that in the created sensors, each single wavelength sensor has a size of 2 ⁇ 2 mm 2 , and the entire 4-wavelength infrared sensor has a size of 1 ⁇ 1 cm 2 .
- the top SEM image shown in FIG. 10 (c) shows a typical four-wavelength infrared sensor according to the present invention created.
- the cross-sectional image shown in FIG. 10D illustrates the structure of this sensor, which means that the Au shell disk supported by the Si core template is well constructed by using the manufacturing process described above. Becomes clear. Plasmonic disk array, Au top electrodes of the pyroelectric body ZnO film, the bottom Pt electrode, also the size parameters of each film or layers in the sensor, such as the Si 3 N 4 film be read clearly from FIG. 10 (d) We were able to verify, but these were the same as the design values.
- the SEM image of the created 4-wavelength infrared sensor was obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SU8230, Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) under an acceleration voltage of 5 kV.
- a focused ion beam miller (FB-2100, Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) was used to generate a rectangular through hole in the membrane sensor chip.
- the performance (spectral response) of the manufactured 4-wavelength infrared sensor was measured using a tunable infrared laser system as a frequency-variable excitation source.
- the characteristics of the infrared laser output from this system are a broad spectral line width with a Q value of about 10 to 15, a collimated beam diameter (diameter) of 1 mm, a repetition frequency of 1 kHz, and an average power of several milliwatts (wavelength). Dependence).
- the sensor to be measured was directly irradiated with a laser beam having a diameter of 1 mm.
- the spectral line width of the output infrared pulsed laser was very wide compared to the absorption bandwidth of the infrared sensor to be measured, which made the spectral response of the infrared sensor broad. became.
- the spectral response of each infrared sensor was calculated by performing an inverse convolution of the spectral output voltage of the infrared sensor with the measured spectral power distribution of the infrared laser.
- the time response characteristics of the manufactured infrared sensor were measured using a high-performance oscilloscope (500 MHz, using Tektronix TDS520A) combined with an SR560 amplifier.
- FIG. 12 shows the simulation result of the absorption spectrum in the first row, the simulation result of the average heat increase spectrum in the second row, and the curve of the measurement result of the spectral response in the third row from the top to the bottom. ..
- columns (a) to (d) of FIG. 12 show simulation or measurement results for a single wavelength sensor among the four wavelength infrared sensors, respectively.
- the resonance wavelengths of the single wavelength sensors corresponding to columns (a) to (d) are 3.522 ⁇ m ( ⁇ 1 ), 3.722 ⁇ m ( ⁇ 2 ), 3.822 ⁇ m ( ⁇ 3 ) and 3.922 ⁇ m ( ⁇ ), respectively. 4 ).
- the disc heights were all set to 340 nm, but the period p was 3.5 ⁇ m (corresponding to ⁇ 1 ), 3.7 ⁇ m (corresponding to ⁇ 2 ), and 3.8 ⁇ m (corresponding to ⁇ 2 ), respectively. (Corresponding to ⁇ 3 ) and 3.9 ⁇ m (corresponding to ⁇ 4 ), and the diameter of each disc was set to 1/2 of each period.
- the optical response spectrum of the four-wavelength infrared sensor (more accurately, the response of each of the four single-wavelength sensors constituting the four-wavelength infrared sensor).
- the simulation result of the spectrum is almost 1 (0.99) at the peak and very narrow (half-value width 50 nm). This proves that the designed sensor can efficiently absorb infrared light at each resonance wavelength.
- the simulation results of the average temperature increase on the thermoelectric ZnO film during thermal equilibrium at each of the four single wavelength sensors, as shown in the four graphs lined up in the center row of FIG.
- this four-wavelength infrared sensor was able to absorb infrared light within a narrow spectral bandwidth at the designed resonance wavelength almost completely, thus converting the absorbed infrared energy for the absorption spectrum into heat and evoking it. It can be clearly seen that the heat is transferred to the ZnO detection layer. As expected, the measured spectral response curves shown in the graph in the bottom row of FIG. 12 clearly prove that the design according to the technical idea of the present invention is correct. There is.
