WO2023050391A1 - 电池单体、电池以及用电装置 - Google Patents

电池单体、电池以及用电装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023050391A1
WO2023050391A1 PCT/CN2021/122383 CN2021122383W WO2023050391A1 WO 2023050391 A1 WO2023050391 A1 WO 2023050391A1 CN 2021122383 W CN2021122383 W CN 2021122383W WO 2023050391 A1 WO2023050391 A1 WO 2023050391A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
battery cell
pressure relief
active material
electrode assembly
package
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2021/122383
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
陈世龙
杨飘飘
陈小波
李耀
胡璐
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd filed Critical Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Priority to CN202180073498.2A priority Critical patent/CN116391295A/zh
Priority to JP2023519922A priority patent/JP7713010B2/ja
Priority to PCT/CN2021/122383 priority patent/WO2023050391A1/zh
Priority to EP21958962.9A priority patent/EP4220837A4/en
Priority to KR1020237011085A priority patent/KR20230061460A/ko
Publication of WO2023050391A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023050391A1/zh
Priority to US18/306,447 priority patent/US20230268608A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/30—Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
    • H01M50/209—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/443—Methods for charging or discharging in response to temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/445—Methods for charging or discharging in response to gas pressure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H01M50/147—Lids or covers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H01M50/183—Sealing members
    • H01M50/186—Sealing members characterised by the disposition of the sealing members
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/233—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by physical properties of casings or racks, e.g. dimensions
    • H01M50/242—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by physical properties of casings or racks, e.g. dimensions adapted for protecting batteries against vibrations, collision impact or swelling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/247—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders specially adapted for portable devices, e.g. mobile phones, computers, hand tools or pacemakers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/249—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders specially adapted for aircraft or vehicles, e.g. cars or trains
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/30—Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases
    • H01M50/342—Non-re-sealable arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/30—Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases
    • H01M50/375—Vent means sensitive to or responsive to temperature
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of battery manufacturing, and in particular, to a battery cell, a battery and an electrical device.
  • the internal temperature and pressure will rise sharply. If the internal temperature and pressure cannot be discharged in time, the battery cell may detonate and cause a serious safety accident.
  • the present application proposes a battery cell, a battery and an electrical device, which can quickly release the internal temperature and pressure when the battery cell is thermally runaway, and has better safety performance.
  • the embodiment of the first aspect of the present application proposes a battery cell, including: a housing; a pressure relief member disposed on the first wall of the housing; an electrode assembly disposed inside the housing; an electrolyte submerging the electrodes assembly; a package and an active material disposed inside the casing, the package is used to package the active material on a side of the electrode assembly close to the first wall, the package is configured activated to release the active material when the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell reaches a first threshold, the active material is capable of reacting with the electrolyte and/or the electrode assembly to cause the The internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell rises, actuating the pressure relief member.
  • the active material is encapsulated near the pressure relief member.
  • the package is actuated before the temperature or pressure inside the battery reaches the actuation threshold of the pressure relief part to release the active material, so that a part of the electrode assembly close to the pressure relief part Thermal runaway occurs on the side, the electrode assembly is broken and disassembled, and a large amount of high-temperature and high-pressure gas is produced, so that the temperature or pressure near the pressure relief member rises rapidly to activate the pressure relief member to release the pressure or temperature inside the battery cell.
  • the release of the active material into the battery cell can ensure that the pressure relief part is effectively actuated when the thermal runaway inside the battery cell occurs, and the battery cell is released smoothly.
  • the pressure or temperature of the battery makes the battery cell have high safety performance.
  • the pressure relief member is configured to be activated to release the pressure when the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell reaches a second threshold, the second threshold being greater than the first threshold .
  • both the pressure relief part and the package are actuated by pressure rupture, and the actuation threshold of the pressure relief part is greater than the actuation threshold of the package, which can reliably realize that the package is actuated before the pressure relief part to pass through
  • the pressing piece releases the pressure inside the battery cell, so that the battery cell has better safety performance.
  • the active substance is an oxidizing agent.
  • the oxidizing agent is used to react with the electrode assembly and/or the electrolyte, the reaction is rapid and strong, the electrode assembly can be broken and decomposed, and a large amount of high-temperature and high-pressure gas is produced to ensure the actuation of the pressure relief part, and the heat inside the battery cell can be released.
  • the pressure or temperature of the out-of-control part is discharged smoothly through the pressure relief part.
  • the active substance includes at least one of potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, lead dioxide, periodic acid, cobalt trifluoride and sodium ferrate.
  • the above-mentioned active material will not react with the casing and the package, and is a common oxidizing agent, which is easy to obtain and low in cost.
  • the packaging member encapsulates at least a part of the active material at a position corresponding to the pressure relief member.
  • the active material not only triggers a chemical reaction near the pressure relief member to actuate the pressure relief member, but also triggers a chemical reaction at other positions inside the battery cell to break the electrode assembly at the corresponding position, making the battery cell
  • the exhaust channel from the thermal runaway part to the pressure relief part is unblocked, so as to ensure that the gas generated at the thermal runaway part of the battery cell can be smoothly discharged through the pressure relief part.
  • the housing is provided with a pressure relief hole, both the pressure relief member and the package cover the pressure relief hole, and the package member is disposed near the pressure relief member
  • the package, the pressure relief member and the wall of the pressure relief hole jointly define a closed space for containing the active material.
  • the active material is encapsulated in the pressure relief hole, which does not occupy too much space inside the battery cell, thereby maintaining the original energy density of the battery cell; and the active material is released when the package is actuated, and the active material can A chemical reaction is induced at a position close to the pressure relief hole, and the pressure relief member can be activated reliably, so that the battery cell has better safety performance.
  • both the pressure relief member and the packaging member are sheet-shaped.
  • both the pressure relief part and the packaging part are sheet-shaped, which can occupy a smaller space in the pressure relief hole, so that there is more space for storing active substances in the pressure relief hole.
  • the encapsulation is made of an insulating material, and the encapsulation is disposed between the first wall and the electrode assembly to insulate and isolate the electrode assembly from the first wall.
  • the package is not only used to encapsulate the active material, but also used to insulate and isolate the electrode assembly and the first wall, so that the package integrates the function of insulating and encapsulating the active material, reducing the number of components inside the battery cell, making The battery cell has a compact structure and high energy density.
