WO2022163867A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、その評価方法及びその製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、その評価方法及びその製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
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- G01N15/0211—Investigating a scatter or diffraction pattern
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- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N7/00—Analysing materials by measuring the pressure or volume of a gas or vapour
- G01N7/02—Analysing materials by measuring the pressure or volume of a gas or vapour by absorption, adsorption, or combustion of components and measurement of the change in pressure or volume of the remainder
- G01N7/04—Analysing materials by measuring the pressure or volume of a gas or vapour by absorption, adsorption, or combustion of components and measurement of the change in pressure or volume of the remainder by absorption or adsorption alone
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
- G01N9/02—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity by measuring weight of a known volume
- G01N2009/022—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity by measuring weight of a known volume of solids
- G01N2009/024—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity by measuring weight of a known volume of solids the volume being determined directly, e.g. by size of container
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N2015/0042—Investigating dispersion of solids
- G01N2015/0061—Investigating dispersion of solids in solids, e.g. petrography
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
- G01N9/02—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity by measuring weight of a known volume
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries, an evaluation method thereof and a manufacturing method thereof, a negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries have been widely used in electronic devices such as notebook personal computers (PCs), mobile phones, smart phones, and tablet PCs, taking advantage of their characteristics of small size, light weight, and high energy density.
- PCs notebook personal computers
- HEV hybrid electric vehicles
- plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have become popular.
- Electric vehicles such as (PHEV) are becoming popular, and the development of lithium ion secondary batteries (vehicle lithium ion secondary batteries) as batteries mounted in these vehicles is underway.
- the input characteristics of lithium-ion secondary batteries are greatly affected by the performance of the negative electrode material of the lithium-ion secondary battery.
- Carbon materials are widely used as materials for negative electrode materials for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- a carbon material with a high degree of crystallinity such as artificial graphite and spherical natural graphite obtained by spheroidizing scale-like natural graphite, has been proposed.
- Patent Document 1 lithium containing composite particles containing a plurality of flat graphite particles aggregated or bonded so that the orientation planes are non-parallel and spherical graphite particles
- Patent Document 2 includes carbon powder particles having a form in which plate-like particles are aligned and laminated along the surface and assembled into a temporarily stable structure, and micropores are formed on the surface.
- a negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery is disclosed.
- the present disclosure is a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery that can produce a lithium ion secondary battery with excellent cycle characteristics, an evaluation method thereof, a manufacturing method thereof, and a negative electrode material produced using the negative electrode material.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery which is graphite particles satisfying the following formula (1). [Springback ratio ⁇ 7.6] + [Compressive load (kN/cm 2 )] ⁇ 4.2 (1)
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, wherein the graphite particles include composite particles having a structure in which a plurality of flat graphite particles are laminated.
- the negative electrode containing the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries A method for evaluating a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, which evaluates a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery using a regression equation obtained by multiple regression analysis with liquid absorption time as an objective variable.
- lithium for producing negative electrode materials for lithium ion secondary batteries A method for producing a negative electrode material for an ion secondary battery.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising: a negative electrode material layer containing the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>; and a current collector.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode according to ⁇ 7>, a positive electrode, and an electrolytic solution.
- a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery capable of producing a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics, an evaluation method thereof, a production method thereof, and a lithium ion secondary battery produced using the negative electrode material
- a negative electrode for a secondary battery and a lithium ion secondary battery are provided.
- the term "process” includes a process that is independent of other processes, and even if the purpose of the process is achieved even if it cannot be clearly distinguished from other processes.
- the numerical range indicated using "-" includes the numerical values before and after "-" as the minimum and maximum values, respectively.
- the upper limit or lower limit of one numerical range may be replaced with the upper or lower limit of another numerical range described step by step.
- the upper or lower limits of the numerical ranges may be replaced with the values shown in the examples.
- each component may contain multiple types of applicable substances.
- the content rate or content of each component is the total content rate or content of the multiple types of substances present in the composition unless otherwise specified. means quantity.
- Plural types of particles corresponding to each component in the present disclosure may be included.
- the particle size of each component means a value for a mixture of the multiple types of particles present in the composition, unless otherwise specified.
- the term “layer” or “film” refers to the case where the layer or film is formed in the entire region when observing the region where the layer or film is present, and only a part of the region. It also includes the case where it is formed.
- the term “laminate” indicates stacking layers, and two or more layers may be bonded, or two or more layers may be detachable.
- the particle size distribution of the negative electrode material and the primary particles contained in the composite particles can be measured with a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer.
- the average particle diameter of particles is the particle diameter (D50) when the accumulation from the small diameter side is 50% in the volume-based particle size distribution.
- D90 is the particle size when the volume-based particle size distribution is 90% integrated from the small diameter side, and
- D10 is the particle size when the volume-based particle size distribution is 10% integrated from the small diameter side.
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present disclosure (hereinafter also simply referred to as negative electrode material) is graphite particles that satisfy the following formula (1). [Springback ratio ⁇ 7.6] + [Compressive load (kN/cm 2 )] ⁇ 4.2 (1)
- the present inventors found that voids between graphite particles disappear in the process of repeating charging and discharging of a lithium ion secondary battery, and the liquid absorption of the negative electrode decreases due to the occurrence of portions where the electrolytic solution and the negative electrode active material cannot contact. As a result, the cycle capacity retention ratio is lowered. Even when the lithium-ion secondary battery is repeatedly charged and discharged, the electrolyte can easily flow through the negative electrode, and if the liquid absorption of the negative electrode can be improved, the decrease in the cycle capacity retention rate can be suppressed and the cycle characteristics are good. is considered to be
- the present inventors investigated the physical properties of the negative electrode material and the physical properties of the negative electrode that contribute to the liquid absorbency of the negative electrode. As a result, the inventors have found that the combination of the springback ratio and compressive load of the graphite particles, which are the negative electrode material, has a strong correlation with the liquid absorbency.
- the present inventors have found that by adjusting the combination of the springback rate and compression load of the graphite particles to an appropriate range, that is, by satisfying the above formula (1) for the graphite particles, the liquid absorption of the negative electrode is improved. It was found that the cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be improved and the cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be easily maintained.
- the compressive load of the graphite particles is large means that the graphite particles are difficult to deform due to compression. Therefore, when the compressive load of the graphite particles is large, the voids between the graphite particles are difficult to disappear, and in the negative electrode containing the graphite particles, the passage through which the electrolytic solution passes is suitably secured, and the electrolytic solution and the negative electrode active material are not in contact with each other. is suppressed.
- the high springback rate of the graphite particles means that the graphite particles are less likely to break or break due to compression. Therefore, when the springback rate of the graphite particles is high, some of the graphite particles are less likely to break, and voids between the graphite particles are less likely to disappear.
- a passage through which the electrolytic solution passes is preferably ensured, and occurrence of a portion where the electrolytic solution and the negative electrode active material cannot contact is suppressed.
- the compressive load of the graphite particles is not particularly limited as long as the graphite particles can satisfy the above formula (1).
- the compressive load of the graphite particles is 2.0 kN/cm 2 or more from the viewpoint of suppressing deformation of the graphite particles due to pressing during negative electrode production and from the viewpoint of further improving the cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- Compressive load of graphite particles may be 4.5 kN /cm. It may be 3 kN/cm 2 or less, or 4.0 kN/cm 2 or less.
- the compressive load of graphite particles is the amount of pressure required to compress them to a density of 1.7 g/cm 3 .
- a mold is filled with graphite particles of a predetermined mass (eg, 3.0 g) and compressed at a constant speed (eg, 10 mm / min), and the density of the compressed graphite particles is 1.7 g /
- the pressure (kN/cm 2 ) when it reaches cm 3 is defined as the compressive load of the graphite particles.
- a mold with a diameter of 15 mm is used, and compression is performed using an autograph (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, for example).
- the density of the graphite particles is calculated from the volume of the graphite particles calculated from the bottom area of the mold (for example, 1.767 cm 2 ) and the distance from the bottom of the mold to the pressing surface of the graphite particles, and the mass of the graphite particles. do.
- the springback rate of the graphite particles is not particularly limited as long as the graphite particles can satisfy the above formula (1).
- the springback ratio of graphite particles is preferably 0.25 or more, preferably 0.27 or more, and 0 0.30 or more is more preferable.
- the springback ratio of the graphite particles may be 0.50 or less, 0.45 or less, or 0.40 or less. There may be.
- the springback rate of graphite particles is the degree to which the density decreases when the pressure is released after the graphite particles have been compressed to a reference density.
- a mold is filled with graphite particles of a predetermined mass (e.g., 3.0 g), and the density of the graphite particles reaches a reference density (e.g., 1.7 g/cm 3 ) at a constant speed (e.g., 10 mm/min). After that, the pressure is released, and the density (g/cm 3 ) after pressure release is measured when the pressed surface stops moving due to elasticity.
- the springback ratio is calculated by the following formula.
- Springback rate ⁇ (reference density - density after pressure release)/reference density ⁇
- the density of the graphite particles is calculated from the volume of the graphite particles calculated from the bottom area of the mold (for example, 1.767 cm 2 ) and the distance from the bottom of the mold to the pressing surface of the graphite particles, and the mass of the graphite particles. do.
- the compressive load and springback rate of the graphite particles can be adjusted by changing the physical properties, composition, etc. of the raw material of the graphite particles (e.g., needle coke), or by changing the graphitization conditions, etc. .
- the graphite particles may satisfy the following formula (2) from the viewpoint of better cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery. [Springback ratio ⁇ 7.6] + [Compressive load (kN/cm 2 )] ⁇ 4.5 (2)
- graphite is defined as a carbon material having an average interplanar spacing (d 002 ) of less than 0.340 nm as determined by an X-ray diffraction method.
- particles in which low-crystalline carbon is arranged on at least part of the surface of graphite particles are also defined as “graphite particles”.
- the theoretical value of the average interplanar spacing (d 002 ) of graphite crystals is 0.3354 nm, and the closer to this value, the more advanced the graphitization.
- the average interplanar spacing (d 002 ) is preferably 0.33600 nm or less, more preferably 0.33596 nm or less, and 0.33592 nm. More preferably: From the above viewpoint, the average interplanar spacing (d 002 ) of graphite particles is preferably 0.3354 nm to 0.33600 nm, more preferably 0.3354 nm to 0.33596 nm, and 0.3354 nm to 0.33592 nm. It is even more preferable to have
- the average interplanar spacing (d 002 ) of the graphite particles is obtained by irradiating the sample with X-rays (CuK ⁇ rays) and measuring the diffraction line with a goniometer. In the diffraction profile, the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ is 24° to 27°. It can be calculated using Bragg's equation based on the diffraction peak corresponding to the carbon 002 plane appearing in the vicinity.
- the specific surface area of graphite particles is not particularly limited.
- the specific surface area of the graphite particles is preferably 2.7 m 2 /g or less, more preferably 2.5 m 2 /g or less, and 2.2 m 2 /g or less. 2 /g or less is more preferable.
- the specific surface area of the graphite particles may be 0.5 m 2 /g or more, 1.0 m 2 /g or more, or 1.2 m 2 /g or more.
- the specific surface area of graphite particles means the specific surface area ( N2 specific surface area) determined by nitrogen adsorption measurement at 77K.
- the N2 specific surface area can be determined using the BET method from the adsorption isotherm obtained from nitrogen adsorption measurements at 77K. Specifically, the specific surface area can be determined by the method described in Examples.
- the specific surface area of graphite particles can be adjusted by the particle size distribution, particle structure, and the like.
- the specific surface area of the graphite particles may be adjusted by coating the graphite particles. When it is desired to make the particle size finer, the specific surface area is greatly increased due to the irregularities caused by the pulverization.
- Graphite particles may include a state in which a plurality of graphite particles are aggregated or bonded (composite particles), and composite particles having a structure in which a plurality of flat graphite particles are laminated (hereinafter also referred to as specific composite particles) may contain.
- the specific composite particles can reduce the contact area with the electrolytic solution inside the particles, compared to composite particles having a structure in which the main surfaces of a plurality of flat graphite particles are oriented in random directions, for example. It is considered that decomposition can be effectively suppressed.
- the flat graphite particles contained in the specific composite particles refer to non-spherical graphite particles having an anisotropic shape.
- Examples of flat graphite particles include graphite particles having shapes such as scaly, scale-like, and partially block-like.
- a composite particle means a particle in which primary particles are aggregated or bonded to each other. That is, the specific composite particles have a structure in which a plurality of flat graphite particles are overlapped with their main surfaces facing each other and aggregated or bonded. Therefore, a plurality of flat graphite particles are overlapped in a substantially parallel state to form composite particles. Whether or not the flat graphite particles are laminated can be confirmed by microscopic observation.
