WO2021205903A1 - 有価金属を回収する方法 - Google Patents
有価金属を回収する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021205903A1 WO2021205903A1 PCT/JP2021/012823 JP2021012823W WO2021205903A1 WO 2021205903 A1 WO2021205903 A1 WO 2021205903A1 JP 2021012823 W JP2021012823 W JP 2021012823W WO 2021205903 A1 WO2021205903 A1 WO 2021205903A1
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- alloy
- copper
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- oxidation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
- C22B5/10—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by solid carbonaceous reducing agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
- C22B7/002—Dry processes by treating with halogens, sulfur or compounds thereof; by carburising, by treating with hydrogen (hydriding)
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/30—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving mechanical treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/30—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving mechanical treatment
- B09B3/35—Shredding, crushing or cutting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/70—Chemical treatment, e.g. pH adjustment or oxidation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
- C22B1/02—Roasting processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
- C22B15/0002—Preliminary treatment
- C22B15/001—Preliminary treatment with modification of the copper constituent
- C22B15/0013—Preliminary treatment with modification of the copper constituent by roasting
- C22B15/0015—Oxidizing roasting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
- C22B15/0026—Pyrometallurgy
- C22B15/0028—Smelting or converting
- C22B15/003—Bath smelting or converting
- C22B15/0045—Bath smelting or converting in muffles, crucibles, or closed vessels
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
- C22B15/0026—Pyrometallurgy
- C22B15/0028—Smelting or converting
- C22B15/0052—Reduction smelting or converting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/02—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/02—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes
- C22B23/025—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes with formation of a matte or by matte refining or converting into nickel or cobalt, e.g. by the Oxford process
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/005—Separation by a physical processing technique only, e.g. by mechanical breaking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B2101/00—Type of solid waste
- B09B2101/15—Electronic waste
- B09B2101/16—Batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for recovering valuable metals.
- a well-known lithium-ion battery has a structure in which a negative electrode material, a positive electrode material, a separator, and an electrolytic solution are sealed in an outer can.
- the outer can is made of a metal such as iron (Fe) or aluminum (Al).
- the negative electrode material is made of a negative electrode active material (graphite or the like) fixed to a negative electrode current collector (copper foil or the like).
- the positive electrode material is made of a positive electrode active material (lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, etc.) fixed to a positive electrode current collector (aluminum foil, etc.).
- the separator is made of a polypropylene porous resin film or the like.
- the electrolytic solution contains an electrolyte such as lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6).
- lithium-ion batteries One of the main applications of lithium-ion batteries is hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles. Therefore, it is expected that a large amount of on-board lithium-ion batteries will be discarded in the future according to the life cycle of the automobile. There are also lithium-ion batteries that are discarded as defective products during manufacturing. It is required to reuse such used batteries and defective batteries generated during manufacturing (hereinafter, “waste lithium ion batteries”) as resources.
- Patent Document 2 is a valuable metal recovery method for recovering a valuable metal containing nickel and the cobalt from a waste battery of a lithium ion battery containing nickel and cobalt, and melts the waste battery to obtain a melt.
- Slag is formed from the melting step, the oxidation step performed on the molten material at the time of the melting step, or the waste battery before the melting step, and oxidizing the waste battery, and the melt. It includes a slag separation step of separating and recovering an alloy containing a valuable metal, and a dephosphorization step of separating phosphorus contained in the alloy. The dephosphorization step adds a lime-containing substance to the alloy.
- Patent Document 2 proposes a process of recovering valuable metals by adding silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) and calcium oxide (CaO) to lower the melting point of slag when melting a waste lithium ion battery ((SiO 2).
- Patent Document 2 [0037] and [0038]).
- Patent Document 1 there are still problems with the methods proposed in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2.
- the method of Patent Document 1 requires high temperature treatment.
- the oxide of the processing container is eroded by the slag and immediately cracked. If such erosion occurs, the equipment cost becomes enormous and valuable metals cannot be recovered at low cost.
- the method disclosed in Patent Document 2 since the amount of flux added is large, the amount of waste lithium ion battery processed is small.
- the flux contains a large amount of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) which is an acidic oxide, it may be insufficient to remove phosphorus which becomes an acidic oxide from the metal. Due to such problems, it is desired to develop a technique for inexpensively recovering valuable metals from waste lithium ion batteries.
