WO2021199618A1 - 被覆正極活物質およびそれを用いた電池 - Google Patents
被覆正極活物質およびそれを用いた電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021199618A1 WO2021199618A1 PCT/JP2021/002513 JP2021002513W WO2021199618A1 WO 2021199618 A1 WO2021199618 A1 WO 2021199618A1 JP 2021002513 W JP2021002513 W JP 2021002513W WO 2021199618 A1 WO2021199618 A1 WO 2021199618A1
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- positive electrode
- active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a coated positive electrode active material and a battery using the same.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an all-solid-state lithium battery containing a positive electrode active material coated with a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a positive electrode material and a secondary battery.
- the positive electrode material includes a positive electrode active material and a halide solid electrolyte.
- Halide solid electrolytes include yttrium, chlorine, and bromine.
- the coated positive electrode active material in one aspect of the present disclosure is A coated positive electrode active material comprising a particulate positive electrode active material and a solid electrolyte that coats the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- the solid electrolyte forms a coating layer and The coating layer is formed so that the recesses on the surface of the positive electrode active material are filled with the solid electrolyte.
- the convex portion of the surface of the positive electrode active material is exposed on the surface of the coated positive electrode active material.
- the degree of unevenness ⁇ of the particle swarm is defined by the following equation (1).
- n is an integer of 3 or more representing the number of measured particles
- Lpi represents the entire circumference of the contour of the cross-sectional image of each particle
- Lei is the cross-sectional image of each particle.
- the length ratio represents the ratio of the minor axis of the cross section to the major axis of the cross section.
- the solid electrolyte has a composition represented by the following formula (3) and has a composition represented by the following formula (3).
- M contains at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements other than Li and metalloid elements.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a coated positive electrode active material according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of the positive electrode material according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of the battery according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 4A is a binarized image of a cross-sectional image obtained by observing the coated positive electrode active material of Example 1a with a scanning electron microscope.
- FIG. 4B is a binarized image of a cross-sectional image obtained by observing the coated positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 1a with a scanning electron microscope.
- Patent Document 1 the positive electrode active material is coated with a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte is a material having high ionic conductivity, but has a problem in oxidation resistance.
- Patent Document 2 a halide solid electrolyte containing bromine is used.
- the present inventor as a result of diligent studies, when a halide solid electrolyte containing bromine is contained in the positive electrode material, the halide solid electrolyte is oxidatively decomposed during charging of the battery, and the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery is lowered accordingly. I found out to do.
- the solid electrolyte when a positive electrode active material having an average potential to Li of 3.7 V or more is used, the solid electrolyte is decomposed by an oxidation reaction during charging.
- the oxidative decomposition product may function as a resistance layer.
- the oxidation reaction means a side reaction in which electrons are also extracted from a solid electrolyte containing an anion in contact with the positive electrode active material, in addition to a normal charging reaction in which lithium and electrons are extracted from the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode material. do.
- an oxidative decomposition layer having poor lithium ion conductivity is formed between the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte, and it is considered that the oxidative decomposition layer functions as a large interfacial resistance.
- Bromine has a smaller electronegativity and a larger ionic radius than chlorine. Therefore, it is considered that the interaction force between the cation component constituting the halide solid electrolyte and bromine is weak, and bromine is easily oxidized. Therefore, it is considered that a battery using a solid electrolyte in which the anion constituting the solid electrolyte is composed of chlorine exhibits excellent oxidation resistance and can improve the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery.
- the present inventor has conceived that the anion constituting the solid electrolyte forms a coating layer with the solid electrolyte composed of chlorine. As a result, it has been found that the oxidation reaction of the solid electrolyte can be suppressed and the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the concave portion of the uneven portion on the surface of the positive electrode active material is filled with the solid electrolyte, and the convex portion of the uneven portion on the surface of the positive electrode active material is exposed on the surface of the coated positive electrode active material.
- the structure is effective in reducing interfacial resistance. That is, the present inventor has found that by realizing a coated positive electrode active material having a smooth surface, the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can be reduced, and the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved. ..
- a coated positive electrode active material comprising a particulate positive electrode active material and a solid electrolyte that coats the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- the solid electrolyte forms a coating layer and The coating layer is formed so that the recesses on the surface of the positive electrode active material are filled with the solid electrolyte.
- the convex portion of the surface of the positive electrode active material is exposed on the surface of the coated positive electrode active material.
- the degree of unevenness ⁇ of the particle swarm is defined by the following equation (1).
- n is an integer of 3 or more representing the number of measured particles
- Lpi represents the entire circumference of the contour of the cross-sectional image of each particle
- Lei is the cross-sectional image of each particle.
- the length ratio represents the ratio of the minor axis of the cross section to the major axis of the cross section.
- the solid electrolyte has a composition represented by the following formula (3) and has a composition represented by the following formula (3).
- M contains at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements other than Li and metalloid elements.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- the ratio of the mass of the solid electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode active material may be in the range of 3/100 or more and 1/10 or less. ..
- the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can be reduced. Thereby, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- the ratio of the mass of the solid electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode active material may be in the range of 1/20 or more and 7/100 or less. .. According to the third aspect, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the entire peripheral length of the contour of the positive electrode active material is set to L in the cross-sectional image of the coated positive electrode active material.
- the coverage ratio represented by the ratio C / L of the total length C to the total circumference length L is 0.3. It may be in the range of more than or equal to 0.95 or less.
- the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can be reduced. Thereby, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- the average film thickness of the coating layer may be in the range of 1 nm or more and 300 nm or less. According to the fifth aspect, the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can be reduced. Thereby, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- the average film thickness of the coating layer may be in the range of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less. According to the sixth aspect, the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can be reduced. Thereby, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- M may contain yttrium.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte can be further improved. Thereby, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte can be further improved. Thereby, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the positive electrode active material may contain lithium nickel-cobalt-lithium manganate.
- the energy density of the battery can be further increased.
- the positive electrode active material may have a surface layer containing a lithium metal oxide. According to the tenth aspect, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further increased.
- the lithium metal oxide may contain lithium niobate. According to the eleventh aspect, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further increased.
- the positive electrode material according to the twelfth aspect of the present disclosure is The coated positive electrode active material according to any one of the first to eleventh aspects, and Positive electrode solid electrolyte and including.
- the coated positive electrode active material of the present disclosure As the positive electrode material, a battery having excellent charge / discharge efficiency can be obtained.
- the positive electrode solid electrolyte may contain a halide solid electrolyte.
- Halide solid electrolytes exhibit excellent ionic conductivity.
- the positive electrode solid electrolyte may contain a sulfide solid electrolyte. Sulfide solid electrolytes exhibit excellent ionic conductivity.
- the battery according to the fifteenth aspect of the present disclosure is A positive electrode containing a positive electrode material according to any one of the twelfth to fourteenth aspects, and a positive electrode. With the negative electrode An electrolyte layer provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, To be equipped.
- the positive electrode material of the present disclosure for the positive electrode, a battery having excellent charge / discharge efficiency can be obtained.
