WO2022121232A1 - 一种机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器 - Google Patents

一种机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022121232A1
WO2022121232A1 PCT/CN2021/093433 CN2021093433W WO2022121232A1 WO 2022121232 A1 WO2022121232 A1 WO 2022121232A1 CN 2021093433 W CN2021093433 W CN 2021093433W WO 2022121232 A1 WO2022121232 A1 WO 2022121232A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
conductor
breaking
melt
fracture
excitation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2021/093433
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
石晓光
陈蓉蓉
王伟
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xian Zhongrong Electric Co Ltd
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Xian Zhongrong Electric Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Xian Zhongrong Electric Co Ltd filed Critical Xian Zhongrong Electric Co Ltd
Priority to JP2021549197A priority Critical patent/JP7316367B2/ja
Priority to US17/430,270 priority patent/US11784021B2/en
Priority to EP21745880.1A priority patent/EP4033510A4/en
Priority to KR1020217024274A priority patent/KR102576050B1/ko
Publication of WO2022121232A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022121232A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H39/00—Switching devices actuated by an explosion produced within the device and initiated by an electric current
    • H01H39/006—Opening by severing a conductor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
    • H01H71/12—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
    • H01H71/121—Protection of release mechanisms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/0039—Means for influencing the rupture process of the fusible element
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
    • H01H85/055—Fusible members
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
    • H01H85/055—Fusible members
    • H01H85/08—Fusible members characterised by the shape or form of the fusible member
    • H01H85/10—Fusible members characterised by the shape or form of the fusible member with constriction for localised fusing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/38—Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
    • H01H85/055—Fusible members
    • H01H85/12—Two or more separate fusible members in parallel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
    • H01H85/165—Casings
    • H01H85/175—Casings characterised by the casing shape or form

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to the fields of power protection, control and electric vehicles, and in particular, to a fuse for cutting off a current transmission circuit controlled by an external signal.
  • the fuse used for circuit overcurrent protection is blown based on the heat generated by the current flowing through the fuse.
  • the main problem is that it is restricted by the following working principle: because the heat generated by the continuous flow of a certain magnitude of current makes the inside of the fuse The melt heats up and reaches the melting temperature or vaporization temperature, and the melt melts and forms a fracture. If the current value is not large enough or the duration is not long enough, the temperature of the melt cannot reach the melting point, the melt cannot be fused, and the circuit cannot be cut off, but a certain degree of high temperature will occur. If the fuse has good protection performance and fast fusing speed, the fuse needs to have a large heating power, and the heating position should be concentrated on the local part of the melt.
  • the fuse should have a low temperature rise and low power consumption during operation, as well as withstand short-term overload/inrush currents of relatively large magnitude (such as electric vehicle starting or hill-climbing). It is not damaged during the cycle of short-term high current), the fuse needs to have a small heating power, and the heating position is not concentrated in the local part of the melt. Under different working conditions, the requirements for the flow heating of the melt are opposite. If the heating power is reduced or the concentration of the heating distribution of the melt current is reduced, the fuse cannot break a certain amplitude fault at a fast enough breaking speed.
  • the output current amplitude during short circuit is not large. If the fuse cannot be blown quickly in time, it may cause the arc at the short-circuit point to last for too long, causing fire and burning, or the battery pack may be too large. The current continues to generate heat, resulting in damage and fire.
  • the fuse based on the hot-melt principle cannot communicate with external devices, and cannot be triggered by signals other than current. If the vehicle has a serious collision, is soaked in water, or the battery temperature is too high after exposure, the circuit cannot be cut off, and no protection can be formed. .
  • a triggerable switch structure for quickly breaking the circuit which mainly includes a gas generating device and a conductive terminal.
  • the current flowing through the fracture arcs in the air it is difficult to extinguish the large fault current arc, or it requires a large space volume; air is used to cool and break the arc, which extinguishes the air pressure , temperature and humidity, air impurities, etc.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present disclosure is to provide a fuse that disconnects conductors by fusing combined with mechanical force, and utilizes the ability of the fuse to reliably break a large-value current. Under certain conditions, it is connected in series on some fractures, so that the fuse is connected in parallel with the conductors, which reduces the temperature rise and power consumption in the non-breaking state, and improves the resistance to current impact.
  • the fuse only needs a small current carrying capacity.
  • the breaking action is required, the exciter and the breaking device are made to disconnect part of the conductor, the fuse greatly reduces the arc energy of the break in parallel with it, and the parallel break is protected to restore the insulation and dielectric properties safely under high current, and the fuse is connected in series.
  • the arc energy value passing through the series fractures is limited, and the protection fractures can safely break a certain amplitude of overcurrent, which does not exceed the safety limit; the sequence of fracture actions can be controlled by the linkage of the interrupting device, and the fuses can be used flexibly to protect the parallel connection. Fractures and parallel fractures improve the ability to break large-value overcurrents, and can also quickly break small-amplitude overcurrents, realize fast and reliable breaking of all overcurrents from zero current to maximum breaking capacity, greatly reduce volume and save costs .
  • the technical solution provided by the present disclosure is a mechanical breaking and fusing combined multi-break excitation fuse, which includes a casing, a cavity is opened in the casing, and at least one conductor is passed through the casing.
  • the body and passing through the cavity, at least one excitation device and at least one interruption device are arranged in the shell cavity, and the excitation device can receive an external excitation signal to drive the interruption device to act , disconnect the corresponding conductor and form at least two fractures on the conductor; at least one melt is arranged in parallel on the conductor; the melt is connected in parallel with at least one fracture, and the melt is connected to the At least one fracture is connected in series.
  • the existence of the series break ensures that when the melt cannot be blown, the circuit can also be disconnected through the series break.
  • An arc-extinguishing chamber filled with an arc-extinguishing medium is arranged in the shell; a part or all of the melt is penetrated in the arc-extinguishing chamber, and the fuse opening of the melt is located in the arc-extinguishing chamber in the room.
  • Arc extinguishing medium helps extinguish the arc.
  • the fracture connected in parallel with the melt is disconnected first, and the fracture connected in series with the melt is disconnected later.
  • At least two adjacent cavities are opened in the casing, the conductors are penetrated in the casing and pass through the adjacent cavities; each cavity on one side of the conductor is provided There is an excitation device and a breaking device; the excitation device and the breaking device in different said cavities can be located on the same side or different sides of the conductor; the breaking device is provided with at least one impact head, the The excitation device can receive an external excitation signal to drive the corresponding interruption device to interrupt the conductor to form at least one fracture.
  • the purpose is to control the sequence of formation of fractures on the conductor through the sequence of receiving excitation signals through different excitation devices.
  • the breaking device is provided with at least two impact heads at intervals, and each impact head forms at least one fracture on the conductor.
  • the distances between the impact head and the conductor are different; the impact head with the closest distance from the conductor forms a fracture on the conductor first; the melt is connected in parallel at the fracture that is disconnected first.
  • the purpose is to control the formation sequence of the fracture of the conductor by the different distances between the impact head of the breaking device and the conductor.
  • the exciting device is a gas generating device; the interrupting device is a piston, and the contact surface between the interrupting device and the cavity is in sealing contact or a gap contact less than 0.1 mm. Ensure that the high-pressure gas generated by the excitation device can drive the breaking device to disconnect the conductor.
  • a limiting structure for maintaining the initial position of the breaking device is arranged between the breaking device and the cavity.
  • the conductor corresponding to the breaking device is provided with a broken weak point that reduces the strength of the conductor, and the fracture is formed by breaking the broken weak point.
  • the disconnected weak point is a reduced cross-section structure opened in the conductor, a structure with increased stress at the conductor fracture, or a material with low mechanical strength is used at the conductor fracture.
  • the reduced cross-section structure is one of opening a gap on one side or both sides of the conductor, opening a U-shaped groove, a V-shaped groove across its width on one or both sides of the conductor, or opening a hole on the conductor.