- the present inventors conducted a diligent study in view of such a situation. As a result, by focusing on the copper grade of the alloy obtained in the reduction melting process and limiting this to a predetermined range, it is possible to process at a lower temperature than before, and it is found that valuable metals can be recovered at low cost. Obtained.
- the present invention has been completed based on such knowledge, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method capable of recovering valuable metals at low cost.
- the present invention includes the following aspects (1) to (7).
- the expression "-" includes the numerical values at both ends thereof. That is, "X to Y” is synonymous with “X or more and Y or less”.
- a method for recovering a valuable metal which is the following step; a step of preparing a charge containing at least the valuable metal to obtain a raw material, and an oxidation treatment and a reduction melting treatment of the raw material to obtain an alloy.
- a step of obtaining a reduced product containing slag and a step of separating the slag from the reduced product to recover the alloy which comprises the steps of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu) contained in the alloy.
- a method for setting the copper grade which is the mass ratio (Cu / (Ni + Co + Cu) ratio) of the amount of copper (Cu) to the total amount, to 0.250 or more.
- the present embodiment A specific embodiment of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as "the present embodiment") will be described.
- the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and various modifications can be made without changing the gist of the present invention.
- the method of recovering the valuable metal of the present embodiment is as follows: a step of preparing a charge containing at least the valuable metal to obtain a raw material (preparation step), and an oxidation treatment and reduction of the raw material. It includes a step of performing a melting treatment to obtain a reduced product containing an alloy and slag (oxidation-reduction melting step), and a step of separating slag from the reduced product and recovering the alloy (slag separation step).
- the copper grade which is the mass ratio (Cu / (Ni + Co + Cu) ratio) of the amount of copper (Cu) to the total amount of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu) contained in the alloy, is set to 0.250 or more. ..
- This embodiment is a method of recovering valuable metal from a charge containing at least valuable metal.
- the valuable metal is to be recovered, and is at least one kind of metal or alloy selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and combinations thereof.
- the present embodiment is mainly a recovery method by a pyrometallurgical process. However, it may consist of a pyrometallurgical process and a hydrometallurgical process. Details of each step will be described below.
- the charge is prepared and the raw material is obtained.
- the charge is to be processed for recovering valuable metals, and contains at least one valuable metal selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and combinations thereof. ..
- the charge may contain these components (Cu, Ni, Co) in the form of a metal or a compound such as an oxide. Further, the charged material may contain other inorganic components and organic components other than these components (Cu, Ni, Co).
- the target of the charged material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include waste lithium ion batteries, dielectric materials (capacitors), and magnetic materials.
- the form is not limited as long as it is suitable for the treatment in the subsequent redox melting step.
- the charged material may be subjected to a treatment such as crushing to obtain a suitable form.
- the charged material may be subjected to a treatment such as a heat treatment or a sorting treatment to remove unnecessary components such as water and organic substances.
- the raw material may consist only of the charged material, or may contain raw materials other than the charged material.
- the charge contains a large amount of copper (Cu) and the copper quality of the alloy obtained in the subsequent redox step is sufficiently high, it is possible to use only the charge.
- the charged material does not contain copper (Cu) or contains only a small amount, other raw materials such as copper material may be added to the charged material.
- ⁇ Redox melting process> the obtained raw material is subjected to an oxidation treatment and a reduction melting treatment to obtain a reduced product.
- This reduced product contains the alloy (metal, fused gold) and slag separately.
- the alloy contains valuable metals. Therefore, the component (alloy) containing a valuable metal and other components can be separated in the reduced product.
- metals with low added value Al, etc.
- metals with low added value Al, etc.
- the copper grade of the alloy is set to 0.250 or higher.
- the copper grade is the mass ratio (Cu / (Ni + Co + Cu) ratio) of the amount of copper (Cu) to the total amount of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu) contained in the alloy (metal). .. Copper (Cu) contributes to lowering the melting temperature of the alloy.
- the copper grade is preferably 0.280 or higher. As a result, the melting temperature of the alloy is further lowered to 1400 ° C. or lower.
- the copper grade may be 0.300 or higher, 0.320 or higher, 0.340 or higher, or 0.360 or higher.