- the electrolyte layer is composed of a group consisting of a solid electrolyte having the same composition as the solid electrolyte contained in the coating layer and a solid electrolyte having the same composition as the positive electrode solid electrolyte. It may contain at least one selected. According to the 16th aspect, the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer is a halide solid electrolyte having a composition different from the composition of the solid electrolyte contained in the coating layer and / or the composition of the positive electrode solid electrolyte. May include. According to the seventeenth aspect, the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer may contain a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the manufacturing method according to the 19th aspect of the present disclosure is A method for producing a coated positive electrode active material according to any one of the first to eleventh aspects. Including the treatment of the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte by the dry particle composite method. Treatment by the dry particle composite method involves applying at least one mechanical energy selected from the group consisting of impact, compression and shear to the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte.
- a desired coated positive electrode active material can be produced.
- the ratio Da / Dc of the average particle size Da of the positive electrode active material to the average particle size Dc of the solid electrolyte may be 2 or more.
- the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material and the coating layer can be reduced, and the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the ratio Da / Dc of the average particle size Da of the positive electrode active material to the average particle size Dc of the solid electrolyte may be 5 or more.
- the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material and the coating layer can be further reduced, and the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of the coated positive electrode active material 100 according to the first embodiment.
- the coated positive electrode active material 100 in the first embodiment includes a particulate positive electrode active material 101 and a solid electrolyte 102 that coats the surface of the positive electrode active material 101.
- the solid electrolyte 102 forms a coating layer.
- the coating layer is formed so that the recesses on the surface of the positive electrode active material 101 are filled with the solid electrolyte 102.
- the convex portion on the surface of the positive electrode active material 101 is exposed on the surface of the coated positive electrode active material 100.
- the degree of unevenness ⁇ of the particle group is defined by the following equation (1).
- n is an integer of 3 or more representing the number of measured particles.
- the upper limit of n is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 50.
- Lpi represents the entire circumference of the contour of the cross-sectional image of each particle.
- Lei represents the total circumference of a fairly smooth ellipse having a length ratio and area equal to the length ratio and area of the cross-sectional image of each particle.
- the long-short ratio represents the ratio of the minor axis of the cross-sectional image to the major axis of the sectional image.
- Lpi and Lei can be calculated from a binarized image of a cross-sectional SEM image obtained by observing a cross section of a particle with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the degree of unevenness ⁇ represents the degree of unevenness of the contour of the positive electrode active material 101 and the degree of unevenness of the contour of the coated positive electrode active material 100.
- the unevenness ⁇ satisfies 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1.
- the degree of unevenness of the particle group of the positive electrode active material 101 is defined as ⁇ 1.
- the degree of unevenness of the particle group of the coated positive electrode active material 100 is defined as ⁇ 2.
- the degree of unevenness ⁇ 1 of the positive electrode active material 101 is considerably smooth with the entire circumference Lp of the particles of the positive electrode active material 101 excluding the coating layer in the binarized image of the cross-sectional SEM image of the particles of the coated positive electrode active material 100. It can be calculated from the total circumference Le of the ellipse.
- the equivalent smooth ellipse is an ellipse having a length ratio and an area equal to the length ratio and the cross-sectional area of the particles of the positive electrode active material 101.
- the degree of unevenness ⁇ 2 of the coated positive electrode active material 100 is the total circumference Lp'of the particles of the coated positive electrode active material 100 including the coating layer in the binarized image of the cross-sectional SEM image of the particles of the coated positive electrode active material 100. It can be calculated from the total circumference Le'of the equivalent smooth ellipse.
- the equivalent smooth ellipse is an ellipse having a length ratio and an area equal to the length ratio and the cross-sectional area of the particles of the coated positive electrode active material 100.
- the floating portion is excluded from the coating layer. Calculate the total circumference. That is, the floating portion is not regarded as a coating layer and is not treated as a coating layer. The same applies to the case of specifying a considerably smooth ellipse. This interpretation also applies to the calculation of coverage, which will be described later.
- the degree of change in unevenness R defined by the following formula (2) is 1.1 or more.
- the degree of change in unevenness R in the coated positive electrode active material 100 is defined by the ratio of the degree of unevenness ⁇ 2 of the coated positive electrode active material 100 to the degree of unevenness ⁇ 1 of the positive electrode active material 101 ( ⁇ 2 / ⁇ 1).
- the upper limit of the unevenness change degree R is 1 / ⁇ 1 . For example, if the lower limit of the unevenness (average value) of the positive electrode active material 101 is 0.5, the upper limit of the unevenness change R is 2.0.
- the concave and convex portions on the surface of the positive electrode active material 101 are covered with the solid electrolyte 102 to realize a smooth coated positive electrode active material 100, thereby reducing the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material 101 and the solid electrolyte 102. be able to. It can be said that the degree of change in unevenness R simply represents the degree of filling of the concave portion by the solid electrolyte 102. Further, since at least one convex portion of the uneven portion on the surface of the positive electrode active material 101 is exposed on the surface (outermost surface) of the coated positive electrode active material 100, the electron conductivity between the adjacent coated positive electrode active materials 100 is increased. Can be secured.
- the contact between the convex portions ensures sufficient electron conductivity between the particles of the coated positive electrode active material 100.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- the ratio of the mass of the solid electrolyte 102 to the mass of the positive electrode active material 101 may be in the range of 3/100 or more and 1/10 or less.
- the mass ratio of the solid electrolyte 102 is 3/100 or more, the ratio of the solid electrolyte 102 that covers the surface of the positive electrode active material 101 is sufficiently high, so that the recesses can be sufficiently filled with the solid electrolyte 102.
- the mass ratio of the solid electrolyte 102 is 1/10 or less, the solid electrolyte 102 that covers the surface of the positive electrode active material 101 is unlikely to inhibit electron transfer between the positive electrode active materials 101. In this case, a battery using the coated positive electrode active material 100 as the positive electrode material can achieve excellent charge / discharge efficiency.
- the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material 101 and the solid electrolyte 102 can be reduced. Thereby, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- the ratio of the mass of the solid electrolyte 102 to the mass of the positive electrode active material 101 may be in the range of 1/20 or more and 7/100 or less.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the entire peripheral length of the contour of the positive electrode active material 101 is defined as L, and the total length of the contact portion between the positive electrode active material 101 and the coating layer is defined as C.
- the coverage ratio represented by the ratio C / L of the total length C to the total peripheral length L may be in the range of 0.3 or more and 0.95 or less.
- the recesses are sufficiently filled with the solid electrolyte 102.
- the coverage is 0.95 or less, the solid electrolyte 102 that coats the surface of the positive electrode active material 101 is unlikely to inhibit electron transfer between the positive electrode active materials 101.
- a battery using the coated positive electrode active material 100 as the positive electrode material can achieve excellent charge / discharge efficiency.
- the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material 101 and the solid electrolyte 102 can be reduced. Thereby, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- the coverage may be in the range of 0.7 or more and 0.92 or less.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the coverage can be calculated from the binarized image of the cross-sectional SEM image of the coated positive electrode active material 100.
- the ratio C / L is defined as the coverage of the coating layer of the coated positive electrode active material 100.