  • the package has a first accommodation cavity corresponding to the position of the pressure relief member, and at least a part of the active material is encapsulated in the first accommodation cavity.
  • the active material in the first accommodation chamber can be released, and a chemical reaction is triggered near the pressure relief member, which can reliably actuate the pressure relief member, so that the battery cell has better safety performance.
  • the first accommodating chamber has a first opening, and the first wall and the pressure relief member jointly close the first opening.
  • the first wall, the pressure relief part and the packaging part jointly form a closed first accommodation cavity, not only the active material is encapsulated near the pressure relief part, but also the active material can trigger a chemical reaction near the pressure relief part when released. reaction, and easy to realize the encapsulation of active substances.
  • the first wall is rectangular, and the package further has two second accommodation cavities.
  • the two second accommodation cavities are respectively located at the The two sides of the first storage cavity; a part of the active material is packaged in the first storage cavity, and the other part is packaged in the two second storage cavities.
  • a second accommodation chamber is respectively provided on both sides of the first accommodation chamber, and part of the active material is encapsulated in the second accommodation chamber, and the active material in the second accommodation chamber is When released, it can trigger a chemical reaction at the corresponding position of the electrode assembly, so that the side of the electrode assembly close to the pressure relief part is fully broken, and the exhaust channel from the thermal runaway part of the battery cell to the pressure relief part is kept unblocked.
  • the second accommodating cavity has a second opening, and the first wall closes the second opening.
  • the first wall and the encapsulation part together form a closed second accommodating chamber, and when the active substance is released, a chemical reaction can be induced at a corresponding position, and the encapsulation of the active substance is easy to realize.
  • the housing includes a housing and an end cover, the housing has an opening, the housing includes a side wall and a bottom wall, the bottom wall is disposed opposite to the opening, and the end The cover is connected to the side wall and covers the opening, and the first wall is the end cover, the bottom wall or the side wall.
  • the first wall is an end cover, a bottom wall or a side wall, and the first wall is provided with a pressure relief member.
  • the package When thermal runaway occurs at a certain part inside the battery cell, the package is activated before the temperature or pressure inside the battery reaches the actuation threshold of the pressure relief member to release the active material, so that the part of the electrode assembly close to the pressure relief member
  • the chemical reaction is broken and decomposed; and the chemical reaction is accompanied by the generation of a large amount of high-temperature and high-pressure gas, so that the temperature or pressure near the pressure relief part rises rapidly to activate the pressure relief part to release the pressure or temperature inside the battery cell.
  • the embodiment of the second aspect of the present application provides a battery including the battery cell described in the embodiment of the first aspect of the present application.
  • the battery of the embodiment of the second aspect of the present application also has better safety performance.
  • the embodiment of the third aspect of the present application provides an electric device, including the battery described in the embodiment of the second aspect of the present application.
  • the electric device in the embodiment of the third aspect of the present application also has better safety performance.
  • the embodiment of the fourth aspect of the present application proposes a method for manufacturing a battery cell, including:
  • An encapsulation for enclosing the active material and an active material are provided, the encapsulation being configured to be actuated to release the active material when an internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell reaches a first threshold , the active material can react with the electrolyte and/or the electrode assembly to increase the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell, thereby actuating the pressure relief member;
  • the electrode assembly is arranged in the casing, the active material is encapsulated on the side of the electrode assembly close to the first wall by the packaging member, and the electrolyte solution is injected into the casing.
  • the embodiment of the fifth aspect of the present application proposes a battery cell manufacturing equipment, including:
  • the first providing device is used to provide a casing, the first wall of the casing is provided with a pressure relief member;
  • the fourth providing device is used for providing a package and an active material, the package is used to package the active material, and the package is configured to trigger the battery when the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell reaches a first threshold. to release the active material capable of reacting with the electrolyte and/or the electrode assembly to increase the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell thereby actuating the pressure release pieces;
  • the installation module is used to arrange the electrode assembly in the casing, use the packaging member to encapsulate the active material on the side of the electrode assembly close to the first wall, and inject the electrolyte inside the housing.
  • FIG. 1 shows is a simple schematic diagram of a vehicle in an embodiment of the present application
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic structural view of the battery of the vehicle in Fig. 1;
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic structural view of a battery cell in a first form of some embodiments of the present application
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic structural view showing that the end cap of the battery cell in Fig. 3 is connected with an electrode terminal, a pressure relief member and a package;
  • Fig. 5 is A-A sectional view among Fig. 4;
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic structural view of a battery cell in a second form of some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of the end cap of the battery cell in FIG. 6 connected with an electrode terminal, a pressure relief member and a package;
  • Fig. 8 is the B-B sectional view among Fig. 7;
  • Fig. 9 is a partial enlarged view of position C in Fig. 8 (embodying the first accommodating cavity of the first form).
  • FIG. 10 shows a schematic structural view of the second form of the first accommodation cavity of the battery cell in FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 11 shows a schematic structural view of a third form of the first accommodation cavity of the battery cell in FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic structural diagram of a package corresponding to the first accommodation cavity of the third form of the battery cell in FIG. 11 .
  • Figure 13 is a partial enlarged view at D in Figure 8;
  • Icons 1000-vehicle; 100-battery; 10-battery unit; 11-shell; 111-shell; 1111-bottom wall; 1112-side wall; 112-end cover; 1121-pressure relief hole; 11211-hole wall 1122-first side; 1123-second side; 1124-first part; 1125-second part; 1126-closed space; 113-opening; Pressing piece; 14-electrode terminal; 15-package; 151-first groove; 1512-first accommodation cavity; 1513-storage part; 152-second groove; 154-support part; 155-exhaust space; 16-active material; 20-box; 21-first box; 22-second box; 200-controller; 300-motor.
  • connection should be understood in a broad sense unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, for example, it can be a fixed connection or a Detachable connection, or integral connection; can be directly connected, can also be indirectly connected through an intermediary, and can be internal communication of two components.
  • connection can be a fixed connection or a Detachable connection, or integral connection; can be directly connected, can also be indirectly connected through an intermediary, and can be internal communication of two components.