  • a fusing weak point is arranged on the melt, and the melt is fused at the fusing weak point.
  • the weak point of the melt is a variable-section structure, a narrow diameter, and/or a low temperature set on the melt to melt the conductor, and/or use the conductor material with different electrical conductivity.
  • the melt is extended to bypass at least one series fracture and then connected to the parallel fracture to form an electromagnetic field interacting with the conductor to generate an electromagnetic field to elongate the arc path formed by the conductor fracture.
  • the impact end of the impact head is a constricted surface structure, a pointed protruding structure, and the inclined surface structure or both sides are in a pointed concave structure.
  • a support device is provided between the disconnected weak points.
  • the excitation fuse of the present disclosure can be applied in power distribution, energy storage equipment, electrical equipment or vehicles.
  • the fuse of the present disclosure is designed in three working states: 1.
  • the breaking device does not operate, the conductor has no fracture, the main current flows through the conductor, and the melt flows through a small current, so as to realize reliable operation with low power consumption, which requires a very high rated current. Small, the typical value is 10-30 amperes; 2.
  • the interrupting device interrupts the conductor, preferentially interrupts the conductor in parallel with the melt and forms a fracture, and the large current passes through the unbroken conductor and the melt, and the melt is blown; the conductor is fractured
  • the arc energy is very small, most of the arc flows through the melt, the melt is blown and the arc is extinguished, and the insulation and dielectric properties recover quickly, typically at the level of 100us; 3.
  • the interrupting device interrupts the conductors of the melt that are not paralleled And form a fracture, with a typical value of ms, which can break zero current and small amplitude current, because the arc generated is small, it can be directly extinguished by air, and there is no need to assist arc extinguishing by melt.
  • the excitation device is preferably a gas generating device; the chemical reaction is excited by electric current to release chemical energy, similar to the combustion of gunpowder to release energy and pressure gas, and the pressure gas can be excited within 1ms, which is relatively fast.
  • the interrupting means cooperating with the pressurized gas is a piston.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the front longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the fuse of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the front longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the fuse of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the front longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the fuse of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the front longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the fuse of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the front longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the fuse of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the front longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the fuse of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the front longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the fuse of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an optional longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the connection between the melt and the series fracture and the parallel fracture to generate a magnetic arc extinguishing.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of the impact head of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic structural diagram of the impact head of the present disclosure.
  • the excitation fuse (also referred to as a trigger fuse) of the present disclosure mainly includes a housing 100 , a conductor 101 , an excitation device (also referred to as a trigger device) 102 and an interruption device 103 .
  • the casing 100 has a cavity penetrating the upper end of the casing 100 .
  • a conductor 101 is passed through the casing 100 , and the conductor 101 passes through a cavity opened in the casing 100 , and the cavity is divided into two parts. Both ends of the conductor 101 extend out of the casing 100 and can be connected to an external circuit.
  • the conductor 101 can also be arranged in the housing 100 and then connected to the two ends of the conductor 100 respectively with conductive terminals.
  • the shape of the conductor 101 can be a plate-like structure, or any cross-sectional shape, such as a conductor 101 of a circular, square, special-shaped, tubular, etc., and combinations thereof. In the following description, the plate-shaped structure is taken as an example for description.
  • the number of conductors 101 may be one, or several conductors may be provided in the casing 100 in parallel.
  • the structure of the upper and lower casings is exemplified.
  • the casing 100 can be combined left and right, and is not limited to being combined up and down.
  • An excitation device 102 and an interruption device 103 are sequentially arranged in the cavity above the conductor 101 from top to bottom.
  • the excitation device 102 is fixedly arranged on the top of the cavity, and is limited by a limit step provided in the cavity, and the upper part of the excitation device 102 is fixed by a pressing plate or a pressing sleeve (not shown).
  • the excitation device 102 is a gas generating device, which can receive an excitation signal from the outside when a fault occurs, ignite and detonate to generate high-pressure gas, form a driving force, and drive the interruption device 103 to act.
  • the excitation device 102 may also be a mechanical structure device that can receive external excitation signals, such as air cylinders, hydraulic cylinders, motors, etc., and provides driving force to the interrupting device 103 by receiving the external signals.
  • the breaking device 103 is arranged in the cavity between the excitation device 102 and the conductor 101 , and a certain distance is reserved between the impact end of the breaking device 103 and the conductor 101 , and is configured to ensure the impact force of the breaking device 103 .
  • the interrupting device 103 can also be directly arranged on the conductor 101, so as to ensure that the conductor 101 is interrupted.
  • the exciting device 102 is a gas generating device
  • the contact surface between the breaking device 103 and the cavity is sealed or a small gap that does not affect the driving force is reserved to ensure that when the exciting device 102 is a gas generating device, the generated driving force is fully applied On the interrupting device 103, there will be no leakage, so as to avoid insufficient driving force.
  • the sealing contact is achieved by arranging the sealing member 104 between the breaking device 103 and the cavity, and the sealing contact can also be achieved by interference fit.
  • a limiting structure 113 is provided at the contact surface of the breaking device 103 and the cavity to ensure that the breaking device 103 is fixed at the initial position and will not be at the initial position. Displacement in the cavity causes malfunction.
  • the limiting structure 113 can be small bumps arranged at intervals on the outer circumference of the breaking device 103, and grooves are formed on the inner wall of the corresponding cavity, and the bumps of the breaking device 103 are snapped into the grooves to realize the position. limited.
  • the breaking device 103 When the breaking device 103 receives the driving force from the excitation device 102, the limiting structure 113 can be disconnected under the impact to release the limiting effect.
  • At least two impact heads (two impact heads 105 and 106 in this embodiment) with different heights are arranged at intervals along the length direction of the conductor 101 under the breaking device 103 .
  • the impact ends of the impact heads 105, 106 that is, the structure of the impact heads 105, 106 configured to cut off one end of the conductor 101 may be a structure with a gradually decreasing cross-section, a pointed protruding structure as shown in FIG. 10, or a structure as shown in FIG.
  • the center of the end faces of the impact heads 105 and 106 shown in 11 is concave, and the two sides have a pointed protruding structure, or other structures that are conducive to breaking the conductor 101 .
  • the shrinking surface structure is a convex arc structure
  • the pointed protruding structure is a blade-shaped structure, a beveled point structure, and a tapered point structure.
  • the breaking device 103 is a structure that can be driven by the excitation device 102, such as a piston, a slider and the like.
  • the excitation device 102 is a gas generating device and the generated high pressure gas drives the breaking device 103 to displace it, since the contact surface between the breaking device 103 and the inner cavity of the housing 100 is in sealed contact or less than 0.1mm Small gap contact, so it can be ensured that the generated high-pressure gas drives the breaking device 103 to displace to cut off the conductor 101 .
  • the sealing method is determined according to the driving force of the high-pressure gas generated by the gas generator.
  • the sealing contact can be achieved by arranging a sealing member 104 between the breaking device 103 and the cavity, and the sealing contact can also be achieved by means of an interference fit.
  • the excitation device 102 is a device such as an air cylinder, a hydraulic cylinder, etc., which can accept the action of an external excitation signal to provide a driving force, the contact between the interruption device 103 and the cavity does not need to be sealed.
  • a plurality of spaced breaking weak points 107 and 108 are respectively provided at positions corresponding to the impact heads 105 and 106.
  • the breaking weak points 107, 108 are provided on one side of the conductor 101 below the impact head of the breaking device 103 and at positions corresponding to the respective impact head positions.
  • Two broken weak points 107 corresponding to the impact head 106 are arranged at intervals, and one broken broken weak point 108 corresponding to the impact head 105 is provided.
  • the conductor 101 is supported.
  • the support device 112 can be a support boss.
  • the support device 112 When the support device 112 is located on the side of the conductor 101, it can be a fixed support arm; it can also be located above the conductor 101. Set in it to play a supporting role.
