WO2022080435A1 - 硫化物系固体電解質及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
硫化物系固体電解質及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sulfide-based solid electrolyte used in a lithium ion secondary battery and a method for producing the same.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and notebook personal computers.
- a liquid electrolyte has been used in a lithium ion secondary battery, but there is a concern about liquid leakage and ignition, and it is necessary to increase the size of the case for safety design. Further, it has been desired to improve the short battery life and the narrow operating temperature range.
- an all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery that uses a solid electrolyte as an electrolyte for a lithium-ion secondary battery is attracting attention because it can be expected to improve safety, charge / discharge at high speed, and reduce the size of the case.
- Solid electrolytes are roughly classified into sulfide-based solid electrolytes and oxide-based solid electrolytes.
- the sulfide ions constituting the sulfide-based solid electrolyte have a larger polarizability than the oxide ions constituting the oxide-based solid electrolyte and exhibit high ionic conductivity.
- Examples of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte include LGPS-type crystals such as Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 , algyrodite-type crystals such as Li 6 PS 5 Cl, and LPS crystallized glass such as Li 7 P 3 S 11 crystallized glass. are known.
- Patent Document 1 is an example in which an algyrodite-type sulfide-based solid electrolyte is disclosed.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte using argyrodite-type crystals contains a halogen element, high lithium ion conductivity can be realized.
- halides are highly corrosive, and if the amount of halogen elements contained in the sulfide-based solid electrolyte is too large, there is concern about corrosion of the metal constituting the lithium ion secondary battery.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a sulfide-based solid electrolyte used in a lithium ion secondary battery and a method for producing the same, which exhibits high lithium ion conductivity even when the element ratio of the halogen element in the argilodite type crystal is below a certain level. do.
- Each has a peak A and a peak B of 0.07 ° or more, and the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of the peak A and the peak B is 0.05 ° or more, and Li a PS b Ha c (5 ⁇ ).
- a sulfide-based solid electrolyte having an algyrodite-type crystal structure represented by a ⁇ 7, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6 and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2, and Ha is a halogen element).
- the Ha is a halogen element
- Li a PS b Ha c (5 ⁇ a ⁇ 7, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6 and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2
- Ha is a halogen element
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte according to the present invention it is possible to realize high lithium ion conductivity even if the element ratio of the halogen element in the algyrodite type crystal is below a certain level. Therefore, it is very useful as a solid electrolyte for a lithium ion secondary battery, which can be expected to improve the battery characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- FIG. 1 is a part of the XRD spectrum of the solid electrolyte of Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a part of the XRD spectrum of the solid electrolyte of Example 2.
- Solid electrolyte The sulfide-based solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment (hereinafter, may be simply referred to as “solid electrolyte”) is used in a lithium ion secondary battery and has an algyrodite type crystal structure.
- the algyrodite-type crystal structure satisfies the relationship of 5 ⁇ a ⁇ 7, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6 and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2 when expressed by Li a PS b Ha c .
- Ha represents a halogen element.
- peak A the peak on the low angle side
- peak B the peak on the high angle side
- the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of the peak A and the peak B is 0.05 ° or more.
- the full width at half maximum of the peaks A and B is 0.07 ° or more, respectively.
- the algyrodite-type crystal structure represented by Li a PS b Ha c (5 ⁇ a ⁇ 7, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6 and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2) includes Li, P, S and Ha.
- Ha is a halogen element and is at least one halogen element selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of these peaks is 0.05 ° or more. This means that the solid electrolyte has two or more algyrodite-type crystal structures having different compositions.
- a solid electrolyte having two or more kinds of argilodite-type crystal structures is different from a mixture in which two or more kinds of powders having argilodite-type crystal structures having different compositions are mixed.
- This can be distinguished by the full width at half maximum of peak A and peak B.
- the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment has a full width at half maximum of peak A and peak B of 0.07 ° or more in the XRD spectrum.
- the full width at half maximum of the peak in the XRD spectrum is less than 0.07 °.
- the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment is not a mixture coexisting in the order of mm or ⁇ m, but a solid electrolyte in which two or more kinds of algyrodite type crystals coexist in the order of several hundred nm or several tens of nm.
- the full width at half maximum of the peak will be described later.
- the seed crystal that precipitates In the cooling process from the molten state, the seed crystal that precipitates first is presumed to be a high temperature stable phase. Therefore, in the algyrodite type crystal that grows around the seed crystal, the site where lithium ion, sulfur anion, and halogen anion are present is different from the crystal produced by the normal solid phase reaction, and it has the lithium ion conductivity. It is thought that it will affect. Generally, the high temperature stable phase tends to have high lithium ion conductivity, but in the argilodite type crystal in the present embodiment, a plurality of argilodite type crystals including the high temperature stable phase in the cooling process from the molten state are formed. Precipitate. Therefore, we believe that high lithium ion conductivity can be achieved.
- the coexistence of two or more argilodite-type crystals on the order of several hundred nm or several tens of nm instead of the order of mm or ⁇ m means that the obtained solid electrolyte is heat-treated in addition to the value of the half-value full width of the peak. It can also be confirmed from the XRD spectra before and after the operation. Specifically, a phenomenon in which the peak intensity ratio of peak A decreases and a phenomenon in which the peak intensity ratio of peak B increases after heat treatment for 1 hour at a temperature of 400 ° C. or higher and lower than the thermal decomposition temperature of the solid electrolyte.
- the peak C is a peak existing on the high angle side of the peak A and on the low angle side of the peak B.
- the phenomenon that the peak intensity ratio of the peak A decreases includes the phenomenon that the peak A disappears.
- the phenomenon that the peak intensity ratio increases due to the heat treatment is premised on the case where the peak C is observed before the heat treatment.
- the phenomenon that peak C is newly developed by the heat treatment is premised on the case where peak C is not observed before the heat treatment.
- Example 2 is a solid electrolyte obtained by heat-treating the solid electrolyte obtained in Example 1 at 500 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the XRD spectra shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 represent Cu—K ⁇ rays, which are the radiation sources, in which the diffraction pattern due to the Cu—K ⁇ 2 rays is eliminated. Details of erasing the diffraction pattern with Cu-K ⁇ 2 rays will be described later together with the peak separation method.
- the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment may have such a peak in addition to the peak A, the peak B, and the peak C.
- the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment is subjected to heat treatment to obtain a peak intensity ratio of peak C existing between peak A and peak B. Phenomenon occurs. Further, when the peak C does not exist before the heat treatment, a phenomenon in which the peak C is newly expressed may occur due to the heat treatment.
- a phenomenon such as a decrease in the peak intensity ratio of the peak A or an increase in the peak intensity ratio of the peak B may occur. That is, at least one phenomenon of a decrease in the peak intensity ratio of the peak A, an increase in the peak intensity ratio of the peak B, and an expression of the peak C or an increase in the peak intensity ratio of the peak C can be observed by the heat treatment.
- Preferable from the viewpoint of improving lithium ion conductivity it is more preferable to observe a phenomenon in which the peak intensity ratio of at least one of peak B and peak C increases, and as the peak intensity ratio of peak A decreases, the peak intensity ratio of at least one of peak B and peak C increases. It is more preferable that an increasing phenomenon is observed. It is also preferable to observe a phenomenon in which the peak intensity ratio of peak C decreases and the peak intensity ratio of peak B increases.
- the content ratio of each composition in the solid electrolyte before the heat treatment is the relationship of Li a2 PS b2 Ha c2 > Li a1 PS b1 Ha c1 > Li a3 PS b3 Ha c3 . ..
- the content ratio is in the relationship of Li a3 PS b3 Ha c3 > Li a2 PS b2 Ha c2 >> Li a1 PS b1 Ha c1 .