- a state in which a plurality of flat graphite particles are aggregated or bound together means a state in which two or more flat graphite particles are aggregated or bound together.
- Bonding refers to a state in which particles are chemically bonded to each other either directly or via a carbon substance.
- Aggregation refers to a state in which particles are not chemically bonded to each other, but maintain the shape of an aggregate due to their shape or the like.
- the flat graphite particles may be aggregated or bonded via a carbon substance. Examples of carbon substances include graphite obtained by graphitizing organic binders such as tar and pitch. Whether or not the flat graphite particles are aggregated or bonded can be confirmed, for example, by observation with a scanning electron microscope.
- the flat graphite particles and their raw materials are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include artificial graphite, natural flake graphite, natural flake graphite, coke, and resin. Among them, artificial graphite is preferable from the viewpoint of being difficult to deform and having a low specific surface area.
- the proportion of natural graphite in the specific composite particles is preferably 40% by mass or less from the viewpoint that spheroidization is difficult to progress and a laminated structure is easily obtained. preferable.
- the average particle size of the flat graphite particles constituting the specific composite particles is preferably, for example, 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, more preferably 8 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 ⁇ m to More preferably, it is 15 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the flat graphite particles can be obtained by any of the following methods.
- the average particle size of the flat graphitizable aggregate described later which is the raw material of the specific composite particles, that is, the particle size (D50) when the accumulation from the small diameter side in the volume-based particle size distribution is 50%, It can be regarded as the average particle size of the flat graphite particles that constitute the specific composite particles.
- the average particle diameter of the flat graphite particles may be obtained by observing the cross section of the specific composite particles with a scanning microscope and obtaining the median value of the particle diameters of arbitrary 100 flat graphite particles.
- the particle size of each flat graphite particle is the equivalent circle diameter, which is the diameter of a circle having the same area as the projected area.
- the particle size distribution D90/D10 of the flat graphite particles contained in the specific composite particles is preferably 4.4 or less, more preferably 4.0 or less, and even more preferably 3.5 or less.
- the particle size distribution D90/D10 of the plurality of flat graphite particles is 4.4 or less, the particle diameters of the flat graphite particles are relatively uniform. can be further reduced, and the decomposition of the electrolytic solution can be further suppressed. In addition, it is considered that deformation or breakage of the particles is less likely to occur even if pressure is applied during the production of the negative electrode, and the paths of the electrolytic solution between the particles are more likely to be secured.
- the lower limit of the particle size distribution D90/D10 of the plurality of flat graphite particles is not particularly limited, it may be 2.0 or more, for example.
- the particle size distribution D90/D10 of flat graphite particles can be obtained by any of the following methods.
- the particle size distribution D90/D10 obtained by measuring the flat graphitizable aggregate described later, which is the raw material of the specific composite particles, with a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (e.g., SALD3100, Shimadzu Corporation) is specified. It can be regarded as the particle size distribution D90/D10 of the flat graphite particles forming the composite particles.
- the particle size distribution D90/D10 of the flat graphite particles is obtained by observing the cross section of the specific composite particles with a scanning microscope, and when the cumulative number from the small diameter side of any 1000 flat graphite particles is 90%. and the particle size (D10) when the cumulative number from the small diameter side is 10%.
- the particle size of each flat graphite particle is the equivalent circle diameter, which is the diameter of a circle having the same area as the projected area.
- the flat graphite particles preferably have an aspect ratio represented by A/B, where A is the length in the major axis direction and B is the length in the minor axis direction, and is, for example, 2 to 20. 4 to 10 is more preferable.
- A is the length in the major axis direction
- B is the length in the minor axis direction
- the aspect ratio is 2 or more
- the outer surface area is increased, which acts to reduce the buoyant force and tends to agglomerate the particles.
- the surfaces having long axis surfaces are laminated so that the outer surface area becomes small, so that the adhesion area between the particles is maximized, and the van der Waals force acting between the particles is also added. tend to adhere more strongly and stabilize.
- the aspect ratio is 20 or less
- the input/output characteristics such as rapid charge/discharge characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery tend to be further improved.
- each sheet of flat graphite particles becomes thin, the number of layers increases, the gaps in the particles increase, the specific surface area increases, and as a result, deterioration of the storage characteristics is suppressed. tend to be able.
- the aspect ratio is obtained by observing graphite particles under a microscope, arbitrarily selecting 100 graphite particles, measuring A/B of each, and taking the arithmetic mean of these measured values.
- the length A in the major axis direction and the length B in the minor axis direction are measured as follows. That is, in a projected image of a graphite particle observed using a microscope, two parallel tangent lines circumscribing the outer periphery of the graphite particle, the tangent line a1 and the tangent line a2 having the maximum distance between them are selected. Let the distance between the tangent line a1 and the tangent line a2 be the length A in the major axis direction.
- the graphite particles contain the specific composite particles, all of the graphite particles may be the specific composite particles, or some may be graphite particles other than the specific composite particles.
- the ratio of the specific composite particles to the total amount of graphite particles may be 50% by mass or more, or 60% by mass or more. , 70% by mass or more, 80% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more. Also, the ratio of the specific composite particles to the total amount of graphite particles may be 95% by mass or less.
- the graphite particles may have low-crystalline carbon arranged on at least part of the surface thereof.
- low-crystalline carbon is arranged on at least part of the surface of the graphite particles, the charge characteristics at low temperatures tend to be further improved when a lithium-ion secondary battery is constructed.
- the graphite particles may not have low-crystalline carbon arranged on their surfaces. If low-crystalline carbon is not arranged on the surface of the graphite particles, cracks, peeling, and the like occur in the graphite particles during pressing at the time of electrode production, and the decomposition activity of the electrolyte increases, which tends to suppress deterioration in storage characteristics. It is in. In addition, there is an advantage that the degree of freedom of manufacturing conditions is increased.
- the graphite particles of the present disclosure tend to have good rapid input/output characteristics, even when low-crystalline carbon is not placed on the surface. This is probably because the hardness, elasticity, etc. of the graphite particles have a greater effect on the rapid input/output characteristics than the surface structure of the graphite particles.
- low crystalline carbon means carbon having an R value of 0.2 or more in Raman spectrum.
- the R value in the Raman spectrum is the intensity of the maximum peak appearing near 1360 cm -1 in laser Raman spectroscopic measurement at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm. is a value given as the intensity ratio Id/Ig of .
- the peak appearing around 1360 cm ⁇ 1 is usually identified as corresponding to the amorphous structure of carbon, and means, for example, the peak observed at 1300 cm ⁇ 1 to 1400 cm ⁇ 1 .
- the peak appearing around 1580 cm ⁇ 1 is usually identified as corresponding to the graphite crystal structure, and means, for example, the peak observed at 1530 cm ⁇ 1 to 1630 cm ⁇ 1 .
- the R value is measured using a Raman spectrometer (for example, Horiba, Ltd., XploRA PLUS), and the obtained spectrum is measured under the following conditions with the following range as a baseline.
- ⁇ Laser wavelength 532 nm
- Laser intensity 100 mW or more
- Neutral density filter 1%
- ⁇ Irradiation intensity 1mW
- ⁇ Measurement range 1000 cm -1 to 1800 cm -1
- Irradiation time 30 seconds
- ⁇ Irradiation area 1 ⁇ m 2 ⁇
- the average particle size of the graphite particles is, for example, preferably 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 8 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, from the viewpoint of further improving the permeability of the electrolytic solution. .
- the average particle size of graphite particles can be measured with a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (eg, SALD3100, Shimadzu Corporation).
- the average particle size is the particle size (D50) when the accumulation from the small diameter side is 50% in the volume-based particle size distribution.
- a sample electrode is prepared, the electrode is embedded in epoxy resin, mirror-polished, and the cross section of the electrode is examined with a scanning electron microscope (for example, Company Keyence, "VE-7800"), an ion milling device (e.g., Hitachi High Technology Co., Ltd., "E-3500") to prepare an electrode cross section using a scanning electron microscope (e.g., Keyence Corporation, "VE-7800”) and the like.
- the average particle size in this case is the median value of 100 arbitrarily selected particle sizes.
- the particle size distribution D90/D10 of the graphite particles is preferably 5.0 or less, more preferably 4.0 or less, and even more preferably 3.0 or less. It is considered that when the particle size distribution D90/D10 of the graphite particles is 5.0 or less, the passage of the electrolytic solution is likely to be maintained satisfactorily, and the pourability of the electrolytic solution is maintained satisfactorily.
- the lower limit of the particle size distribution D90/D10 of the graphite particles is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 2.0 or more.
- the particle size distribution D90/D10 can be measured with a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (eg, SALD3100, Shimadzu Corporation).
- a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer eg, SALD3100, Shimadzu Corporation.
- a sample electrode is prepared, the electrode is embedded in an epoxy resin, mirror-polished, and the cross section of the electrode is examined with a scanning electron microscope (for example, , Keyence Co., Ltd., "VE-7800"), an ion milling device (e.g., Hitachi High Technology Co., Ltd., "E-3500") to prepare an electrode cross section using a scanning electron microscope ( For example, there is a method of measuring with "VE-7800” manufactured by Keyence Corporation).
- the particle size distribution D90/D10 in this case can be obtained by the following method.
- a binarization method or the like is used to obtain the area Sn of the projected particle (n is the particle specific number given to the selected particle).
- n is the particle specific number given to the selected particle.
- the distribution curve with the vertical axis as the cumulative % of the volume of 100 pieces and the horizontal axis as the particle size, the particle size at the point where the 10% horizontal axis intersects the 10% diameter (D10) and the 90% horizontal D90/D10 can be obtained by taking the particle size at the point of intersection with the axis as the 90% diameter (D90).
- the standard deviation of the particle size distribution of graphite particles is preferably 0.30 or less, more preferably 0.25 or less, and even more preferably 0.20 or less. It is considered that when the standard deviation of the particle size distribution is 0.30 or less, the passage of the electrolytic solution is likely to be maintained satisfactorily, and the pourability of the electrolytic solution is maintained satisfactorily.
- the lower limit of the standard deviation of particle size distribution is not particularly limited.
- the standard deviation of the particle size distribution is measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (e.g., SALD3100, Shimadzu Corporation). can be measured.
- the graphite particles may have an oil absorption of 10 mL/100 g to 60 mL/100 g, 15 mL/100 g to 45 mL/100 g, or 20 mL/100 g to 40 mL/100 g.
- the oil absorption of graphite particles is an index of the amount of pores present inside and on the surface of the particles and voids between particles.
- the oil absorption of the graphite particles is 60 mL/100 g or less, it is considered that the number of pores present in the particles and on the particle surface is small, and the contact area with the electrolytic solution is sufficiently small.
- the interface is small, it is possible to reduce the amount of binder when manufacturing the negative electrode, which tends to reduce electrical resistance and improve battery performance.
- the pores are small, it is possible to reduce the amount of solvent used when drying the electrode, which is advantageous in terms of the cost of the production line and the environment, such as reduced equipment and power consumption related to drying.
- the oil absorption of the graphite particles is 10 mL/100 g or more, it tends to be possible to suppress an increase in the viscosity of the slurry during kneading with a binder or the like, which occurs when the voids between the particles are too small.
- the binder tends to spread favorably and kneading tends to become easier.
- the oil absorption of the graphite particles is determined by using dibutyl phthalate ( Measurement is performed using linseed oil (manufactured by Kanto Kagaku Co., Ltd., for example) instead of DBP). Specifically, the target powder is titrated with linseed oil with a constant-speed burette, and the change in viscosity characteristics is measured with a torque detector. The amount of linseed oil added per unit mass of the target powder that corresponds to 70% of the generated maximum torque is defined as the oil absorption (mL/100 g). As a measuring device, for example, an absorption measuring device (trade name: S-500) manufactured by Asahi Research Institute Co., Ltd. can be used.
- the intensity ratio (P1/ P2, also referred to as rhombohedral structure peak intensity ratio) may be 0.15 or less, 0.10 or less, or 0.05 or less.
- the peak intensity ratio (P1/P2) is preferably in a range that cannot be observed by the following method.
- the rhombohedral structure peak intensity ratio of the graphite particles is determined by the diffraction line of the rhombohedral structure (P1: diffraction angle of 43.2°) and the diffraction line of the hexagonal structure (P2: diffraction angle of 43.2°) in the X-ray diffraction pattern using CuK ⁇ rays. 44.3°).