  • the operation principle of the excitation fuse of the present disclosure will be described.
  • the impact head 105 When the conductor 101 is impacted by the impact head of the breaking device 103, the impact head 105 first breaks the weak point 108 of the conductor 101 to form a fracture on the conductor 101.
  • the impact head 10 forces the breakage
  • the distance between the two sides of the fracture produced by the opening of the weak point increases; as the breaking device 103 continues to move downward, the impact head 106 breaks the two broken weak points 107 on the conductor 101, and the two broken weak points 107 are formed respectively.
  • each part of the broken conductor 101 continues to displace under the pressure of the impact head, so that the distance between the fractures generated by the three broken weak points increases continuously.
  • the fracture at the broken weak point 108 and the fracture at the broken weak point 107 are broken successively.
  • the distances between the impact heads 105 and 106 on the breaking device 103 and the conductor 101 can be the same, so the fractures at the three breaking weak points are formed at the same time.
  • two fractures are formed on the horizontally arranged conductor 101 by an impact head 106 .
  • the conductor can also be set in a bent or inclined state, and two broken weak points are arranged on it at intervals, so that the impact head can First disconnect one of the disconnected weak points with its earliest contact to form a fracture, and then disconnect the other disconnected weak point to form a fracture.
  • An arc-extinguishing housing 109 is further provided below the housing 100 , a cavity is opened on the arc-extinguishing housing 109 , and the cavity is filled with an arc-extinguishing medium 110 .
  • two melts 111 pass through the arc-extinguishing medium, and the fused weak point of the melts 111 is located in the arc-extinguishing medium.
  • the weak point of the melt 111 can be a narrow diameter, variable cross-section structure, or a section of material with different electrical conductivity is lapped on the melt 111, and the heating performance is changed through the change of resistance, and the melting is accelerated; it can also be in the melt 111.
  • a section of low-temperature fusing material (lower than the melting point of the material of the melt 111) is lapped on top to speed up the fusing speed.
  • the two ends of the melt 111 pass upward through the arc extinguishing shell 109 and the shell wall of the shell 100, they are respectively connected in parallel with the conductors 101 on both sides of the disconnected weak point 108, and are configured to form a broken disconnected weak point on the conductor 101.
  • the points 108 are connected in parallel and in series with the two broken weak points 107 that form two fractures. When multiple fractures are generated on the conductor 101, it is necessary to ensure that the melt 111 is connected in parallel with at least one fracture and in series with one fracture. There may be one or more melts 111 connected in parallel at the fracture.
  • the melt 111 connected in parallel at the fracture is conducive to the recovery of the insulating medium at the fracture.
  • the overcurrent mainly flows through the conductor 101.
  • the energy is mainly released from the melt 111
  • the overcurrent energy flowing from the melt 111 can reach more than 70%, and only a small amount of energy flows through the fracture, the generated arc is relatively small. Small (less insulating medium is broken down at the fracture), it can quickly extinguish the arc and restore the insulation performance at the fracture. As shown in FIG. 1 to FIG.
  • the series fracture with strong arc energy resistance can also be disconnected first, then the parallel fracture can appear later, and the fracture in series with the melt 111 is disconnected first, and the overcurrent amplitude It has a limiting effect and can reduce the current amplitude of the other fracture.
  • the arc extinguishing housing 109 may be formed separately, or may be integrally formed with the housing 100 .
  • a plurality of fractures are successively formed on the conductor 101 by arranging impact heads with different heights on one breaking device 103 . It is also possible to form a plurality of fractures on the conductor successively by arranging multiple sets of excitation devices and interruption devices, and through the sequence in which different excitation devices receive excitation signals.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of two groups of excitation devices and interruption devices.
  • the casing is composed of an upper casing 300, a lower casing 301, and an arc extinguishing casing 302, and the contact surfaces of the casings are in sealed contact.
  • Two adjacent groups of cavities are opened in the upper casing 300 and the lower casing 301 , and the conductors 303 are located between the upper casing 300 and the lower casing 301 .
  • An excitation device 304 and an interruption device 305 are respectively arranged in each group of cavities of the upper casing 300 in sequence.
  • An impact head 306 is provided on the breaking device 305 .
  • a broken weak point 310 is provided on the conductor 303 corresponding to the impact head 306 .
  • a support device 311 is arranged between the broken weak points 310 to support the conductor 303 , and the melt 307 is connected in parallel on both sides of the broken weak point 310 of the conductor 303 closest to the impact head 306 of the breaking device 305 .
  • An arc-extinguishing chamber filled with an arc-extinguishing medium 308 is opened in the arc-extinguishing housing 302, and the fused weak point of the melt 307 is set in the arc-extinguishing medium.
  • the excitation device 304 is a gas generating device
  • a sealing member 309 is provided between the breaking device 103 and the inner wall of each casing, and the sealing member 309 is a sealing ring.
  • the interrupting device 103 can also be provided in the form of interference fit.
  • the conductor 303 is disconnected by two sets of excitation means 304 and interruption means 305 .
  • the two sets of excitation devices 304 can receive excitation signals from the outside at the same time, and drive the interruption means 305 to disconnect the conductors 303 at the same time.
  • the impact head 306 on the breaking device 305 is at the same distance from the conductor 303
  • the impact head 306 simultaneously forms multiple fractures on the conductor 303;
  • the impact head 306 on the breaking device 305 is at a distance from the conductor 303
  • the impact head 306 closest to the conductor 303 forms a fracture first in the conductor 303.
  • the melt 307 is connected in parallel at the first fracture, and when there are three or more fractures, the first fracture is formed.
  • the number of fractures can be two or more, and the melt 307 can be connected in parallel with multiple fractures formed at the same time, but it must be ensured that at least one fracture is connected in series with the melt 307 .
  • the two groups of excitation devices 102 receive the excitation signals successively, and drive the interruption device 305 to disconnect the conductors 303 according to the sequence of receiving the excitation signals, thereby forming a plurality of fractures in succession.
  • the breaking device 305 forms a fracture first in the conductor 303
  • the melt 307 is connected in parallel with the fracture formed first and in series with the fracture formed later.
  • the purpose of the above-mentioned must have at least one fracture in series with the melt 307 is to ensure that the circuit is disconnected when the fault current is small enough to fuse the melt 307. At this time, the disconnection of the single fracture in series with the melt 307 can ensure the circuit. disconnect.
  • the formation of fractures on the conductor 303 can be formed by different distances between the impact head 306 on the breaking device 305 and the conductor 303, or by the sequence in which the excitation device 102 receives excitation signals.
  • the working principle of the melt 307 arc extinguishing is that the on-resistance of the conductor 303 differs from the resistivity of the melt 307 by a series. Under normal circumstances, almost all the current flows through the conductor 303, and a very small current flows through the melt 307.
  • the resistivity at the fracture of the conductor 303 increases instantaneously to almost blocking.
  • most of the overcurrent energy flows through the melt 307, and a small part forms an arc discharge at the fracture. Therefore, There will be no fracture ablation and other phenomena at the fracture.
  • Most of the overcurrent flowing through the melt 307 will not cause ablation to the fractures connected in series with it.
  • the arc generated at the fusible fracture of the melt 307 is extinguished in the arc extinguishing medium, and the arc at the fracture connected in series with it is smaller and extinguished by air.
  • the material of the melt 307 is metal or other conductive materials; the arc extinguishing medium may be a gas, liquid, solid, etc. with arc extinguishing function that can extinguish the arc.
  • the impact head 306 of the breaking device 305 is a flat structure, a constricted surface structure, or a pointed protruding structure or the like.
  • the purpose of setting the weak point of the conductor 303 is to reduce the mechanical strength of the fracture of the conductor 303 .
  • the following measures to weaken the fracture strength can be selected or used at the same time but are not limited to: a. Reducing the stress section of the material, or increasing the stress concentration of the material, opening U-shaped grooves, opening V-shaped grooves, holes, hollows, etc. or their combined structure, fracture
  • the weak point can be set at any angle on the cross section of the conductor 303, b.