- Example 2 by performing the heat treatment, the abundance ratio of the three types of argilodite-type crystal structures in Example 1 before the heat treatment changes, and it is between Li a1 PS b1 Ha c1 and Li a2 PS b2 Ha c2 . It became a solid electrolyte in which the amount of the argylodite-type crystal structure of Li a3 PS b3 Ha c3 , which is the composition, was increased.
- the appearance of peak C or the increase in the peak intensity ratio by the heat treatment means that the composition of at least one of peak A and peak B has changed to the composition of peak C.
- the composition of the peak A changes to the composition of the peak C from the viewpoint of improving the lithium ion conductivity.
- the heat treatment changes the composition of at least one of the peak A and the peak C to obtain the composition of the peak B.
- the difference in the lattice constants of the two crystals having a lattice constant of 05 ° or more differ by 0.02 ⁇ or more from the viewpoint of improving the lithium ion conductivity, the difference in the lattice constants is more preferably 0.03 ⁇ or more, and further more preferably 0.05 ⁇ or more. preferable. Further, from the viewpoint of crystal stability, the difference in lattice constant is preferably 0.2 ⁇ or less, more preferably 0.15 ⁇ or less, and even more preferably 0.1 ⁇ or less.
- the algyrodite-type crystal shown by the peak B on the high angle side has a high c indicating the element ratio of Ha in the composition Li a PS b Ha c (5 ⁇ a ⁇ 7, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6 and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2).
- a high c indicating the element ratio of Ha in the composition Li a PS b Ha c (5 ⁇ a ⁇ 7, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6 and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2).
- c is 2 or less, preferably 1.85 or less, and more preferably 1.7 or less.
- c indicating the element ratio of Ha in the composition Li a PS b Ha c (5 ⁇ a ⁇ 7, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6 and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2) is used. From the viewpoint of high lithium ion conductivity, it is more than 0, preferably 0.5 or more, and more preferably 1 or more. Further, from the viewpoint of suppressing corrosion of the metal current collector, c is preferably 1.7 or less, more preferably 1.6 or less, and further preferably 1.5 or less.
- the ratio of the algyrodite-type crystal Li a1 PS b1 Ha c1 indicated by peak A to the algyrodite-type crystal Li a2 PS b2 Ha c2 indicated by peak B (Li a1 PS b1 Ha c1 : Li a2 PS b2 Ha c2 ) is high. From the viewpoint of lithium ion conductivity, 1:99 to 95: 5 is preferable, 1:99 to 50:50 is more preferable, and 2:98 to 10:90 is even more preferable.
- the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of the peak A and the peak B may be 0.05 ° or more, but 0.06 ° or more is preferable, and 0.07 ° or more is more preferable from the viewpoint of improving the lithium ion conductivity. Further, from the viewpoint of crystal stability, the difference in diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is preferably 0.8 ° or less, more preferably 0.6 ° or less, still more preferably 0.4 ° or less. In the analysis of peaks, the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of peak A and peak B may be less than 0.05 °, but in this case, these peaks should be regarded as one peak. do.
- the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment further has a peak C between the peak A and the peak B from the viewpoint of improving the lithium ion conductivity.
- the algyrodite-type crystal shown by the peak C has a high lithium ion conduction in which c, which indicates the elemental ratio of Ha in the composition Li a PS b Ha c (5 ⁇ a ⁇ 7, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6 and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2), is high. From the viewpoint of rate, 0.5 or more is preferable, 1 or more is more preferable, and 1.5 or more is further preferable. Further, from the viewpoint of suppressing corrosion of the metal current collector, c is preferably 1.9 or less, more preferably 1.8 or less, and even more preferably 1.7 or less.
- Li a2 PS b2 Ha c2 and Li a3 PS b3 Ha c3 is large, and Li a1 PS b1 Ha c1 : (Li a2 PS b2 Ha c2 + Li a3 PS b3 Ha c3 ). ) Is preferably 1:99 to 95: 5, more preferably 1:99 to 50:50, and even more preferably 2:98 to 10:90.
- the preferred crystal structure of the argilodite type crystal is, for example, a cubic crystal such as F-43 m, but rhombohedral crystals, tetragonal crystals, orthorhombic crystals, etc. with reduced symmetry, and monoclinic crystals with further reduced symmetry, etc. It may exist.
- the full width at half maximum of these peaks is 0.07 ° or more, and the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of these two peaks is 0.02 to 0.4 °. Further, even if the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 400 ° C. or higher and lower than the thermal decomposition temperature for 1 hour, no change is observed in the X-ray diffraction spectrum.
- Peaks D and E having a difference in diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 0.02 to 0.4 ° correspond to peak A or peak B before heat treatment and peak C, respectively, and are two different types of argyrodite. It is a crystal.
- the peak D and the peak E correspond to the peak A and the peak C before the heat treatment, respectively, or correspond to the peak C and the peak B before the treatment, respectively. do.
- the peak F on the high angle side corresponding to the peak B may be further provided.
- the peak D and the peak E correspond to the peak C and the peak B, respectively
- the peak G corresponding to the peak A on the low angle side may be further provided.
- the full width at half maximum of peak F and peak G is preferably 0.07 ° or more.
- the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of the peak F and the peak E is preferably 0.05 to 0.4 °, and the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of the peak G and the peak D is 0.05 to 0.4 °. preferable.
- the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of the peak D and the peak E may be 0.02 to 0.4 °, but 0.05 ° or more is preferable and 0.07 ° or more is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the lithium ion conductivity. More preferably, 0.09 ° or more is further preferable. Further, from the viewpoint of crystal stability, the difference in diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is preferably 0.3 ° or less, more preferably 0.2 ° or less. Further, the preferable range of the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of the peak F and the peak E and the difference between the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of the peak G and the peak D is the same as described above.
- the crystal ratio, the difference in diffraction angle, and the like can be adjusted depending on the heat treatment conditions. Whether or not the solid electrolyte has been heat-treated can be determined not only by the fact that the XRD spectrum does not change when the additional heat treatment is performed, but also by the degree of change in the lithium ion conductivity.
- the change in the XRD spectrum means that the values of the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of the peak D and the peak E do not change, or even if they change, the difference in the diffraction angles before and after the heat treatment is 0.05 ° or less.
- the change in the peak intensity ratio before and after the heat treatment is preferably 0.1 or less.
- the degree of change in lithium ion conductivity before and after the heat treatment is preferably 0.5 mS / cm or less. This additional heat treatment is carried out for 1 hour in a temperature range of 400 ° C. or higher and lower than the thermal decomposition temperature.
- the halogen elements represented by Ha are F, Cl, Br, And at least one selected from the group consisting of I. Since the crystals tend to be algyrodite type, it is preferable to contain at least one of Cl and Br, more preferably to contain Cl, and even more preferably Cl alone or a mixture of Cl and Br.
- the crystallite size of the argyrodite type crystal is preferably small from the viewpoint of obtaining good lithium ion conductivity when the solid electrolyte is finely pulverized to produce a lithium ion battery, and specifically, 1000 nm or less is preferable. 500 nm or less is more preferable, and 250 nm or less is further preferable.
- the lower limit of the crystallite size is not particularly limited, but is usually 5 nm or more.
- the crystallite size after the heat treatment is larger than that before the heat treatment, but it is preferable that the crystallite size is within the above range even after the heat treatment.
- the crystallite size can be calculated from the full width at half maximum of the peak of the XRD pattern.
- the secondary particle size of the argyrodite type crystal is preferably small from the viewpoint of obtaining good lithium ion conductivity when the solid electrolyte is finely pulverized to produce a lithium ion battery, and specifically, 10 ⁇ m or less is preferable. 3 ⁇ m or less is more preferable, and 1 ⁇ m or less is further preferable.