- the diffraction angle is represented by 2 ⁇ (where ⁇ is the Bragg angle).
- a diffraction line of the (101) plane of the hexagonal crystal structure appears.
- the degree of graphitization of graphite particles determined by the X-ray diffraction method may be 90.0% to 100.0%, may be 90.5% to 99.0%, and may be 91.0% to It may be 98.0%.
- the degree of graphitization of relatively large graphite particles having a particle size of more than 12 ⁇ m is 98.0% or less, the hardness of the graphite particles is sufficiently high, and deformation and breakage of the particles tend to be less likely to occur.
- the hardness can also be increased by reducing the particle size to less than 10 ⁇ m.
- the particle shape can be maintained even at a degree of graphitization of 100%.
- the degree of graphitization of the graphite particles is 90.0% or more, the discharge capacity tends to be excellent.
- the degree of graphitization of graphite particles can be obtained, for example, as follows. 60 parts by mass of graphite particles and 40 parts by mass of silicon powder (for example, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., purity 99.9%) are mixed in an agate mortar for 5 minutes, and the resulting mixture is placed in a cell for X-ray diffraction measurement. do.
- X-ray diffraction measurement device for example, X-ray diffraction measurement device X-RAY DIFFRACTIOMETER MultiFlex manufactured by Rigaku
- Degree of graphitization [(3.44-plane spacing) / (0.086)] ⁇ 100
- the number of samples of the springback ratio and compression load of graphite particles and the liquid absorption time when performing multiple regression analysis is not particularly limited as long as it is the usual number of samples when performing multiple regression analysis, for example, 20 or more. may be 30 or more.
- the liquid absorption time in the above formula (2) may be a conversion value when the value of the liquid absorption time of a specific sample is set to 100.
- Method 1 for producing a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present disclosure is based on the evaluation results of a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery using the method for evaluating a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present disclosure described above. , manufactures negative electrode materials for lithium-ion secondary batteries.
- the production method 1 of the present disclosure may include a step of graphitizing coke.
- lithium ions which are graphite particles, have a springback rate and a compressive load such that the calculated value of the liquid absorption time is a specific value or less based on the relationship of the above formula (2).
- Preferred conditions for producing a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery in Production Method 1 of the present disclosure are the same as the conditions described in Production Method 2 of the present disclosure below.
- Method 2 for producing a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present disclosure is a method for producing a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery for producing the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present disclosure, in which coke is graphitized. Including process.
- coke is graphitized to produce a negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries, which is artificial graphite.
- Graphite particles which are artificial graphite, tend to have a higher springback rate than natural graphite, and tend to easily satisfy the above formula (1).
- production method The type of coke used in the production method 1 and production method 2 (hereinafter also simply referred to as "production method") is not particularly limited, and fluid coke, needle coke, mosaic coke, properties intermediate between needle coke and mosaic coke petroleum-based or coal-based cokes such as semi-needle cokes having Among these, needle coke and semi-needle coke, which tend to have a small coefficient of thermal expansion, are preferably used. Furthermore, since semi-needle coke and needle coke have high crystallinity, flat particles are likely to be obtained. In addition, since needle coke has high crystallinity, the particles are large, and it is easy to adjust the particle size by pulverization and classification. Coke may use only 1 type, or may use 2 or more types together. Needle coke and semi-needle coke may be used together within the range that satisfies the above conditions.
- the method of obtaining coke particles is not particularly limited, and can be carried out by a known method.
- the particle size of the coke particles is not particularly limited, and can be selected in consideration of the desired particle size and particle structure of the graphite particles.
- the coke has a thermal expansion coefficient of 2.30 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 /° C. or more after sintering at 1400° C.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion of coke after firing at 1400 ° C. is more preferably 2.50 ⁇ 10 -6 / ° C. to 4.00 ⁇ 10 -6 / ° C., and 2.80 ⁇ 10 -6 / ° C. to More preferably, it is 3.70 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 /°C.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of coke is measured by the following method. 70 g of coke after firing at 1400° C. and 30 g of binder pitch are mixed for 5 minutes and homogenized. To 100 g of this mixed product, 15 g of distilled oil that is liquid at room temperature is added and mixed for 3 minutes with a planetary mixer or the like to obtain a sample. This sample is placed in a pressure molding machine and pressed at a surface pressure of 10 MPa for 30 seconds for molding. The molded product is heated from room temperature (25° C.) to 1000° C. over 5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere, held at 1000° C. for 1 hour, and then cooled to obtain a fired product.
- This baked product is cut into a size of 5.0 mm ⁇ 5.0 mm ⁇ 15.0 mm by a precision cutting machine to obtain a test piece.
- This test piece is subjected to thermal expansion measurement in a measurement temperature range of 30° C. to 500° C. using a TMA (thermo-mechanical analyzer, for example, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) to calculate the CTE.
- TMA thermo-mechanical analyzer, for example, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation
- the graphite particles produced by the above production method may be in a state in which a plurality of graphite particles are aggregated or bonded (composite particles), and a composite particle having a structure in which a plurality of flat graphite particles are laminated (specified composite particles).
- Graphite particles in the state of specific composite particles are produced, for example, by processing a mixture obtained by mixing flat coke particles with a binder to produce secondary particles having a structure in which flat coke particles are laminated. Afterwards, the resulting secondary particles can be graphitized for production.
- the method for producing a negative electrode material comprises: mixing flattened coke particles with a binder to obtain a mixture; A step of processing the mixture to produce secondary particles having a structure in which the flattened coke particles are laminated; and a step of graphitizing the secondary particles to obtain composite particles (specific composite particles) having a structure in which a plurality of flat graphite particles are laminated.
- the method may include a step of classifying flat coke particles to remove at least one selected from the group consisting of fine particles and coarse particles.
- the method may include a step of classifying the obtained specific composite particles to remove at least one selected from the group consisting of fine particles and coarse particles.
- the method for producing a negative electrode material comprises: (a) optionally classifying the coke particles to remove at least one selected from the group consisting of fine particles and coarse particles; (b) mixing flattened coke particles with a binder to obtain a mixture; (c) processing the mixture to produce secondary particles having a structure in which the flattened coke particles are stacked; (d) graphitizing the secondary particles to obtain composite particles (specific composite particles) having a structure in which a plurality of flat graphite particles are laminated; (e) optionally classifying the composite particles to remove at least one selected from the group consisting of fine particles and coarse particles in this order.
- fine particles refer to particles having a smaller particle size than particles recovered by classification
- coarse particles refer to particles having a larger particle size than particles recovered by classification
- the flat coke particles may be classified to remove at least one selected from the group consisting of fine particles and coarse particles before being composited.
- the particle size distribution D90/D10 of flat coke particles is adjusted to be, for example, 2.0 to 4.4, preferably 2.0 to 4.0, more preferably 2.0 to 3.5. You may
- the classification for example, it is preferable to remove particles with a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably remove particles with a particle size of 2 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably remove particles with a particle size of 3 ⁇ m or less.
- the classification for example, it is preferable to remove coarse particles with a particle size of 60 ⁇ m or more, more preferably remove coarse particles with a particle size of 50 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably remove coarse particles with a particle size of 40 ⁇ m or more.
- the removed coarse particles may be pulverized and reused as a raw material.
- the classification method is not particularly limited, and includes classification using a sieve, classification using an airflow centrifuge, and a precision airflow classifier using the Coanda effect. It can also be adjusted by pulverizing coarse particles by intensively applying compression pressure using a roll mill.
- a graphitizable binder is used as the binder. Coal-based, petroleum-based, artificial pitches and tars, thermoplastic resins, thermosetting resins, starches, and the like. It is preferable to select a binder having a low viscosity so that the flat particles have high fluidity in the mixing step.
- a graphitization catalyst, a fluidity imparting agent, etc. may be added as necessary. Examples of graphitization catalysts include substances having graphitization catalytic action such as silicon, iron, nickel, titanium, boron, vanadium, and aluminum, carbides, oxides, nitrides of these substances, mica clay minerals, and the like.
- the content of the graphitization catalyst is not limited as long as the desired product can be obtained. From the viewpoint of preventing excessive graphitization, it is preferable not to blend the graphitization catalyst or to reduce the blending amount.
- the graphitization catalyst is silicon carbide (SiC)
- the content of silicon carbide is preferably 5% or less, preferably 3% or less, relative to the weight of the graphitizable aggregate. is more preferable. More preferably, it is 1% by mass or less.
- the mixing method is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of reducing the amount of pores in the secondary particles, it is preferable to use a mixing method in which shear force is applied as little as possible, for example, a method of mixing using a kiln mixer, a huddle stirrer, or the like. It is preferable not to use a kneader or the like that involves kneading, which is called a kneader.
- the processing method of the mixture is not particularly limited.
- the mixture may be processed by heating to volatilize volatile components of the binder.
- the heating temperature is preferably 400° C. or lower.
- the heating temperature is 400° C. or less, fine holes are less likely to form due to oxidative combustion, making it easier to obtain particles with a small specific surface area.
- by heating the mixture while fluidizing it with a stirrer or the like granulation can be favorably facilitated.
- the atmosphere may be decompressed when heating the mixture.
- the coke particles are more likely to be impregnated with the binder, the gaps in the particles are filled, and there is a tendency to obtain laminated particles with fewer internal pores.
- a specific example of a method for producing secondary particles will be described below.
- a mixture of coke particles and a binder is stirred and mixed over time at a temperature higher than the softening point of the binder, preferably in a temperature range where volatile components volatilize, until volatile components are removed.
- By slowly degassing before graphitization (firing) the generation of air bubbles is reduced when crystals are sintered, resulting in particles with fewer pores inside and on the surface of the particles, which are hard and have a low specific surface area. , tends to be a structure with excellent high temperature resistance.
- the temperature in the mixer is 400° C. or less, fine holes are less likely to form due to oxidative combustion, making it easier to obtain particles with a small specific surface area, which is preferable.
- the pitch when used as the binder, the pitch can be made infusible by incorporating oxygen in the atmosphere. As a result, crystal growth is improved during graphitization, and a denser and taller crystal can be obtained.
- unevenness due to oxidation is likely to occur, it is required to make adjustments in consideration of the specific surface area, hardness, and the like. If the deaeration, infusibilization, and decompression treatments are performed in an environment in which the fluidity of the liquid phase or gas phase in which the binder component is softened is ensured, a higher effect tends to be obtained.
- the obtained secondary particles are graphitized.
- Graphitization is preferably carried out in an atmosphere in which the mixture is difficult to oxidize, and examples thereof include a method of heating in a nitrogen atmosphere or argon gas.
- the temperature for graphitization is not particularly limited as long as it can graphitize the graphitizable component.
- the temperature may be 2000° C. or higher, 2500° C. or higher, 2800° C. or higher, or 3000° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the temperature is not particularly limited as long as the graphite does not sublime, and may be, for example, 3200° C. or lower. If the temperature is 2000° C. or higher, crystal change occurs. When the temperature is 2500° C. or higher, the graphite crystals develop well, and when the temperature is 2800° C. or higher, the graphite crystals develop into high-capacity graphite crystals capable of absorbing more lithium ions, and the graphitization catalyst remains after firing. There is a tendency to suppress the increase in the amount of ash due to the small amount of In either case, the charge/discharge capacity and the cycle characteristics of the battery tend to be good. On the other hand, when the temperature during graphitization is 3200° C. or less, sublimation of a part of graphite can be suppressed.
- the method for producing the negative electrode material may include a step of forming the secondary particles into a shape such as a block before graphitization, and a step of pulverizing the formed body after graphitization.
- a step of forming the secondary particles By forming the secondary particles, the bulk density is increased, so the amount of stuffing in the graphitization furnace is increased, and the energy efficiency is increased, so that graphitization can be performed with energy saving.
- the compression of graphite particles is compared with the case where the secondary particles are packed in a case or the like and the powdery secondary particles are graphitized. The load tends to increase easily.
- coke having a thermal expansion coefficient of 2.80 ⁇ 10 -6 / ° C. or more after firing at 1400 ° C. is used as a raw material, and secondary particles are shaped like blocks. It is preferred to graphitize the shaped article.
- the crystallinity is lower than when graphitizing the secondary particles in powder form by packing the secondary particles in a case or the like. High graphite is easily obtained, and the discharge capacity of lithium ion secondary batteries tends to be excellent.
- the method of molding is not particularly limited, and for example, the secondary particles may be placed in a container such as a mold and pressurized. It is also preferable that the method for producing the negative electrode material does not include a step of forming secondary particles (and therefore does not include a step of pulverizing the formed body) before graphitization. It is believed that this makes it possible to suppress the increase of rhombohedral crystals in the process of molding and pulverization, and to more suitably improve the high temperature resistance.