  • “Plurality” in this application refers to two or more (including two).
  • the battery cells may include lithium-ion secondary batteries, lithium-ion primary batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, or magnesium-ion batteries, which are not limited in the embodiments of the present application.
  • the battery cell can be in the form of a cylinder, a flat body, a cuboid or other shapes, which is not limited in this embodiment of the present application.
  • Battery cells are generally divided into three types according to the packaging method: cylindrical battery cells, square battery cells and pouch battery cells.
  • the battery mentioned in the embodiments of the present application refers to a single physical module including one or more battery cells to provide higher voltage and capacity.
  • the battery mentioned in this application may include a battery module or a battery pack, and the like.
  • a battery generally includes a box for encapsulating one or more battery cells, and the box can prevent liquid or other foreign objects from affecting the charging or discharging of the battery cells.
  • the battery cell includes an electrode assembly and an electrolyte, and the electrode assembly is composed of a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece and a separator.
  • a battery cell works primarily by moving metal ions between the positive and negative pole pieces.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer, the positive electrode active material layer is coated on the surface of the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode collector without the positive electrode active material layer protrudes from the positive electrode collector coated with the positive electrode active material layer. Fluid, the positive electrode current collector not coated with the positive electrode active material layer is used as the positive electrode tab.
  • the material of the positive electrode current collector can be aluminum, and the positive electrode active material can be lithium cobaltate, lithium iron phosphate, ternary lithium or lithium manganate.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer, the negative electrode active material layer is coated on the surface of the negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode collector without the negative electrode active material layer protrudes from the negative electrode collector coated with the negative electrode active material layer. Fluid, the negative electrode current collector not coated with the negative electrode active material layer is used as the negative electrode tab.
  • the material of the negative electrode current collector may be copper, and the negative electrode active material may be carbon or silicon.
  • the number of positive pole tabs is multiple and stacked together, and the number of negative pole tabs is multiple and stacked together.
  • the material of the isolation film may be PP (polypropylene, polypropylene) or PE (polyethylene, polyethylene).
  • the electrode assembly may be a wound structure or a laminated structure, which is not limited in the embodiment of the present application.
  • the battery cell also includes a pressure relief member that is actuated when the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a threshold.
  • Threshold design varies according to design requirements.
  • the threshold may depend on the material of one or more of the positive electrode sheet, negative electrode sheet, electrolyte and separator of the battery cell.
  • the pressure relief member may take the form of an explosion-proof valve, gas valve, pressure relief valve or safety valve, etc., and may specifically adopt a pressure-sensitive or temperature-sensitive element or configuration, that is, when the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell reaches a threshold , the pressure relief member performs an action or the weak structure provided in the pressure relief member is destroyed, thereby forming an opening or passage for internal pressure or temperature release.
  • the "actuation" mentioned in this application means that the pressure relief member acts or is activated to a certain form, so that the internal pressure and temperature of the battery cells can be released.
  • Actions by the pressure relief member may include, but are not limited to, at least a portion of the pressure relief member rupture, crumble, be torn, or open, among others.
  • the pressure relief member When the pressure relief member is actuated, the high-temperature and high-pressure material inside the battery cell will be discharged from the opened part as discharge. In this way, the pressure and temperature of the battery cells can be released under the condition of controllable pressure or temperature, so as to avoid potential more serious accidents.
  • the pressure or temperature inside the battery cell begins to rise, and when the pressure or temperature inside the battery cell rises to a threshold value that causes the pressure relief member to activate, the pressure relief member At least a part of the battery cell is broken, broken, torn or opened, and the high-temperature and high-pressure material inside the battery cell is discharged from the opened part, thereby avoiding potential more serious accidents.
  • the inventor found through research that when the thermal runaway part of the battery cell is far away from the pressure relief part, for example, when the thermal runaway part is located on the side of the electrode assembly away from the pressure relief part, the reaction force generated by the thermal runaway will push the electrode assembly Move toward the pressure relief part to block the pressure relief part, so that the pressure relief part cannot be actuated effectively, and the high temperature and high pressure gas inside the battery cell cannot be discharged from the pressure relief part, thus causing the battery cell to deflagrate.
  • this application proposes a new technical solution, which can effectively actuate the pressure relief part when the thermal runaway part is far away from the pressure relief part, and quickly release the pressure or temperature inside the battery cell, so that the battery cell The body has high safety performance.
  • the battery cells described in the embodiments of the present application can directly supply power to electric devices, and can also be connected in parallel or in series to form batteries to supply power to various electric devices in the form of batteries.
  • the electric devices that use battery cells or batteries described in the embodiments of the present application can be in various forms, for example, mobile phones, portable devices, notebook computers, battery cars, electric cars, ships, spacecraft, Electric toys and electric tools, etc.
  • spacecraft include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles and spaceships, etc.
  • Electric toys include fixed or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric boat toys and Electric aircraft toys, etc.
  • Electric tools include metal cutting electric tools, grinding electric tools, assembly electric tools and railway electric tools, such as electric drills, electric grinders, electric wrenches, electric screwdrivers, electric hammers, impact drills, concrete vibrators and planer.
  • the battery cells and batteries described in the embodiments of the present application are not limited to the above-described electric devices, but also applicable to all electric devices using battery cells and batteries. However, for the sake of brevity, the following embodiments All electric vehicles are taken as an example for illustration.
  • FIG. 1 shows a simplified schematic diagram of a vehicle in an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic structural diagram of a battery of the vehicle in FIG. 1 .
  • a battery 100 , a controller 200 and a motor 300 are disposed inside the vehicle 1000 , for example, the battery 100 may be disposed at the bottom, front or rear of the vehicle 1000 .
  • the vehicle 1000 can be a fuel vehicle, a gas vehicle or a new energy vehicle, and the new energy vehicle can be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid vehicle or an extended-range vehicle.
  • the battery 100 can be used for power supply of the vehicle 1000 , for example, the battery 100 can be used as an operating power source of the vehicle 1000 .
  • the controller 200 is used to control the power supply of the battery 100 to the motor 300 , for example, for starting, navigating, and working power requirements of the vehicle 1000 during driving.