- the lower limit of the secondary particle size is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the secondary particle size can be measured using a microtrack device.
- the full width at half maximum of each peak is 0.07 ° or more, preferably 0.075 ° or more, more preferably 0.08 ° or more, still more preferably 0.09 ° or more, because the smaller the crystallite size is better. .. Further, although there is no particular upper limit of the full width at half maximum, it is usually obtained within 0.5 °, and if the full width at half maximum is larger than that, it is better to further increase the number of peaks and reanalyze. The analysis method for obtaining the full width at half maximum will be described later.
- Oxide anions may be contained in the algyrodite-type crystal structure in the present embodiment.
- an oxide anion having a Q0 structure in which a metal atom (M) and an oxygen atom (O) are bonded is used. It is preferable to include it.
- the Q0 structure means a structure in which all the oxygen atoms bonded to M, which is the central cation, are non-crosslinked oxygen.
- M is Si
- the elements constituting the oxide anion may include M and O, and M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of metal elements and metalloid elements of Groups 2 to 14 of the periodic table. Further, the oxide anion may contain only one kind or a plurality of kinds.
- the metal elements of Group 2 to 14 are the elements of Group 2 to 12 in the periodic table, the elements of Group 13 other than B, and the elements of Group 14 other than C, Si, and Ge.
- the group 2 to 14 metalloid elements are B, Si, and Ge among the elements of groups 13 and 14 in the periodic table.
- the existence of the MO bond and the Q0 structure in the oxide anion can be confirmed by Raman spectroscopy measurement or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement. Further, the presence of the oxide anion having a Q0 structure in the crystal structure, that is, the presence at the anion site of the crystal can be confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurement or neutron scattering measurement.
- XRD X-ray powder diffraction
- the total content of the elements constituting two or more kinds of argylodite-type crystal structures with respect to all the components constituting the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment is 80% by mass or more from the viewpoint of realizing high lithium ion conductivity. Is more preferable, 85% by mass or more is more preferable, 90% by mass or more is further preferable, 92% by mass or more is further preferable, and 94% by mass or more is particularly preferable. Further, the upper limit of the total content is not particularly limited, and may be 100% by mass. Further, the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment may include crystals other than argylodite-type crystals and amorphous crystals.
- the total content is, for example, the total of Li, P, S, and Ha, and when the crystal contains an oxide anion, the content of the elements Li, P, S, Ha, M, and O is contained.
- the Ha content is the total content of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the content of each element and the total thereof are obtained by composition analysis using ICP emission analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry, ion chromatograph method and the like.
- At least one halogen selected from Li 3 PS 4 , Li 4 P 2 S 6 , Li 2 S, and Li Ha may be contained in the solid electrolyte. Elements) and the like.
- the thermal decomposition test temperature of the solid electrolyte is preferably 400 ° C. or higher, more preferably 450 ° C. or higher, further preferably 500 ° C. or higher, further preferably 600 ° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 650 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 900 ° C. or lower.
- the composition of the algyrodite type crystals contained in the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment is selected in consideration of the balance with the characteristics desired for the solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte In the heat-resistant decomposition test of a solid electrolyte, the solid electrolyte is placed in a closed container that does not react with the solid electrolyte, heat-treated at a predetermined temperature for 10 to 60 minutes, and the change in lithium ion conductivity before and after the heat treatment is examined to determine the heat resistance. Can be evaluated. It is preferable that the change in the lithium ion conductivity before and after the heat treatment is small, and it can be said that the lithium ion conductivity after the heat treatment is less than half of the lithium ion conductivity before the heat treatment, that is, the heat resistance is low.
- the lithium ion conductivity means the lithium ion conductivity at 25 ° C., and is obtained from the Nyquist plot obtained by AC impedance measurement.
- the method for producing a sulfide-based solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment is represented by Li a PS b Ha c (5 ⁇ a ⁇ 7, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6 and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2), and is expressed in several hundred nm or several tens. It is not particularly limited as long as two or more different algyrodite-type crystal structures coexisting on the order of nm can be obtained.
- a production method including a step of mixing raw materials containing Li, P, S and Ha and heating and melting, and then a step of crystallization by quenching is preferable. By quenching under normal pressure, a solid electrolyte in which two or more kinds of algyrodite type crystals coexist on the order of several hundred nm or several tens of nm can be obtained.
- a conventionally known material can be used as a material for obtaining an algyrodite type crystal containing Li, P, S and Ha.
- a compound containing Li alone or Li a compound containing P alone or P, a compound containing S alone or S, and a compound containing Ha can be appropriately combined and used.
- These compounds may be compounds containing two or more of Li, P, S and Ha.
- examples of the compound containing S and the compound containing P include diphosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ).
- lithium halide can be mentioned.
- Li-containing compound examples include lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), lithium sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 ), lithium oxide (Li 2 O) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH). Lithium compounds and the like can be mentioned. From the viewpoint of ease of handling, it is preferable to use lithium sulfide. On the other hand, since lithium sulfide is expensive, it is preferable to use a lithium compound other than lithium sulfide, metallic lithium, or the like from the viewpoint of suppressing the production cost.
- lithium carbonate Li 2 CO 3
- lithium sulfate Li 2 SO 4
- lithium oxide Li 2 O
- lithium hydroxide LiOH
- Examples of the compound containing S include phosphorus sulfide such as diphosphorus trisulfide (P 2 S 3 ) and diphosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ), other sulfur compounds containing phosphorus, and simple sulfur and sulfur. Examples include compounds. Examples of sulfur-containing compounds include H 2 S, CS 2 , iron sulfide (FeS, Fe 2 S 3 , FeS 2 , Fe 1-x S, etc.), bismuth sulfide (Bi 2 S 3 ), and copper sulfide (CuS, Cu). 2S, Cu 1 - x S, etc.).
- Phosphorus sulfide is a compound that combines a compound containing S and a compound containing P.
- Examples of the compound containing P include phosphorus sulfide such as diphosphorus trisulfide (P 2 S 3 ) and diphosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ), and phosphorus compounds such as sodium phosphate (Na 3 PO 4 ). .. Of these, phosphorus sulfide is preferable, and diphosphorus pentasulfide (P2 S 5 ) is more preferable, from the viewpoint of preventing the inclusion of elements other than the elements constituting the target sulfide-based solid electrolyte. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of the compound containing Ha include lithium halide such as lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr) and lithium iodide (LiI), phosphorus halide, phosphoryl halide and halogen.
- lithium halide such as lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr) and lithium iodide (LiI), phosphorus halide, phosphoryl halide and halogen.
- lithium halide is preferable, and LiCl, LiBr, and LiI are more preferable, from the viewpoint of preventing the inclusion of elements other than the elements constituting the target sulfide-based solid electrolyte. These compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Raw materials can be mixed by, for example, mixing in a mortar, mixing using a medium such as a planetary ball mill, medialess mixing such as a pin mill, a powder stirrer, or air flow mixing.
- the raw material may be amorphized by mixing before heating.
- the specific method of heating and melting the mixture of raw materials is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method of putting the raw material in a heat-resistant container and heating it in a heating furnace.
- the heat-resistant container is not particularly limited, but is a heat-resistant container made of carbon, a heat-resistant container containing oxides such as quartz, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, alumina, zirconia, and mulite, silicon nitride, and the like. Examples thereof include a heat-resistant container containing a nitride such as boron nitride and a heat-resistant container containing a carbide such as silicon carbide. Further, these heat-resistant containers may be bulk formed of the above-mentioned materials, or may be containers formed with layers of carbon, oxides, nitrides, carbides and the like.