- the sensor of the present invention has a dependency on the angle of incidence because it is a diffraction grating-like plasmonic array having a 2D periodic structure. Therefore, by measuring this dependence, the angle response characteristics of this sensor were verified.
- the angle of incidence is perpendicular to the surface (indicated as 0 degrees in the figure), and is tilted 5 degrees and 10 degrees from the vertical direction (FIG. 13).
- Spectral response curves (shown as 5 ° and 10 °, respectively) were plotted.
- the resonance depends on the angle of incidence, when the angle of incidence is tilted vertically, the response decreases rapidly as the angle of tilt increases. This indicates that the sensor according to the present invention has a high degree of directivity in the vertical direction.
- the time response of the single wavelength sensor of the invention to a pulsed laser of 104 femtoseconds, which resonates at a wavelength of 3.722 ⁇ m was experimentally measured using a high-performance oscilloscope. saw.
- the result is shown in FIG.
- the uniform response (FIG. 15 (a)) of the sensor measured by applying 10 pulses with a period of 1 msec indicates the high-speed response and stability of this sensor.
- the impulse response of this sensor (FIG. 15 (b)) measured by stimulating with a single pulse shows a high-speed response of 16 ⁇ s and a attenuation of 153 ⁇ s, which is sufficient for practical equipment. It can be used.
- a four-wavelength infrared sensor constructed by integrating four single-wavelength sensors according to the present invention having resonance wavelengths shifted from each other on a chip has been produced, but this can be applied to actual applications. It can be easily extended to more multi-wavelength sensors.
- the optical sensor of the present invention is not limited to this, but is a portable spectroscopic infrared measuring instrument that can be used for a multicolor radiation thermometer, color imaging used for environmental recognition, and air pollution detection. It can be applied to remote sensing and imaging for.
- the sensor of the present invention exhibits a high degree of directivity in the vertical direction, it is possible to further improve the directivity by adopting a pinhole aperture or a collimator.
- the resonance wavelength of the single wavelength sensor according to the present invention is not limited to the MWIR region, and UV, visible light, and various types of red are maintained while maintaining its basic structure. It can be applied to the outer area.
- the detection angle can be set to an extremely narrow angle of, for example, 1 degree or less.
- the simulation result of the change in the absorption rate when changed with is shown. As can be seen from the figure, the absorption rate is reduced from 1 to 1/2 or less when the deviation of the incident angle from the vertical direction is only ⁇ 0.5 degrees, and further to about 1/3 when the deviation is ⁇ 1 degrees. It can be seen that it decreases.
- the decrease in the absorption rate becomes slightly slower with respect to the increase in the deviation of the incident angle. If you want to detect that the incident angle has become larger than a certain level more sensitively, it is not limited to this, but for example, if the deviation of the incident angle is about ⁇ 0.5 degrees to 1 degree, it will be detected. Although the sensitivity is low, if this deviation becomes larger, it can be dealt with by combining it with another type of sensor that can detect it more sensitively than shown in FIG.