  • the battery 100 can not only be used as an operating power source for the vehicle 1000 , but can also be used as a driving power source for the vehicle 1000 , replacing or partially replacing fuel oil or natural gas to provide driving power for the vehicle 1000 .
  • the battery 100 mentioned in the embodiment of the present application refers to a single physical module including one or more battery cells 10 to provide higher voltage and capacity.
  • the battery 100 is formed by connecting multiple battery cells 10 in series or in parallel.
  • the battery 100 includes a plurality of battery cells 10 and a case 20 , and the plurality of battery cells 10 are placed in the case 20 .
  • the box body 20 includes a first box body 21 and a second box body 22 .
  • the first box body 21 and the second box body 22 are closed together to form a cavity of the battery 100 , and a plurality of battery cells 10 are placed in the battery cavity.
  • the shapes of the first box body 21 and the second box body 22 may be determined according to the combined shapes of the plurality of battery cells 10 , and each of the first box body 21 and the second box body 22 may have an opening 113 .
  • both the first box body 21 and the second box body 22 can be hollow cuboids and only one face is an opening face, the openings 113 of the first box body 21 and the second box body 22 are arranged oppositely, and the first box body 21 Interlock with the second box body 22 to form a box body 20 with a closed chamber.
  • a plurality of battery cells 10 are connected in parallel or connected in series or mixed and placed in the box 20 formed by fastening the first box 21 and the second box 22 .
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a battery cell in a first form according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • the battery cell 10 includes a casing 11, an electrode assembly 12, a pressure relief member 13, two electrode terminals 14, and two current collecting members (not shown in the figure), and the casing 11 includes a casing 111 and a terminal
  • the housing 111 includes a side wall 1112 and a bottom wall 1111
  • the bottom wall 1111 is disposed opposite to the opening 113
  • the end cover 112 is connected to the side wall 1112 and covers the opening 113 .
  • the electrode assembly 12 and the electrolyte are disposed inside the shell 11, and the electrode assembly 12 is immersed in the electrolyte.
  • the housing 111 may be hexahedral, cylindrical or elliptical.
  • the housing 111 may be made of metal material, such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, or nickel-plated steel.
  • the size and shape of the end cap 112 matches the opening 113 of the casing 111 , and the end cap 112 is fixed to the opening 113 of the casing 111 , so as to seal the electrode assembly 12 and the electrolyte in the cavity of the casing 111 .
  • the end cap 112 is made of metal materials, such as aluminum, steel and other materials.
  • the end cap 112 is provided with two electrode lead-out holes, and the two electrode terminals 14 are disposed in the two electrode lead-out holes of the end cap 112 . Of the two electrode terminals 14 , one is a positive electrode terminal and the other is a negative electrode terminal.
  • the length direction of the housing 111 extends along the first direction X
  • the height direction extends along the second direction Z
  • the thickness direction extends along the third direction Y.
  • the opening 113 of the housing 111 is connected to the bottom wall 1111 oppositely arranged along the second direction Z.
  • the end cover 112 is rectangular, the length direction of the end cover 112 extends along the first direction X, the width direction extends along the third direction Y, the thickness direction extends along the second direction Z, the first direction X, the second direction Z and the third direction Y are perpendicular to each other.
  • the housing 111 can also be a cylinder or an elliptical cylinder whose axis extends along the second direction Z, and the size and shape of the end cap 112 matches the opening 113 of the housing 111 .
  • the electrode assembly 12 includes a main body 121 and two pole tabs 122 , one of which is a positive pole tab 122 and the other is a negative pole tab 122 .
  • the main body 121 includes a positive electrode piece, a negative electrode piece and a separator, and the separator is located between the positive electrode piece and the negative electrode piece to separate the positive electrode piece from the negative electrode piece.
  • the two tabs 122 one is the tab 122 of the positive pole, and the other is the tab 122 of the negative pole.
  • the positive electrode terminal 14 is electrically connected to the positive electrode lug 122 through a current collecting member, and the negative electrode terminal 14 is electrically connected to the negative electrode lug 122 through another current collecting member.
  • the battery cell 10 includes two electrode assemblies 12, and the two electrode assemblies 12 are stacked along the third direction Y, and each electrode assembly 12 includes a main body 121 and two electrodes with different polarities.
  • the tabs 122 of the same polarity of the two electrode assemblies 12 are connected to a corresponding electrode terminal 14 through the same current collecting member.
  • the battery cell 10 may also include only one electrode assembly 12 , or include other numbers of electrode assemblies 12 stacked.
  • the two tabs 122 with different polarities are located on the side of the main body 121 close to the end cover 112 .
  • two tabs 122 with different polarities may be located on both sides of the main body 121 along the first direction X, or located on the side of the main body 121 away from the end cover 112 along the second direction Z;
  • the tabs 122 with different polarities can also be located on both sides of the main body 121 along the second direction Z.
  • the pressure relief member 13 is disposed on the housing 11 , and the pressure relief member 13 is used to activate when the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell 10 reaches a second threshold, so that the internal pressure and temperature of the battery cell 10 can be released.
  • the second threshold may be a temperature threshold or a pressure threshold.
  • the pressure relief member 13 can be disposed on the bottom wall 1111 or the side wall 1112 of the casing 111 , and can also be disposed on the end cover 112 .
  • a pressure relief hole 1121 is provided at the central position of the end cover 112 along the first direction X, and the pressure relief member 13 is disposed in the pressure relief hole 1121 .
  • the two electrode terminals 14 are respectively disposed on two sides of the pressure relief hole 1121 along the first direction X.
  • the end cap 112 can also be in other shapes, such as circular or oval, and the electrode terminals 14 and the pressure relief member 13 can also be arranged in other ways.
  • the battery cell 10 includes a casing 11, a pressure relief member 13, an electrode assembly 12, an electrolyte (not shown in the figure), a package 15 and Active material 16 (please refer to FIG. 5).
  • the electrode assembly 12 is disposed inside the shell 11 , the electrode assembly 12 is immersed in the electrolyte, and the pressure relief member 13 is disposed on the first wall of the shell 11 .
  • the package 15 and the active material 16 are disposed inside the casing 11, the package 15 is used to package the active material 16 on the side of the electrode assembly 12 close to the first wall, and the package 15 is arranged inside the battery cell 10
  • the active material 16 is activated to release the active material 16, and the active material 16 can react with the electrolyte and/or the electrode assembly 12 to increase the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell 10, thereby actuating the release.