- the content ratio of nickel and cobalt in the alloy decreases, and at the same time, the total amount of the alloy increases. Therefore, the amount of heat required for melting and the amount of chemicals used for the wet treatment of the obtained alloy increase, which is not economical. Therefore, it is desirable not to make the copper grade excessively high when the main purpose is to recover nickel and cobalt.
- the copper grade may be 0.900 or less, 0.800 or less, 0.700 or less, 0.600 or less, and 0.500 or less.
- Copper grade can be adjusted by controlling the composition of raw materials such as charged materials and processed products.
- the copper quality of an alloy can be improved by using a charge containing a large amount of copper (Cu) as a raw material.
- a component containing a large amount of copper may be added to the processed product (charged material, molten raw material or oxidized roasted product) before the reduction melting treatment.
- a copper material may be added to the charge to use it as a raw material.
- Copper scrap can be mentioned as a copper material.
- the method is not limited as long as the copper grade of the alloy can be adjusted within a predetermined range.
- the melting treatment temperature can be lowered to 1450 ° C. or lower, for example, 1400 ° C. or lower without adding flux. Therefore, it is not necessary to add flux. However, this embodiment does not prevent the addition of the flux, and the flux may be added.
- a flux include compounds containing calcium (Ca) as a main component, for example, calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ).
- the oxidation treatment and the reduction melting treatment may be performed at the same time or separately.
- a method to be performed at the same time there is a method of injecting an oxidizing agent into the melt obtained by the reduction melting treatment.
- a metal tube (lance) may be inserted into the melt, and an oxidizing agent may be blown by bubbling.
- a gas containing oxygen such as air, pure oxygen, and an oxygen-enriched gas can be used as the oxidizing agent.
- the redox melting step includes the oxidation roasting step and the reduction melting step separately.
- the prepared raw material is oxidatively roasted to obtain an oxidative roasted product during the oxidation treatment, and the obtained oxidative roasted product is reduced and melted to be a reduced product during the reduction melting treatment.
- the oxidative roasting step and the reduction melting step will be described below.
- the oxidative roasting step is a step of oxidatively roasting (oxidizing) a raw material to obtain an oxidative roasted product.
- the oxidative roasting step if the oxidative roasting step is not provided, carbon hinders the agglutination and integration of the molten fine particles and the resulting separability of the metal (alloy) and the slag, which may reduce the valuable metal recovery rate.
- carbon by removing carbon in the oxidative roasting process in advance, the coagulation and integration of the molten fine particles (valuable metal) in the reduction melting process progresses, and the recovery rate of the valuable metal is further increased. Becomes possible.
- the oxidative roasting step it is desirable to perform treatment (oxidative roasting) at an oxidation degree capable of oxidizing a metal (Al or the like) having a low added value contained in a raw material (charged material or the like).
- the degree of oxidation can be easily controlled by adjusting the processing temperature, time and / or atmosphere of oxidative roasting. Therefore, the degree of oxidation can be adjusted more strictly by the oxidation roasting step, and the variation in oxidation can be suppressed.
- the degree of oxidation is adjusted as follows. As mentioned above, aluminum (Al), lithium (Li), carbon (C), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) are Generally, it is oxidized in the order of Al> Li> C> Mn> P> Fe> Co> Ni> Cu. In the oxidative roasting step, the oxidation proceeds until the entire amount of aluminum (Al) is oxidized. Oxidation may be promoted until a part of iron (Fe) is oxidized, but the degree of oxidation is maintained to such an extent that cobalt (Co) is not oxidized and recovered as slag.
- oxidizing agent When adjusting the degree of oxidation in the oxidation roasting process, it is preferable to introduce an appropriate amount of oxidizing agent.
- Lithium-ion batteries contain metals such as aluminum and iron as exterior materials. It also contains aluminum foil and carbon material as the positive electrode material and the negative electrode material. Furthermore, in the case of collective batteries, plastic is used as an external package. All of these are materials that act as reducing agents. By introducing an oxidizing agent, the degree of oxidation in the oxidative roasting process can be adjusted within an appropriate range.
- the oxidizing agent is not particularly limited as long as it can oxidize carbon or a metal having low added value (Al, etc.). However, oxygen-containing gases such as air, pure oxygen, and oxygen-enriched gas, which are easy to handle, are preferable.