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Abstract
Description
光を検出可能なセンサーであって、表面が金属および誘電体の少なくとも一方で形成され、入射する光を吸収する吸収体と、前記吸収体による光の吸収によって発生する熱を検出する手段とを設け、前記吸収体は、当該吸収体の表面に垂直に入射し、かつ、当該吸収体の共鳴波長と同じ波長を持つ光を吸収し、前記吸収体の表面は、隆起している複数の隆起部分を含み、前記吸収体の表面は、一次元または二次元の格子パターンが形成されるように前記複数の隆起部分が所定の周期で配列される周期構造をとり、前記一次元の格子パターンにおいては、前記複数の隆起部分の各々は、長尺状に形成され、相互に平行になるように所定の方向に沿って第1周期で配列され、前記隆起部分の幅は、前記第1周期の0.3倍~0.7倍であり、前記隆起部分の厚さは、前記第1周期の0.05倍~0.2倍であり、前記二次元の格子パターンにおいては、前記複数の隆起部分の各々は、格子状になるように第2周期で配列され、前記隆起部分の幅は、前記第2周期の0.3倍~0.7倍であり、前記隆起部分の厚さは、前記第2周期の0.05倍~0.2倍であり、前記吸収体に入射した光の表面平行成分と前記格子パターンとから得た運動量とによって励起され、前記吸収体の表面を伝搬する表面プラズモンポラリトンまたは表面フォノンポラリトンの複数のモードの各々は、当該吸収体へ入射する光が表面に対して垂直に入射し、かつ、波長が前記共鳴波長であるときに縮退状態となる光センサー。
ここで、前記隆起部分は、二次元の格子パターンで配列され、前記吸収体の光の吸収には偏光依存性がない。
また、前記隆起部分は、前記二次元の格子パターンの対称性が維持される形状に形成される、
あるいは、記隆起部分は、前記一次元の格子パターンに配列され、
前記吸収体が吸収する光は、特定の偏光方向の光である。
また、前記吸収体が吸収する光は、紫外線、可視光または赤外線である。
また、前記熱を検出する手段は前記熱による温度上昇を検出する手段であってよい。
また、前記温度上昇を検出する手段は焦電体またはボロメーターであってよい。
また前記隆起部分の表面において、前記金属の厚さが50nm以上である、
また前記吸収体は、当該吸収体の表面に垂直に入射し、かつ、当該吸収体の共鳴波長と同じ波長を持つ光を90%以上吸収する。
また、前記金属は、Au、Ag及びAlから選択され、前記誘導体は、Si、Ge、Al2O3、TiO2,SiO2及びSiCから選択される。
また、検出する光の帯域幅が50以上のQ値に対応するものであってよい。
また、最も検出感度が高い方向からの検出感度半値角度が±1度以下であってよい。
また、前記検出感度が最も高い方向はその表面に垂直な方向であってよい。
本発明の他の側面によれば、上記何れかの光センサーを単一のチップ上に複数個配列したセンサーユニットが与えられる。
ここで、前記複数個の光センサーのうちの少なくとも1つは検出波長が他の光センサーと異なるものであってよい。
また、前記1つの光センサーは、前記他の光センサーとは前記隆起部分が配列される前記周期が異なる。
また、前記複数個の光センサーの間の少なくとも一部の領域に熱障壁を設けてよい。
本発明のさらに他の側面によれば、上記何れかの光センサーを有し、特定方向にある物体からの光を検出することにより前記物体の存在または動きを検出する物体検出装置が与えられる。
ここで、前記物体は物品、動物及び人間からなる群から選択されてよい。
また、前記光センサーは赤外線を検出するものであってよい。
図3は、光センサー10の断面を模式的に表した図である。本発明に係る光センサー10は、複数の積層で構成される。光センサー10は、図3に例示される通り、支持基板11と底部電極12と焦電体13と吸収体14とがこの順番で積層される。
(1)入射角0度における完全吸収を100%に近づくようにディスク(一般的には単位格子内の隆起部分)の高さ及び直径を可能な限り大きくなるよう調整する。
(2)一方、スペクトル中に不要な局在表面プラズモンのピークが出ないようにするため、ディスクの高さ及び直径をあまり大きくしすぎないようにする。
Claims (20)
- 光を検出可能なセンサーであって、
表面が金属および誘電体の少なくとも一方で形成され、入射する光を吸収する吸収体と、
前記吸収体による光の吸収によって発生する熱を検出する手段と
を設け、
前記吸収体は、当該吸収体の表面に垂直に入射し、かつ、当該吸収体の共鳴波長と同じ波長を持つ光を吸収し、