- the bulk density of the secondary particles before graphitization is preferably 0.4 g/cm 3 to 1.2 g/cm 3 , more preferably 0.6 g/cm 3 to 1.1 g/cm 3 . , 0.8 g/cm 3 to 1.0 g/cm 3 . If the bulk density of the secondary particles before graphitization is 0.4 g/cm 3 or more, there will be relatively few voids in the particles, so there is a tendency to be able to obtain composite particles with a high density even after graphitization.
- the bulk density of particles can be determined by a gravimetric method. That is, the bulk density of the particles can be obtained by dividing the mass of the particles in air by the bulk volume.
- the mass of the particles is the mass excluding the graphitization catalyst (for example, when the secondary particles are mixed particles of aggregate, binder, and graphitization catalyst, the total mass of the aggregate and binder excluding volatile components) and
- the obtained composite particles may be classified to remove at least one selected from the group consisting of fine particles and coarse particles. It is believed that this makes it possible to make the particle sizes of the composite particles uniform and maintain the passage of the electrolytic solution more favorably. Classification is performed so that the particle size distribution D90/D10 of the composite particles is in the range described above, for example, 2.0 to 5.0, preferably 2.0 to 4.0, more preferably 2.0 to 3.0. You may
- the classification method is not particularly limited, and includes classification using a sieve, classification using an airflow centrifuge, and a precision airflow classifier using the Coanda effect. It can also be adjusted by pulverizing coarse particles by intensively applying compression pressure using a roll mill.
- removing fine particles in this step for example, it is preferable to remove fine particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably to remove fine particles having a particle size of 2 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably to remove fine particles having a particle size of 3 ⁇ m or less. .
- removing coarse particles in this step for example, it is preferable to remove coarse particles with a particle size of 60 ⁇ m or more, more preferably remove coarse particles with a particle size of 50 ⁇ m or more, and remove coarse particles with a particle size of 40 ⁇ m or more. is more preferred.
- the method for producing the negative electrode material of the present disclosure may include steps other than the steps described above.
- the method for producing the negative electrode material may include a step of attaching an organic compound to the surface of the secondary particles and heat-treating after graphitization. By attaching an organic compound to the surface of the secondary particles and performing heat treatment, the organic compound attached to the surface changes to low-crystalline carbon. Thereby, the low-crystalline carbon can be arranged on at least part of the surface of the composite particles.
- the method of attaching the organic compound to the surface of the secondary particles is not particularly limited.
- a wet method in which the secondary particles are dispersed and mixed in a mixed solution in which an organic compound is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, and then the solvent is removed and adhered;
- a dry method in which mechanical energy is applied to the obtained mixture for adhesion, and the like can be mentioned.
- the organic compound is not particularly limited as long as it changes to low-crystalline carbon by heat treatment (carbon precursor).
- carbon precursor examples include petroleum pitch, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthroline, coal tar, phenolic resin, polyvinyl alcohol, and the like.
- An organic compound may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- the heat treatment temperature when heat-treating the secondary particles having an organic compound attached to the surface thereof is not particularly limited as long as it is a temperature at which the organic compound attached to the surface of the secondary particles changes to low-crystalline carbon. C. to 1500.degree. C. is preferred. From the viewpoint of particularly enhancing high temperature resistance, it is more preferably 1000°C to 1500°C.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries of the present disclosure includes a negative electrode material layer containing the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries of the present disclosure, and a current collector.
- the negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries may contain, if necessary, other components in addition to the negative electrode material layer and current collector containing the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries of the present disclosure.
- a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode for example, a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material and a binder are kneaded together with a solvent to prepare a slurry negative electrode material composition for a lithium ion secondary battery, and this is applied on a current collector. It can be produced by forming a negative electrode material layer by applying it to the lithium ion secondary battery, or by forming the negative electrode material composition for a lithium ion secondary battery into a shape such as a sheet or pellet and integrating it with a current collector. can be made. Kneading can be performed using a dispersing device such as a disper stirrer or a planetary kneader.
- Binders include ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters such as styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and acrylics.
- SBR styrene-butadiene copolymer
- the negative electrode material composition for lithium ion secondary batteries contains a binder
- the content of the binder is not particularly limited. For example, it may be 0.5 parts by mass to 20 parts by mass with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries and the binder.
- the negative electrode material composition for lithium ion secondary batteries may contain a thickener.
- Carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid or its salts, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, casein and the like can be used as thickeners.
- the content of the thickener is not particularly limited. For example, it may be 0.1 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the negative electrode material composition for lithium ion secondary batteries may contain a conductive auxiliary material.
- conductive auxiliary materials include carbon materials such as carbon black, graphite, and acetylene black, and inorganic compounds such as conductive oxides and conductive nitrides.
- the content of the conductive auxiliary material is not particularly limited. For example, it may be 0.5 parts by mass to 15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the material of the current collector is not particularly limited, and can be selected from aluminum, copper, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, and the like.
- the state of the current collector is not particularly limited, and can be selected from foil, perforated foil, mesh, and the like. Porous materials such as porous metal (foamed metal), carbon paper, and the like can also be used as current collectors.
- the method is not particularly limited, and metal mask printing method, electrostatic coating method, dip coating method, spray coating. method, roll coating method, doctor blade method, comma coating method, gravure coating method, screen printing method and the like can be employed.
- the solvent contained in the negative electrode material composition for lithium ion secondary batteries is removed by drying. Drying can be performed using, for example, a hot air dryer, an infrared dryer, or a combination of these devices.
- the negative electrode material layer may be subjected to a rolling treatment.
- the rolling treatment can be performed by a method such as a flat plate press or a calendar roll.
- the integration method is not particularly limited. For example, it can be carried out by a roll, flat plate press, or a combination of these means.
- the pressure when the negative electrode material composition for a lithium ion secondary battery is integrated with the current collector is preferably, for example, about 1 MPa to 200 MPa.
- the negative electrode density of the negative electrode material layer is not particularly limited, and is preferably, for example, 1.1 g/cm 3 to 1.8 g/cm 3 and 1.1 g/cm 3 to 1.7 g/cm 3 . is more preferable, and 1.1 g/cm 3 to 1.6 g/cm 3 is even more preferable.
- the negative electrode density is 1.1 g/cm 3 or more, the increase in electrical resistance is suppressed , and the capacity tends to increase. tends to be suppressed.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present disclosure includes the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode of the present disclosure, a positive electrode, and an electrolytic solution.
- the positive electrode can be obtained by forming a positive electrode material layer on the current collector in the same manner as the negative electrode manufacturing method described above.
- a metal or alloy such as aluminum, titanium, or stainless steel in the form of foil, foil with holes, mesh, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode material used for forming the positive electrode layer is not particularly limited.
- the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, and for example, a solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as an electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent (so-called organic electrolytic solution) can be used.
- Lithium salts include LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSO 3 CF 3 and the like. Lithium salts may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- Non-aqueous solvents include ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, cyclopentanone, cyclohexylbenzene, sulfolane, propanesultone, 3-methylsulfolane, 2,4-dimethylsulfolane, 3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one, ⁇ -butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, butyl methyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, butyl ethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, 1, 2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate and
- the states of the positive electrode and the negative electrode in the lithium ion secondary battery are not particularly limited.
- the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and, if necessary, the separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode may be spirally wound, or may be stacked in a plate shape.
- the separator is not particularly limited, and for example, resin nonwoven fabric, cloth, microporous film, or a combination thereof can be used.
- resins include resins containing polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene as main components. If the positive electrode and the negative electrode do not contact due to the structure of the lithium ion secondary battery, the separator may not be used.
- the shape of the lithium-ion secondary battery is not particularly limited.
- laminate-type batteries, paper-type batteries, button-type batteries, coin-type batteries, laminated-type batteries, cylindrical-type batteries, and square-type batteries can be used.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present disclosure uses a negative electrode material that can produce a negative electrode with excellent liquid absorption. Therefore, in the lithium ion secondary battery of the present disclosure, even when the negative electrode material layer is densified like a cylindrical battery, the cycle capacity retention rate is reduced due to the lack of continuity between graphite particles, and the electrolysis It is possible to suppress both the decrease in the cycle capacity retention rate due to the occurrence of portions where the liquid and the negative electrode active material cannot contact, and the cycle characteristics tend to be excellent.
- the lithium-ion secondary battery of the present disclosure is suitable as a large-capacity lithium-ion secondary battery used in electric vehicles, power tools, power storage devices, and the like.
- Needle coke which is petroleum-derived coke, was used as a raw material for graphite particles.
- the coke was granulated in a hammer mill.
- the crushed material was sieved using a sieve with an opening of 3 mm, and the unsieved material was sieved using a sieve with an opening of 1 mm to recover granules with a particle size of 1 mm to 3 mm.
- the obtained coke particles were pulverized and classified using a roller mill (Kurimoto, Ltd., K-VX mill) to obtain flat coke particles.
- the secondary particles were packed in a graphitization case and graphitized at 3100°C. After that, the obtained particles were sieved through a 300-mesh screen to obtain graphite particles.
- 10 types of graphite particles were prepared, including the above-mentioned graphite particles, by changing the conditions for crushing and classifying coke particles, the stirring conditions for the mixer, and the graphitization conditions.
- D50 standard deviation of particle size distribution, specific surface area, tap density, compressive load and springback ratio are determined, and furthermore, using these graphite particles, a negative electrode is produced as follows. Then, the orientation of the graphite particles in the negative electrode and the liquid absorption time of the negative electrode were determined.
- tap density 100 cm 3 of sample powder of graphite particles was placed in a graduated flat-bottomed test tube (KRS-406, Kuramochi Scientific Instruments Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) with a capacity of 150 cm 3 , and the graduated flat-bottomed test tube was capped. Then, the tap density was determined from the mass and volume of the sample powder after dropping the graduated flat-bottomed test tube 250 times from a height of 5 cm.
- Graphite particles (97.6 parts by mass), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (1.2 parts by mass) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) (1.2 parts by mass) were kneaded to prepare a slurry.
- This slurry is applied to the glossy surface of the electrolytic copper foil so that the coating amount is 10 g/cm 2 , pre-dried at 90° C. for 2 hours, and then roll-pressed to an electrode density of 1.70 g/cm 3 . adjusted to After that, a curing treatment was performed by drying at 120° C. for 4 hours in a vacuum atmosphere to obtain a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the orientation of the graphite particles was obtained from the intensity of the carbon (110) plane diffraction peak detected in the vicinity by the following formula (X). (002) plane diffraction peak intensity/(110) plane diffraction peak intensity Equation (X)
- the physical properties other than the tap density and the orientation of the graphite particles in the negative electrode were determined by the method described above.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery obtained in the same manner as in (Measurement of orientation of graphite particles in negative electrode) was punched into a square of 2.0 cm ⁇ 2.0 cm, and attached to a glass substrate with double-sided tape to form a planar shape without distortion. was used as the electrode surface.
- 3 ⁇ L of PC polycarbonate: manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.
- PC polycarbonate: manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.
- the liquid absorption time of the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery manufactured under the above conditions using graphite particles having a compressive load of 2.804 kN/cm 2 and a springback ratio of 0.277 was used as a reference. Taking the value as 100, the absorption time index was obtained by converting the value of the absorption time measured for each lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode based on the above reference value.
- Needle coke which is petroleum-derived coke, was used as a raw material for graphite particles.
- the coke was granulated in a hammer mill.
- the crushed material was sieved using a sieve with an opening of 3 mm, and the unsieved material was sieved using a sieve with an opening of 1 mm to recover granules with a particle size of 1 mm to 3 mm.
- the resulting coke particles were pulverized and classified using a roller mill (Kurimoto, Ltd., K-VX mill) to obtain flat coke particles.
- the volume particle size distribution of the coke particles was measured to be D10 of 8.9 ⁇ m, D50 of 15.8 ⁇ m, and D90 of 23.5 ⁇ m.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion of the coke particles after sintering at 1400°C was 3.52 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
- the secondary particles were then packed in a graphitization case and graphitized at 3100°C. After that, the obtained particles were sieved through a 300-mesh screen to obtain graphite particles.
- D10 was 9.0 ⁇ m
- D50 was 16.0 ⁇ m
- D90 was 24.9 ⁇ m.
- Table 3 shows the results of measuring the compressive load and springback rate of the obtained graphite particles.