  • the fracture adopts a low Strength conductor materials, such as tin, etc., d. Prefabricated fractures that are pressed and or fixed by mechanical force, etc.
  • the contact surfaces between the casing and the casing, between the conductor 303 and the casing, between the arc extinguishing chamber and the casing, and between the melt 307 and the casing are all sealed. Prevent the safety of the fuse from being affected by the leakage of high-pressure gas to reduce the driving force and the leakage of arcs.
  • the melt 401 can also extend to the conductor 400 where it is connected in series with the fracture. As shown in FIG. 9 , the melt 401 is connected to the conductor 303 through the connection wire 402 and the connection wire 403. 404 is connected in parallel, and is connected in series with the disconnected weak point 405 that forms a fracture in conductor 303. Part of the current on the connecting wire 403 is opposite or perpendicular to the current direction of the conductor 303 at the position of the series break. According to the electromagnetic field theory, the magnetic force generated at the series break can elongate the arc generated at the moving series break to extinguish the arc.
  • the relationship between the position of each fracture between the melt 307 and the conductor 303 can be set in such a way that the Lorent magnetic force generated when the fracture is formed can lengthen the arc at the fracture and move the arc, thereby cooling the arc and improving the series fracture. arc extinguishing capability.
  • conductors 303 may also be arranged in parallel in the housing, and both ends of the conductors 303 are respectively connected to the external circuit through conductive terminals.
  • the parallel conductors 303 can widen the breaking current range due to the function of current shunting.
  • FIG. 1 to FIG. 4 The working principle of the present disclosure is illustrated by taking FIG. 1 to FIG. 4 as examples.
  • the conditions for transmitting the excitation signal to the excitation device 102 can be set in advance in the external control system. If the conditions are met, the excitation signal is transmitted to the excitation device 102. Signal, the excitation device 102 receives the excitation signal, ignites and detonates to release high-pressure gas, and drives the interruption device 103 to disconnect the conductors successively. The disconnecting device 103 is disconnected;
  • the excitation device 102 When the fault current is generated, but the fault current is small, the excitation device 102 receives the excitation signal from the outside, ignites and detonates the excitation device 102, makes the excitation device 102 release high-pressure gas, and drives the interruption device 103 to break the limit mechanism and displace the impact conductor downward. 101; Since there are multiple impact heads 106, 105, and the distances from the conductor are different, when the breaking device 103 impacts the conductor 101, the impact head 105 closest to the conductor first breaks the weak point 108 of the corresponding conductor.
  • the breaking device 103 continues to move downward, and the high impact head 106 impacts the conductor 101 and breaks the corresponding breaking weak point 107, so that the conductor 101 is broken for the second time,
  • the two fractures formed on the conductor 101 in series with the melt 111 completely disconnect the circuit. Due to the discharge of the overcurrent at the fracture in parallel with the melt 111, the current at the fracture in series with the melt 111 has become smaller , the arc generated is already very small and can be extinguished by air.
  • the melt 111 When the fault current is generated and the fault current is very large, the melt 111 is blown first, and the generated large arc is extinguished in the arc extinguishing medium; at the same time, the disconnected weak point 108 connected in parallel with the melt 111 is disconnected and a fracture is formed.
  • the fracture formed by the melting of the melt 111 discharges part of the overcurrent energy, and the arc generated at the fracture in parallel with it is not enough to cause damage to the fracture.
  • Displacement, the second and third fractures are formed on the conductor 101, the arc generated after the partial pressure becomes smaller, and it is easier to extinguish the arc.
  • the excitation device 304 can act simultaneously, or act or not act according to the sequence of the excitation signals each received. For example, when no fault current is generated, only by sending an excitation signal to the excitation device 304 in the chamber without the melt 307, the excitation device 304 can be actuated, and the interruption device 305 can be driven to disconnect the conductor 303 to realize circuit disconnection. At the conductor 303 connected in parallel with the melt 307, the excitation device 304 and the interruption device 305 do not act. When multiple fractures need to be disconnected successively, an excitation signal can be sent to the excitation device 304 that needs to be disconnected first, and then the excitation device 304 that is disconnected later can be delayed to send an excitation signal to achieve the purpose of successive disconnection.
  • the excitation fuse of the present disclosure has the following advantages:
  • the conductor can be disconnected through multiple fractures to improve the breaking reliability
  • the melt can protect the parallel fracture and reduce the arc energy passing through the parallel fracture, which is conducive to the rapid recovery of the strength of the insulating medium, and can quickly break through low rated current to achieve high current breaking and parallel fracture insulation safety recovery;
  • the small-amplitude overcurrent caused by the melt method can not be broken if it is lower than the rated current of the fuse, or the amplitude is not large enough, and the breaking time of the fuse is too long;
  • the fuse of the present disclosure can be excited by different excitation devices according to the sequence of receiving excitation signals, and drive the breaking device to form fractures on the conductor successively; Causes several fractures that are delayed in sequence, realizes multiple arc extinguishing, and improves the arc extinguishing ability; at the same time, the breaking current range is broadened, the breaking of the full current range is realized, and the breaking capacity is improved; and the delayed opening fracture can ensure the physical breaking of the conductor. open, which improves the reliability of the fuse and makes the fuse performance more excellent.
  • the fuse of the present disclosure can be excited by different excitation devices according to the sequence of receiving excitation signals, and drive the breaking device to form fractures on the conductor successively; it can also be caused by the different heights of the impact heads of the breaking device, causing several damages on the conductor.
  • the successively delayed fractures realize multiple arc extinguishing and improve the arc extinguishing ability; at the same time, the breaking current range is widened, the breaking of the full current range is realized, and the breaking capacity is improved; The reliability of the fuse is improved, and the performance of the fuse is more excellent.