  • Compression piece 13 13.
  • the first wall can be located on the side wall 1112 or the bottom wall 1111 of the casing 111 , or can be located on the end cover 112 . That is to say, the pressure relief member 13 can be located on the side wall 1112 , the bottom wall 1111 or the end cover 112 .
  • the first wall is provided with a pressure relief hole 1121 , and the pressure relief member 13 is connected to the first wall and covers the pressure relief hole 1121 .
  • the pressure relief member 13 may be arranged at the center of the first wall, or at a portion near the edge of the first wall. There are many ways to actuate the pressure relief member 13. It can be broken when the internal pressure of the battery cell 10 reaches the second threshold to release the pressure or temperature inside the battery cell 10, or it can be reached when the internal temperature of the battery cell 10 reaches the second threshold. The second threshold is melted to release the pressure or temperature inside the battery cell 10 .
  • the active substance 16 can be completely released near the pressure relief member 13, or partly released near the pressure relief member 13, and partly released at other locations.
  • the manner in which the encapsulation member 15 encapsulates the active substance 16 can have various implementation forms.
  • the package 15 can form a closed space together with the first wall and the pressure relief member 13 to encapsulate the active material 16.
  • the inside of the package 15 can also have a hollow closed space, and the active material 16 can be packaged by composite injection molding. Inside the package 15.
  • the active material 16 can completely fill the above-mentioned closed space, or can partially fill the above-mentioned closed space.
  • the encapsulating member 15 may be an independently provided component for encapsulating the active material 16 , or it may be a structural improvement of the original components inside the battery cell 10 to realize the function of encapsulating the active material 16 in order to realize insulation and sealing.
  • the actuation manner of the package 15 has various implementation forms, and the first threshold may be a pressure threshold or a temperature threshold.
  • the package 15 can be broken to release the active material 16 when the internal pressure of the battery cell 10 reaches a first threshold, or melted to release the active material 16 when the internal temperature of the battery cell 10 reaches a first threshold.
  • the active material 16 can be liquid, solid or powder; the active material 16 can be a material that chemically reacts with the electrolyte, or a material that chemically reacts with the electrode assembly 12, or a material that reacts with the electrolyte and the electrode assembly. 12 Substances that undergo chemical reactions.
  • the active material 16 may be an oxidant, or other substances capable of chemically reacting with the electrolyte and/or the electrode assembly 12 to generate a large amount of high temperature and pressure and break the electrode assembly 12 .
  • an active material 16 is encapsulated near the pressure relief member 13 .
  • the packaging member 15 is activated before the temperature or pressure inside the battery 100 reaches the actuation threshold of the pressure relief member 13, so as to release the active material 16, so that the electrode assembly 12 Thermal runaway occurs on the side close to the pressure relief member 13, the electrode assembly is broken and decomposed, and a large amount of high-temperature and high-pressure gas is generated, so that the temperature or pressure near the pressure relief member 13 rises rapidly to activate the pressure relief member 13 to release the battery cell 10 internal pressure or temperature.
  • the housing 11 includes a housing 111 and an end cover 112, the housing 111 has an opening 113, the housing 111 includes a side wall 1112 and a bottom wall 1111, and the bottom wall 1111 and the opening 113 is opposite to each other.
  • the end cover 112 is connected to the side wall 1112 and covers the opening 113 .
  • the first wall is the end cover 112 , the bottom wall 1111 or the side wall 1112 .
  • the bottom wall 1111 is opposite to the opening 113 along the second direction Z
  • the thickness direction of the end cover 112 extends along the second direction Z
  • the end cover 112 is connected to the edge of the side wall 1112 away from the bottom wall 1111 and covers the opening 113 , so as to seal the electrode assembly 12 inside the casing 11 .
  • the positions of the bottom wall 1111 , the side wall 1112 and the end cover 112 are related to the placement state of the battery cell 10 .
  • the second direction Z extends vertically, the battery cell 10 is placed upright, the first wall is the end cover 112, the pressure relief hole 1121 is set upward, and the pressure relief member 13 is located on the battery cell.
  • the bottom wall 1111 is located on the bottom side of the battery cell 10 .
  • the thermal runaway site may be located inside the electrode assembly 12, or may be close to the surface of the electrode assembly 12; Located near the end cap 112.
  • the exhaust passage from the side of the electrode assembly 12 close to the bottom wall 1111 to the pressure relief member 13 is not smooth.
  • the package 15 is actuated in advance before the actuation, which can prevent the electrode assembly 12 from being pushed up under the action of partial air pressure, and the top of the electrode assembly 12 is attached to the end cap 112 to seal the pressure relief hole 1121, causing the pressure relief member 13 to fail. effective actuation.
  • the pressure relief hole 1121 can be opened in the horizontal direction or set downward, and the package 15 is activated in advance to release the active material 16, which can ensure The pressure relief member 13 is effectively actuated.
  • the first wall is the end cover 112 , the bottom wall 1111 or the side wall 1112 , and the first wall is provided with the pressure relief member 13 .
  • the packaging member 15 is activated before the temperature or pressure inside the battery 100 reaches the actuation threshold of the pressure relief member 13, so as to release the active material 16, so that the electrode assembly 12
  • the part close to the pressure relief member 13 is broken and decomposed under the chemical reaction; and the chemical reaction is accompanied by a large amount of high temperature and high pressure gas, so that the temperature or pressure near the pressure relief member 13 rises rapidly to activate the pressure relief member 13 to release the battery cell 10 internal pressure or temperature.
  • the pressure relief member 13 is configured to be activated to release the pressure when the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell 10 reaches a second threshold, the second threshold being greater than the first threshold.
  • the pressure relief member 13 can be a metal sheet with notches on the surface, or a polymer film with a locally thinned thickness.
  • the pressure inside the battery cell 10; the edge of the pressure relief member 13 can be bonded to the first wall, or can be pressed against the first wall with a seal, etc.
  • the pressure relief member 13 The edge is separated from the first wall to release the pressure inside the battery cell 10 .