- the heating temperature when the mixture of raw materials is heated and melted is preferably 600 ° C. or higher, more preferably 630 ° C. or higher, and even more preferably 650 ° C. or higher from the viewpoint of increasing the fluidity of the melt. Further, from the viewpoint of deterioration and suppression of decomposition of the components in the melt due to heating, the heating temperature is preferably 900 ° C. or lower, more preferably 850 ° C. or lower, still more preferably 800 ° C. or lower.
- the heating and melting time is preferably 0.1 hour or more, more preferably 0.5 hours or more, further preferably 0.7 hours or more, still more preferably 1 hour or more, from the viewpoint of advancing the reaction. Further, from the viewpoint of deterioration and suppression of decomposition of the components in the melt due to heating, the heating and melting time is preferably 10 hours or less, more preferably 9.5 hours or less, still more preferably 9 hours or less.
- the pressure at the time of heating and melting is not particularly limited, but specifically, normal pressure to slight pressure is preferable, and normal pressure is more preferable.
- the dew point is preferably ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower, and the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is usually around ⁇ 80 ° C. Further, the oxygen concentration at the time of heating and melting is preferably 1000 ppm or less.
- Crystallization is performed by quenching the mixture of heated and melted raw materials under normal pressure. As a result, a solid electrolyte in which two or more kinds of algyrodite type crystals coexisting on the order of several hundred nm or several tens of nm can be obtained.
- the quenching may be as long as the cooling rate is 1 ° C./sec or higher, preferably 10 ° C./sec or higher, and more preferably 100 ° C./sec or higher.
- the upper limit of the cooling rate is not particularly limited, but the upper limit is 1,000,000 ° C./sec or less when the cooling rate of the twin rollers, which is generally said to have the fastest quenching rate, is taken into consideration.
- Stabilization treatment may be performed by further heat-treating after quenching under normal pressure. Crystallinity is enhanced by heat treatment. Further, depending on the conditions of the heat treatment, a new algyrodite type crystal having a composition among a plurality of algyrodite type crystals before the heat treatment can also be obtained.
- the heat treatment time which is the stabilization treatment, is preferably 0.1 hours or longer, more preferably 0.2 hours or longer, from the viewpoint of more reliable crystal precipitation. Further, from the viewpoint of obtaining new algyrodite type crystals, the heat treatment time is preferably 0.5 hours or more, more preferably 1 hour or more. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of suppressing thermal deterioration due to heating, the heat treatment time is preferably 10 hours or less, more preferably 5 hours or less. Further, from the viewpoint of preventing the lithium ion conductivity from being excessively lowered due to excessive crystallization, the heat treatment time is preferably 3 hours or less, more preferably 2 hours or less.
- the temperature of the heat treatment which is the stabilization treatment, is preferably equal to or higher than the glass transition temperature of the solid electrolyte, specifically, preferably 200 ° C. or higher, and more preferably 250 ° C. or higher. Further, from the viewpoint of obtaining a new algyrodite type crystal, the heat treatment temperature is preferably 350 ° C. or higher, more preferably 400 ° C. or higher. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of preventing thermal deterioration and thermal decomposition, the heat treatment temperature is preferably the thermal decomposition temperature or lower, for example, preferably 600 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 575 ° C. or lower. Further, from the viewpoint of preventing the lithium ion conductivity from being excessively lowered due to excessive crystallization, the heat treatment temperature is preferably 550 ° C or lower, more preferably 530 ° C or lower.
- the timing of adding the oxide having an MO bond is not particularly limited.
- the oxide may be mixed with the raw material and melted by heating. Further, an oxide may be mixed with the crystals obtained by quenching under normal pressure and subjected to heat treatment.
- the obtained solid electrolyte When used in a lithium ion secondary battery, the obtained solid electrolyte contains other components such as a binder, if necessary, to form a solid electrolyte layer. Conventionally known binders and other components are used.
- the content of the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment with respect to the entire solid electrolyte layer is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more.
- the upper limit of the content of the solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, and may be 100% by mass. Further, from the viewpoint of suppressing deformation, an inorganic filler and an organic filler may be mixed, and in that case, the content of the solid electrolyte is preferably 99% by mass or less.
- a solid electrolyte layer can be formed by dispersing or dissolving the components constituting the solid electrolyte layer in a solvent to form a slurry, applying it in a layered form (sheet form), drying it, and arbitrarily pressing it. If necessary, heat may be applied to perform the debinder treatment. By adjusting the coating amount of the slurry and the like, the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer can be easily adjusted.
- the solid electrolyte layer may be formed by dry press-molding the solid electrolyte powder or the like according to the present embodiment on the surface of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- a solid electrolyte layer may be formed on another substrate and transferred onto a surface such as a positive electrode or a negative electrode.
- the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment may be mixed with the positive electrode active material or the negative electrode active material and used as the positive electrode layer or the negative electrode layer.
- the positive electrode active material or the negative electrode active material the current collector, the binder, the conductive auxiliary agent and the like used for the positive electrode layer or the negative electrode layer, conventionally known substances are used.
- the lithium ion secondary battery in which the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment is used includes the solid electrolyte layer, the positive electrode layer, and the negative electrode layer.
- a conventionally known material can be used as the material of the exterior body of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- Conventionally known shapes of lithium ion secondary batteries can be used, but examples thereof include coin type, sheet type (film type), foldable type, wound type bottomed cylindrical type, button type, etc., depending on the application. Can be selected as appropriate.
- Examples 1, 2 and 4 to 9 are examples, and example 3 is a comparative example.
- the obtained sulfide-based solid electrolyte powder was used as a pressure powder at a pressure of 380 kN as a measurement sample, and an AC impedance measuring device (Bio-Logic Sciences Instruments, Potentiostat / Galvanostat VSS) was used. Measured using. The measurement conditions were a measurement frequency: 100 Hz to 1 MHz, a measurement voltage: 100 mV, and a measurement temperature: 25 ° C.
- the particle size distribution was measured using a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring machine MT3300EXII manufactured by Microtrac, and the 50% particle size D50 was measured from the obtained volume-based particle size distribution chart.
- the analysis method for performing peak separation and the method for obtaining the full width at half maximum are as follows.
- the integrated powder X-ray analysis software PDXL2 attached to the X-ray diffractometer (SmartLab manufactured by Rigaku Co., Ltd.) was used to remove the baseline and Cu-K ⁇ 2 rays.
- the pseudo Voigt function for peak fitting was defined as in Eq. (1).
- Equation (1) A is the peak coefficient
- B is the height correction coefficient
- ⁇ is the full width at half maximum
- a is the hybrid ratio.
- Equation (2) represents a Lorentz-type function
- equation (3) represents a Gauss-type function
- x 0 is the peak center value and is represented by the value of 2 ⁇ .
- the cause of this asymmetry is mainly due to the device origin and the penetration depth of the X-ray sample. Therefore, in this analysis, the hybrid ratio obtained from the analysis of Example 3 prepared by the conventional solid phase method was adopted. Specifically, 1.00 was adopted when x 0 ⁇ x, and 0.36 was adopted when x 0 ⁇ x. Using this hybrid ratio, the peaks of silicon single crystals were analyzed and they were in good agreement.
- Example 1 Lithium sulfide powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.98%), diphosphorus pentasulfide powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99%) and chloride so as to have a composition ratio of Li 6 PS 5 Cl under a dry nitrogen atmosphere. Lithium powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.99%) was weighed and mixed in a mortar. The obtained mixture was placed in a heat-resistant container and heated and melted at 730 ° C. for 0.5 hours in an atmosphere with a dew point of ⁇ 60 ° C.