- the amount of the oxidizing agent introduced is about 1.2 times (for example, 1.15 to 1.25 times) the amount (chemical equivalent) required for oxidation of each substance to be oxidized.
- the heating temperature for oxidative roasting is preferably 700 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 800 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower.
- the carbon oxidation efficiency can be further increased and the oxidation time can be shortened.
- the heat energy cost can be suppressed and the efficiency of oxidative roasting can be improved.
- Oxidation roasting can be performed using a known roasting furnace. Further, it is preferable to use a furnace (preliminary furnace) different from the melting furnace used in the subsequent reduction melting step and perform the process in the preliminary furnace.
- a furnace preliminary furnace
- any type of furnace can be used as long as it is a furnace capable of supplying an oxidizing agent (oxygen or the like) while roasting the charged material and performing an oxidation treatment inside the furnace.
- a conventionally known rotary kiln and tunnel kiln (Haas furnace) can be mentioned.
- the reduction melting step is a step of heating the obtained oxidized roasted product to reduce and melt it to obtain a reduced product.
- the purpose of this step is to maintain the low value-added metals (Al, etc.) oxidized in the oxidation roasting step as oxides, while reducing and melting the oxidized valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co). It is to recover as a converted alloy.
- the material obtained after the reduction treatment is referred to as a "reduced product", and the alloy obtained as a melt is also referred to as a "fused gold".
- Carbon has the ability to easily reduce valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co) to be recovered. For example, 1 mol of carbon can reduce 2 mol of valuable metal oxides (copper oxide, nickel oxide, etc.). Further, the reduction method using carbon or carbon monoxide is extremely safer than the method using a metal reducing agent (for example, the thermite reaction method using aluminum). Artificial graphite and / or natural graphite can be used as carbon, and coal or coke can be used if there is no risk of impurity contamination.
- the heating temperature of the reduction melting treatment is not particularly limited. However, the heating temperature is preferably 1300 ° C. or higher and 1450 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 1350 ° C. or higher and 1400 ° C. or lower. At a temperature higher than 1450 ° C., heat energy is wasted, and refractories such as crucibles are heavily consumed, which may reduce productivity. On the other hand, if the temperature is less than 1300 ° C., there is a problem that the separability of the slag and the alloy deteriorates and the recovery rate decreases.
- the reduction melting treatment may be carried out by a known method.
- a method of charging an oxidized roasted product into an alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) crucible and heating it by resistance heating or the like can be mentioned.
- harmful substances such as dust and exhaust gas may be generated during the reduction melting treatment, but the harmful substances can be detoxified by performing a treatment such as a known exhaust gas treatment.
- the oxidation roasting process When the oxidation roasting process is provided, it is not necessary to perform the oxidation treatment in the reduction melting process. However, if the oxidation in the oxidation roasting step is insufficient, or if the purpose is to further adjust the degree of oxidation, an additional oxidation treatment may be performed in the reduction melting step. By performing an additional oxidation treatment, it is possible to adjust the degree of oxidation more precisely.
- slag separation process In the slag separation step, the slag is separated from the reduced product obtained in the redox melting step, and the alloy is recovered. Slag and alloy have different specific densities. Therefore, slag having a smaller specific gravity than the alloy collects on the upper part of the alloy, and can be separated and recovered by specific gravity separation.
- a sulfurization step of sulfurizing the obtained alloy or a crushing step of crushing a mixture of the obtained sulfide and the alloy may be provided.
- a hydrometallurgical process may be performed on the valuable metal alloy obtained through such a pyrometallurgical process. Impurity components can be removed, valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co) can be separated and purified by a hydrometallurgy process, and each can be recovered. Examples of the treatment in the hydrometallurgy process include known methods such as neutralization treatment and solvent extraction treatment.
- the melting temperature of the alloy is 1450 ° C. or lower, for example, 1400 ° C. or lower, and the viscosity of the alloy is lowered. Therefore, the slag and the alloy can be efficiently separated in the slag separation step, and as a result, the valuable metal can be recovered efficiently and inexpensively.
- the charge of this embodiment is not limited as long as it contains a valuable metal.