- the average film thickness of the coating layer may be in the range of, for example, 1 nm or more and 300 nm or less. When the average thickness of the coating layer is 1 nm or more, the recesses can be sufficiently filled with the solid electrolyte 102. When the average thickness of the coating layer is 300 nm or less, the solid electrolyte 102 that coats the surface of the positive electrode active material 101 is unlikely to inhibit electron transfer between the positive electrode active materials 101.
- the average thickness of the coating layer for example, the thickness of the coating layer at any 16 points is measured from the cross-sectional SEM image obtained by the scanning electron microscope of the coated positive electrode active material 100, and the average value is calculated from those measured values. Can be obtained by doing.
- the average film thickness of the coating layer may be in the range of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material 101 and the solid electrolyte 102 can be reduced. Thereby, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- Solid electrolyte 102 constituting the coating layer As the solid electrolyte 102 constituting the coating layer, a material having lithium ion conductivity, low electron conductivity, and oxidation resistance can be used.
- an ionic crystalline halide solid electrolyte material can be used as the solid electrolyte 102.
- the halide solid electrolyte material does not have to contain sulfur.
- a material in which the anion constituting the solid electrolyte 102 is chlorine can be used.
- a material in which the anion constituting the solid electrolyte 102 is only chloride ion can be used.
- the solid electrolyte 102 has a composition represented by the following formula (3).
- ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are values larger than 0, and M contains at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements other than Li and metalloid elements.
- Metalloid element includes B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, and Te.
- Metallic elements are all elements contained in groups 1 to 12 of the periodic table except hydrogen, as well as B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, C, N, P, O, S, and Se. Contains elements contained in all groups 13 to 16 except. That is, the "metal element” is a group of elements that can become cations when a halogen compound and an inorganic compound are formed.
- the solid electrolyte 102 contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of metal elements other than Li and semi-metal elements
- the solid electrolyte 102 is a solid such as LiI composed of only Li and halogen elements. It has a high ionic conductivity as compared with the electrolyte 102. Therefore, when the solid electrolyte 102 containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of metal elements other than Li and metalloid elements is used in the battery, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- M may contain yttrium. That is, the solid electrolyte 102 may contain Y as a metal element.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the solid electrolyte 102 containing Y may be a compound represented by the composition formula of Li a Me b Y c Cl 6.
- Me is at least one selected from the group consisting of metallic elements and metalloid elements excluding Li and Y.
- m is the valence of Me.
- At least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Sc, Al, Ga, Bi, Zr, Hf, Ti, Sn, Ta, Gd, Sm, Tb and Nb. You may use it.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the solid electrolyte 102 may have a composition represented by the following formula (A1). In formula (A1), 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 2 is satisfied.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the solid electrolyte 102 may have a composition represented by the following formula (A2).
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the solid electrolyte 102 may have a composition represented by the following formula (A3).
- A3 0 ⁇ ⁇ 0.15 is satisfied.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- solid electrolyte in the present disclosure is not limited to those that strictly satisfy the above composition formula, and also includes those containing a very small amount of impurities in addition to the constituent elements represented by the composition formula.
- impurities contained in other than the constituent elements represented by the composition formula may be 10 mol% or less.
- the solid electrolyte 102 (first solid electrolyte) in the first embodiment can be produced by the following method.
- a halogenated raw material powder having a blending ratio of the desired composition.
- LiCl and YCl 3 are prepared in a molar ratio of 3: 1.
- M the type of raw material powder
- “M” and “Me” in the above composition formula can be determined.
- the above-mentioned values " ⁇ ”, “ ⁇ ”, “ ⁇ ”, “d” and “ ⁇ ” can be adjusted by adjusting the raw materials, the compounding ratio and the synthetic process.
- the raw material powders are mixed, crushed, and reacted using the method of mechanochemical milling.
- the raw material powder may be mixed well and then the mixed powder may be fired in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere.
- firing conditions for example, firing may be performed for 1 hour or more within the range of 100 ° C. or higher and 650 ° C. or lower.
- composition of the crystal phase (crystal structure) in the coating material can be determined by adjusting the reaction method and reaction conditions between the raw material powders.
- the positive electrode active material 101 is, for example, a material having a property of occluding and releasing metal ions (for example, lithium ions).
- the positive electrode active material 101 include a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, a transition metal fluoride, a polyanion material, a fluorinated polyanion material, a transition metal sulfide, a transition metal oxysulfide, and a transition metal oxynitride.
- the lithium-containing transition metal oxide Li (Ni, Co, Al ) O 2, Li (Ni, Co, Mn) O 2, and the like LiCoO 2 and the like.
- One or a mixture of two or more selected from these can be used as the positive electrode active material 101.
- the manufacturing cost of the positive electrode can be reduced and the average discharge voltage can be increased.
- the positive electrode active material 101 may contain nickel-cobalt-lithium manganate.
- the positive electrode active material 101 may contain Li (NiComn) O 2.
- As the positive electrode active material 101 only nickel-cobalt-lithium manganate may be used. According to the above configuration, the energy density of the battery can be further increased.
- the shape of the particles of the positive electrode active material 101 is not particularly limited.
- the shape of the particles of the positive electrode active material 101 can be spherical, elliptical, scaly or fibrous.
- the positive electrode active material 101 may have a surface layer containing a lithium metal oxide.
- the lithium metal oxide constituting the surface layer has a composition different from the composition of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide constituting the main body portion (the portion excluding the surface layer) of the positive electrode active material 101.
- As the lithium metal oxide LiNbO 3 (lithium niobate) or the like can be used. Since the positive electrode active material 101 has a surface layer containing LiNbO 3 , side reactions between the positive electrode active material 101 and the coating layer are suppressed during charging. Therefore, according to this configuration, the coated positive electrode active material 100 in the first embodiment can effectively suppress the formation of a high resistance layer on the surface of the positive electrode active material 101. As a result, the charging / discharging efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the surface layer is also regarded as a part of the positive electrode active material 101.
- the method for producing the coated positive electrode active material 100 in the first embodiment includes, for example, treating the positive electrode active material 101 and the solid electrolyte 102 constituting the coating layer by a dry particle composite method.
- the treatment by the dry particle composite method comprises applying at least one mechanical energy selected from the group consisting of impact, compression and shear to the positive electrode active material 101 and the solid electrolyte 102.
- the positive electrode active material 101 and the solid electrolyte 102 are mixed in an appropriate ratio.
- the desired coated positive electrode active material 100 can be produced.
- the device that can be used in the method for producing the coated positive electrode active material 100 is not particularly limited, and may be a device that can apply mechanical energy such as impact, compression, and shear to the mixture.
- devices that can apply mechanical energy include compression shear type processing devices (particle compounding devices) such as ball mills, "Mechanofusion” (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron), and “Nobilta” (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron). Of these, “Mechanofusion” and “Nobilta” are desirable, and “Nobilta” is even more desirable.
- Mechanism is a particle compounding device that uses dry mechanical compounding technology by applying strong mechanical energy to multiple different material particles.
- mechanofusion the powder raw material charged between the rotating container and the press head is subjected to mechanical energy such as compression, shearing, and friction, so that the particles are compounded.