  • the pressure relief member 13 can also be actuated when the internal temperature of the battery cell 10 reaches an actuation threshold, and the actuation temperature threshold of the pressure relief member 13 is higher than that inside the battery cell 10 when the encapsulation 15 is actuated. temperature.
  • Both the pressure relief component 13 and the package 15 are actuated by pressure breakers, and the actuation threshold of the pressure relief component 13 is greater than the actuation threshold of the package 15, so that the package 15 can be reliably actuated before the pressure relief component 13 to pass
  • the pressure relief member 13 releases the pressure inside the battery cell 10 , so that the battery cell 10 has better safety performance.
  • active material 16 is an oxidizing agent.
  • the oxidizing agent can react with the electrolyte and/or the pole pieces in the electrode assembly 12 to generate a large amount of high-temperature and high-pressure gas and break the pole pieces.
  • the oxidant is used to react with the electrode assembly 12 and/or the electrolyte, the reaction is rapid and strong, the electrode assembly 12 can be broken and decomposed and a large amount of high-temperature and high-pressure gas is produced, the pressure relief member 13 can be actuated, and the thermal runaway inside the battery cell 10 can be prevented The pressure or temperature of the part is discharged through the pressure relief member 13 smoothly.
  • the active material 16 includes at least one of potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, lead dioxide, periodic acid, cobalt trifluoride and sodium ferrate.
  • the active material 16 can be a single type of oxidant, or a mixture of multiple oxidants. When the active materials 16 are stored separately in different storage chambers, the active materials 16 in different storage chambers may be the same or different.
  • the above-mentioned active material 16 will not react with the casing 11 and the package 15 , and is a common oxidizing agent, which is easy to obtain and low in cost.
  • the encapsulation member 15 encapsulates at least a part of the active material 16 at a position corresponding to the pressure relief member 13 .
  • the active material 16 can be completely encapsulated in the position corresponding to the pressure relief member 13; a part of the active material 16 can also be encapsulated in a position corresponding to the pressure relief member 13, so as to trigger the chemical reaction of the part of the electrode assembly 12 close to the pressure relief member 13,
  • the other part is packaged in other positions of the electrode assembly 12 close to the first wall, and is used to trigger chemical reactions in other positions of the electrode assembly 12 close to the first wall.
  • the active material 16 not only triggers a chemical reaction at a position near the pressure relief member 13 to actuate the pressure relief member 13, but also induces a chemical reaction at other positions inside the battery cell 10 to break the electrode assembly 12 at the corresponding position, so that the battery cell 10
  • the exhaust channel from the thermal runaway part of the battery cell 10 to the pressure relief part 13 is unblocked, so as to ensure that the gas generated at the thermal runaway part of the battery cell 10 can be discharged through the pressure relief part 13 smoothly.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure in which the end cap of the battery cell in FIG. 3 is connected with an electrode terminal, a pressure relief member and a package;
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of A-A in FIG. 4 .
  • the housing 11 is provided with a pressure relief hole 1121
  • the pressure relief member 13 and the package 15 both cover the pressure relief hole 1121
  • the package 15 is arranged on the pressure relief member
  • the package 15 , the pressure relief member 13 and the hole wall 11211 of the pressure relief hole 1121 jointly define a closed space for containing the active material 16 .
  • the two sides of the end cap 112 along the second direction Z are the first side 1122 and the second side 1123 respectively.
  • the first side 1122 is disposed close to the electrode assembly 12 and located inside the battery cell 10
  • the second side 1123 is located away from the electrode assembly 12 and located outside the battery cell 10 .
  • the pressure relief component 13 is disposed close to the second side 1123
  • the package 15 is disposed close to the first side 1122 .
  • the pressure relief component 13 , the package 15 and the hole wall 11211 of the pressure relief hole 1121 jointly define a closed space.
  • the pressure relief member 13 is arranged inside the pressure relief hole 1121, the edge of the pressure relief member 13 is connected to the inner wall of the pressure relief hole 1121, the package 15 is located outside the pressure relief hole 1121, and the package 15 is connected to the surface of the pressure relief hole 1121 close to the first side 1122 .
  • the end cover 112 also includes a first part 1124 and a second part 1125 , the first part 1124 protrudes from the hole wall 11211 of the pressure relief hole 1121 to the surface of the first wall, and the second part 1125 protrudes from the first side 1122 protrudes from the surface of the first wall. Edges of the pressure relief member 13 are connected to the first part 1124 , and the package 15 is connected to the second part 1125 .
  • the first part 1124 , the second part 1125 , the pressure relief part 13 and the package 15 jointly define a closed space 1126 .
  • the pressure relief component 13 and the packaging component 15 have various ways of covering the pressure relief hole 1121 .
  • the pressure relief member 13 and the packaging member 15 are respectively connected to the end cover 112 from the first side 1122 and the second side 1123 of the end cover 112 along the second direction Z; Inside, the area of the package 15 is larger than the area of the pressure relief hole 1121 , the package 15 covers the pressure relief hole 1121 from the first side 1122 of the end cap 112 , and the edge of the package 15 is connected to the surface of the end cap 112 .
  • the active material 16 is encapsulated in the pressure relief hole 1121, so as not to occupy too much space inside the battery cell 10, thereby maintaining the original energy density of the battery cell 10; and the active material 16 is released when the package 15 is actuated, and the active material 16 can initiate a chemical reaction at a position close to the pressure relief hole 1121 , and can reliably actuate the pressure relief member 13 , so that the battery cell 10 has better safety performance.
  • both the pressure relief member 13 and the packaging member 15 are sheet-shaped.
  • Both the pressure relief member 13 and the packaging member 15 are sheet-shaped, and can occupy a smaller space in the pressure relief hole 1121 , so that there is more space for storing the active substance 16 in the pressure relief hole 1121 .
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a battery cell in a second form according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • the encapsulation 15 is made of an insulating material, and the encapsulation 15 is disposed between the first wall and the electrode assembly 12 to insulate and isolate the electrode assembly 12 from the first wall.
  • the package is disposed between the end cap 112 and the electrode assembly 12 to insulate and isolate the electrode assembly 12 and the end cap 112 .
  • the package 15 can be a plastic part that melts when the temperature inside the battery 100 reaches a first threshold to release the active substance 16; the package 15 can also have a local weak spot that breaks when the pressure inside the battery 100 reaches a first threshold.