- Example 2 Needle coke, which is petroleum-derived coke different from that in Example 1, was used as a raw material for graphite particles. Flattened coke particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1. The volume particle size distribution of the coke particles was measured to be D10 of 8.2 ⁇ m, D50 of 13.2 ⁇ m, and D90 of 20.8 ⁇ m. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the coke particles after sintering at 1400°C was 3.57 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
- graphite particles were produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- D10 was 8.5 ⁇ m
- D50 was 14.6 ⁇ m
- D90 was 22.5 ⁇ m.
- Table 3 shows the results of measuring the compressive load and springback rate of the graphite particles.
- Example 3 Secondary particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 using the coke particles obtained in Example 2. Next, the obtained secondary particles were molded by a uniaxial press at room temperature to obtain a block-shaped molding. Next, the obtained molding was heat treated at 800° C. to 850° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then graphitized at 2600° C. to 3100° C. to obtain a graphitized material. The obtained graphite was pulverized and the obtained particles were sieved through a 300-mesh screen to obtain graphite particles. When the volume particle size distribution of the graphite particles was measured, D10 was 9.5 ⁇ m, D50 was 17.5 ⁇ m, and D90 was 31.2 ⁇ m. Table 3 shows the results of measuring the compressive load and springback rate of the obtained graphite particles.
- Example 4 Using the coke particles obtained in Example 1, graphite particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 3. When the volume particle size distribution of the graphite particles was measured, D10 was 10.0 ⁇ m, D50 was 18.4 ⁇ m, and D90 was 33.1 ⁇ m. Table 3 shows the results of measuring the compressive load and springback rate of the obtained graphite particles.
- Example 5 Needle coke, which is petroleum-derived coke different from that in Example 1, was used as a raw material for graphite particles. Flattened coke particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1. The volume particle size distribution of the coke particles was measured to be D10 of 9.4 ⁇ m, D50 of 15.8 ⁇ m, and D90 of 21.4 ⁇ m. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the coke particles after sintering at 1400°C was 3.90 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
- graphite particles were produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- D10 was 9.6 ⁇ m
- D50 was 16.1 ⁇ m
- D90 was 23.4 ⁇ m.
- Table 3 shows the results of measuring the compressive load and springback rate of the graphite particles.
- Example 6 Needle coke, which is petroleum-derived coke different from that in Example 1, was used as a raw material for graphite particles. Flattened coke particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1. The volume particle size distribution of the coke particles was measured to be D10 of 6.4 ⁇ m, D50 of 12.5 ⁇ m, and D90 of 18.0 ⁇ m. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the coke particles after sintering at 1400°C was 2.30 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
- Graphite particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 using the coke particles obtained in Example 6.
- D10 was 11.4 ⁇ m
- D50 was 19.2 ⁇ m
- D90 was 33.1 ⁇ m.
- Table 3 shows the results of measuring the compressive load and springback rate of the obtained graphite particles.
- Example 7 Needle coke, which is petroleum-derived coke different from that in Example 1, was used as a raw material for graphite particles. Flattened coke particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1. When the volume particle size distribution of the coke particles was measured, D10 was 7.3 ⁇ m, D50 was 13.9 ⁇ m, and D90 was 25.2 ⁇ m. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the coke particles after sintering at 1400°C was 2.72 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
- Graphite particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 using the coke particles obtained in Example 7.
- D10 was 8.8 ⁇ m
- D50 was 18.8 ⁇ m
- D90 was 36.4 ⁇ m.
- Table 3 shows the results of measuring the compressive load and springback rate of the obtained graphite particles.
- Example 8 The same needle coke as in Example 7 was used as a raw material for graphite particles. Flattened coke particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1. When the volume particle size distribution of the coke particles was measured, D10 was 3.3 ⁇ m, D50 was 10.4 ⁇ m, and D90 was 22.3 ⁇ m.
- Example 3 Same as Example 3, except that 81% by mass of the coke particles obtained in Example 8 were used as raw materials, and 9% by mass and 10% by mass of coal tar and starch (with a degree of alpha conversion of 95% or more) were used as binders. to obtain graphite particles.
- D10 was 5.5 ⁇ m
- D50 was 12.5 ⁇ m
- D90 was 21.4 ⁇ m.
- Table 3 shows the results of measuring the compressive load and springback rate of the obtained graphite particles.
- Example 9 The same needle coke as in Example 7 was used as a raw material for graphite particles. Flattened coke particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1. The volume particle size distribution of the coke particles was measured to be D10 of 5.1 ⁇ m, D50 of 10.1 ⁇ m, and D90 of 17.7 ⁇ m.
- Graphite particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 3, except that 90% by mass of the coke particles obtained in Example 9 were used as raw materials and 10% by mass of starch (with a degree of alpha conversion of 95% or more) was used as a binder.
- D10 was 6.4 ⁇ m
- D50 was 14.0 ⁇ m
- D90 was 29.6 ⁇ m.
- Table 3 shows the results of measuring the compressive load and springback rate of the obtained graphite particles.
- Example 10 Needle coke, which is petroleum-derived coke different from that in Example 1, was used as a raw material for graphite particles. Flattened coke particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1. When the volume particle size distribution of the coke particles was measured, D10 was 8.8 ⁇ m, D50 was 13.9 ⁇ m, and D90 was 19.0 ⁇ m. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the coke particles after sintering at 1400°C was 2.25 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
- Example 4 Needle coke, which is petroleum-derived coke different from that in Example 1, was used as a raw material for graphite particles. Flattened coke particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1. When the volume particle size distribution of the coke particles was measured, D10 was 8.8 ⁇ m, D50 was 13.9 ⁇ m, and D90 was 19.0 ⁇ m. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the coke particles after sintering at 1400°C was 2.25 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
- a mold with a diameter of 15 mm was filled with 3.0 g of the negative electrode material, and compressed at a constant speed of 10 mm/min using an Autograph (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). During this compression, the distance from the bottom surface of the negative electrode material to the pressing surface was measured, and the density under pressure was calculated from the volume of the negative electrode material obtained by multiplying this distance by the bottom area of the mold.
- a load cell was attached to the press hammer of Autograph, and the pressurizing force (kN/cm 2 ) when a predetermined density of 1.7 g/cm 3 was reached was taken as the compressive load.
- the electrode obtained above was used as the negative electrode, metallic lithium as the counter electrode, and ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (3:7 volume ratio) containing 1M LiPF6 and vinylene carbonate (VC) (1.0% by mass) as the electrolytic solution. ), a 25 ⁇ m-thick polyethylene microporous membrane as a separator, and a 250 ⁇ m-thick copper plate as a spacer, to prepare a coin cell.
- the cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery produced as described above were evaluated as follows. Specifically, the prepared lithium ion secondary battery was placed in a constant temperature bath maintained at 25 ° C., and after constant current charging at 4.6 mA until it reached 4.2 V, the current was charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V. was further charged until it decayed to a value corresponding to 0.046 mA. After charging, the battery was rested for 10 minutes and then discharged at 4.6 mA to 2.75 V, and the initial discharge capacity was measured. This charging and discharging was repeated for an additional 299 cycles. At this time, the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle and the discharge capacity at the 300th cycle were measured. The value obtained by dividing the discharge capacity after each cycle by the initial discharge capacity was multiplied by 100 to obtain the cycle capacity retention rate (%). Table 3 shows the results.