- Nobilta is a particle compositing device that uses dry mechanical compositing technology, which is a development of particle compositing technology, in order to composite nanoparticles using nanoparticles as a raw material. Nobilta produces composite particles by applying impact, compression, and shear mechanical energies to multiple feedstock powders.
- a rotor in a horizontal cylindrical mixing container, a rotor arranged so as to have a predetermined gap with the inner wall of the mixing container rotates at high speed and forcibly passes through the gap with respect to the raw material powder. The process of causing is repeated multiple times. Thereby, impact, compression, and shearing forces can be applied to the mixture to produce composite particles of the positive electrode active material 101 and the solid electrolyte 102. Conditions such as rotor rotation speed, processing time, and charging amount can be adjusted as appropriate.
- the powder of the solid electrolyte 102 is used.
- the ratio Da / Dc of the average particle size Da of the positive electrode active material 101 to the average particle size Dc of the solid electrolyte 102 may be 2 or more.
- the concave portion of the uneven portion on the surface of the positive electrode active material 101 is densely filled with the solid electrolyte 102.
- the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material 101 and the coating layer is reduced, and the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the ratio Da / Dc may be 5 or more.
- the concave portion of the uneven portion on the surface of the positive electrode active material 101 is more densely filled with the solid electrolyte 102.
- the interfacial resistance between the positive electrode active material 101 and the coating layer can be further reduced, and the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the average particle size of the positive electrode active material 101 and the coating material can be measured using, for example, an SEM image. Specifically, by using the SEM image, the average value of the equivalent circle diameters of the 50 arbitrarily selected positive electrode active material 101 particles and the arbitrarily selected 50 solid electrolyte 102 particles is calculated. The average particle size of the positive electrode active material 101 and the solid electrolyte 102 is determined. "Circle equivalent diameter" means the diameter of a circle having an area equal to the area of the image of a particular particle.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of the positive electrode material 1000 according to the first embodiment.
- the positive electrode material 1000 according to the first embodiment includes the coated positive electrode active material 100 and the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 according to the first embodiment described above.
- the coated positive electrode active material 100 of the first embodiment as the positive electrode material, a battery having excellent charge / discharge efficiency can be obtained.
- the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 contains, for example, a solid electrolyte having high ionic conductivity.
- the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 may have the same composition as that of the solid electrolyte 102 constituting the coating layer.
- As the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 for example, Li 3 YCl 6 or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 may contain a halide solid electrolyte.
- the halide solid electrolyte include Li 3 (Ca, Y, Gd) X 6 , Li 2 MgX 4 , Li 2 FeX 4 , Li (Al, Ga, In) X 4 , Li 3 (Al, Ga, In). ) X 6 , LiI and the like can be used.
- the element X is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I.
- an element in the formula is expressed as "(Al, Ga, In)"
- this notation indicates at least one element selected from the element group in parentheses. That is, "(Al, Ga, In)" is synonymous with "at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, and In".
- Halide solid electrolytes exhibit excellent ionic conductivity.
- the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 may be a halide solid electrolyte.
- halide solid electrolytes include lithium, yttrium, chlorine and bromine.
- the halide solid electrolyte may be Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4.
- the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 may contain a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte for example, Li 2 S-P 2 S 5, Li 2 S-SiS 2, Li 2 S-B 2 S 3, Li 2 S-GeS 2, Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4, Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 and the like can be used.
- LiX, Li 2 O, MO q, like Li p MO q may be added.
- the element X in "LiX" is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the element M in "MO q " and “Li p MO q” is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of P, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, In, Fe, and Zn. be.
- P and q in "MO q " and “Li p MO q " are independent natural numbers, respectively.
- the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 may be a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may contain lithium sulfide and phosphorus sulfide.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may be Li 2 SP 2 S 5 . Sulfide solid electrolytes exhibit excellent ionic conductivity.
- the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 one kind or a mixture of two or more kinds selected from the above-mentioned solid electrolytes can be used.
- the shape of the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 is not particularly limited.
- the shape of the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 may be needle-shaped, spherical, elliptical spherical, or the like.
- the shape of the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 may be particles.
- the median diameter of the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 may be 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the coated positive electrode active material 100 and the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 can form a good dispersed state in the positive electrode material 1000. Therefore, the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery in which the positive electrode material 1000 is used are improved.
- the median diameter of the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 may be 10 ⁇ m or less. According to this configuration, in the positive electrode material 1000, the coated positive electrode active material 100 and the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 can form a better dispersed state.
- the median diameter of the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 may be smaller than the median diameter of the coated positive electrode active material 100. According to this configuration, in the positive electrode material 1000, the coated positive electrode active material 100 and the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 can form a better dispersed state.
- the median diameter of the coated positive electrode active material 100 may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the coated positive electrode active material 100 When the median diameter of the coated positive electrode active material 100 is 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the coated positive electrode active material 100 and the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 can form a good dispersed state in the positive electrode material 1000. As a result, the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery in which the positive electrode material 1000 is used are improved. Further, when the median diameter of the coated positive electrode active material 100 is 100 ⁇ m or less, the lithium diffusion rate in the coated positive electrode active material 100 is improved. Therefore, it is possible to operate the battery using the positive electrode material 1000 at a high output.
- the median diameter of the coated positive electrode active material 100 may be larger than the median diameter of the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202. As a result, the coated positive electrode active material 100 and the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 can form a good dispersed state.
- the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 and the coating layer of the coated positive electrode active material 100 may be in contact with each other.
- the positive electrode material 1000 in the first embodiment may include a plurality of positive electrode solid electrolytes 202 and a plurality of coated positive electrode active materials 100.
- the content of the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 and the content of the coated positive electrode active material 100 in the positive electrode material 1000 in the first embodiment may be the same as or different from each other.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of the battery according to the second embodiment.
- the battery 300 according to the second embodiment includes a positive electrode 301 including the positive electrode material 1000 described in the first embodiment, an electrolyte layer 302, and a negative electrode 303.
- a positive electrode 301 including the positive electrode material 1000 described in the first embodiment an electrolyte layer 302, and a negative electrode 303.
- the positive electrode 301 contains a material having the property of occluding and releasing metal ions (for example, lithium ions).
- the positive electrode 301 contains a coated positive electrode active material 100 and a positive electrode solid electrolyte 202.
- v1 indicates the volume fraction of the positive electrode active material 101 when the total volume of the positive electrode active material 101, the solid electrolyte 102, and the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 contained in the positive electrode 301 is 100.
- 30 ⁇ v1 it is easy to secure a sufficient energy density of the battery 300.
- v1 ⁇ 95 the operation of the battery 300 at a high output becomes easier.
- the thickness of the positive electrode 301 may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the positive electrode 301 is 10 ⁇ m or more, sufficient energy density of the battery 300 can be secured. When the thickness of the positive electrode 301 is 500 ⁇ m or less, the operation of the battery 300 at high output can be realized.
- the electrolyte layer 302 is arranged between the positive electrode 301 and the negative electrode 303.
- the electrolyte layer 302 is a layer containing an electrolyte material.
- the electrolyte material may contain, for example, a solid electrolyte (second solid electrolyte). That is, the electrolyte layer 302 may be a solid electrolyte layer.