  • the package 15 also includes via holes corresponding to the electrode lead-out hole and the pressure relief hole 1121 to connect the power supply terminal 14 with the current collecting member, and the pressure relief hole 1121 communicates with the cavity inside the battery cell 10 .
  • the package 15 is not only used to encapsulate the active material 16, but also used to insulate and isolate the electrode assembly 12 and the first wall, so that the package 15 integrates the function of insulating and encapsulating the active material 16, reducing the number of components inside the battery cell 10,
  • the battery cell 10 has a compact structure and high energy density.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the end cap of the battery cell in FIG. 6 connected with an electrode terminal, a pressure relief member and a package;
  • FIG. 8 is a B-B sectional view in FIG. 7 .
  • the package 15 has a first accommodation chamber 1512 corresponding to the position of the pressure relief member 13 , and at least a part of the active material 16 is encapsulated in the first accommodation chamber 1512 Inside.
  • the active material 16 can be completely packaged in the first storage chamber 1512 , or part of it can be packaged in the first storage cavity 1512 , and the rest can be packaged in other locations.
  • the first accommodating cavity 1512 may be formed by enclosing the package 15 together with other components, or may exist independently inside the package 15 .
  • the projection of the pressure relief hole 1121 on the XY plane can fall into the projection of the first accommodation chamber 1512 on the XY plane, so that the active substance 16 released in the first accommodation chamber 1512 can cause chemical reaction in a larger area near the pressure relief member 13. reaction, a large amount of gas is rapidly generated to actuate the pressure relief member 13; it may also be that the projection of the first accommodation chamber 1512 on the XY plane falls into the projection of the pressure relief hole 1121 on the XY plane, or that the first accommodation chamber 1512 is on the XY plane
  • the projection of the pressure relief hole 1121 coincides with the projection of the pressure relief hole 1121 on the XY plane, so as to flexibly arrange the storage position of the active material 16 according to the space inside the battery cell 10, as long as the chemical reaction caused by the active material 16 when the package 15 is actuated produces It is enough that a large amount of gas can actuate the pressure relief member 13.
  • the active substance 16 in the first containing chamber 1512 can be released, and the vicinity of the pressure relief part 13 triggers a chemical reaction, which can reliably actuate the pressure relief part 13, so that the battery cell 10 has better safety performance .
  • FIG. 9 is a partially enlarged view at point C in FIG. 8
  • FIG. 9 shows a schematic structural view of the first accommodation cavity of the first form of the battery cell in FIG. 6 .
  • the first accommodating chamber 1512 has a first opening, and the first wall and the pressure relief member 13 jointly close the first opening.
  • the first wall is the end cover 112
  • a first groove 151 is provided in the center of the package 15, and the first groove 151 faces away from the end cover from the surface of the package 15
  • the direction of 112 is recessed, the inside of the first groove 151 has a first accommodating cavity 1512, the opening 113 on the side of the first groove 151 close to the end cover 112 constitutes the first opening, and the projection of the pressure relief member 13 on the XY plane Falling into the projection of the first groove 151 on the XY plane, the first side 1122 of the end cover 112 is bonded to the package 15 and closes the first opening to form a closed first receiving cavity 1512 .
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of the second form of the first accommodation cavity of the battery cell in FIG. 6 .
  • the middle part of the first groove 151 is further recessed in the direction away from the end cap 112 to form a storage portion 1513, which is used to store the active material 16, so that the vicinity of the pressure relief member 13 corresponds to More active substance 16 is stored.
  • the projection of the storage part 1513 on the XY plane falls into the projection of the pressure relief member 13 on the XY plane, and when the package 15 is actuated, it can preferentially induce a chemical reaction in the vicinity of the pressure relief member 13 and improve the actuation of the pressure relief member 13. speed.
  • the side of the storage part away from the end cap 112 can be used to abut against the surface of the electrode assembly 12, so that both sides of the package 15 abut between the end cap 112 and the electrode assembly 12, so that the battery cell 10 has a compact structure .
  • FIG. 11 shows a schematic structural view of a third form of the first accommodation chamber of the battery cell package in FIG. 6 ;
  • FIG. 12 shows a schematic structural view of the package in FIG. 11 .
  • the first housing chamber 1512 may also be a closed space independently formed inside the package 15, and the active material 16 is encapsulated in the first housing chamber 1512 in the form of composite injection molding. internal.
  • the support portion 154 blocks part of the via hole and exposes the space on both sides of the via hole along the first direction X, forming two rows. Air space 155.
  • One side of the support portion 154 is in contact with the pressure relief member 13 so that the two exhaust spaces 155 communicate with the inside of the battery cell 10 .
  • the support portion 154 and the storage portion 1513 of the first groove 151 together form a closed first accommodation chamber 1512 , and the active material 16 is packaged inside the first accommodation chamber 1512 .
  • the first wall, the pressure relief member 13 and the packaging member 15 jointly form a closed first accommodation cavity 1512, which not only enables the active material 16 to be encapsulated near the pressure relief member 13, but also enables the active material 16 to be in the vicinity of the pressure relief member 13 when released. A chemical reaction is initiated, and the encapsulation of the active material 16 is easy to achieve.
  • FIG. 13 is a partial enlarged view at D in FIG. 8 .
  • the first wall is rectangular, and the package 15 also has two second accommodating cavities 1522, along the length direction of the first wall, two second accommodating cavities
  • the cavities 1522 are respectively located on both sides of the first accommodating cavity 1512 ; a part of the active material 16 is packaged in the first accommodating cavity 1512 , and the other part is packaged in the two second accommodating cavities 1522 .
  • the end cap 112 is a rectangle whose length direction extends along the first direction X and whose width direction extends along the third direction Y.
  • a second accommodating cavity 1522 is respectively provided.
  • the second housing cavity 1522 can be a closed space independently formed inside the package 15, and the active material 16 is packaged inside the second housing cavity 1522 in the form of compound injection; the second housing cavity 1522 can also be a closed space between the package 15 and the The closed space formed by the cover 112 is jointly enclosed.