- the “basic composition” in Table 1 is the composition targeted when the raw materials are mixed, and in Example 1, it is Li 6 PS 5 Cl, but the composition of the actually obtained algyrodite type crystal. Li 6.9 PS 5.9 Cl 0.1 , Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 , and Li 5.9 PS, as determined from the peaks A, B, and C above. 4.9 Cl 1.1 coexists and is different from the basic composition.
- a "-" at peak A or peak B in Table 1 means that the peak disappeared or the peak intensity ratio was so small that the peak could not be detected.
- the peak intensity ratio is an intensity ratio relatively expressed with the sum of the peak intensities of peak A, peak B, and peak C as 1.
- Example 2 The solid obtained in Example 1 was further heat-treated at 500 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
- Example 3 The same mixture as in Example 1 was mixed at 400 rpm for 4 hours using a planetary ball mill. The obtained mixture was vacuum-sealed in a carbon-coated quartz tube and heated at 550 ° C. for 5 hours to obtain a solid to be a sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
- Table 1 As a result of Rietveld analysis of the XRD spectrum, it was found that the obtained solid electrolyte had one kind of algyrodite type crystal of Li 6 PS 5 Cl.
- Example 4 Lithium sulfide powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.98%), diphosphorus pentasulfide powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99%) and so as to have a composition ratio of Li 5.4 PS 4.4 Cl 1.6 .
- Example 5 The solid obtained in Example 4 was further heat-treated at 450 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
- the peak intensity ratio on the high angle side corresponding to peak B was higher than that of the peak in Example 4. From the results of the composition analysis, no change in composition was observed before and after the heat treatment. Therefore, it can be said that the obtained solid electrolyte has an algyrodite-type crystal having a composition of Li 5.4 PS 4.4 Cl 1.6 and a lattice constant lower than that before the heat treatment.
- Example 6 Lithium sulfide powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.98%), diphosphorus pentasulfide powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity) so as to have a composition ratio of Li 5.6 PS 4.4 Cl 1.5 Br 0.2 . 99%), lithium chloride powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.99%) and lithium bromide powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.995%) were weighed in the same manner as in Example 1. A solid to be a sulfide-based solid electrolyte was obtained.
- Example 7 The solid obtained in Example 6 was further heat-treated at 450 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
- the peak intensity ratio on the high angle side corresponding to peak B was higher than that of the peak in Example 6. From the results of the composition analysis, no change in composition was observed before and after the heat treatment. Therefore, it can be said that the obtained solid electrolyte has an algyrodite-type crystal having a composition of Li 5.6 PS 4.4 Cl 1.5 Br 0.2 and having a lower lattice constant than that before the heat treatment.
- Example 8 Lithium sulfide powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.98%), diphosphorus pentasulfide powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity) so as to have a composition ratio of Li 5.6 PS 4.4 Cl 0.8 Br 0.8 . 99%), lithium chloride powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.99%) and lithium bromide powder (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.995%) were weighed in the same manner as in Example 1. A solid to be a sulfide-based solid electrolyte was obtained.
- Example 9 The solid obtained in Example 8 was further heat-treated at 450 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
- the peak at 2 ⁇ 30.14 °, which corresponds to peak C, which has a large peak intensity ratio and can be said to be the main peak, became sharper and the intensity ratio increased through heat treatment. Therefore, it is presumed to have an algyrodite-type crystal having a composition of Li 5.6 PS 4.4 Cl 0.8 Br 0.8 with higher crystallinity.
- Example 1 the same value as the value of Example 3 was used for the hybrid ratio at the time of fitting analysis represented by the parameter a of the formula (1).
- the analysis results were all good values with Rwp of 15% or less.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte of Example 3 obtained by the conventional solid-state method contained one kind of algyrodite-type crystal, and the lithium ion conductivity was 1.2 mS / cm.
- the solid electrolytes of Examples 1 and 2 contain two or three types of argilodite-type crystals, although the types and amounts of the raw materials are the same as those of Example 3.