- the solid electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 302 at least one selected from the group consisting of a halide solid electrolyte, a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte, and a complex hydride solid electrolyte can be used.
- the electrolyte layer 302 contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a solid electrolyte having the same composition as the solid electrolyte 102 contained in the coating layer of the coated positive electrode active material 100 and a solid electrolyte having the same composition as the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202. May be good.
- the halide solid electrolyte may have the same composition as the halide solid electrolyte contained in the solid electrolyte 102, and may be contained in the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202. It may have the same composition as that of the halide solid electrolyte.
- the composition of the halide solid electrolyte contained in the solid electrolyte 102 is different from the composition of the halide solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202
- the electrolyte layer 302 contains those halide solid electrolytes having different compositions from each other. You may be.
- the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery 300 can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may contain a halide solid electrolyte having a composition different from the composition of the solid electrolyte 102 and / or the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202 contained in the coating layer.
- the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery 300 can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may contain a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 302 may have the same composition as the sulfide solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode solid electrolyte 202.
- the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer 302 contains a sulfide solid electrolyte having excellent reduction stability
- a low-potential negative electrode material such as graphite or metallic lithium can be used for the negative electrode 303. Thereby, the energy density of the battery 300 can be improved.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may contain an oxide solid electrolyte.
- oxide solid electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 302 include NASICON type solid electrolyte materials typified by LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and elemental substituents thereof, and (LaLi) TiO 3 based perovskite type solid electrolyte materials.
- Li 14 ZnGe 4 O 16, Li 4 SiO 4, LiGeO 4 and LISICON solid electrolyte material garnet-type solid electrolyte typified by Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 and that element substitution product typified by the element substitutions Materials, Li 3 PO 4 and its N-substituted products, Li-BO compounds such as Li BO 2 and Li 3 BO 3 , and Li 2 SO 4 , Li 2 CO 3 and other added glass, and glass. Ceramics and the like can be used.
- the solid electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 302 may contain a polymer solid electrolyte.
- a polymer solid electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 302 for example, a compound of a polymer compound and a lithium salt can be used.
- the polymer compound may have an ethylene oxide structure.
- the polymer compound having an ethylene oxide structure can contain a large amount of lithium salt. Therefore, the ionic conductivity can be further increased.
- the lithium salt LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiSbF 6, LiAsF 6, LiSO 3 CF 3, LiN (SO 2 F) 2, LiN (SO 2 CF 3) 2, LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5) 2, LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) (SO 2 C 4 F 9 ), LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3, and the like can be used.
- One type of lithium salt may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may contain a complex hydride solid electrolyte.
- a complex hydride solid electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 302 for example, LiBH 4- LiI, LiBH 4- P 2 S 5 and the like can be used.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may contain the above-mentioned solid electrolyte as a main component. That is, the electrolyte layer 302 may contain, for example, 50% or more (that is, 50% by mass or more) of the solid electrolyte in terms of mass ratio with respect to the entire electrolyte layer 302.
- the output characteristics of the battery 300 can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may contain a solid electrolyte in an amount of 70% or more (that is, 70% by mass or more) in terms of mass ratio with respect to the entire electrolyte layer 302, for example.
- the output characteristics of the battery 300 can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may contain a solid electrolyte as a main component, and may further contain unavoidable impurities, a starting material used when synthesizing the solid electrolyte, a by-product, a decomposition product, and the like.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may contain 100% (that is, 100% by mass) of the solid electrolyte as a mass ratio to the whole of the electrolyte layer 302, excluding impurities that are unavoidably mixed, for example.
- the output characteristics of the battery 300 can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may be composed of only the solid electrolyte.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may contain two or more of the materials listed as the solid electrolyte material.
- the electrolyte layer 302 may contain a halide solid electrolyte and a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 302 may be 1 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 302 is 1 ⁇ m or more, the possibility that the positive electrode 301 and the negative electrode 303 are short-circuited is reduced.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 302 is 300 ⁇ m or less, the operation at high output becomes easy. That is, if the thickness of the electrolyte layer 302 is appropriately adjusted, sufficient safety of the battery 300 can be ensured, and the battery 300 can be operated at a high output.
- the negative electrode 303 contains a material having the property of occluding and releasing metal ions (for example, lithium ions).
- the negative electrode 303 includes a negative electrode active material 203 (for example, negative electrode active material particles).
- a metal material, a carbon material, an oxide, a nitride, a tin compound, a silicon compound, or the like can be used as the negative electrode active material 203.
- the metal material may be a single metal.
- the metal material may be an alloy.
- metal materials include lithium metal or lithium alloy.
- Examples of carbon materials include natural graphite, coke, developing carbon, carbon fibers, spheroidal carbon, artificial graphite, amorphous carbon and the like. From the viewpoint of capacitance density, silicon, tin, a silicon compound, or a tin compound can be preferably used. One or a mixture of two or more selected from these materials can be used as the negative electrode active material 203.
- the negative electrode 303 may contain the negative electrode solid electrolyte 205. According to the above configuration, the lithium ion conductivity inside the negative electrode 303 is enhanced, and operation at high output becomes possible.
- the negative electrode solid electrolyte 205 the materials mentioned as an example of the solid electrolyte of the electrolyte layer 302 can be used.
- the median diameter of the particles of the negative electrode active material 203 may be larger than the median diameter of the negative electrode solid electrolyte 205. As a result, a good dispersed state of the negative electrode active material 203 and the negative electrode solid electrolyte 205 can be formed.
- 30 ⁇ v2 ⁇ 95 may be satisfied with respect to the volume ratio “v2: 100-v2” of the negative electrode active material 203 and the negative electrode solid electrolyte 205 contained in the negative electrode 303.
- v2 ⁇ 95 it is easy to secure a sufficient energy density of the battery 300.
- v2 ⁇ 95 the operation of the battery 300 at a high output becomes easier.
- the thickness of the negative electrode 303 may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the negative electrode 303 is 10 ⁇ m or more, it becomes easy to secure a sufficient energy density of the battery 300. When the thickness of the negative electrode 303 is 500 ⁇ m or less, the operation of the battery 300 at high output becomes easier.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 301, the electrolyte layer 302, and the negative electrode 303 may contain a binder for the purpose of improving the adhesion between the particles.
- the binder is used to improve the binding property of the material constituting the electrode.
- polyvinylidene fluoride polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin, polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylic nitrile, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid methyl ester, polyacrylic acid ethyl ester, poly Acrylic acid hexyl ester, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid methyl ester, polymethacrylic acid ethyl ester, polymethacrylic acid hexyl ester, polyvinylidene acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polyether sulfone, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene butadiene rubber, Examples thereof include carboxymethyl cellulose.
- the binders include tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid, and hexadiene. Copolymers of two or more materials selected from the above can be used. Further, two or more kinds selected from these may be mixed and used as a binder.
- At least one of the positive electrode 301 and the negative electrode 303 may contain a conductive auxiliary agent for the purpose of increasing electron conductivity.