- the charge preferably contains a waste lithium ion battery.
- the waste lithium ion battery contains lithium (Li) and valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co), and also contains low value-added metals (Al, Fe) and carbon components. Therefore, by using the waste lithium ion battery as a charge, the valuable metal can be efficiently separated and recovered.
- the waste lithium-ion battery is not only a used lithium-ion battery, but also a lithium-ion battery such as defective products generated in the manufacturing process of the positive electrode material constituting the battery, residues inside the manufacturing process, and generated waste. It is a concept that includes waste materials in the manufacturing process. Therefore, the waste lithium ion battery can also be called a lithium ion battery waste material.
- FIG. 1 is a process diagram showing an example of a recovery method.
- this method includes a waste battery pretreatment step (S1) for removing the electrolytic solution and the outer can of the waste lithium ion battery, and a first method of crushing the contents of the waste battery into a crushed product. It has a crushing step (S2), an oxidative roasting step (S3) in which the crushed product is oxidatively roasted, and a reduction melting step (S4) in which the oxidative roasted product is reduced and melted to form an alloy. Further, although not shown, a sulfurization step of sulfurizing the obtained alloy and a second grinding step of grinding the mixture of the obtained sulfide and the alloy may be provided after the reduction melting step (S4). .. Details of each step will be described below.
- the waste battery pretreatment step (S1) is performed for the purpose of preventing the waste lithium ion battery from exploding, detoxifying it, and removing the outer can. Since the lithium ion battery is a closed system, it has an electrolytic solution and the like inside. Therefore, if the crushing process is performed as it is, there is a risk of explosion, which is dangerous. It is preferable to perform a discharge treatment or an electrolytic solution removal treatment by some method. Further, the outer can is often composed of metal aluminum (Al) or iron (Fe), and it is relatively easy to recover the metal outer can as it is. By removing the electrolytic solution and the outer can in the waste battery pretreatment step (S1) in this way, it is possible to improve the safety and the recovery rate of valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co).
- the specific method of waste battery pretreatment is not particularly limited. For example, a method of physically opening a waste battery with a needle-shaped cutting edge to remove an electrolytic solution can be mentioned. Another method is to heat the waste battery and burn the electrolytic solution to make it harmless.
- the removed outer can is crushed and then the crushed material is sieved using a sieve. It may be sieved. Since aluminum (Al) is easily powdered by light pulverization, it can be efficiently recovered. Further, iron (Fe) contained in the outer can may be recovered by magnetic force sorting.
- the contents of the waste lithium ion battery are pulverized to obtain a pulverized product.
- This process aims to increase the reaction efficiency in the pyrometallurgical process. By increasing the reaction efficiency, the recovery rate of valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co) can be increased.
- the specific pulverization method is not particularly limited. It can be crushed using a conventionally known crusher such as a cutter mixer.
- the waste battery pretreatment step and the first crushing step together correspond to the preparatory steps described above.
- the pulverized product obtained in the first pulverization step (S2) is oxidatively roasted to obtain an oxidative roasted product.
- the details of this process are as described above.
- a sulfurization step or a crushing step may be provided after the slag separation step. Further, a wet smelting process may be performed on the obtained valuable metal alloy.
- the details of the sulfurization step, the pulverization step and the hydrometallurgy process are as described above.
- Example 1 Recovery of valuable metals Valuable metals were recovered using a waste lithium-ion battery as a charge. Recovery was carried out according to the following steps.
- ⁇ Waste battery pretreatment process (preparation process)> As waste lithium-ion batteries, 18650-inch cylindrical batteries, used square batteries for vehicles, and defective products collected in the battery manufacturing process were prepared. After immersing these waste batteries in salt water and discharging them, the water content was removed, and the batteries were roasted in the air at 260 ° C. to decompose and remove the electrolytic solution and the outer can to obtain the battery contents.
- ⁇ Oxidation roasting process The obtained raw material was oxidatively roasted to obtain an oxidative roasted product. Oxidative roasting was carried out using a rotary kiln at 900 ° C. in the air for 180 minutes.