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Abstract

一种机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于包括壳体、在所述壳体内开设有空腔，至少一根导体穿设在所述壳体中并从所述空腔中穿过；在所述壳体空腔内设置有至少一个激励装置和一个打断装置；所述激励装置可接收外部激励信号驱动所述打断装置动作，断开与其对应的导体并在所述导体上形成至少两个断口；在所述导体上并联设置有至少一根熔体；所述熔体与其中至少一个断口并联，所述熔体与至少一个断口串联。本公开的激励熔断器，在确保电路断开的情况下，提高分断能力和灭弧能力。

Description

一种机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器
相关申请的交叉引用
本公开要求于2020年12月11日提交中国专利局的申请号为2020114586930、名称为“一种机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本公开中。
技术领域
本公开涉及电力保护、控制和电动汽车领域，尤其涉及通过外部信号控制切断电流传输电路的熔断器。
背景技术
用于电路过电流保护的熔断器基于流过熔断器的电流产生的热量熔断，存在主要的问题是，其受以下工作原理制约：因为一定幅值的电流持续流通所产生的热量使熔断器内部的熔体发热并达到熔化温度或汽化温度，熔体熔断并形成断口。若电流值不够大或持续时间不够长，则熔体的温度不能达到熔点，熔体无法熔断，电路无法切断，但会出现一定程度的高温。若要熔断器保护性能好，熔断速度快，则需要熔断器具有较大的发热功率，并将发热位置集中在熔体局部部位上。熔断器工况所要求的另一些特性是，工作时的熔断器应具有低的温升值和低功耗，以及在耐受较大幅值的短时过载/冲击电流(例如电动汽车启动或爬坡时的短时大电流)的循环时不损坏，需要熔断器具有较小的发热功率，且发热位置不集中在熔体的局部部位。在不同工况下，对熔体的通流发热的要求是相反的，若降低发热功率或者降低熔体电流发热分布的集中度，则熔断器无法以足够快的分断速度分断一定幅值的故障电流；反之，若能够以足够快的分断速度断开一定幅值的故障电流，提高熔断器热功率，增加熔体热量分布集中度，则难以承载较高的工作电流并具有较高温升和功耗，或难以在耐受较大的过载/冲击电流的循环冲击时不损坏；且需要较好的散热条件、较大的体积以及较高的成本。例如在新能源车的主电路中，如果出现低幅值过载或短路电流的情况，额定电流规格小的传统熔断器不能满足正常负载电流以及因短时间过大电流不分断的要求，如果选用大额定电流规格的传统熔断器，则不能满足足够快的分断速度的要求。在新能源车辆电池包低电量时，短路时的输出电流幅值不大，如果熔断器不能及时快速熔断，可能导致短路点的电弧持续时间过长，从而起火燃烧，或者电池包因为过大的电流而持续发热从而出现损伤、起火燃烧。
另外，热熔原理的熔断器不能和外部设备通讯，不能由除电流之外的其它信号触发， 如果在车辆出现严重碰撞、泡水或者暴晒后电池温度过高等情况下不能切断电路，不能形成保护。
目前，市场上存在一种快速分断电路的可触发开关结构，其主要包括气体发生装置和导电端子，气体发生装置产生高压气体带动活塞冲断导电端子，实现电路快速断开的目的。但是，其存在有一些严重不足和缺陷：流经断口的电流在空气中燃弧，难以熄灭大幅值的故障电流电弧，或者需要很大空间体积；利用空气来冷却和分断电弧，其熄灭受气压、温湿度、空气杂质等影响较大，可靠性不佳；在分断过程中，电弧直接灼烧活塞头部，该灼烧损伤会影响顺利灭弧；如果在小体积空间中通过空气熄灭大幅值电流电弧，则断开后的绝缘电阻也比较低。
发明内容
本公开所要解决的技术问题是提供一种通过熔断结合机械力断开导体的熔断器，利用熔断器可靠地分断大幅值电流的能力，通过集成设计，使熔断器并联在一些断口上，并在一定条件下串联在一些断口上，使熔断器并联导体，降低非分断状态下的温升功耗，提升抗电流冲击能力，熔断器只需要很小的载流能力。在需要分断动作时，使激励器和打断装置断开部分导体，熔断器大幅降低与其并联的断口的电弧能量，保护并联断口在大电流下安全恢复绝缘介电性能，并将熔断器串联在一些断口上，限制串联断口通过的电弧能量值，保护断口安全分断一定幅值的过电流，并不超过安全限值；利用打断装置的联动可以控制断口动作的次序，灵活利用熔断器保护并联断口和并联断口，提升分断大幅值过电流的能力，也可以快速分断小电流的幅值过电流，实现快速、可靠分断从零电流到最大分断能力之间所有过电流，大幅降低体积，节省成本。
为解决上述技术问题，本公开提供的技术方案一种机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，包括壳体，在所述壳体内开设有空腔，至少一根导体穿设在所述壳体中并从所述空腔中穿过，在所述壳体空腔内设置有至少一个激励装置和至少一个打断装置，所述激励装置可接收外部激励信号来驱动所述打断装置动作，断开与其对应的所述导体并在所述导体上形成至少两个断口；在所述导体上并联设置有至少一根熔体；所述熔体与至少一个断口并联，所述熔体与至少一个断口串联。串联断口的存在，保证了在熔体不能熔断时，电路也能够通过串联断口断开。
在所述壳体中设置有填充有灭弧介质的灭弧腔室；所述熔体部分或全部穿设在所述灭弧腔室中，所述熔体的熔断断口位于所述灭弧腔室中。灭弧介质有助于灭弧。
优选的,配置成与所述熔体并联的断口先断开，与熔体串联的断口后断开。
在所述壳体内开设有至少两个相邻空腔，所述导体穿设在所述壳体中并从所述相邻空 腔中穿过；所述导体一侧的每个空腔中设置有一个激励装置和一个打断装置；不同所述空腔中的激励装置和打断装置可以位于所述导体的同一侧或不同侧；所述打断装置上设置有至少一个冲击头，所述激励装置可接收外部激励信号驱动与其对应的打断装置打断所述导体形成至少一个断口。其目的在于可通过不同激励装置接收激励信号的先后顺序，控制导体上断口的形成顺序。
所述打断装置上间隔设置有至少两个冲击头，每个冲击头在所述导体上至少形成一个断口。
所述冲击头距所述导体间的距离不同；与所述导体距离最近的冲击头在所述导体上最先形成断口；所述熔体并联在最先断开的断口处。其目的在于通过打断装置的冲击头距导体的不同的距离，控制导体的断口的形成顺序。
所述激励装置为气体发生装置；所述打断装置为活塞，所述打断装置与所述空腔的接触面处为密封接触或小于0.1mm的间隙接触。保证激励装置产生的高压气体能够驱动打断装置断开导体。
所述打断装置与所述空腔间设置有保持所述打断装置初始位置的限位结构。
在所述打断装置对应的所述导体上设置有降低所述导体强度的断开薄弱处，所述断口在所述断开薄弱处断开形成。所述断开薄弱处为在导体开设的减截面结构、提高导体断口处应力结构和或在导体断口处采用机械强度低的材料。所述减截面结构为在所述导体的一边侧或两边侧开设缺口、在所述导体一面或两面横跨其宽度开设U型槽、V型槽、在所述导体上开设孔的一种或多种结构组合。
在所述熔体上设置有熔断薄弱处，熔体在熔断薄弱处熔断。所述熔体薄弱处为在熔体上开设的变截面结构、狭径、和或在熔体上设置的低温熔化所述导体、和或应用导电率不同的所述导体材料。通过设置导体机械强度低的断开薄弱处，在熔体上设置熔断的熔断薄弱处，能够加速导体和熔体的断开速度。
所述熔体延长绕过至少一个串联断口后与并联断口连接，形成与所述导体产生电磁场相互作用的电磁场拉长所述导体断口形成后的电弧路径。
所述冲击头冲击端为收缩面结构、尖状突出结构，斜面结构或两侧呈尖端内凹形结构。
在所述断开薄弱处之间设置有支撑装置。
本公开的激励熔断器可在配电电源，储能设备，用电设备或车辆上的应用。
本公开的熔断器设计三种工作状态：1.打断装置不动作，导体无断口，主要电流流经导体，熔体流经很小的电流，实现低功耗可靠工作，其需要额定电流很小，典型值10～30安培；2.打断装置打断导体，优先打断与熔体并联的导体处并形成断口，大电流通过未打断的导体和熔体，熔体熔断；导体断口处出现电弧能量很小，大部分电弧流经熔体，熔体熔 断并被灭弧，绝缘介电性能迅速恢复，典型值100us级别；3.打断装置打断未并联的熔体的导体处并形成断口，典型值ms级别，可分断零电流和较小幅值电流，因为产生电弧较小，可直接通过空气灭弧，不需通过熔体辅助灭弧。