- each example satisfies the condition of formula (1) shown below, and the result of the capacity retention rate, particularly the result of the capacity retention rate after 300 cycles, is better than that of each comparative example. there were.
- the rate of change (%) of the capacity retention rate from 100 cycles to 300 cycles was smaller in each example than in each comparative example.
- the liquid absorption time exponent becomes smaller, the value of the left side of the formula (1) becomes larger, and the like, so that the decrease in the cycle capacity retention rate becomes gentle even when the charge-discharge cycle is repeated. I found out.
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Abstract
Description
<1> 以下の式(1)を満たす黒鉛粒子である、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[スプリングバック率×7.6]+[圧縮荷重(kN/cm2)]≧4.2・・・(1)
<2> 前記黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重が2.0kN/cm2以上である、<1>に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<3> 前記黒鉛粒子のスプリングバック率が0.25以上である、<1>又は<2>に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<4> 前記黒鉛粒子は複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子が積層された構造を有する複合粒子を含む、<1>~<3>のいずれか1つに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<5> リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材である黒鉛粒子のスプリングバック率及び前記黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重(kN/cm2)を説明変数とし、前記リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極の吸液時間を目的変数とする重回帰分析により得られた回帰式を用いてリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を評価するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の評価方法。
<6> <5>に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の評価方法を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の評価結果に基づいて、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を製造するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
<7> <1>~<4>のいずれか1つに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を製造するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法であり、
コークスを黒鉛化する工程を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
<8> 前記コークスの1400℃で焼成した後の熱膨張係数が2.30×10-6/℃以上である<7>に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
<9> <1>~<4>のいずれか1つに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極材層と、集電体と、を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
<10> <7>に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、正極と、電解液と、を含むリチウムイオン二次電池。
本開示において「~」を用いて示された数値範囲には、「~」の前後に記載される数値がそれぞれ最小値及び最大値として含まれる。
本開示中に段階的に記載されている数値範囲において、一つの数値範囲で記載された上限値又は下限値は、他の段階的な記載の数値範囲の上限値又は下限値に置き換えてもよい。また、本開示中に記載されている数値範囲において、その数値範囲の上限値又は下限値は、実施例に示されている値に置き換えてもよい。
本開示において各成分は該当する物質を複数種含んでいてもよい。組成物中に各成分に該当する物質が複数種存在する場合、各成分の含有率又は含有量は、特に断らない限り、組成物中に存在する当該複数種の物質の合計の含有率又は含有量を意味する。
本開示において各成分に該当する粒子は複数種含まれていてもよい。組成物中に各成分に該当する粒子が複数種存在する場合、各成分の粒径は、特に断らない限り、組成物中に存在する当該複数種の粒子の混合物についての値を意味する。
本開示において「層」又は「膜」との語には、当該層又は膜が存在する領域を観察したときに、当該領域の全体に形成されている場合に加え、当該領域の一部にのみ形成されている場合も含まれる。
本開示において「積層」との語は、層を積み重ねることを示し、二以上の層が結合されていてもよく、二以上の層が着脱可能であってもよい。
本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材(以下、単に負極材ともいう)は、以下の式(1)を満たす黒鉛粒子である。
[スプリングバック率×7.6]+[圧縮荷重(kN/cm2)]≧4.2・・・(1)
黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重は、黒鉛粒子が前述の式(1)を満たすことが可能な値であれば特に限定されない。例えば、黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重は、負極作製の際のプレスによる黒鉛粒子の変形等を抑制する観点、及びリチウムイオン二次電池のサイクル特性をより向上させる観点から、2.0kN/cm2以上であることが好ましく、2.4kN/cm2以上であることがより好ましく、2.8kN/cm2以上であることがさらに好ましく、3.0kN/cm2以上であることが特に好ましい。
具体的には、金型に所定の質量(例えば、3.0g)の黒鉛粒子を充填し、定速(例えば、10mm/min)で圧縮し、圧縮された黒鉛粒子の密度が1.7g/cm3に達したときの圧力(kN/cm2)を黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重とする。
上記測定において金型としては、例えば、直径15mmのものを使用し、圧縮はオートグラフ(例えば、株式会社島津製作所製)を用いて行う。黒鉛粒子の密度は、金型の底面積(例えば、1.767cm2)と、金型の底面から黒鉛粒子のプレス面までの距離とから算出した黒鉛粒子の体積と黒鉛粒子の質量とから算出する。
黒鉛粒子のスプリングバック率は、黒鉛粒子が前述の式(1)を満たすことが可能な値であれば特に限定されない。例えば、負極作製の際のプレスによる黒鉛粒子の破壊等をより抑制する観点からは、黒鉛粒子のスプリングバック率は0.25以上であることが好ましく、0.27以上であることが好ましく、0.30以上であることがより好ましい。
具体的には、金型に所定の質量(例えば、3.0g)の黒鉛粒子を充填し、黒鉛粒子の密度が基準密度(例えば、1.7g/cm3)に達するまで定速(例えば、10mm/min)で圧縮する。その後、圧力を開放して、プレス面が弾性による移動を停止したときに、圧力開放後の密度(g/cm3)を測定する。得られた値から、下記式によりスプリングバック率を求める。
スプリングバック率={(基準密度-圧力開放後の密度)/基準密度}
上記測定において金型としては、例えば、直径15mmのものを使用し、圧縮はオートグラフ(例えば、株式会社島津製作所製)を用いて行う。黒鉛粒子の密度は、金型の底面積(例えば、1.767cm2)と、金型の底面から黒鉛粒子のプレス面までの距離とから算出した黒鉛粒子の体積と黒鉛粒子の質量とから算出する。
[スプリングバック率×7.6]+[圧縮荷重(kN/cm2)]≧4.5・・・(2)
本開示では、後述するように、黒鉛粒子の表面の少なくとも一部に低結晶性炭素が配置された状態の粒子も「黒鉛粒子」とする。
黒鉛結晶の平均面間隔(d002)の理論値は0.3354nmであり、この値に近いほど黒鉛化が進んでいることを意味する。
リチウムイオン二次電池の初回充放電効率及びエネルギー密度の観点からは、平均面間隔(d002)は0.33600nm以下であることが好ましく、0.33596nm以下であることがより好ましく、0.33592nm以下であることがさらに好ましい。
上記観点から、黒鉛粒子の平均面間隔(d002)は0.3354nm~0.33600nmであることが好ましく、0.3354nm~0.33596nmであることがより好ましく、0.3354nm~0.33592nmであることがさらに好ましい。
線源:CuKα線(波長=0.15418nm)
出力:40kV、20mA
サンプリング幅:0.010°
走査範囲:10°~35°
スキャンスピード:0.5°/min
ここで、dは1周期の長さ、θは回折角度、nは反射次数、λはX線波長を示している。
黒鉛粒子の比表面積は、特に限定されない。例えば、電解液の分解をより抑制する観点からは、黒鉛粒子の比表面積は2.7m2/g以下であることが好ましく、2.5m2/g以下であることがより好ましく、2.2m2/g以下であることがさらに好ましい。
黒鉛粒子の比表面積は0.5m2/g以上であってもよく、1.0m2/g以上であってもよく、1.2m2/g以上であってもよい。比表面積が0.5m2/g以上であると、単位面積あたりにかかる電流密度が急上昇せず、負荷が抑制されるため、急速充放電性能が向上する傾向にある。
N2比表面積は、77Kでの窒素吸着測定より得た吸着等温線からBET法を用いて求めることができる。具体的には、比表面積は実施例に記載の方法によって求めることができる。
黒鉛粒子の比表面積は、黒鉛粒子を被覆して調節してもよい。粒径を細かくしたい場合には、粉砕によって生じた凹凸により比表面積が大きく上昇するが、被覆を行うことで凹凸を被覆材で埋めて平滑にして比表面積を調整することができる。
黒鉛粒子は、複数の黒鉛粒子が集合又は結合している状態(複合粒子)を含んでもよく、複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子が積層された構造を有する複合粒子(以下、特定複合粒子ともいう)を含んでもよい。
特定複合粒子は、例えば、複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子の主面がランダムな方向を向いた構造を有する複合粒子に比べて、粒子内部における電解液との接触面積を減らすことができ、電解液の分解を効果的に抑制できると考えられる。また、負極を作製する際に加圧しても粒子の変形又は破壊が生じにくく、粒子間の電解液のパスが確保されやすいと考えられる。また、複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子の主面がランダムな方向を向いた構造を有する複合粒子の内部に位置する電解液は、移動拡散経路が複雑で低速となる。このため、より多くの粒子界面を有した活物質であっても、拡散障害が生じて高い入出力性能を発揮することができないと考えられる。特に、Cレートが高い入出力条件にてこの傾向が顕著である。
複合粒子とは、一次粒子同士が集合又は結合した状態の粒子を意味する。すなわち、特定複合粒子は、複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子が互いに主面を対向させた状態で重なり合って集合又は結合した構造を有する。したがって、複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子は略平行な状態で重なり合い、複合粒子を形成している。扁平状黒鉛粒子が積層されているか否かは、顕微鏡観察により確認することができる。
扁平状黒鉛粒子は、炭素物質を介して集合又は結合していてもよい。炭素物質としては、例えば、タール、ピッチ等の有機結着材が黒鉛化した黒鉛が挙げられる。扁平状黒鉛粒子が集合又は結合しているか否かは、例えば、走査型電子顕微鏡による観察により確認することができる。
扁平状黒鉛粒子の平均粒径は、以下のいずれかの方法により求めることができる。
特定複合粒子の原料となる後述の扁平状の黒鉛化可能な骨材の平均粒径、すなわち、体積基準の粒度分布において小径側からの積算が50%となるときの粒径(D50)を、特定複合粒子を構成する扁平状黒鉛粒子の平均粒径とみなすことができる。
また、扁平状黒鉛粒子の平均粒径は、特定複合粒子の断面を走査型顕微鏡により観察し、任意の100個の扁平状黒鉛粒子の粒径の中央値として求めてもよい。このとき、各扁平状黒鉛粒子の粒径は、投影面積と同じ面積を持つ円の直径である円相当径とする。
複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子の粒度分布D90/D10が4.4以下であると、扁平状黒鉛粒子の粒径が比較的そろっているため、得られる特定複合粒子の内部における電解液との接触面積をさらに減らすことができ、電解液の分解をさらに抑制できると考えられる。また、負極を作製する際に加圧しても粒子の変形又は破壊がさらに生じにくく、粒子間の電解液のパスがさらに確保されやすいと考えられる。
複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子の粒度分布D90/D10の下限は特に制限されないが、例えば、2.0以上であってもよい。
特定複合粒子の原料となる後述の扁平状の黒鉛化可能な骨材の、レーザー回折粒度分布測定装置(例えば、SALD3100、株式会社島津製作所)により測定して得られる粒度分布D90/D10を、特定複合粒子を構成する扁平状黒鉛粒子の粒度分布D90/D10とみなすことができる。
また、扁平状黒鉛粒子の粒度分布D90/D10は、特定複合粒子の断面を走査型顕微鏡により観察し、任意の1000個の扁平状黒鉛粒子の、小径側からの積算個数が90%となるときの粒径(D90)と、小径側からの積算個数が10%となるときの粒径(D10)の比として求めることができる。このとき、各扁平状黒鉛粒子の粒径は、投影面積と同じ面積を持つ円の直径である円相当径とする。
一方、黒鉛粒子は、表面に低結晶性炭素が配置されていないものであってもよい。黒鉛粒子の表面に低結晶性炭素が配置されていないと、電極作製時のプレスにおいて黒鉛粒子に亀裂、剥離等が生じ、電解液の分解活性が高まって保存特性が低下することを抑制できる傾向にある。また、これにより、製造条件の自由度が広がるという利点がある。本開示の黒鉛粒子は、低結晶性炭素が表面に配置されていない場合であっても、急速入出力特性に優れる傾向にあることが見いだされている。これは、黒鉛粒子の表面構造よりも、粒子の硬さ、弾性等が急速入出力特性には大きく影響するためと考えられる。
ラマンスペクトルにおけるR値は、励起波長532nmのレーザーラマン分光測定において、1360cm-1付近に現れる最大ピークの強度をId、1580cm-1付近に現れる最大ピークの強度をIgとしたきに、その両ピークの強度比Id/Igとして与えられる値である。
1360cm-1付近に現れるピークとは、通常、炭素の非晶質構造に対応すると同定されるピークであり、例えば、1300cm-1~1400cm-1に観測されるピークを意味する。また、1580cm-1付近に現れるピークとは、通常、黒鉛結晶構造に対応すると同定されるピークであり、例えば、1530cm-1~1630cm-1に観測されるピークを意味する。
・レーザー波長:532nm
・レーザー強度:100mW以上
・減光フィルター:1%
・照射強度:1mW
・測定範囲:1000cm-1~1800cm-1
・照射時間:30秒
・照射面積:1μm2
・ベースライン(Dバンド):1100cm-1~1470cm-1
・ベースライン(Gバンド):1450cm-1~1710cm-1
・1粒子の積算回数:2回
・測定粒子の数:30粒子
黒鉛粒子の平均粒径は、電解液の浸透性をより向上させる観点から、例えば、5μm~30μmであることが好ましく、8μm~25μmであることがより好ましく、10μm~20μmであることがさらに好ましい。
黒鉛粒子の粒度分布D90/D10は5.0以下であることが好ましく、4.0以下であることがより好ましく、3.0以下であることがさらに好ましい。黒鉛粒子の粒度分布D90/D10が5.0以下であると、電解液のパスが良好に維持されやすく、電解液の注液性が良好に維持されると考えられる。
黒鉛粒子の粒度分布D90/D10の下限は特に制限されず、例えば、2.0以上であってもよい
(1)2値化法等を用いて、映し出された粒子の面積Sn(nは選択粒子に付けた粒子固有番号)を求める。
(2)粒子は理想形状の真球体であると仮定して、面積Snから円相当径Ln=√Sn/πを求める。
(3)円相当径Lnから、球体積Vn=(4/3)π(Ln)3 を求める。
(4)選択した100個の粒子について(1)~(3)を繰り返す。
(5)縦軸を100個分の体積の積算%とし横軸に粒径とした分布曲線が、10%の横軸と交差するポイントの粒径を10%径(D10)、90%の横軸と交差するポイントの粒径を90%径(D90)として、D90/D10を求めることができる。