- Graphite as a reducing agent was added to the obtained oxidized roasted product in a number of moles 0.6 times the total number of moles of valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co) and mixed, and the obtained mixture was mixed with alumina (Al 2). O 3 ) It was charged into the crucible. Then, the mixture charged in the crucible was heated and subjected to a reduction melting treatment to alloy it. As a result, a reduced product containing an alloy and slag was obtained. The reduction melting treatment was carried out by resistance heating at 1450 ° C. for 60 minutes.
- the recovery rate of each metal (Cu, Ni, Co), which is a valuable metal, was determined as follows. That is, the recovery rate of each metal was calculated according to the following equation (1) using the content of each metal (Cu, Ni, Co) in the alloy and slag obtained by component analysis.
- Example 2 to Example 8 The melting temperature of the reduction melting treatment step was changed to the temperature shown in Table 1 by changing the ratio of the 18650 type cylindrical battery, the used square battery, the defective product and the copper metal. Other than that, valuable metals were recovered and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Results Table 1 shows the results obtained for Examples 1 to 8.
- Examples 1 to 6 are examples, and examples 7 and 8 are comparative examples.
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Abstract
Description
本実施形態の有価金属を回収する方法は、以下の工程;少なくとも有価金属を含む装入物を準備して原料を得る工程(準備工程)と、この原料に酸化処理及び還元熔融処理を施して、合金とスラグとを含む還元物を得る工程(酸化還元熔融工程)と、この還元物からスラグを分離して合金を回収する工程(スラグ分離工程)と、を含む。また合金に含まれるニッケル(Ni)、コバルト(Co)及び銅(Cu)の合計量に対する銅(Cu)量の質量比(Cu/(Ni+Co+Cu)比)である銅品位を0.250以上にする。
準備工程では、装入物を準備して原料を得る。装入物は、有価金属を回収する処理対象となるものであり、銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)、コバルト(Co)及びこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の有価金属を含有する。装入物はこれらの成分(Cu、Ni、Co)を金属の形態で含んでもよく、あるいは酸化物等の化合物の形態で含んでもよい。また装入物はこれらの成分(Cu、Ni、Co)以外の他の無機成分や有機成分を含んでもよい。
酸化還元熔融工程では、得られた原料に酸化処理及び還元熔融処理を施して還元物を得る。この還元物は合金(メタル、熔融合金)とスラグとを分離して含む。合金は有価金属を含有する。そのため有価金属を含む成分(合金)とその他の成分とを、還元物中で分離させることが可能である。これは付加価値の低い金属(Al等)は酸素親和力が高いのに対し、有価金属は酸素親和力が低いからである。例えばアルミニウム(Al)、リチウム(Li)、炭素(C)、マンガン(Mn)、リン(P)、鉄(Fe)、コバルト(Co)、ニッケル(Ni)及び銅(Cu)は、一般的にAl>Li>C>Mn>P>Fe>Co>Ni>Cuの順に酸化されていく。つまりアルミニウム(Al)が最も酸化され易く、銅(Cu)が最も酸化されにくい。そのため付加価値の低い金属(Al等)は容易に酸化されてスラグになり、有価金属(Cu、Ni、Co)は還元されて熔融金属(合金)になる。このようにして付加価値の低い金属と有価金属とを、スラグと合金とに分離することができる。