- the lithium ion conductivity was 3.1 mS / cm and 2.7 mS / cm, respectively, which were extremely high values as compared with Example 3.
- Example 1 and Example 2 Comparing Example 1 and Example 2, Example 4 and Example 5, Example 6 and Example 7, and Example 8 and Example 9, the peak of the XRD spectrum becomes sharper by the heat treatment, and the lattice constant shows the central peak. It was found that they tend to be aggregated in crystals or have lower lattice constants. It is considered that this enhances the Coulomb interaction in the crystal and improves heat resistance, chemical stability, electrochemical stability and the like. Further, although the lithium ion conductivity is slightly lowered by the heat treatment as compared with that before the heat treatment, the value is still higher than that of the solid electrolyte of Example 3 containing only one kind of algyrodite type crystals.
- the lithium ion conductivity is increased by containing two or more types of argylodite-type crystals, but in the production of solid electrolytes, the argilodite-type crystals obtained by undergoing a melting step and then rapidly cooling from there. Realized in case. Therefore, in the cooling process from the molten state, the seed crystal that precipitates first is a high-temperature stable phase, and the algyrodite-type crystal that grows around the seed crystal has sites where lithium ions, sulfur anions, and halogen anions are present. It is considered that the result is different from that produced by a normal solid phase reaction.
- the high temperature stable phase tends to have high ionic conductivity
- a plurality of argilodite type crystals including the high temperature stable phase are precipitated when cooled from the melt. Therefore, we believe that high lithium ion conductivity can be achieved.
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Abstract
Description
従来、リチウムイオン二次電池においては液体の電解質が使用されてきたが、液漏れや発火等が懸念され、安全設計のためにケースを大型化する必要があった。また、電池寿命の短さ、動作温度範囲の狭さについても改善が望まれていた。
[1] リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる硫化物系固体電解質であって、Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折スペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に半値全幅がそれぞれ0.07°以上であるピークA及びピークBを有し、前記ピークA及び前記ピークBの回折角(2θ)の差は0.05°以上であり、LiaPSbHac(5≦a≦7、4≦b≦6かつ0<c≦2であり、Haはハロゲン元素である。)で表されるアルジロダイト型の結晶構造を有する、硫化物系固体電解質。
[2] 前記ピークAと前記ピークBとの間に、さらにピークCを有する、前記[1]に記載の硫化物系固体電解質。
[3] 前記ピークA及び前記ピークBが、格子定数が0.02Å以上異なる2種のアルジロダイト型の結晶構造に由来するピークである、前記[1]又は[2]に記載の硫化物系固体電解質。
[4] 400℃以上熱分解温度以下の温度で1時間の熱処理を行った後のCu-Kα線を用いたX線回折スペクトルにおいて、前記ピークAのピーク強度比の減少、前記ピークBのピーク強度比の増加、及び、ピークCの発現又はピークCのピーク強度比の増加、の少なくともひとつの現象が観測され、前記ピークCは前記ピークAよりも高角側かつ前記ピークBよりも低角側に存在する、前記[1]~[3]のいずれか1に記載の硫化物系固体電解質。
[5] リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる硫化物系固体電解質であって、Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折スペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に半値全幅がそれぞれ0.07°以上である、ピークD及びピークEを有し、前記ピークD及び前記ピークEの回折角(2θ)の差は0.02~0.4°であり、LiaPSbHac(5≦a≦7、4≦b≦6かつ0<c≦2であり、Haはハロゲン元素である。)で表されるアルジロダイト型の結晶構造を有し、400℃以上熱分解温度以下の温度で1時間の熱処理を行っても、前記X線回折スペクトルが変化しない、硫化物系固体電解質。
[6] リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる硫化物系固体電解質の製造方法であって、Li、P、S及びHaを含む原材料を混合して加熱溶融すること、次いで、常圧下での急冷により結晶化することを含み、前記Haはハロゲン元素であり、LiaPSbHac(5≦a≦7、4≦b≦6かつ0<c≦2であり、Haはハロゲン元素である。)で表される異なる2種以上のアルジロダイト型の結晶構造を有する、硫化物系固体電解質の製造方法。
[7] 前記結晶化の後に、200~600℃で0.1~10時間の熱処理を行う、前記[6]に記載の硫化物系固体電解質の製造方法。
本実施形態に係る硫化物系固体電解質(以下、単に「固体電解質」と称することがある。)はリチウムイオン二次電池に用いられ、アルジロダイト型の結晶構造を有する。アルジロダイト型の結晶構造は、LiaPSbHacで表した際に、各元素比が、5≦a≦7、4≦b≦6かつ0<c≦2の関係を満たす。また、Haはハロゲン元素を表す。
具体的には、本実施形態に係る固体電解質は、XRDスペクトルにおいて、ピークA及びピークBの半値全幅が0.07°以上である。一方、組成の異なるアルジロダイト型の結晶構造を有する粉末を2種以上混合した混合物では、XRDスペクトルにおけるピークの半値全幅が0.07°未満である。すなわち、本実施形態に係る固体電解質は、mm又はμmオーダーで併存する混合物ではなく、数百nm又は数十nmオーダーで2種以上のアルジロダイト型の結晶が併存する固体電解質である。なお、ピークの半値全幅については、後述する。
この理由は定かではないが、固体電解質を製造する際に、溶融工程を経て、そこから冷却してアルジロダイト型の結晶が得られる場合に、本実施形態に係る固体電解質が実現される。溶融状態からの冷却過程において、最初に析出する種結晶は高温安定相であると推測される。そのため、その種結晶を核に成長するアルジロダイト型の結晶は、リチウムイオン、硫黄アニオン、ハロゲンアニオンの存在サイトが、通常の固相反応で作製される結晶とは異なり、それがリチウムイオン伝導率に影響すると考えられる。一般的に高温安定相はリチウムイオン伝導率が高い傾向があるが、本実施形態におけるアルジロダイト型の結晶では、溶融状態からの冷却過程で高温安定相を含んだ、複数組成のアルジロダイト型の結晶が析出する。そのため、高いリチウムイオン伝導率が実現できると考えている。
具体的には、400℃以上かつ固体電解質の熱分解温度以下の温度で1時間の熱処理を行った後に、ピークAのピーク強度比が減少する現象、ピークBのピーク強度比が増加する現象、及び、ピークCが発現する現象又はピークCのピーク強度比が増加する現象、の少なくともひとつの現象が観測されれば、2種以上のアルジロダイト型の結晶は数百nm又は数十nmオーダーで併存していると言える。ここでピークCとは、ピークAよりも高角側かつピークBよりも低角側に存在するピークである。
ピークAのピーク強度比が減少する現象とは、ピークAが消失する現象を含む。また、ピークCについて、熱処理によってピーク強度比が増加する現象とは、上記熱処理前からピークCが観察される場合が前提となる。熱処理によってピークCが新たに発現する現象とは、上記熱処理前にはピークCが観察されない場合が前提となる。
他方、組成の異なるアルジロダイト型の結晶構造を有する粉末、すなわちmm又はμmオーダーで混合物の場合、同様の熱処理を行っても、XRDパターンにおいて上記のような変化は見られない。