黒鉛粒子の粒度分布の標準偏差は、0.30以下であることが好ましく、0.25以下であることがより好ましく、0.20以下であることがさらに好ましい。粒度分布の標準偏差が0.30以下であると、電解液のパスが良好に維持されやすく、電解液の注液性が良好に維持されると考えられる。粒度分布の標準偏差の下限値は特に制限されない。粒度分布の標準偏差は、レーザー回折粒度分布測定装置(例えば、SALD3100、株式会社島津製作所)により、横軸を粒径の対数スケール、縦軸を粒子量(%)とする頻度分布グラフに基づいて測定することができる。
黒鉛粒子は、吸油量が10mL/100g~60mL/100gであってもよく、15mL/100g~45mL/100gであってもよく、20mL/100g~40mL/100gであってもよい。
黒鉛粒子の吸油量が60mL/100g以下であると、粒子内及び粒子表面に存在する細孔の量が少なく、電解液との接触面積が充分に小さいと考えられる。加えて、界面が小さいため、負極を作製するときのバインダの量を減らすことが可能となり、これにより、電気抵抗を低減し電池性能を向上させることができる傾向にある。さらに、細孔が少ないため、電極を乾燥するときの溶媒を減らすことが可能となり、乾燥に係る設備及び電力の抑制等、製造ラインのコスト面及び環境面でも利点がある。
黒鉛粒子の吸油量が10mL/100g以上であると、粒子間の空隙が少な過ぎる場合に生じる、バインダ等と混練する際のスラリーの粘度上昇を抑制できる傾向にある。また、バインダが好適に広がりやすく、混練がしやすくなる傾向にある。また、リチウムイオンが移動するための粒子間の空隙を確保しやすくなる。
具体的には、対象粉末に定速度ビュレットで亜麻仁油を滴定し、粘度特性変化をトルク検出器から測定する。発生した最大トルクの70%のトルクに対応する、対象粉末の単位質量あたりの亜麻仁油の添加量を、吸油量(mL/100g)とする。測定器としては、例えば、株式会社あさひ総研の吸収量測定装置(商品名:S-500)を用いることができる。
黒鉛粒子の、CuKα線によるX線回折パターンにおける、菱面体晶構造の(101)面の回折ピーク(P1)と六方晶構造の(101)面の回折ピーク(P2)との強度比(P1/P2、菱面体晶構造ピーク強度比ともいう)は0.15以下であってもよく、0.10以下であってもよく、0.05以下であってもよい。前記ピーク強度比(P1/P2)は、下記の方法によって観測できない範囲であることが好ましい。
黒鉛粒子の菱面体晶構造ピーク強度比が0.15以下であると、黒鉛粒子の黒鉛化の程度がより高く、充放電容量がより高い傾向にある。
黒鉛粒子のX線回折法により求められる黒鉛化度は、90.0%~100.0%であってもよく、90.5%~99.0%であってもよく、91.0%~98.0%であってもよい。
例えば、粒径が12μmを超える比較的大きな黒鉛粒子の黒鉛化度が98.0%以下であると、黒鉛粒子の硬度が充分に高く、粒子の変形、破壊等が生じにくくなる傾向にある。高い黒鉛化度を求める場合には、粒径を10μmより小さくすることによっても硬度を上げることができる。例えば、黒鉛化度100%でも粒子形状を維持できる。
黒鉛粒子の黒鉛化度が90.0%以上であると、放電容量に優れる傾向にある。
黒鉛粒子60質量部とシリコン粉末(例えば、富士フイルム和光純薬株式会社、純度99.9%)40質量部をメノウ乳鉢で5分間混合し、得られた混合物をX線回折測定用セルに設置する。X線回折測定装置(例えば、リガク社製X線回折測定装置 X-RAY DIFFRACTIOMETER MultiFlex)を使用して、CuKα線を用いたX線回折測定(2θ=25°~29°)により、黒鉛の(002)面に対応する回折角度及びシリコン(111)面に対応する回折角度を測定する。
Siの理論回折角度(2θ=28.442°)を用いて、観測されたシリコン及び黒鉛の回折角度を補正することで、正しい黒鉛の回折角度を求める。
ブラッグの式(2dsinθ=nλ)を用いて負極材のd(002)面の面間隔(Å)を算出し、黒鉛化度を下記式により計算する。
黒鉛化度=[(3.44-面間隔)/(0.086)]×100
本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の評価方法は、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材である黒鉛粒子のスプリングバック率及び前記黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重(kN/cm2)を説明変数とし、前記リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極の吸液時間を目的変数とする重回帰分析により得られた回帰式を用いてリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を評価する。
(吸液時間)=a-b×(スプリングバック率)-c×(圧縮荷重)・・・(2)
式(2)中、a、b、cはそれぞれ定数を表す。
本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法1は、前述の本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の評価方法を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の評価結果に基づいて、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を製造する。本開示の製造方法1は、コークスを黒鉛化する工程を含んでいてもよい。
本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法2は、本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を製造するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法であり、コークスを黒鉛化する工程を含む。
これらの中では熱膨張係数が小さい傾向にあるニードルコークス及びセミニードルコークスが好適に使用される。さらに、セミニードルコークス及びニードルコークスは結晶性が高いため扁平状の粒子が得られやすい。また、ニードルコークスは結晶性が高いため粒子が大きく、粉砕及び分級により粒径調整を行いやすい。コークスは1種のみを用いても、2種以上を併用してもよい。上述した条件を満たす範囲内でニードルコークスとセミニードルコークスを併用してもよい。
1400℃で焼成した後のコークス70gとバインダーピッチ30gを5分間混合し均一化する。この混合品100gに対して、常温で液体状の蒸留油15gを添加し、プラネタリミキサー等で3分間混合を行い試料とする。この試料を加圧成型機に入れ、面圧10MPaで30秒間加圧し、成形する。成形品を窒素雰囲気下で室温(25℃)から1000℃まで5時間かけて昇温し、1000℃で1時間保持した後、冷却して焼成品を得る。この焼成品を精密切断機で5.0mm×5.0mm×15.0mmのサイズに切断し、テストピースを得る。このテストピースに対し、TMA(熱機械分析装置、例えば日立ハイテクノロジーズ製)で30℃~500℃の測定温度範囲における熱膨張測定を行い、CTEを算出する。
特定複合粒子の状態である黒鉛粒子は、例えば、扁平状のコークス粒子をバインダと混合して得られる混合物を加工して、扁平状のコークス粒子が積層された構造を有する二次粒子を作製した後に、得られた二次粒子を黒鉛化して製造することができる。
扁平状のコークス粒子をバインダと混合して混合物を得る工程と、
前記混合物を加工して、前記扁平状のコークス粒子が積層された構造を有する二次粒子を作製する工程と、
前記二次粒子を黒鉛化して、複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子が積層された構造を有する複合粒子(特定複合粒子)を得る工程と、をこの順で含む。
(a)必要に応じ、コークス粒子を分級して微粒及び粗粒からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを除去する工程と、
(b)扁平状のコークス粒子をバインダと混合して混合物を得る工程と、
(c)前記混合物を加工して、前記扁平状のコークス粒子が積層された構造を有する二次粒子を作製する工程と、
(d)前記二次粒子を黒鉛化して、複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子が積層された構造を有する複合粒子(特定複合粒子)を得る工程と、
(e)必要に応じ、前記複合粒子を分級して微粒及び粗粒からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを除去する工程と、をこの順で含む。
扁平状のコークス粒子は、複合化前に分級して微粒及び粗粒からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを除去してもよい。分級によって、扁平状のコークス粒子の粒度分布D90/D10を、例えば2.0~4.4、好ましくは2.0~4.0、より好ましくは2.0~3.5となるように調整してもよい。
バインダとしては、黒鉛化可能なバインダを用いる。石炭系、石油系、人造等のピッチ及びタール、熱可塑性樹脂、熱硬化性樹脂、スターチなどが挙げられる。混合工程での扁平状粒子の流動性が高くなるように、粘性の低いバインダを選定することが好ましい。
また、必要に応じて、黒鉛化触媒、流動性付与剤等を添加してもよい。
黒鉛化触媒としては、ケイ素、鉄、ニッケル、チタン、ホウ素、バナジウム、アルミニウム等の黒鉛化触媒作用を有する物質、これらの物質の炭化物、酸化物、窒化物、雲母質粘土鉱物などが挙げられる。
混合物の加工方法は特に制限されない。一実施形態において、混合物を加熱してバインダの揮発成分を揮発させることにより加工してもよい。加熱温度は400℃以下であることが好ましい。加熱温度が400℃以下であると、酸化燃焼による微細な穴が空きにくく、比表面積の小さい粒子を得やすくなる。このとき、撹拌機等で混合物を流動させながら加熱することで、好適に造粒されやすくなる。
コークス粒子とバインダとの混合物を、バインダの軟化点以上、好ましくは揮発成分が揮発する温度領域で、撹拌しながら揮発分が除去されるまで時間をかけて撹拌混合する。黒鉛化(焼成)前にゆっくりと脱気させることで、結晶が焼結する際に気泡の発生が少なくなり、粒子内及び粒子表面の細孔が少ない粒子となり、硬質で、低比表面積であり、高温耐性に優れる構造体となる傾向にある。この際に、揮発ガスが発火しないように混合機内に窒素等の不活性ガスを流し込み酸素濃度を15%以下に抑えると、安全面に優れるため好ましい。また、混合機内の温度は400℃以下であると、酸化燃焼による微細な穴が空きにくく、比表面積の小さい粒子を得やすくなるため好ましい。また、バインダとしてピッチを用いる場合、ピッチに雰囲気中の酸素を取り込ませて不融化させることができる。これにより、黒鉛化の際に結晶発達が良好となり、より緻密で高い結晶体を得ることができる。ただし、酸化による凹凸が発生し易くなるので、比表面積や硬度などを考慮したうえで調整することが求められる。
バインダ成分が軟化した液相又は気相の流動性が確保されている環境下で脱気、不融化及び減圧処理を実施すると、より高い効果を得られる傾向にある。
本工程では、得られた二次粒子を黒鉛化する。これにより、二次粒子中の黒鉛化可能な成分が黒鉛化される。黒鉛化は、混合物が酸化し難い雰囲気で行うことが好ましく、例えば、窒素雰囲気中、又はアルゴンガス中で加熱する方法が挙げられる。黒鉛化の際の温度は、黒鉛化可能な成分を黒鉛化できる温度であれば特に制限されない。例えば2000℃以上であってもよく、2500℃以上であってもよく、2800℃以上であってもよく、3000℃以上であってもよい。前記温度の上限は黒鉛が昇華しない程度であれば特に制限されず、例えば3200℃以下であってもよい。前記温度が2000℃以上であると結晶の変化が生じる。前記温度が2500℃以上であると黒鉛の結晶の発達が良好となり、2800℃以上であるとリチウムイオンをより多く吸蔵することができる高容量な黒鉛結晶に発達し、焼成後に残存する黒鉛化触媒の量が少なく灰分量の増加が抑制される傾向にある。いずれの場合も充放電容量及び電池のサイクル特性が良好となる傾向にある。一方、黒鉛化の際の温度が3200℃以下であると、黒鉛の一部が昇華することを抑制できる。
また、二次粒子をブロック等の形状に成形した成形物を黒鉛化する場合、ケース等に二次粒子を詰めて粉体状の二次粒子を黒鉛化する場合と比較して、結晶性の高い黒鉛が得られやすく、リチウムイオン二次電池の放電容量に優れる傾向にある。
成形の手法は、特に制限されず、例えば、二次粒子を金型等の容器に入れて加圧してもよい。
負極材の製造方法は、黒鉛化の前に二次粒子を成形する工程を含まない(したがって、成形体を粉砕する工程も含まない)こともまた好ましい。これにより、成形及び粉砕の過程における菱面体晶の増加を抑えることができ、高温耐性をより好適に向上させることができると考えられる。
得られた複合粒子を分級して微粒及び粗粒からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを除去してもよい。これにより、複合粒子の粒径をそろえることができ、電解液のパスをより好適に維持できると考えられる。分級によって、複合粒子の粒度分布D90/D10が前述の範囲、例えば2.0~5.0、好ましくは2.0~4.0、より好ましくは2.0~3.0となるように調整してもよい。
本工程において粗粒を除去する場合、例えば粒径60μm以上の粗粒を除去することが好ましく、粒径50μm以上の粗粒を除去することがより好ましく、粒径40μm以上の粗粒を除去することがさらに好ましい。
本開示の負極材の製造方法は、上述した工程以外の工程を含んでいてもよい。
例えば、負極材の製造方法は、黒鉛化の後に二次粒子の表面に有機化合物を付着させて熱処理する工程を含んでいてもよい。二次粒子の表面に有機化合物を付着させて熱処理を行うことによって、表面に付着した有機化合物が低結晶性炭素へと変化する。これにより、複合粒子の表面の少なくとも一部に低結晶性炭素を配置させることができる。
本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極材層と、集電体と、を含む。リチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極材層及び集電体の他、必要に応じて他の構成要素を含んでもよい。
本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池は、本開示のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、正極と、電解液とを含む。
リチウム塩としては、LiClO4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiSO3CF3等が挙げられる。リチウム塩は、1種単独でも2種以上であってもよい。
非水系溶媒としては、エチレンカーボネート、フルオロエチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、シクロペンタノン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン、スルホラン、プロパンスルトン、3-メチルスルホラン、2,4-ジメチルスルホラン、3-メチル-1,3-オキサゾリジン-2-オン、γ-ブチロラクトン、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、ブチルメチルカーボネート、エチルプロピルカーボネート、ブチルエチルカーボネート、ジプロピルカーボネート、1,2-ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン、1,3-ジオキソラン、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、トリメチルリン酸エステル、トリエチルリン酸エステル等が挙げられる。非水系溶媒は、1種単独でも2種以上であってもよい。
黒鉛粒子の原料として、石油由来のコークスであるニードルコークスを使用した。
上記コークスを、ハンマー式ミルで粗砕した。粗砕物について、目開き3mmの篩を用いてふるい分けを行い、篩下物について目開き1mmの篩を用いてふるい分けを行って、粒径1mm~3mmの顆粒を回収した。
容量150cm3の目盛付き平底試験管(株式会社蔵持科学器械製作所製、KRS-406)に黒鉛粒子の試料粉末100cm3を投入し、前記目盛付き平底試験管に栓をした。そして、この目盛付き平底試験管を5cmの高さから250回落下させた後の試料粉末の質量及び容積からタップ密度を求めた。
黒鉛粒子(97.6質量部)、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)(1.2質量部)及びスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)(1.2質量部)を混練し、スラリーを調製した。このスラリーを電解銅箔の光沢面に塗布量が10g/cm2となるように塗布し、90℃、2時間で予備乾燥させた後、ロールプレスで電極密度が1.70g/cm3になるように調整した。その後、真空雰囲気下で、120℃で4時間乾燥させることによって硬化処理を行い、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極を得た。
具体的には、試料電極の表面のX線回折パターンを測定し、回折角2θ=20°~20°付近に検出される炭素(002)面回折ピークと、回折角2θ=70°~80°付近に検出される炭素(110)面回折ピークとの強度から下記式(X)により黒鉛粒子の配向を求めた。
(002)面回折ピーク強度/(110)面回折ピーク強度・・・・式(X)
(負極における黒鉛粒子の配向の測定)と同様にして得られたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極を2.0cm×2.0cmの正方形に打ち抜き、ガラス基板に両面テープで貼り付け歪みのない平面状の電極面とした。この正方形の電極中心部分にマイクロピペットを用いてPC(ポリカーボネート:キシダ化学株式会社製)を3μL垂らし、浸透するまでの吸液時間を計測した。同じ電極を6個用意し、6回の計測時間の平均値を求めた。
次に、上記条件にて製造し、圧縮荷重2.804kN/cm2及びスプリングバック率0.277であった黒鉛粒子を用いて作製したリチウムイオン二次電池用負極における吸液時間の値を基準値100とし、各リチウムイオン二次電池用負極にて測定された吸液時間の値を上記基準値に基づいて換算した値を吸液時間指数とした。
回帰式・・・(吸液時間指数)=337.7-369×(スプリングバック率)-48.4×(圧縮荷重)
[スプリングバック率×7.6]+[圧縮荷重(kN/cm2)]≧4.2・・・(1)
黒鉛粒子の原料として、石油由来のコークスであるニードルコークスを使用した。
上記コークスを、ハンマー式ミルで粗砕した。粗砕物について、目開き3mmの篩を用いてふるい分けを行い、篩下物について目開き1mmの篩を用いてふるい分けを行って、粒径1mm~3mmの顆粒を回収した。
黒鉛粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が9.0μm、D50が16.0μm、D90が24.9μmであった。得られた黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重及びスプリングバック率を測定した結果を表3に示す。