所述激励装置优选为气体发生装置；采用电流激发化学反应，释放化学能，类似火药燃烧释放能量和压力气体，可以在1ms以下激发出压力气体，比较快速。优选与压力气体配合的打断装置为活塞。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本公开的技术方案，下面将对其中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，应当理解，以下附图仅示出了本公开的某些实现方式，因此不应被看作是对范围的限定，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其它相关的附图。
图1是本公开熔断器正面纵向剖面结构示意图。
图2是本公开熔断器正面纵向剖面结构示意图。
图3是本公开熔断器正面纵向剖面结构示意图。
图4是本公开熔断器正面纵向剖面结构示意图。
图5是本公开熔断器正面纵向剖面结构示意图。
图6是本公开熔断器正面纵向剖面结构示意图。
图7是本公开熔断器正面纵向剖面结构示意图。
图8是本公开可选的的纵向剖面结构示意图。
图9是熔体与串联断口、并联断口间的连接，产生磁力灭弧的结构示意图。
图10是本公开的冲击头的结构示意图。
图11是本公开的冲击头的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
以下，结合图示对实施例进行具体说明。如图1至图7所示，本公开的激励熔断器(也称为触发式熔断器)主要包括壳体100、导体101、激励装置(也称为触发装置)102及打断装置103。
壳体100具有贯通壳体100上端的型腔。在壳体100中穿设有导体101，导体101穿过壳体100中开设的型腔，将该型腔分为两部分。导体101的两端伸出壳体100外部，可与外部电路连接。也可以将导体101设置在壳体100内，然后在其两端分别连接导电端子，导电端子设置在壳体100的两端并伸出壳体100外部，通过导电端子与外部电路连接。导 体101形状可以是板状结构、也可以任何截面形状，如圆形、方形、异形、管状等及其组合形状的导体101。在以下描述中，均以板状结构为例进行说明。导体101可以是一根，也可数根并联设置在壳体100中。本公开以上下壳体的结构进行举例说明，壳体100可以左右组合，不限于上下组合。
在位于导体101上方的型腔中自上而下依次设置有激励装置102和打断装置103。激励装置102固定设置于型腔顶部，通过设置在型腔中的限位台阶限位，其上部通过压板或压套(未图示)进行固定。激励装置102在本实施例为气体发生装置，其可以接收来自外部的故障发生时的激励信号，点火起爆产生高压气体，形成驱动力，驱动打断装置103动作。激励装置102也可以是可接收外部激励信号的机械结构式装置，比如气缸、液压缸、电机等，通过接收外部信号，对打断装置103提供驱动力。
打断装置103设置在激励装置102与导体101之间的型腔中，打断装置103冲击端与导体101保留有一定距离，配置成保证打断装置103的冲击力。当然，打断装置103也可以直接设置在导体101上面，保证打断导体101即可。当激励装置102为气体发生装置时，打断装置103与型腔的接触面为密封设置或保留不影响驱动力的小间隙，保证在激励装置102为气体发生装置时，产生的驱动力全部作用于打断装置103上，不会泄漏，以免造成驱动力不足。通过在打断装置103与型腔间设置密封件104来实现密封接触，也可以通过过盈配合来实现密封接触。在打断装置103未受到驱动力驱动时且位于初始位置处时，在打断装置103与型腔的接触面处设置有限位结构113，保证打断装置103固定在初始位置处，不会在型腔内位移而造成误动作。限位结构113可以是在打断装置103的外周上间隔设置的小凸块，在相对应的型腔内壁上开设有凹槽，将打断装置103的凸块卡进凹槽中来实现位置限定。在打断装置103受到来自激励装置102的驱动力时，该限位结构113可在冲击下断开，解除限位作用。在打断装置103的下面沿导体101长度方向间隔设置有至少两个高度不同的冲击头(在本实施例中为两个冲击头105、106)。冲击头105、106的冲击端即冲击头105、106的配置成切断导体101的一端的结构可以是截面逐渐减小的结构，也可以是如图10所示的尖状突出结构，或如图11所示的冲击头105、106端面中心部位内凹，两侧呈尖状突出结构，或其他有利于断开导体101的结构。举例：收缩面结构为凸出的弧形结构，尖状突出结构为刀刃状结构、斜面尖角结构、锥形尖角结构。打断装置103为能被激励装置102驱动的结构，比如活塞、滑块等结构。当激励装置102为气体发生装置并通过产生的高压气体驱动打断装置103以使其位移时，由于打断装置103与壳体100的内型腔间的接触面为密封接触或小于0.1mm的小间隙接触，所以可以保证产生的高压气体驱动打断装置103位移从而切断导体101。对于毫米级尺寸以上的打断装置103，保留0.1mm甚至更小的间隙，从而泄露少到不会影响打断装置103运动的程度的气体，且能获得良好 的推动力；虽然通过打断装置103与空腔间接触面的密封来获得更大的推动力，但在该情况下，打断装置103受到的摩擦力一般也较大。因此，根据气体发生装置产生的高压气体的驱动力来决定密封的方式。可以通过在打断装置103与型腔间设置密封件104来实现密封接触，也可以采用过盈配合的方式来实现密封接触。当激励装置102为气缸、液压缸等可接受外部激励信号动作来提供驱动力的装置时，打断装置103与型腔间的接触则不需要密封接触。
在位于打断装置103的冲击头105、106的下方的导体101一侧，在与冲击头105、106相对应的位置处分别设置有多个间隔的断开薄弱处107、108，在本实施例中，断开薄弱处107、108设置在位于打断装置103的冲击头下方的导体101上的一侧且与相应冲击头位置处相对应的位置。间隔设置两个与冲击头106对应的断开薄弱处107，设置一个与冲击头105对应的断开薄弱处108，在断开薄弱处107与断开薄弱处108间设置有支撑装置112以对导体101进行支撑，当支撑装置112位于导体101下方时，支撑装置112可以是支撑凸台，当支撑装置112位于导体101侧面时，可以是固定支撑臂；也可以位于导体101上方，导体101穿设在其中起到支撑作用。接下来，参照图1至图7，说明本公开的激励熔断器的工作原理。在导体101受到打断装置103的冲击头的冲击时，冲击头105先断开导体101的断开薄弱处108，在导体101上形成一个断口，随着冲击头继续位移，冲击头10迫使断开薄弱处产生的断口两侧的距离增大；随着打断装置103继续下移，冲击头106断开导体101上的两个断开薄弱处107，在两个断开薄弱处107分别形成断口，断开后的导体101的各个部分在冲击头的压迫下继续位移，使三个断开薄弱处产生的断口距离不断增大。在本实施例中，通过打断装置103的两个冲击头，使断开薄弱处108处的断口与断开薄弱处107处的断口被先后断开。当然，打断装置103上的冲击头105、106与导体101距离可以相同，那么三个断开薄弱处的断口为同时形成。图1至图7中通过一个冲击头106在水平设置的导体101上形成两个断口，也可以将导体设置成弯曲或倾斜状态，在其上间隔设置两个断开薄弱处，冲击头便可以先断开一个与其最早接触的断开薄弱处形成断口，然后再断开另一断开薄弱处形成断口。
在壳体100的下面还设置有灭弧壳体109，在灭弧壳体109上开设有型腔，在型腔内填充有灭弧介质110。参看图1至图7，两根熔体111穿设在灭弧介质中，熔体111的熔断薄弱处位于灭弧介质中。熔体111的熔断薄弱处可以是狭径、变截面结构，或在熔体111上搭接一段不同电导率的材料，通过电阻的改变引起发热性能改变，加速熔断；也可以是在熔体111上搭接一段低温熔断材料(低于熔体111本身材质熔点)，加速熔断速度。熔体111的两端在向上穿过灭弧壳体109和壳体100壳壁后，分别与位于断开薄弱处108两侧的导体101并联，配置成在导体101上形成断口的断开薄弱处108并联连接且与形成两个断口 的两个断开薄弱处107处串联连接。当导体101上产生多个断口时，需保证熔体111至少与一个断口并联，与一个断口串联。在断口处并联的熔体111可以是一根，可以是多根。