また、例1には2θ=30.66°にもピークがみられる。このピークの詳細な帰属は難しいが、立方晶アルジロダイト型結晶から対称性が落ちたもの、又は、リチウム等が欠損して格子定数が下がった立方晶アルジロダイト型結晶のピークだと考えられる。本実施形態に係る固体電解質は、ピークA、ピークB、及びピークCに加え、このようなピークがあってもよい。
すなわち、熱処理によって、ピークAのピーク強度比の減少、ピークBのピーク強度比の増加、及び、ピークCの発現又はピークCのピーク強度比の増加、の少なくともひとつの現象が観測されることが、リチウムイオン伝導率向上の点から好ましい。また、ピークB及びピークCの少なくとも一方のピーク強度比の増加する現象が観測されることがより好ましく、ピークAのピーク強度比の減少と共に、ピークB及びピークCの少なくとも一方のピーク強度比の増加する現象が観測されることがさらに好ましい。また、ピークCのピーク強度比が減少し、ピークBのピーク強度比が増加する現象が観測されることも好ましい。
アルジロダイト型の結晶構造が立方晶で、格子定数がa=b=cとなる場合、熱処理による構造変化は等方的に起こると考えられる。そのため、2θ=30.3±0.5°以外の範囲に観測される他のピークにおいても、400℃以上熱分解温度以下の温度で1時間の熱処理を行うことによって、各結晶構造を表すピークの強度比の増加又は減少や、新たなピークの発現等といった現象が観測されることが考えられる。
またアルジロダイト型の結晶構造が立方晶でない場合にも、上記熱処理によって、結晶構造に応じた何等かの構造変化が起こり得る。
かかる実施形態は、LiaPSbHac(5≦a≦7、4≦b≦6かつ0<c≦2である。)で表されるアルジロダイト型の結晶構造を有し、リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる硫化物系固体電解質である。この固体電解質は、Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折スペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に、ピークD及びピークEを有する。これらピークの半値全幅は共に0.07°以上であり、これら2本のピークの回折角(2θ)の差は0.02~0.4°である。また、400℃以上熱分解温度以下の温度で1時間の熱処理を行っても、X線回折スペクトルに変化は見られない。
ピークDが低角側、ピークEが高角側とした場合に、ピークDとピークEはそれぞれ、熱処理前のピークAとピークCにそれぞれ相当するか、処理前のピークCとピークBにそれぞれ相当する。
なお、固体電解質が熱処理を行ったものであるか否かは、追加で熱処理を行った際にXRDスペクトルの変化がないことの他に、リチウムイオン伝導率の変化の程度などによっても判断できる。XRDスペクトルの変化とは、ピークD及びピークEの回折角(2θ)の値が変化しないか、変化したとしても、熱処理前後における回折角の差が0.05°以下であることを意味する。また、熱処理前後におけるピーク強度比の変化も0.1以下であることが好ましい。熱処理前後におけるリチウムイオン伝導率の変化の程度は、0.5mS/cm以下であることが好ましい。
この追加の熱処理は、400℃以上熱分解温度以下の温度範囲で1時間行われる。
熱処理を行った後の結晶子サイズは、熱処理前に比べて大きくなるが、熱処理後であっても、結晶子サイズが上記範囲内にあることが好ましい。
結晶子サイズは、XRDパターンのピークの半値全幅から算出できる。
二次粒子サイズは、マイクロトラック装置を用いて測定することができる。
ここでQ0構造とは、中心カチオンであるMに結合している酸素原子のすべてが、非架橋酸素である構造を意味する。例えばMがSiである場合、SiO2なる酸化物が、ケイ酸塩イオン、すなわちSiO4 4-という酸化物アニオンとして存在することを意味する。
第2~14族の金属元素とは、周期表の、第2~12族の元素、B以外の第13族の元素、及び、C、Si、Ge以外の第14族の元素である。
第2~14族の半金属元素とは、周期表の第13及び14族の元素のうち、B、Si、及びGeである。
なお、酸化物アニオン中のM-O結合の存在やQ0構造は、Raman分光法測定や核磁気共鳴(NMR)測定により確認できる。また、Q0構造の酸化物アニオンが結晶構造中に存在する、すなわち結晶のアニオンサイトに存在することは、X線粉末回折(XRD)測定や中性子線散乱測定により確認できる。
上記含有量の合計とは、例えばLi、P、S、及びHaの合計であり、結晶中に酸化物アニオンが含まれる場合には、Li、P、S、Ha、M及びOの元素の含有量の合計である。なお、本明細書においてHaの含有量とは、F、Cl、Br、及びIの含有量の合計である。
各元素の含有量やそれらの合計は、ICP発光分析、原子吸光法、イオンクロマトグラフ法などを用いた組成分析により求められる。
固体電解質の耐熱分解試験は、固体電解質と反応しない密閉容器に固体電解質を入れて、所定の温度で熱処理を10~60分間行い、熱処理前後でのリチウムイオン伝導率の変化を調べることより耐熱性を評価できる。リチウムイオン伝導率の熱処理前後での変化が小さいほど好ましく、熱処理後のリチウムイオン伝導率が熱処理前のリチウムイオン伝導率の半分未満になるものは、耐熱分解性、すなわち耐熱性が低いと言える。
なお、本明細書においてリチウムイオン伝導率とは、25℃におけるリチウムイオン伝導率を意味し、交流インピーダンス測定により得られたナイキスト(Nyquist)プロットから求められる。
本実施形態に係る硫化物系固体電解質の製造方法は、LiaPSbHac(5≦a≦7、4≦b≦6かつ0<c≦2)で表され、数百nm又は数十nmオーダーで併存する異なる2種以上のアルジロダイト型の結晶構造が得られれば特に限定されない。
一実施形態として、Li、P、S及びHaを含む原材料を混合して加熱溶融する工程、及び、次いで、急冷により結晶化する工程を含む製造方法が好ましい。常圧下での急冷により、数百nm又は数十nmオーダーで2種以上のアルジロダイト型の結晶が併存する固体電解質が得られる。
具体的には、Li単体やLiを含む化合物、P単体やPを含む化合物、S単体やSを含む化合物、及びHaを含む化合物を適宜組み合わせて使用できる。これら化合物は、Li、P、S及びHaの2以上をともに含む化合物であってもよい。例えば、Sを含む化合物及びPを含む化合物を兼ねる化合物として、五硫化二リン(P2S5)等が挙げられる。また、Liを含む化合物及びHaを含む化合物を兼ねる化合物として、ハロゲン化リチウムが挙げられる。
一方で、硫化リチウムは高価であるため、製造コストを抑える観点からは、硫化リチウム以外のリチウム化合物や、金属リチウム等を用いることが好ましい。具体的には、金属リチウム、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)、硫酸リチウム(Li2SO4)、酸化リチウム(Li2O)及び水酸化リチウム(LiOH)からなる群から選ばれる1以上を用いることが好ましい。これらは単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
一方、加熱による熱劣化抑制の観点から、熱処理時間は10時間以下が好ましく、5時間以下がより好ましい。また、結晶化が進み過ぎてリチウムイオン伝導率が低下し過ぎるのを防ぐ観点からは、熱処理時間は3時間以下が好ましく、2時間以下がより好ましい。
一方、熱劣化や熱分解を防ぐ観点から、熱処理温度は熱分解温度以下が好ましく、例えば600℃以下が好ましく、575℃以下がより好ましい。また、結晶化が進み過ぎてリチウムイオン伝導率が低下し過ぎるのを防ぐ観点からは、熱処理温度は550℃以下が好ましく、530℃以下がより好ましい。
固体電解質層全体に対する本実施形態に係る固体電解質の含有量は80質量%以上が好ましく、90質量%以上がより好ましい。固体電解質の含有量の上限は特に限定されず、100質量%でもよい。また、変形抑制の観点からは、無機フィラー、有機フィラーを混合してもよく、その場合、固体電解質の含有量は99質量%以下が好ましい。
また、湿式成形ではなく、本実施形態に係る固体電解質粉末等を、正極又は負極等の表面上において乾式でプレス成形することにより固体電解質層を形成してもよい。その他に、他の基材上に固体電解質層を形成し、これを、正極又は負極等の表面上に転写してもよい。
リチウムイオン二次電池の外装体の材料も、従来公知の物を使用できる。リチウムイオン二次電池の形状も従来公知の物を使用できるが、例えば、コイン型、シート状(フィルム状)、折り畳み状、巻回型有底円筒型、ボタン型等が挙げられ、用途に応じて適宜選択できる。
例1、例2及び例4~例9は実施例であり、例3は比較例である。
(リチウムイオン伝導率)
リチウムイオン伝導率は、得られた硫化物系固体電解質の粉末を380kNの圧力で圧粉体として測定サンプルとし、交流インピーダンス測定装置(Bio-Logic Sciences Instruments社製、ポテンショスタット/ガルバノスタット VSP)を用いて測定した。
測定条件は、測定周波数:100Hz~1MHz、測定電圧:100mV、測定温度:25℃とした。
硫化物系固体電解質のXRDスペクトルは、X線回折装置(リガク社製、SmartLab)を用いて測定した。測定サンプルとなる硫化物系固体電解質は大気に曝露されると変質するため、大気非暴露雰囲気下でサンプルを準備し、測定に供した。
サンプル準備:乳鉢で粉砕した硫化物系固体電解質粉末を目開き100μmの篩を通すことで、50%粒子径D50が5~10μmの粒度分布の硫化物系固体電解質粉末を準備した。なお、Microtrac製レーザー回折粒度分布測定機MT3300EXIIを用いて粒度分布を測定し、得られた体積基準粒度分布のチャートから上記50%粒子径D50を測定した。
粉末X線回折の測定条件は下記のとおりである。
線源:CuKα線(λ=1.5418Å)、管球電圧:45kV、管球電流:200mA、走査角度:10~100°、走査速度:5°/分、ステップ数:0.01°/ステップ。
X線回折装置(リガク社製、SmartLab)に付属している統合粉末X線解析ソフトウェアPDXL2を用いて、ベースラインの除去及びCu-Kα2線の除去を行った。
次いで、2θ=30.3±0.5°に現れるピークに着目し、ピークフィッティングするための擬Voigt関数を式(1)の通り定義した。
この非対称性の原因は、主に装置由来とX線のサンプルへの侵入深さに起因する。そこで、今回の解析では、従来の固相法で作製した例3の解析から求まった混成比を採用した。具体的には、x0≧xの場合は1.00を、x0<xの場合は0.36を、それぞれ採用した。この混成比を用いて、シリコン単一結晶のピークを解析したところよく一致した。
2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に現れるピークに対して、上記で定義した1個ないし複数個のフィッティング関数を当てはめた際に求まるRwpの値は低いほど好ましい。具体的には、Rwpの値は15%以下が好ましく、12.5%以下がより好ましく、10%以下が更に好ましい。なお、Rwpの値は正の値である。