前記吸収体の表面は、隆起している複数の隆起部分を含み、
前記吸収体の表面は、一次元または二次元の格子パターンが形成されるように前記複数の隆起部分が所定の周期で配列される周期構造をとり、
前記一次元の格子パターンにおいては、
前記複数の隆起部分の各々は、長尺状に形成され、相互に平行になるように所定の方向に沿って第1周期で配列され、
前記隆起部分の幅は、前記第1周期の0.3倍~0.7倍であり、
前記隆起部分の厚さは、前記第1周期の0.05倍~0.2倍であり、
前記二次元の格子パターンにおいては、
前記複数の隆起部分の各々は、格子状になるように第2周期で配列され、
前記隆起部分の幅は、前記第2周期の0.3倍~0.7倍であり、
前記隆起部分の厚さは、前記第2周期の0.05倍~0.2倍であり、
前記吸収体に入射した光の表面平行成分と前記格子パターンとから得た運動量とによって励起され、前記吸収体の表面を伝搬する表面プラズモンポラリトンまたは表面フォノンポラリトンの複数のモードの各々は、当該吸収体へ入射する光が表面に対して垂直に入射し、かつ、波長が前記共鳴波長であるときに縮退状態となる
光センサー。 - 前記隆起部分は、二次元の格子パターンで配列され、
前記吸収体の光の吸収には偏光依存性がない、
請求項1に記載の光センサー。 - 前記隆起部分は、前記二次元の格子パターンの対称性が維持される形状に形成される、
請求項2に記載の光センサー。 - 前記隆起部分は、前記一次元の格子パターンに配列され、
前記吸収体が吸収する光は、特定の偏光方向の光である、
請求項1に記載の光センサー。 - 前記吸収体が吸収する光は、紫外線、可視光または赤外線である、
請求項1から4の何れかに記載の光センサー。 - 前記熱を検出する手段は、前記熱による温度上昇を検出する手段である、
請求項1から5の何れかに記載の光センサー。 - 前記温度上昇を検出する手段は焦電体またはボロメーターである、請求項6に記載の光センサー。
- 前記隆起部分の表面において、前記金属の厚さが50nm以上である、
請求項1から7の何れかに記載の光センサー。 - 前記吸収体は、当該吸収体の表面に垂直に入射し、かつ、当該吸収体の共鳴波長と同じ波長を持つ光を90%以上吸収する、
請求項1から8の何れかに記載の光センサー。 - 前記金属は、Au、Ag及びAlから選択され、
前記誘導体は、Si、Ge、Al2O3、TiO2,SiO2及びSiCから選択される、
請求項1から9の何れかに記載の光センサー。 - 検出する光の帯域幅が50以上のQ値に対応するものである、請求項1から10の何れかに記載の光センサー。
- 最も検出感度が高い方向からの検出感度半値角度が±1度以下である、請求項1から11の何れかに記載の光センサー。
- 前記検出感度が最も高い方向は、前記吸収体の表面に垂直な方向である、
請求項1から12の何れかに記載の光センサー。 - 請求項1から13の何れかに記載された光センサーが単一のチップ上に複数配列されたセンサーユニット。
- 前記複数の光センサーのうちの少なくとも1つの光センサーは検出波長が他の光センサーと異なる、
請求項14に記載のセンサーユニット。 - 前記1つの光センサーは、前記他の光センサーとは前記隆起部分が配列される前記周期が異なる
請求項15に記載のセンサーユニット。 - 前記複数の光センサーの間の少なくとも一部の領域に熱障壁を設けた、
請求項14から16の何れかに記載のセンサーユニット。 - 請求項14から17の何れかに記載のセンサーユニットを有し、
前記センサーユニットにおける各光センサーは、特定方向にある物体から飛来する光を検出し、
前記検出された光に応じて前記物体の存在または動きを検出する物体検出装置。 - 前記物体は物品、動物及び人間から選択される、
請求項18に記載の物体検出装置。 - 前記光センサーは、前記物体から飛来する赤外線を検出する、
請求項18または19に記載の物体検出装置。
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| EP4009015B1 (en) | 2025-11-26 |
| EP4009015A1 (en) | 2022-06-08 |
| JP7210067B2 (ja) | 2023-01-23 |
| JPWO2021024909A1 (ja) | 2021-02-11 |
| US12295266B2 (en) | 2025-05-06 |
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