実施例1とは異なる石油由来のコークスであるニードルコークスを黒鉛粒子の原料として使用した。実施例1と同様の手順で、扁平状のコークス粒子を得た。コークス粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が8.2μm、D50が13.2μm、D90が20.8μmであった。コークス粒子の1400℃で焼成した後の熱膨張係数は3.57×10-6/℃であった。
実施例2にて得られたコークス粒子を用い、実施例1と同様にして二次粒子を得た。次いで、得られた二次粒子を室温で、1軸プレスにより成形して、ブロック状の成形物を得た。次いで、得られた成形物を窒素雰囲気中で800℃~850℃で熱処理した後、2600℃~3100℃で黒鉛化して黒鉛化物を得た。得られた黒鉛化物を粉砕し、得られた粒子を300メッシュ網でふるい分けして、黒鉛粒子を得た。
黒鉛粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が9.5μm、D50が17.5μm、D90が31.2μmであった。得られた黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重及びスプリングバック率を測定した結果を表3に示す。
実施例1にて得られたコークス粒子を用い、実施例3と同様にして黒鉛粒子を得た。
黒鉛粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が10.0μm、D50が18.4μm、D90が33.1μmであった。得られた黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重及びスプリングバック率を測定した結果を表3に示す。
実施例1とは異なる石油由来のコークスであるニードルコークスを黒鉛粒子の原料として使用した。実施例1と同様の手順で、扁平状のコークス粒子を得た。コークス粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が9.4μm、D50が15.8μm、D90が21.4μmであった。コークス粒子の1400℃で焼成した後の熱膨張係数は3.90×10-6/℃であった。
実施例1とは異なる石油由来のコークスであるニードルコークスを黒鉛粒子の原料として使用した。実施例1と同様の手順で、扁平状のコークス粒子を得た。コークス粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が6.4μm、D50が12.5μm、D90が18.0μmであった。コークス粒子の1400℃で焼成した後の熱膨張係数は2.30×10-6/℃であった。
黒鉛粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が11.4μm、D50が19.2μm、D90が33.1μmであった。得られた黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重及びスプリングバック率を測定した結果を表3に示す。
実施例1とは異なる石油由来のコークスであるニードルコークスを黒鉛粒子の原料として使用した。実施例1と同様の手順で、扁平状のコークス粒子を得た。コークス粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が7.3μm、D50が13.9μm、D90が25.2μmであった。コークス粒子の1400℃で焼成した後の熱膨張係数は2.72×10-6/℃であった。
黒鉛粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が8.8μm、D50が18.8μm、D90が36.4μmであった。得られた黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重及びスプリングバック率を測定した結果を表3に示す。
実施例7と同様のニードルコークスを黒鉛粒子の原料として使用した。実施例1と同様の手順で、扁平状のコークス粒子を得た。コークス粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が3.3μm、D50が10.4μm、D90が22.3μmであった。
実施例7と同様のニードルコークスを黒鉛粒子の原料として使用した。実施例1と同様の手順で、扁平状のコークス粒子を得た。コークス粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が5.1μm、D50が10.1μm、D90が17.7μmであった。
実施例1とは異なる石油由来のコークスであるニードルコークスを黒鉛粒子の原料として使用した。実施例1と同様の手順で、扁平状のコークス粒子を得た。コークス粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が8.8μm、D50が13.9μm、D90が19.0μmであった。コークス粒子の1400℃で焼成した後の熱膨張係数は2.25×10-6/℃であった。
D10が15.1μm、D50が22.0μm、D90が30.5μmの球状天然黒鉛を比較例1の黒鉛粒子とし、D10が2.3μm、D50が4.0μm、D90が6.3μmの球状天然黒鉛を比較例2の黒鉛粒子とし、D10が8.2μm、D50が10.5μm、D90が13.6μmの球状天然黒鉛を比較例3の黒鉛粒子とした。
黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重及びスプリングバック率を上述した方法で測定した結果を表3に示す。
実施例1とは異なる石油由来のコークスであるニードルコークスを黒鉛粒子の原料として使用した。実施例1と同様の手順で、扁平状のコークス粒子を得た。コークス粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が8.8μm、D50が13.9μm、D90が19.0μmであった。コークス粒子の1400℃で焼成した後の熱膨張係数は2.25×10-6/℃であった。
黒鉛粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が11.4μm、D50が19.7μm、D90が30.3μmであった。得られた黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重及びスプリングバック率を測定した結果を表3に示す。
比較例4にて得られたコークス粒子を85質量部と、コールタールピッチ(軟化点100℃~150℃、キノリン不溶分15質量%以下、固定炭素55質量%~75質量%)15質量部と、黒鉛化触媒として炭化ケイ素12質量部と、を常温にて混合して、混合物を得た。次いで、得られた混合物を用い、実施例3と同様にして黒鉛粒子を得た。
黒鉛粒子の体積粒度分布を測定したところ、D10が11.0μm、D50が19.9μm、D90が31.7μmであった。得られた黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重及びスプリングバック率を測定した結果を表3に示す。
直径15mmの金型に負極材を3.0g充填し、オートグラフ(株式会社島津製作所製)を用いて定速10mm/minの速度で圧縮した。この圧縮の際に、負極材底面からプレス面までの距離を測定し、これに金型の底面積を乗じて得られる負極材の体積から加圧中の密度を算出した。オートグラフのプレスハンマはロードセルを取り付けて、所定の密度1.7g/cm3に達したときの加圧力(kN/cm2)を圧縮荷重とした。
オートグラフ(株式会社島津製作所製)を用いて、上記の方法でプレスしたときの基準密度1.7g/cm3と、スプリングバック後の負極材の密度と、の差の絶対値を、密度1.7g/cm3で除して、スプリングバック率を求めた。
各実施例及び各比較例にて得られた黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重及びスプリングバック率の結果、及び、下記の回帰式を用いて、負極の吸液時間指数の計算値を求めた。結果を表3に示す。
回帰式・・・(吸液時間指数)=337.7-369×(スプリングバック率)-48.4×(圧縮荷重)
上記で得られた電極を負極とし、対極として金属リチウム、電解液として、1MのLiPF6を含むエチレンカーボネート/エチルメチルカーボネート(3:7体積比)とビニレンカーボネート(VC)(1.0質量%)の混合液、セパレータとして厚さ25μmのポリエチレン製微孔膜、及びスペーサーとして、厚み250μmの銅板を用いてコインセルを作製した。
前述のようにして作製したリチウムイオン二次電池のサイクル特性を以下のようにして評価した。
具体的には、作製したリチウムイオン二次電池を25℃に保持した恒温槽内に入れ、4.6mAで4.2Vになるまで定電流充電を行った後、4.2Vの定電圧で電流が0.046mAに相当する値に減衰するまでさらに充電した。充電後、10分間の休止を入れたのちに放電を4.6mAで2.75Vになるまで行い、初期放電容量を測定した。この充電と放電をさらに299サイクル繰り返した。この際、100サイクル目の放電容量及び300サイクル目の放電容量を測定した。
この各サイクル後の放電容量を初期放電容量で割った値に100を乗じたものをサイクル容量維持率(%)とした。
結果を表3に示す。
変動率(%)=[(100サイクル後の容量維持率-300サイクル後の容量維持率)/100サイクル後の容量維持率]×100・・・(3)
結果を表3に示す。
[スプリングバック率×7.6]+[圧縮荷重(kN/cm2)]≧4.2・・・(1)
さらに、表3に示すように、各実施例では各比較例よりも100サイクル後から300サイクル後までの容量維持率の変動率(%)が小さいことが確認できた。これにより、吸液時間指数が小さくなること、式(1)の左辺の値がより大きくなること等により、充放電のサイクルを繰り返したときであってもサイクル容量維持率の低下が緩やかになることが分かった。
本明細書に記載された全ての文献、特許出願、及び技術規格は、個々の文献、特許出願、及び技術規格が参照により取り込まれることが具体的かつ個々に記された場合と同程度に、本明細書中に参照により取り込まれる。
Claims (10)
- 以下の式(1)を満たす黒鉛粒子である、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[スプリングバック率×7.6]+[圧縮荷重(kN/cm2)]≧4.2・・・(1) - 前記黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重が2.0kN/cm2以上である、請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記黒鉛粒子のスプリングバック率が0.25以上である、請求項1又は請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記黒鉛粒子は複数の扁平状黒鉛粒子が積層された構造を有する複合粒子を含む、請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材である黒鉛粒子のスプリングバック率及び前記黒鉛粒子の圧縮荷重(kN/cm2)を説明変数とし、前記リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極の吸液時間を目的変数とする重回帰分析により得られた回帰式を用いてリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を評価するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の評価方法。
- 請求項5に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の評価方法を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の評価結果に基づいて、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を製造するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
- 請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を製造するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法であり、
コークスを黒鉛化する工程を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。 - 前記コークスの1400℃で焼成した後の熱膨張係数が2.30×10-6/℃以上である請求項7に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
- 請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極材層と、集電体と、を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項7に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、正極と、電解液と、を含むリチウムイオン二次電池。
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| CN202280012727.4A CN116783727A (zh) | 2021-02-01 | 2022-02-01 | 锂离子二次电池用负极材料、其评价方法及其制造方法、锂离子二次电池用负极以及锂离子二次电池 |
| KR1020237027095A KR102863735B1 (ko) | 2021-02-01 | 2022-02-01 | 리튬이온 이차 전지용 음극재, 그 평가 방법 및 그 제조 방법, 리튬이온 이차 전지용 음극, 및 리튬이온 이차 전지 |
| JP2022578544A JP7661983B2 (ja) | 2021-02-01 | 2022-02-01 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、その評価方法及びその製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| EP22746086.2A EP4287305A4 (en) | 2021-02-01 | 2022-02-01 | Negative electrode material for lithium-ion secondary battery, evaluation method therefor, manufacturing method therefor, negative electrode for lithium-ion secondary battery, and lithium-ion secondary battery |
| US18/263,714 US20240120482A1 (en) | 2021-02-01 | 2022-02-01 | Negative electrode material for lithium-ion secondary battery, method of evaluating same, and method of producing same, negative electrode for lithium-ion secondary battery, and lithium-ion secondary battery |
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| PCT/JP2022/003834 Ceased WO2022163867A1 (ja) | 2021-02-01 | 2022-02-01 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、その評価方法及びその製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 |
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| WO2025141654A1 (ja) * | 2023-12-25 | 2025-07-03 | 株式会社レゾナック | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、リチウムイオン二次電池及びリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法 |
| WO2025141656A1 (ja) * | 2023-12-25 | 2025-07-03 | 株式会社レゾナック | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、リチウムイオン二次電池及びリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法 |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2024136052A1 (ko) * | 2022-12-20 | 2024-06-27 | 재단법인 포항산업과학연구원 | 리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 |
| WO2025141654A1 (ja) * | 2023-12-25 | 2025-07-03 | 株式会社レゾナック | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、リチウムイオン二次電池及びリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法 |
| WO2025141656A1 (ja) * | 2023-12-25 | 2025-07-03 | 株式会社レゾナック | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、リチウムイオン二次電池及びリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法 |
| WO2025205670A1 (ja) * | 2024-03-26 | 2025-10-02 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 準固体電池の製造方法 |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| EP4287305A4 (en) | 2025-01-08 |
| US20240120482A1 (en) | 2024-04-11 |
| JP7661983B2 (ja) | 2025-04-15 |
| JPWO2022163867A1 (ja) | 2022-08-04 |
| WO2022162950A1 (ja) | 2022-08-04 |
| CN116783727A (zh) | 2023-09-19 |
| EP4287305A1 (en) | 2023-12-06 |
| KR102863735B1 (ko) | 2025-09-25 |
| KR20230131895A (ko) | 2023-09-14 |
| TW202231579A (zh) | 2022-08-16 |
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