酸化焙焼工程は、原料を酸化焙焼(酸化処理)して酸化焙焼物とする工程である。酸化焙焼工程を設けることで、原料(装入物等)が炭素を含む場合であってもこの炭素を酸化除去し、その結果、後続する還元熔融工程での有価金属の合金一体化を促進させることができる。すなわち還元熔融工程で有価金属は還元されて局所的な熔融微粒子になる。炭素は熔融微粒子(有価金属)が凝集する際に物理的な障害となる。そのため酸化焙焼工程を設けないと、熔融微粒子の凝集一体化及びそれによるメタル(合金)とスラグの分離性を炭素が妨げ、有価金属回収率が低下してしまう場合がある。これに対して、予め酸化焙焼工程で炭素を除去しておくことで、還元熔融工程での熔融微粒子(有価金属)の凝集一体化が進行し、有価金属の回収率をより一層に高めることが可能になる。
還元熔融工程は、得られた酸化焙焼物を加熱して還元熔融し、還元物とする工程である。この工程の目的は、酸化焙焼工程で酸化した付加価値の低い金属(Al等)を酸化物のままに維持する一方で、酸化した有価金属(Cu、Ni、Co)を還元及び熔融し一体化した合金として回収することである。なお、還元処理後に得られる材料を「還元物」といい、熔融物として得られる合金を「熔融合金」ともいう。
スラグ分離工程では、酸化還元熔融工程で得られた還元物からスラグを分離して、合金を回収する。スラグと合金は比重が異なる。そのため、合金に比べ比重の小さいスラグは合金の上部に集まるので、比重分離により分離回収することができる。
本実施形態の装入物は有価金属を含有する限り、限定されない。しかしながら装入物は廃リチウムイオン電池を含むことが好ましい。廃リチウムイオン電池は、リチウム(Li)及び有価金属(Cu、Ni、Co)を含むとともに、付加価値の低い金属(Al、Fe)や炭素成分を含んでいる。そのため、廃リチウムイオン電池を装入物として用いることで、有価金属を効率的に分離回収することができる。なお、廃リチウムイオン電池とは、使用済みのリチウムイオン電池のみならず、電池を構成する正極材等の製造工程で生じた不良品、製造工程内部の残留物、発生屑等のリチウムイオン電池の製造工程内における廃材を含む概念である。そのため、廃リチウムイオン電池をリチウムイオン電池廃材と言うこともできる。
廃電池前処理工程(S1)は、廃リチウムイオン電池の爆発防止及び無害化並びに外装缶の除去を目的に行われる。リチウムイオン電池は密閉系であるため、内部に電解液などを有している。そのためそのままの状態で粉砕処理を行うと、爆発の恐れがあり危険である。何らかの手法で放電処理や電解液除去処理を施すことが好ましい。また外装缶は金属であるアルミニウム(Al)や鉄(Fe)から構成されることが多く、こうした金属製の外装缶はそのまま回収することが比較的に容易である。このように廃電池前処理工程(S1)で電解液及び外装缶を除去することで、安全性を高めるとともに、有価金属(Cu、Ni、Co)の回収率を高めることができる。
第1粉砕工程(S2)では廃リチウムイオン電池の内容物を粉砕して粉砕物を得る。この工程は乾式製錬プロセスでの反応効率を高めることを目的にしている。反応効率を高めることで、有価金属(Cu、Ni、Co)の回収率を高めることができる。具体的な粉砕方法は特に限定されるものではない。カッターミキサー等の従来公知の粉砕機を用いて粉砕することができる。なお、廃電池前処理工程と第1粉砕工程は、これらを併せて先述する準備工程に相当する。
酸化焙焼工程(S3)では、第1粉砕工程(S2)で得られた粉砕物を酸化焙焼して酸化焙焼物を得る。この工程の詳細は先述したとおりである。
還元熔融工程(S4)では、酸化焙焼工程(S3)で得られた酸化焙焼物を還元して還元物を得る。この工程の詳細は先述したとおりである。
スラグ分離工程では、還元熔融工程(S4)で得られた還元物からスラグを分離して、合金を回収する。この工程の詳細は先述したとおりである。
(1)有価金属の回収
廃リチウムイオン電池を装入物に用いて有価金属を回収した。回収は以下の工程にしたがって行った。
廃リチウムイオン電池として、18650型円筒型電池、車載用の使用済み角形電池、及び電池製造工程で回収した不良品を準備した。これらの廃電池を塩水中に浸漬して放電させた後、水分を除去し、大気中260℃で焙焼して電解液及び外装缶を分解除去して、電池内容物を得た。
得られた電池内容物を、粉砕機(株式会社氏家製作所、グッドカッター)を用いて粉砕し、装入物にした。得られた装入物に銅(Cu)スクラップを加えて熔融原料を得た。
得られた原料を酸化焙焼して酸化焙焼物を得た。酸化焙焼は、ロータリーキルンを用いて大気中900℃で180分間の条件で行った。
得られた酸化焙焼物に、還元剤として黒鉛を有価金属(Cu、Ni、Co)の合計モル数の0.6倍のモル数だけ添加して混合し、得られた混合物をアルミナ(Al2O3)製坩堝に装入した。その後、坩堝に装入した混合物を加熱して還元熔融処理を施して合金化した。これにより合金とスラグとを含む還元物を得た。還元熔融処理は、抵抗加熱により1450℃で60分間の条件で行った。
得られた還元物からスラグを分離して、合金を回収し、これを回収合金とした。
<合金及びスラグの成分分析>
回収した合金及びスラグを冷却後に粉砕し、それぞれについて蛍光X線により成分分析を行った。これにより合金及びスラグ中の有価金属(Cu、Ni、Co)の含有量を求めた。
有価金属である各金属(Cu、Ni、Co)の回収率を次のようにして求めた。すなわち成分分析により求めた合金及びスラグ中の各金属(Cu、Ni、Co)の含有量を用いて、下記(1)式にしたがって各金属の回収率を算出した。
18650型円筒型電池、使用済み角形電池、不良品及び銅メタルの割合を変えて、還元熔融処理工程の熔融温度を表1に示される温度に変更した。それ以外は例1と同様にして有価金属の回収及び評価を行った。
例1~例8について得られた結果を表1に示す。なお、例1~例6は実施例であり、例7及び例8は比較例である。