- the conductive auxiliary agent include graphites such as natural graphite or artificial graphite, carbon blacks such as acetylene black or Ketjen black, conductive fibers such as carbon fibers or metal fibers, and metals such as carbon fluoride and aluminum. Powders, conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide or potassium titanate, conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide, conductive polymer compounds such as polyaniline, polypyrrole or polythiophene, and the like can be used. When a carbon conductive auxiliary agent is used, the cost can be reduced.
- the battery 300 in the second embodiment can be configured as a battery having various shapes such as a coin type, a cylindrical type, a square type, a sheet type, a button type, a flat type, and a laminated type.
- the positive electrode material, the electrolyte layer forming material, and the negative electrode forming material according to the first embodiment are prepared, and the positive electrode, the electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode are formed by a known method. It may be manufactured by producing the laminated body arranged in order.
- LYC composition formula of Li 3 YCl 6
- the calcined product was pulverized in an agate mortar to obtain LYC powder having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m.
- the LYC powder and an appropriate amount of solvent were mixed and milled at 200 rpm for 20 minutes using a planetary ball mill device (P-7 type manufactured by Fritsch), and then the solvent was removed and dried.
- a LYC powder having an average particle size of 0.5 ⁇ m as a solid electrolyte was obtained.
- the particle size of the solid electrolyte is a median diameter, and can be arbitrarily selected from the particles of the solid electrolyte observed at a magnification of 5000 times using a scanning electron microscope (3D real surface view microscope, VE-8800 manufactured by KEYENCE). It was obtained by calculating the average value of the equivalent circle diameters of the 50 particles.
- Li (NiComn) O 2 (hereinafter referred to as NCM) having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m was used.
- the positive electrode active material was coated with a solid electrolyte using a particle composite device (Nobilta, NOB-MINI, manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Co., Ltd.). 50 g of NCM and 2.5 g of LYC powder are placed in a NOB-MINI container, and the NCM and LYC are compounded at a rotation speed of 6000 rpm, an operating time of 15 minutes, and a power value of 640 W to form a coated positive electrode. An active material was prepared.
- Example 1b A coated positive electrode active material was prepared in the same procedure as in Example 1a except that the mixed amount of LYC was 5 g.
- Example 1a A coated positive electrode active material was prepared in the same procedure as in Example 1a except that the mixed amount of LYC was 1.25 g.
- Example 1b A coated positive electrode active material was prepared by the same procedure as in Example 1a, except that LYC having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m was used instead of LYC having an average particle size of 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the "coating weight ratio” is the weight ratio of the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte of the coating layer.
- 4A and 4B are binarized images of cross-sectional SEM images of the coated positive electrode active material of Example 1a and Comparative Example 1b, respectively.
- the coated positive electrode active materials of Examples 1a and 1b had a degree of change in unevenness of 1.1 or more.
- the degree of change in unevenness of the coated positive electrode active material of Examples 1a and 1b was 1.12 and 1.20, respectively.
- the coated positive electrode active materials of Examples 1a and 1b had a covering ratio of 0.7 or more and 0.95 or less.
- the coverage of the coated positive electrode active materials of Examples 1a and 1b was 0.75 and 0.92, respectively.
- the coating layers of the coated positive electrode active materials of Examples 1a and 1b had an average film thickness of 100 nm or more and 300 nm or less.
- the average film thicknesses of the coating layers of the coated positive electrode active materials of Examples 1a and 1b were 130 nm and 203 nm, respectively.
- the coating layer was formed so that the black solid electrolyte filled the concave portion of the uneven portion on the surface of the light gray positive electrode active material. A part of the convex portion of the uneven portion on the surface of the light gray positive electrode active material was exposed on the surface of the coated positive electrode active material.
- the coating layer is densely formed so as to fill the concave portions on the surface of the positive electrode active material, the interfacial resistance when lithium ions move between the surface of the positive electrode active material and the coating layer is reduced. Further, since a part of the convex portion of the uneven portion on the surface of the positive electrode active material is exposed, the electron conductivity between the adjacent positive electrode active materials is ensured. Thereby, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery can be improved.
- the coated positive electrode active material of any of Example 1a, Example 1b, Comparative Example 1a and Comparative Example 1b, and Li which is a positive electrode solid electrolyte. 2 SP 2 S 5 was weighed. The volume ratio of the positive electrode active material to the total of the solid electrolyte forming the coating layer and the positive electrode solid electrolyte was 60:40. By mixing these in an agate mortar, positive electrode materials of Example 2a, Example 2b, Comparative Example 2a and Comparative Example 2b were prepared.
- An electrolyte layer was obtained by charging 80 mg of Li 2 SP 2 S 5 into an insulating outer cylinder and press-molding the Li 2 SP 2 S 5 at a pressure of 80 MPa.
- 14 mg of the positive electrode material of any of Examples 1a, 1b, Comparative Example 1a and Comparative Example 1b was added in an equivalent amount of the positive electrode active material, and pressure molding was performed at a pressure of 720 MPa to obtain a positive electrode layer. rice field.
- the metal In (thickness 200 ⁇ m), the metal Li (thickness 300 ⁇ m), and the metal In (thickness 200 ⁇ m) were laminated in this order on the electrolyte layer on the counter electrode side.
- Example 2c A battery was produced in the same procedure as in Example 2a, except that a positive electrode active material having no coating layer was used as the positive electrode material.
- Capacity efficiency is the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity. Capacity efficiency has the same meaning as charge / discharge efficiency.
- the batteries of Examples 2a and 2b showed higher discharge capacity and capacity efficiency than the batteries of Comparative Examples 2a to 2c.
- the batteries of Examples 2a and 2b showed lower interfacial resistance than the batteries of Comparative Examples 2a to 2c.
- Example 3 A battery was prepared in the same procedure as in Example 2a except that Li 3 YCl 6 was used as the positive electrode solid electrolyte of the positive electrode material.
- Comparative Example 3a A battery was produced in the same procedure as in Comparative Example 2b, except that Li 3 YCl 6 was used as the positive electrode solid electrolyte of the positive electrode material.
- Comparative Example 3b A battery was produced in the same procedure as in Comparative Example 2c, except that Li 3 YCl 6 was used as the positive electrode solid electrolyte of the positive electrode material.
- Example 3 Using the batteries of Example 3, Comparative Example 3a and Comparative Example 3b described above, the battery evaluation was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 2a. The results are shown in Table 3 below.
- the battery of Example 3 showed higher discharge capacity and capacity efficiency than the batteries of Comparative Example 3a and Comparative Example 3b. Further, the battery of Example 3 showed lower interfacial resistance than the batteries of Comparative Example 3a and Comparative Example 3b.
- Example 4 Using NCM having a lithium niobate coating with an average thickness of 6 nm, using Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 as the positive electrode solid electrolyte, and 2% by weight of the conductive auxiliary agent (VGCF-H, manufactured by Showa Denko KK) with respect to the positive electrode active material. ) was added to the positive electrode material, and a battery was prepared in the same procedure as in Example 2a.
- VGCF-H conductive auxiliary agent
- Comparative Example 4 NCM having a lithium niobate coating with an average thickness of 6 nm was used, Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 was used as the positive electrode solid electrolyte, and 2% by weight of the conductive aid (VGCF-H) was used as the positive electrode material with respect to the positive electrode active material.