并联在断口处的熔体111有利于断口处的绝缘介质的恢复，在断口形成后，由于断口处电阻逐步增大，且远大于熔体111电阻，所以过电流从主要流经导体101的状态转移到主要流经熔体111的状态，能量主要从熔体111处泄放，从熔体111流过的过电流能量可以达到70％以上，只有少量能量从断口流过，产生的电弧就较小(断口处被击穿的绝缘介质少)，可以快速灭弧并恢复断口处的绝缘性能。如图1至图4所示，对于提升大幅值电流的分断能力，先断开与熔断并联的导体101的断开薄弱处，延迟一定时间后再断开与熔体111串联的断开薄弱处是较优方式。在和熔体111并联的断口产生后，另一与熔体111串联的断开薄弱处延迟被断开，过电流大部分流经导体101未断开部位和熔体111，一定时间后，熔体111串联的断开薄弱处延迟断开。如果此时要分断的是较大幅值的过电流，两个断口延迟时间间隔内，熔体111可能已经熔断，此时与熔体111串联的断开薄弱处断开，断口已经没有多大电流；即使熔体111还未熔断，延时时间间隔内大幅值电流通过了熔体111，已经加热了熔体111，在串联的断开薄弱处断开后的很短时间内熔体111也会熔断，串联断口通过的电流能量被熔体111限制，可以避免大幅值电流造成串联断口严重损伤。如果分断的是小幅值过电流，串联断口分断电流，熔体111由于通流能量少不动作。以图1至图4为例，在大电流分断时，串联的断开薄弱处107的断口与熔体111处的熔断断口串联，分断大幅值过电流，熔断器可以在串联断口出现前熔断，或者在串联断口出现后很快熔断，所以串联断口不会独自分断过大幅值电流，在较小幅值过电流时，熔断器不熔断，而串联断口只需切断较小幅值的过电流即可。由此与熔体111并联断口由于熔体111分流能量，串联断口由于熔断器分断了大幅值电流，并限制大幅值电流流过的时间和能量，两个断口都通过熔体111得到良好保护，都只需分断较小幅值电流。另外，如图5至图7所示，也可以先断开耐受电弧能量较强的串联断口，则并联断口可以稍晚出现，与熔体111串联的断口先断开，对过电流幅值有限定作用，可以减小另一断口分断的电流幅值。
灭弧壳体109可以是单独形成，也可以和壳体100为一体结构。在图1至图7中，通过在一个打断装置103上设置不同高度的冲击头，在导体101上先后形成多个断口。也可以通过设置多组激励装置和打断装置，通过不同的激励装置接收激励信号的先后顺序在导体上先后形成多个断口。
图8是两组激励装置和打断装置的结构示意图。壳体由上壳体300、下壳体301、灭弧壳体302组成，各壳体接触面间为密封接触。在上壳体300和下壳体301中开设有相邻两组空腔，导体303位于上壳体300与下壳体301间。在上壳体300的每组空腔中分别依次设置有激励装置304、打断装置305。在打断装置305上设置有冲击头306。在与冲击头306 对应的导体303上设置有断开薄弱处310。在断开薄弱处310间设置有支撑装置311以对导体303进行支撑，在距离打断装置305的冲击头306最近的导体303的断开薄弱处310两侧并联有熔体307。在灭弧壳体302中开设有填充灭弧介质308的灭弧腔室，熔体307的熔断薄弱处设置在灭弧介质中。当激励装置304为气体发生装置时，在打断装置103与各壳体内壁间设置有密封件309，密封件309为密封圈。也可以采用过盈配合的方式设置打断装置103。
在图8中，通过两组激励装置304和打断装置305断开导体303。两组激励装置304可以在同一时间接收来自外部的激励信号，同时驱动打断装置305来断开导体303。在此种情况下，当打断装置305上的冲击头306距离导体303距离相同时，冲击头306同时在导体303上形成多个断口；当打断装置305上的冲击头306距离导体303距离不同时，距离导体303最近的冲击头306在导体303最先形成断口，这种情况时，熔体307并联在最先形成的断口处，当断口为三个及三个以上时，最先形成的断口可以是两个或多个，熔体307可以与同时形成的多个断口并联，但是必须保证至少有一个断口与熔体307串联。
也可以设置为两组激励装置102先后接收激励信号，根据接收激励信号的先后次序驱动打断装置305来断开导体303，从而先后形成多个断口。在打断装置305在导体303最先形成一个断口的情况下，熔体307与最先形成的断口并联，与后形成的断口串联。最先形成的断口可以是两个或多个，熔体307可以与多个同时形成的断口并联，但是必须保证有至少有一个断口与熔体307串联。
上述必须有至少一个断口与熔体307串联的目的在于当故障电流较小不足以熔断熔体307时，必须确保电路断开，此时，与熔体307串联单的断口断开则可以保证电路断开。
由以上可知，在导体303上先后形成断口，可以通过打断装置305上的冲击头306与导体303的距离不同的方式形成，也可以通过激励装置102接收激励信号的先后顺序形成。
熔体307灭弧的工作原理在于：导体303的导通电阻与熔体307电阻率相差一个级数，正常情况下，电流几乎全部流经导体303，熔体307上则有极小电流通过。
在导体303被机械式断开后，导体303断口处的电阻率瞬间增大至近乎阻断，此时大部分过电流能量流经熔体307，小部分在断口处形成电弧泄放，因此，在断口处不会造成断口烧蚀等现象。流经熔体307的大部分过电流不会对与其串联的断口造成烧蚀等影响，此时，熔体307与串联串口形成分压，提高分断电压能力。在熔体307的熔断断口处产生的电弧在灭弧介质中灭弧，与其串联的断口处的电弧较小，通过空气灭弧。
上述实施例中，熔体307的材质为金属或其他导电材质；灭弧介质可以是具有灭弧功能的气体、液体、固体等进行灭弧的材质。打断装置305的冲击头306为平面结构、收缩面结构或尖状突出结构等。
在上述实施例中，导体303的断开薄弱处的设置目的在于降低导体303的断口处的机械强度。可以选择或同时使用但并不限于下列削弱断口强度的措施：a减小材料受力截面，或增加材料应力集中、开U型槽、开V型槽、孔、中空等或其组合结构，断开薄弱处可以以任何角度设置在所述导体303的横截面，b.断口应力集中，采用变截面结构在过渡区产生应力集中，如预留缝隙，或者利用剪切力，c.断口采用低强度导体材料，如锡等，d.采用机械力压紧和或固定的预制断口等。
在上述熔断器结构中，壳体与壳体间、导体303与壳体间、灭弧腔室与壳体间、熔体307与壳体间等接触面处均为密封设置。防止因为高压气体外泄降低驱动力、电弧外泄等原因，影响熔断器的工作安全性。
在上述实施例中，熔体401还可以延伸至导体400上与其串联断口处，如图9所示，熔体401通过连接导线402和连接导线403与在导体303上形成一个断口的断开薄弱处404并联连接，与在导体303形成断口的断开薄弱处405呈串联连接。连接导线403上的部分电流与在串联断口位置处的导体303的电流方向相反或垂直，根据电磁场理论，在串联断口处产生的磁力可以拉长在移动串联断口处产生的电弧从而进行灭弧。根据电流产生磁场的理论，以满足在断口形成时产生的洛仑磁力可以拉长断口处电弧移动电弧的方式设置熔体307与导体303间的各个断口位置的关系，从而冷却电弧，提升串联断口的灭弧能力。
在上述实施例中，也可以在壳体中并联设置数个导体303，导体303的两端分别通过导电端子与外部电路连接。当多个导体303并联时，由于可以起到分流作用，并联导体303可以拓宽分断电流范围。
本公开的工作原理：以图1至图4为例说明。
当无故障电流产生，但是需要在某些特定条件下断开电路时，可预先在外部控制系统中设定向激励装置102输送激励信号的条件，若满足该条件，则向激励装置102输送激励信号，激励装置102接收激励信号动作，点火起爆释放高压气体，驱动打断装置103先后断开导体，此时，由于流向灭弧熔体111的电流不足以熔断灭弧熔体111，电路通过打断装置103断开；
当故障电流产生，但是故障电流较小时，激励装置102接收来自外部的激励信号，点火起爆激励装置102，使激励装置102释放高压气体，驱动打断装置103冲断限位机构向下位移冲击导体101；由于有多个冲击头106、105，且距导体的距离不同，则在打断装置103冲击导体101时，距导体最近的冲击头105先断开与其对应的导体的断开薄弱处108，即先断开断开薄弱处108的位置，此时故障电流不足以熔断熔体111，由于故障电流小，在断开薄弱处108处的断口产生的电弧较小，可通过空气灭弧；在断开薄弱处108断开后，打断装置103继续向下位移，其高度高的冲击头106冲击导体101并断开与其对应的断开 薄弱处107，使导体101第二次断开，在导体101上形成的与熔体111串联的两个断口将电路彻底断开，由于与熔体111并联的断口处的过电流的泄放，与熔体111串联的断口处的电流已经变小，产生的电弧已经非常小，可通过空气灭弧。
当故障电流产生，且故障电流较大时，当激励装置102接收来自外部的激励信号，点火起爆激励装置102，使激励装置102释放高压气体，驱动打断装置103冲断限位机构并向下位移冲击导体101；导体101首先在断开薄弱处108处断开，在断开的瞬间，大部分电流流经与至并联的熔体111，因此，与熔体111并联的断开薄弱处108的断口处的电弧很小，通过空气可轻易灭弧；熔体111则在灭弧介质中的熔断薄弱处熔断，通过灭弧介质将产生的电弧灭弧；同时，随着打断装置103的继续位移，导体101在断开薄弱处107处断开并产生与熔体111串联的第二和第三个断口，由于熔体111分压，所以第二和第三个断口处的分压电弧也很小，可通过空气很好的灭弧。