Claims (7)
- 有価金属を回収する方法であって、以下の工程;
少なくとも有価金属を含む装入物を準備して原料を得る工程と、
前記原料に酸化処理及び還元熔融処理を施して、合金とスラグとを含む還元物を得る工程と、
前記還元物からスラグを分離して合金を回収する工程と、を含み、
前記合金に含まれるニッケル(Ni)、コバルト(Co)及び銅(Cu)の合計量に対する銅(Cu)量の質量比(Cu/(Ni+Co+Cu)比)である銅品位を0.250以上にする、方法。 - 前記合金の銅品位を0.280以上にする、
請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記装入物を準備する際に、前記装入物に銅材を加えて原料にする、
請求項1又は2に記載の方法。 - 前記酸化処理の際に前記原料を酸化焙焼して酸化焙焼物とし、前記還元熔融処理の際に前記酸化焙焼物を還元熔融して還元物にする、
請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記還元熔融処理の際に還元剤を導入する、
請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記還元熔融処理の加熱温度が1300℃以上1450℃以下である、
請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記装入物が廃リチウムイオン電池を含む、
請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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| WO2024048247A1 (ja) * | 2022-09-01 | 2024-03-07 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 有価金属の回収方法 |
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| US20240263271A1 (en) * | 2021-04-23 | 2024-08-08 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. | Method for producing valuable metal |
| KR102639566B1 (ko) * | 2022-11-10 | 2024-02-23 | 주식회사 영풍 | 리튬 회수 방법 |
| CN118222860B (zh) * | 2024-02-28 | 2025-06-24 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种利用红土镍矿制备镍铁合金的方法 |
| JP2025144266A (ja) * | 2024-03-19 | 2025-10-02 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 合金粉末及びその製造方法、並びにニッケル及びコバルト鉱酸塩水溶液の製造方法、硫酸ニッケル及び硫酸コバルトの製造方法、リチウムイオン電池用正極材料の合成のための前駆体化合物を製造する方法 |
| JP7847711B1 (ja) | 2025-12-17 | 2026-04-17 | 中部リサイクル株式会社 | 有価金属の濃度を予測する方法および高品位メタルの生産量を予測する方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2024014396A (ja) * | 2022-07-22 | 2024-02-01 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 有価物質の回収方法 |
| JP7755554B2 (ja) | 2022-07-22 | 2025-10-16 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 有価物質の回収方法 |
| WO2024048247A1 (ja) * | 2022-09-01 | 2024-03-07 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 有価金属の回収方法 |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| AU2021251539A1 (en) | 2022-12-01 |
| KR20220139978A (ko) | 2022-10-17 |
| CA3171499C (en) | 2024-04-30 |
| EP4134180A4 (en) | 2024-04-17 |
| AU2021251539B2 (en) | 2024-02-29 |
| JP6958659B2 (ja) | 2021-11-02 |
| JP2021165415A (ja) | 2021-10-14 |
| US20230151453A1 (en) | 2023-05-18 |
| KR102818966B1 (ko) | 2025-06-10 |
| CN115244194A (zh) | 2022-10-25 |
| EP4134180A1 (en) | 2023-02-15 |
| CA3171499A1 (en) | 2021-10-14 |
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