- a battery was prepared in the same procedure as in Comparative Example 2b, except that the battery was added to Comparative Example 2b.
- Example 4 Battery evaluation was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 2a. The results are shown in Table 4 below.
- the battery of Example 4 has a higher discharge capacity than the battery of Comparative Example 4. It showed capacity efficiency.
- the battery of Example 4 exhibited a lower interfacial resistance than the battery of Comparative Example 4.
- the technique of the present disclosure is useful for, for example, an all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery.
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Abstract
Description
粒子状の正極活物質と前記正極活物質の表面を被覆する固体電解質とを備えた被覆正極活物質であって、
前記固体電解質は、被覆層を形成し、
前記被覆層は、前記固体電解質によって前記正極活物質の前記表面の凹部が埋められるように形成され、
前記正極活物質の前記表面の凸部が前記被覆正極活物質の表面に露出し、
下記式(1)によって粒子群の凹凸度ζが定義され、
前記正極活物質の粒子群の凹凸度をζ1と定義し、前記被覆正極活物質の粒子群の凹凸度をζ2と定義したとき、下記式(2)で定義される凹凸変化度Rが1.1以上であり、
R=ζ2/ζ1・・・(2)
前記固体電解質は、下記式(3)によって表される組成を有し、
LiαMβClγ・・・(3)
前記式(3)において、αとβとγとは、0より大きい値であり、Mは、Li以外の金属元素および半金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む。
特許文献1では、正極活物質が硫化物固体電解質で被覆されている。硫化物固体電解質は、イオン導電率の高い材料であるが、酸化耐性に課題がある。
粒子状の正極活物質と前記正極活物質の表面を被覆する固体電解質とを備えた被覆正極活物質であって、
前記固体電解質は、被覆層を形成し、
前記被覆層は、前記固体電解質によって前記正極活物質の前記表面の凹部が埋められるように形成され、
前記正極活物質の前記表面の凸部が前記被覆正極活物質の表面に露出し、
下記式(1)によって粒子群の凹凸度ζが定義され、
前記正極活物質の粒子群の凹凸度をζ1と定義し、前記被覆正極活物質の粒子群の凹凸度をζ2と定義したとき、下記式(2)で定義される凹凸変化度Rが1.1以上であり、
R=ζ2/ζ1・・・(2)
前記固体電解質は、下記式(3)によって表される組成を有し、
LiαMβClγ・・・(3)
前記式(3)において、αとβとγとは、0より大きい値であり、Mは、Li以外の金属元素および半金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む。
第1から第11態様のいずれか1つにかかる被覆正極活物質と、
正極固体電解質と、
を含む。
第12から第14態様のいずれか1つにかかる正極材料を含む正極と、
負極と、
正極と負極との間に設けられた電解質層と、
を備える。
第1から第11態様のいずれか1つにかかる被覆正極活物質の製造方法であって、
正極活物質と固体電解質とを乾式粒子複合化法によって処理することを含み、
乾式粒子複合化法による処理は、衝撃、圧縮およびせん断からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの機械的エネルギーを正極活物質および固体電解質に付与することを含む。
(被覆正極活物質)
図1は、実施の形態1における被覆正極活物質100の概略構成を示す断面図である。
被覆層を構成する固体電解質102として、リチウムイオン伝導性を有し、電子伝導性が低く、酸化耐性を有する材料が使用されうる。
実施の形態1における固体電解質102(第1固体電解質)は、下記の方法により、製造されうる。
正極活物質101は、例えば、金属イオン(例えば、リチウムイオン)を吸蔵かつ放出する特性を有する材料である。正極活物質101としては、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物、遷移金属フッ化物、ポリアニオン材料、フッ素化ポリアニオン材料、遷移金属硫化物、遷移金属オキシ硫化物、および遷移金属オキシ窒化物などが挙げられる。リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物としては、Li(Ni,Co,Al)O2、Li(Ni,Co,Mn)O2、およびLiCoO2などが挙げられる。これらから選ばれる1種または2種以上の混合物が正極活物質101として使用されうる。
実施の形態1における被覆正極活物質100の製造方法は、例えば、正極活物質101と被覆層を構成する固体電解質102とを乾式粒子複合化法によって処理することを含む。乾式粒子複合化法による処理は、衝撃、圧縮およびせん断からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの機械的エネルギーを正極活物質101および固体電解質102に付与することを含む。正極活物質101と固体電解質102とは、適切な比率で混合される。
図2は、実施の形態1における正極材料1000の概略構成を示す断面図である。
以下、実施の形態2が説明される。上述の実施の形態1と重複する説明は、適宜、省略される。
[固体電解質の作製]
露点-60℃以下、酸素値5ppm以下のアルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス内で、原料粉のLiClとYCl3とを、モル比でLiCl:YCl3=3:1となるように秤量した。これらの原料粉をメノウ乳鉢で混合することで混合物を得た。次に、混合物を不活性雰囲気中にて、500℃で、12時間熱処理することで、Li3YCl6(以下、LYCと表記する)の組成式で表される焼成物を得た。焼成物をメノウ乳鉢で粉砕することで平均粒径5μmのLYCの粉体を得た。LYCの粉体と適量の溶媒とを混合し、遊星型ボールミル装置(フリッチュ社製、P-7型)を用い、20分、200rpmでミリング処理した後、溶媒を除去、乾燥した。これにより、固体電解質としての平均粒径0.5μmのLYCの粉体を得た。固体電解質の粒径は、メジアン径であり、走査型電子顕微鏡(キーエンス社製、3Dリアルサーフェスビュー顕微鏡、VE‐8800)を用い、倍率5000倍で観察した固体電解質の粒子の内、任意に選択した50個の粒子の円相当径の平均値を算出することにより得た。
正極活物質として、平均粒径5μmのLi(NiCoMn)O2(以下、NCMと表記する)を用いた。
正極活物質への固体電解質の被覆は、粒子複合化装置(ノビルタ、NOB‐MINI、ホソカワミクロン社製)を用いて行った。NOB‐MINIの容器内に、50gのNCMと、2.5gのLYC粉末と、を入れ、回転数6000rpm、作動時間15分、電力値640Wで、NCMとLYCを複合化処理して、被覆正極活物質を作製した。
LYCの混合量を5gとしたことを除き、実施例1aと同じ手順で被覆正極活物質を作製した。
LYCの混合量を1.25gとしたことを除き、実施例1aと同じ手順で被覆正極活物質を作製した。
平均粒径0.5μmのLYCの代わりに、平均粒径5μmのLYCを用いたことを除き、実施例1aと同じ手順で被覆正極活物質を作製した。
実施例1a、実施例1b、比較例1aおよび比較例1bの被覆正極活物質の凹凸変化度、被覆率および被覆層の平均膜厚を測定した。測定には、任意に選択した3粒の被覆正極活物質を用いた。被覆正極活物質の断面SEM像は、走査型電子顕微鏡(SU‐70、HITACHI社製)を用いて得た。被覆正極活物質の粒子の選択は、正極活物質、固体電解質等の材料が凝集した部分を避け、均一な被覆正極活物質が観察される平均的な視野において行った。被覆正極活物質の断面SEM像から、凹凸変化度、被覆率および被覆層の平均膜厚を算出した。結果を表1に示す。「被覆重量比率」は、正極活物質と被覆層の固体電解質との重量比率である。
(実施例2a、実施例2b、比較例2aから2c)
上述の実施例1a、実施例1b、比較例1aおよび比較例1bの被覆正極活物質を用い、下記の工程を実施した。
被覆層を有さない正極活物質を正極材料に用いたことを除き、実施例2aと同じ手順で電池を作製した。
正極材料の正極固体電解質にLi3YCl6を用いたことを除き、実施例2aと同じ手順で電池を作製した。