当故障电流产生时，故障电流很大时，熔体111首先熔断，产生的大电弧在灭弧介质中灭弧；同时，与熔体111并联的断开薄弱处108断开并形成断口，由于熔体111熔断而形成的断口对过电流能量的部分泄放，在与之并联的断口处产生的电弧则不足以对断口造成损害，可通过空气灭弧，再随着打断装置103的继续位移，在导体101上形成第二和第三个断口，分压后产生的电弧变小，更易灭弧。
图1中，当打断装置103的数个冲击头105、106平齐时，可以同时形成三个断口；在无故障电流或故障电流较小时，熔体111不熔断，多断口可以削减电弧，通过空气可保证灭弧；当故障电流较大时，在产生多断口的同时，熔体111也跟着熔断，灭弧介质参与灭弧，可快速的进行灭弧，提高灭弧能力；当故障电流很大时，熔体111熔断，灭弧介质参与灭弧，形成多断口后彻底断开电流进行灭弧。
同理，图8的工作原理与图1的工作原理几乎相同，唯一的区别就是，激励装置304可以同时动作，也可以根据各自接收到的激励信号的先后顺序动作或不动作。比如，在无故障电流产生时，可仅通过向没有熔体307的腔室中的激励装置304发出激励信号，使该激励装置304动作，驱动打断装置305断开导体303，实现电路断开保护；而在并联有熔体307的导体303处，激励装置304和打断装置305则不动作。当需要多个断口先后断开时，可向需先断开的激励装置304发出激励信号，再延迟向后断开的激励装置304发出激励信号，达到先后断开的目的。
本公开的激励熔断器和传统激励熔断器比较，其优点在于：
1.可以通过多个断口断开导体，提高分断可靠性；
2.熔体既可以保护并联断口，降低并联断口通过的电弧能量，有利于其绝缘介质强度迅速恢复，通过低额定电流快速分断，实现大电流分断和并联断口绝缘安全恢复；
3.通过设置串联断口，补充了熔体方式造成的小幅值过电流如果低于熔断器额定电流不能分断，或者幅值不够大，熔断器分断时间过长的问题；
4.通过设置不同断口的断开次序，可以根据需要调整采用单独机械断开或机械和熔体熔断结合方式断开，适应各种场合的电路保护需要。
以上可知，本公开的熔断器可以通过不同的激励装置根据接收激励信号的先后进行激发，驱动打断装置在导体上先后形成断口；也可以通过打断装置的冲击头的高度不同，在导体上造成数个依次延迟的断口，实现多次灭弧，提高了灭弧能力；同时拓宽了分断电流范围，实现了全电流范围分断，提高了分断能力；且延迟断开的断口可以确保导体物理断开，提高了熔断器的可靠性，使熔断器性能更优异。
工业实用性
本公开的熔断器可以通过不同的激励装置根据接收激励信号的先后进行激发，驱动打断装置在导体上先后形成断口；也可以通过打断装置的冲击头的高度不同，在导体上造成数个依次延迟的断口，实现多次灭弧，提高了灭弧能力；同时拓宽了分断电流范围，实现了全电流范围分断，提高了分断能力；且延迟断开的断口可以确保导体物理断开，提高了熔断器的可靠性，使熔断器性能更优异。

Claims (18)

  1. 一种机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，包括壳体，在所述壳体内开设有空腔，至少一根导体穿设在所述壳体中并从所述空腔中穿过，在所述壳体空腔内设置有至少一个激励装置和至少一个打断装置，所述激励装置可接收外部激励信号来驱动所述打断装置动作，断开与其对应的所述导体并在所述导体上形成至少两个断口；在所述导体上并联设置有至少一根熔体；所述熔体与至少一个断口并联，所述熔体与至少一个断口串联。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，在所述壳体中设置有填充有灭弧介质的灭弧腔室；所述熔体部分或全部穿设在所述灭弧腔室中，所述熔体的熔断断口位于所述灭弧腔室中。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，配置成与所述熔体并联的断开薄弱处先断开，与熔体串联的断开薄弱处后断开。
  4. 根据权利要求1～3中任一所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，在所述壳体内开设有至少两个相邻空腔，所述导体穿设在所述壳体中并从所述相邻空腔中穿过；所述导体一侧的每个空腔中设置有一个激励装置和一个打断装置；不同所述空腔中的激励装置和打断装置可以位于所述导体的同一侧或不同侧；所述打断装置上设置有至少一个冲击头，所述激励装置可接收外部激励信号驱动与其对应的打断装置打断所述导体形成至少一个断口。
  5. 根据权利要求1～3中任一所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，所述打断装置上间隔设置有至少两个冲击头，每个冲击头在所述导体上至少形成一个断口。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，所述冲击头距所述导体间的距离不同；与所述导体距离最近的冲击头在所述导体上最先形成断口；所述熔体并联在最先断开的断口处。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，所述激励装置为气体发生装置；所述打断装置为活塞，所述打断装置与所述空腔的接触面处为密封接触或小于0.1mm的间隙接触。
  8. 根据权利要求书1所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，所述打断装置与所述空腔间设置有保持所述打断装置初始位置的限位结构。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，在所述打断装置对应的所述导体上设置有降低所述导体强度的断开薄弱处，所述断口 在所述断开薄弱处断开形成。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，所述断开薄弱处为在所述导体开设的减截面结构、提高所述导体断口处应力结构和或在所述导体断口处采用机械强度低的材料。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，所述减截面结构为在所述导体的一边侧或两边侧开设缺口、在所述导体一面或两面横跨其宽度开设U型槽、V型槽、在所述导体上开设孔的一种或多种结构组合。
  12. 根据权利要求1～3中任一所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，在所述熔体上设置有熔断薄弱处，熔体在熔断薄弱处熔断。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，所述熔体薄弱处为在熔体上开设的变截面结构、狭径、和或在熔体上设置的低温熔化所述导体、和或应用导电率不同的所述导体材料。
  14. 根据权利要求1所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，所述熔体连接导体部分空间布置在串联断口周边与并联断口连接，熔体及连接导体通流时产生的电磁场与断口电弧相互作用，通过电磁场拉长所述导体断口形成后的电弧路径。
  15. 根据权利要求4所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，所述冲击头冲击端为收缩面结构、尖状突出结构，斜面结构或两侧呈尖端内凹形结构。
  16. 根据权利要求5所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，所述冲击头冲击端为收缩面结构、尖状突出结构，斜面结构或两侧呈尖端内凹形结构。
  17. 根据权利要求9～16中任一项所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器，其特征在于，在所述断开薄弱处之间设置有支撑装置。
  18. 上述权利要求1～17中任一项所述的机械打断及熔断组合多断口激励熔断器在配电电源，储能设备，用电设备和或车辆上的应用。
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