ドライ窒素雰囲気下で、Li6PS5Clの組成比となるように、硫化リチウム粉末(Sigma社製、純度99.98%)、五硫化二リン粉末(Sigma社製、純度99%)及び塩化リチウム粉末(Sigma社製、純度99.99%)を秤量し、乳鉢で混合した。得られた混合物を、耐熱製の容器に入れ、露点-60℃の雰囲気下において、730℃で0.5時間加熱溶融した。その後、10℃/秒の冷却速度で室温まで冷却し、硫化物系固体電解質となる固体を得た。
得られた固体電解質のXRDスペクトルのうち、2θ=30.3°付近のスペクトルを図1に示した。実線で示される未処理のスペクトルについてピーク分離を行うと、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に3つのピークが観測された。このピークの詳細は表1に示した。
表1中のピークA又はピークBにおける「-」はピークが消失したか、ピークを検出できないほどにピーク強度比が小さいものであったことを意味する。また、ピーク強度比は、ピークA、ピークB及びピークCのピーク強度の和を1として相対的に表した強度比である。
例1で得られた固体に対し、さらに窒素雰囲気下において500℃で1時間の熱処理を行うことで、硫化物系固体電解質を得た。得られた固体電解質のXRDスペクトルのうち、2θ=30.3°付近のスペクトルを図2に示した。実線で示される未処理のスペクトルについてピーク分離を行うと、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に2つのピークが観測された。ピークの詳細は表1に示した。
XRDスペクトルのリートベルト解析の結果、得られた固体電解質は、Li5.9PS4.9Cl1.1:Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5=5:1(モル比)の2種のアルジロダイト型の結晶を有することが分かった。
例1と同じ混合物を、遊星ボールミルを用いて400rpmで4時間混合した。得られた混合物をカーボンコートされた石英管に真空封入し、550℃で5時間加熱することで、硫化物系固体電解質となる固体を得た。得られた固体電解質のXRDスペクトルのうち、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内には1つのピークが観測された。ピークの詳細は表1に示した。
XRDスペクトルのリートベルト解析の結果、得られた固体電解質は、Li6PS5Clの1種のアルジロダイト型の結晶を有することが分かった。
Li5.4PS4.4Cl1.6の組成比となるように、硫化リチウム粉末(Sigma社製、純度99.98%)、五硫化二リン粉末(Sigma社製、純度99%)及び塩化リチウム粉末(Sigma社製、純度99.99%)を秤量した混合物とした以外は、例1と同様にして、硫化物系固体電解質となる固体を得た。得られた固体電解質のXRDスペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に3つのピークが確認され、それぞれ、2θ=30.15°、30.29°、30.33°であった。このうち、回折角の差が0.05°未満である2θ=30.29°と2θ=30.33°の2つのピークは、ほぼ近い組成であって、Li5.4PS4.4Cl1.6の組成に近い2種のアルジロダイト型の結晶を有するものと推測される。2θ=30.15°にピークを持つアルジロダイト型の結晶はLi5.7PS4.7Cl1.7の組成に近いものと推測される。
例4で得られた固体に対し、さらに窒素雰囲気下において450℃で1時間の熱処理を行うことで、硫化物系固体電解質を得た。得られた固体電解質のXRDスペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に3つのピークが観測された。例4のピークに対して、ピークBに相当する高角側のピーク強度比が高くなっていた。組成分析の結果からは熱処理前後で組成変化が見られなかった。そのため、得られた固体電解質は、Li5.4PS4.4Cl1.6の組成で且つ、熱処理前よりも格子定数の下がったアルジロダイト型の結晶を有するといえる。
Li5.6PS4.4Cl1.5Br0.2の組成比となるように、硫化リチウム粉末(Sigma社製、純度99.98%)、五硫化二リン粉末(Sigma社製、純度99%)、塩化リチウム粉末(Sigma社製、純度99.99%)及び臭化リチウム粉末(Sigma社製、純度99.995%)を秤量した混合物とした以外は、例1と同様にして、硫化物系固体電解質となる固体を得た。得られた固体電解質のXRDスペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に3つのピークが確認され、それぞれ、2θ=30.16°、30.34°、30.41°であった。このうち、ピークCに相当する2θ=30.34°のものが、Li5.6PS4.4Cl1.5Br0.2の組成に近いアルジロダイト型の結晶由来のものであると推定され、ピークA及びピークBに相当する2つのピークは、それと組成ないしは格子定数が若干異なるアルジロダイト型の結晶を有するものと推測される。
例6で得られた固体に対し、さらに窒素雰囲気下において450℃で1時間の熱処理を行うことで、硫化物系固体電解質を得た。得られた固体電解質のXRDスペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に2つのピークが観測された。例6のピークに対して、ピークBに相当する高角側のピーク強度比が高くなっていた。組成分析の結果からは熱処理前後で組成変化が見られなかった。そのため、得られた固体電解質は、Li5.6PS4.4Cl1.5Br0.2の組成で且つ、熱処理前よりも格子定数の下がったアルジロダイト型の結晶を有するといえる。
Li5.6PS4.4Cl0.8Br0.8の組成比となるように、硫化リチウム粉末(Sigma社製、純度99.98%)、五硫化二リン粉末(Sigma社製、純度99%)、塩化リチウム粉末(Sigma社製、純度99.99%)及び臭化リチウム粉末(Sigma社製、純度99.995%)を秤量した混合物とした以外は、例1と同様にして、硫化物系固体電解質となる固体を得た。得られた固体電解質のXRDスペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に3つのピークが確認され、それぞれ、2θ=30.05°、30.14°、30.33°であった。このうち、ピークCに相当する2θ=30.14°のピークが、Li5.6PS4.4Cl0.8Br0.8の組成に近いアルジロダイト型の結晶由来のものであると推定され、ピークA及びピークBに相当する2つのピークはそれと組成ないしは格子定数が若干異なるアルジロダイト結晶を有するものと推測される。
例8で得られた固体に対し、さらに窒素雰囲気下において450℃で1時間の熱処理を行うことで、硫化物系固体電解質を得た。得られた固体電解質のXRDスペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に2つのピークが観測された。ピーク強度比が大きく主ピークと言えるピークCに相当する2θ=30.14°のピークは、熱処理を通してピークがシャープになり強度比が増した。そのため、より結晶性が増したLi5.6PS4.4Cl0.8Br0.8の組成のアルジロダイト型の結晶を有すると推測される。
Claims (7)
- リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる硫化物系固体電解質であって、
Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折スペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に半値全幅がそれぞれ0.07°以上であるピークA及びピークBを有し、
前記ピークA及び前記ピークBの回折角(2θ)の差は0.05°以上であり、
LiaPSbHac(5≦a≦7、4≦b≦6かつ0<c≦2であり、Haはハロゲン元素である。)で表されるアルジロダイト型の結晶構造を有する、硫化物系固体電解質。 - 前記ピークAと前記ピークBとの間に、さらにピークCを有する、請求項1に記載の硫化物系固体電解質。
- 前記ピークA及び前記ピークBが、格子定数が0.02Å以上異なる2種のアルジロダイト型の結晶構造に由来するピークである、請求項1又は2に記載の硫化物系固体電解質。
- 400℃以上熱分解温度以下の温度で1時間の熱処理を行った後のCu-Kα線を用いたX線回折スペクトルにおいて、前記ピークAのピーク強度比の減少、前記ピークBのピーク強度比の増加、及び、ピークCの発現又はピークCのピーク強度比の増加、の少なくともひとつの現象が観測され、前記ピークCは前記ピークAよりも高角側かつ前記ピークBよりも低角側に存在する、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物系固体電解質。
- リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる硫化物系固体電解質であって、
Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折スペクトルにおいて、2θ=30.3±0.5°の範囲内に半値全幅がそれぞれ0.07°以上である、ピークD及びピークEを有し、
前記ピークD及び前記ピークEの回折角(2θ)の差は0.02~0.4°であり、
LiaPSbHac(5≦a≦7、4≦b≦6かつ0<c≦2であり、Haはハロゲン元素である。)で表されるアルジロダイト型の結晶構造を有し、
400℃以上熱分解温度以下の温度で1時間の熱処理を行っても、前記X線回折スペクトルが変化しない、硫化物系固体電解質。 - リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる硫化物系固体電解質の製造方法であって、
Li、P、S及びHaを含む原材料を混合して加熱溶融すること、
次いで、常圧下での急冷により結晶化することを含み、
前記Haはハロゲン元素であり、
LiaPSbHac(5≦a≦7、4≦b≦6かつ0<c≦2であり、Haはハロゲン元素である。)で表される異なる2種以上のアルジロダイト型の結晶構造を有する、硫化物系固体電解質の製造方法。 - 前記結晶化の後に、200~600℃で0.1~10時間の熱処理を行う、請求項6に記載の硫化物系固体電解質の製造方法。
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