正極材料の正極固体電解質にLi3YCl6を用いたことを除き、比較例2bと同じ手順で電池を作製した。
正極材料の正極固体電解質にLi3YCl6を用いたことを除き、比較例2cと同じ手順で電池を作製した。
平均膜厚6nmのニオブ酸リチウム被膜を有するNCMを用い、正極固体電解質にLi3YBr2Cl4を用い、正極活物質に対して2重量%の導電助剤(VGCF-H、昭和電工社製)を正極材料に加えたことを除き、実施例2aと同じ手順で電池を作製した。
平均膜厚6nmのニオブ酸リチウム被膜を有したNCMを用い、正極固体電解質にLi3YBr2Cl4を用い、正極活物質に対して2重量%の導電助剤(VGCF-H)を正極材料に加えたことを除き、比較例2bと同じ手順で電池を作製した。
101 正極活物質
102 固体電解質(被覆層)
202 正極固体電解質
203 負極活物質
205 負極固体電解質
300 電池
301 正極
302 電解質層
303 負極
1000 正極材料
Claims (21)
- 粒子状の正極活物質と前記正極活物質の表面を被覆する固体電解質とを備えた被覆正極活物質であって、
前記固体電解質は、被覆層を形成し、
前記被覆層は、前記固体電解質によって前記正極活物質の前記表面の凹部が埋められるように形成され、
前記正極活物質の前記表面の凸部が前記被覆正極活物質の表面に露出し、
下記式(1)によって粒子群の凹凸度ζが定義され、
前記式(1)において、nは測定された粒子の個数を表す3以上の整数であり、Lpiは各粒子の断面像の輪郭の全周長さを表し、Leiは前記各粒子の前記断面像の長短比および面積と等しい長短比および面積を有する相当平滑楕円の全周長さを表し、前記長短比は前記断面像の長径に対する前記断面像の短径の比率を表し、
前記正極活物質の粒子群の凹凸度をζ1と定義し、前記被覆正極活物質の粒子群の凹凸度をζ2と定義したとき、下記式(2)で定義される凹凸変化度Rが1.1以上であり、
R=ζ2/ζ1・・・(2)
前記固体電解質は、下記式(3)によって表される組成を有し、
LiαMβClγ・・・(3)
前記式(3)において、αとβとγとは、0より大きい値であり、Mは、Li以外の金属元素および半金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、
被覆正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質の質量に対する前記固体電解質の質量の比率が3/100以上かつ1/10以下の範囲にある、
請求項1に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質の質量に対する前記固体電解質の質量の比率が1/20以上かつ7/100以下の範囲にある、
請求項1に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記被覆正極活物質の前記断面像において、前記正極活物質の輪郭の全周長さをLと定義し、前記正極活物質と前記被覆層との接触部分の合計長さをCと定義したとき、
前記全周長さLに対する前記合計長さCの比率C/Lで表される被覆率が0.3以上かつ0.95以下の範囲にある、
請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記被覆層の平均膜厚は、1nm以上かつ300nm以下の範囲にある、
請求項1から4のいずれか1項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記被覆層の平均膜厚は、2nm以上かつ200nm以下の範囲にある、
請求項1から4のいずれか1項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記Mは、イットリウムを含む、
請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記α、β、γは、それぞれ、2.5≦α≦3、1≦β≦1.1、γ=6、を満たす、
請求項1から7のいずれか1項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質は、ニッケル-コバルト-マンガン酸リチウムを含む、
請求項1から8のいずれか1項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質は、リチウム金属酸化物を含む表面層を有する、
請求項1から9のいずれか1項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記リチウム金属酸化物は、ニオブ酸リチウムを含む、
請求項10に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 請求項1から11のいずれか1項に記載の被覆正極活物質と、
正極固体電解質と、
を含む、正極材料。 - 前記正極固体電解質は、ハロゲン化物固体電解質を含む、
請求項12に記載の正極材料。 - 前記正極固体電解質は、硫化物固体電解質を含む、
請求項12または13に記載の正極材料。 - 請求項12から14のいずれか1項に記載の正極材料を含む正極と、
負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に設けられた電解質層と、
を備える、電池。 - 前記電解質層は、前記被覆層に含まれた前記固体電解質と同一組成の固体電解質および前記正極固体電解質と同一組成の固体電解質からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、
請求項15に記載の電池。 - 前記電解質層は、前記被覆層に含まれた前記固体電解質の組成および/または前記正極固体電解質の組成とは異なる組成を有するハロゲン化物固体電解質を含む、
請求項15に記載の電池。 - 前記電解質層は、硫化物固体電解質を含む、
請求項15から17のいずれか1項に記載の電池。 - 請求項1から11のいずれか1項に記載の被覆正極活物質の製造方法であって、
前記正極活物質と前記固体電解質とを乾式粒子複合化法によって処理することを含み、
前記乾式粒子複合化法による前記処理は、衝撃、圧縮およびせん断からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの機械的エネルギーを前記正極活物質および前記固体電解質に付与することを含む、
被覆正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記固体電解質の平均粒径Dcに対する前記正極活物質の平均粒径Daの比率Da/Dcが2以上である、
請求項19に記載の被覆正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記固体電解質の平均粒径Dcに対する前記正極活物質の平均粒径Daの比率Da/Dcが5以上である、
請求項19に記載の被覆正極活物質の製造方法。
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| WO2022254985A1 (ja) * | 2021-05-31 | 2022-12-08 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 被覆活物質、正極材料、正極および電池 |
| JPWO2022254985A1 (ja) * | 2021-05-31 | 2022-12-08 | ||
| JP7796340B2 (ja) | 2021-05-31 | 2026-01-09 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 被覆活物質、正極材料、正極および電池 |
| JP2023046086A (ja) * | 2021-09-22 | 2023-04-03 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 電極合剤の製造方法、電極合剤、電極及びリチウムイオン電池 |
| JP7528899B2 (ja) | 2021-09-22 | 2024-08-06 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 電極合剤の製造方法、電極合剤、電極及びリチウムイオン電池 |
| WO2024135845A1 (ja) * | 2022-12-22 | 2024-06-27 | Tdk株式会社 | 正極活物質層、正極および全固体二次電池 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN115336044A (zh) | 2022-11-11 |
| EP4131489A1 (en) | 2023-02-08 |
| JP7611503B2 (ja) | 2025-01-10 |
| EP4131489A4 (en) | 2024-10-30 |
| JPWO2021199618A1 (ja) | 2021-10-07 |
| US20230002244A1 (en) | 2023-01-05 |
| CN115336044B (zh) | 2025-06-13 |
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