  • a second housing cavity 1522 is provided on both sides of the first housing cavity 1512, and a part of the active material 16 is encapsulated in the second housing cavity 1522, and the active material 16 in the second housing cavity 1522 When it is released, it can trigger a chemical reaction at the corresponding position of the electrode assembly 12, so that the side of the electrode assembly 12 close to the pressure relief member 13 is fully broken, and the exhaust passage from the thermal runaway part of the battery cell 10 to the pressure relief member 13 is kept unblocked. .
  • the second accommodating chamber 1522 has a second opening, and the first wall closes the second opening.
  • two ends of the package 15 are respectively provided with a second groove 152, the second groove 152 is formed by indenting the surface of the package 15 toward the direction away from the end cap 112, and the second groove
  • the groove 152 has a second receiving cavity 1522 inside, and the opening 113 of the second groove 152 close to the end cover 112 constitutes a second opening.
  • the packaging component 15 is attached to the end cap 112 to close the second opening to form a closed second receiving cavity 1522 .
  • the second accommodating chamber 1522 may have the same size as the electrode assembly 12 along the third direction Y, so that the end corners of the electrode assembly 12 on the side close to the end cap 112 in the first direction X are broken and disassembled, so that the electrode assembly 12
  • the exhaust passage from the thermal runaway part to the pressure relief member 13 is unblocked; the second accommodation cavity 1522 can also be centrally arranged relative to the electrode assembly 12 along the third direction Y.
  • the package 15 is provided with a connection portion 153 abutting against the surface of the electrode assembly 12 along both sides of the first direction X, and the connection portion 153 is formed from the side of the package 15 away from the end cap 112 along the second direction.
  • Z is formed protrudingly, and the second groove 152 is formed inside the connector so that the structure of the package 15 is compact.
  • the first wall and the packaging member 15 jointly form a closed second receiving cavity 1522 , when the active substance 16 is released, a chemical reaction can be induced at a corresponding position, and the packaging of the active substance 16 is easy to realize.
  • Some embodiments of the present application propose a battery 100 including the battery cell 10 of some embodiments of the present application.
  • the battery 100 in some embodiments of the present application also has better safety performance.
  • Some embodiments of the present application provide an electric device, including a battery 100 .
  • the electric device in some embodiments of the present application also has better safety performance.
  • Some embodiments of the present application propose a method for manufacturing a battery cell 10, including:
  • the first wall of the housing 11 is provided with a pressure relief member 13;
  • An encapsulation 15 and an active material 16 are provided, the encapsulation 15 is used to encapsulate the active material 16, the encapsulation 15 is configured to be activated to release the active material 16 when the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell 10 reaches a first threshold, the active material 16 is capable of reacting with the electrolyte and/or the electrode assembly 12 to increase the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell 10, thereby actuating the pressure relief member 13;
  • the electrode assembly 12 is arranged in the casing 11 , the active material 16 is packaged on the side of the electrode assembly 12 close to the first wall by the packaging member 15 , and the electrolyte solution is injected into the casing 11 .
  • Some embodiments of the present application propose a manufacturing equipment for a battery cell 10, including:
  • the first providing device is used to provide the housing 11, the first wall of the housing 11 is provided with a pressure relief member 13;
  • the second providing device is used for providing the electrode assembly 12;
  • the fourth providing device is used to provide a package 15 and an active material 16, the package 15 is used to package the active material 16, the package 15 is configured to be activated to activate when the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell 10 reaches a first threshold releasing the active material 16 capable of reacting with the electrolyte and/or the electrode assembly 12 to increase the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell 10 to actuate the pressure relief member 13;
  • the installation module is used for disposing the electrode assembly 12 in the casing 11 , encapsulating the active material 16 on the side of the electrode assembly 12 close to the first wall with the package 15 , and injecting the electrolyte into the casing 11 .
  • some embodiments of the present application propose a battery cell 10 , the battery cell 10 includes a casing 111 , an end cap 112 , an electrode assembly 12 , a pressure relief member 13 and a package 15 , and the end
  • the cover 112 is provided with a pressure relief hole 1121, and the upper and lower explosion-proof sheets are arranged at the pressure relief hole 1121, the upper layer of the explosion-proof sheet is the pressure relief piece 13, and the lower layer of the explosion-proof sheet is the package 15.
  • the explosion-proof disk is generally made of metal, such as aluminum, steel, etc., and may also be made of plastic. Active material 16 is added between the upper and lower explosion-proof discs.
  • Active material 16 is generally a strong oxidant, such as potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, lead dioxide, periodic acid, cobalt trifluoride, ferric acid Sodium Acid, etc.
  • the internal air pressure reaches the first threshold, which is lower than the opening pressure of the upper explosion-proof plate, and the air pressure inside the battery cell will break through the lower explosion-proof plate, releasing the active material 16 to react with the electrolyte , let the electrode assembly close to the pressure relief part 13 fail, generate a large amount of high-temperature and high-pressure gas, and then further break through the upper explosion-proof plate, release heat and spray out the broken and decomposed pole pieces at the same time, increase the exhaust gap at the pressure relief hole 1121, and keep away from the When the electrode assembly of the pressure relief hole 1121 fails, the failed pole piece can be discharged smoothly, thereby preventing the battery cell 10 from bursting due to the failure of the pressure relief member 13 to open
  • the battery cell 10 includes a casing 111 , an end cap 112 , an electrode assembly 12 , a pressure relief member 13 and a package 15 , and the end
  • the cover 112 is provided with a pressure relief member 13 .
  • the packaging part 15 is made of lower plastic, and is disposed between the end cap 112 and the electrode assembly 12 .
  • the length of the package 15 is approximately the same as the length of the electrode assembly 12, and the middle and both ends of the package 15 have half-open grooves.
  • the end cap 112 is fitted to seal the active material 16 inside the groove.

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Abstract

本申请涉及一种电池单体、电池以及用电装置，属于电池制造技术领域。本申请提出一种电池单体，包括：外壳；泄压件，设置于外壳的第一壁；电极组件，设置于外壳的内部；电解液，浸没电极组件；封装件和活性物质，设置于外壳的内部，封装件用于将活性物质封装在电极组件的靠近第一壁的一侧，封装件被配置为在电池单体的内部压力或温度达到第一阈值时致动以释放活性物质，活性物质能够与电解液和/或电极组件发生反应，以使电池单体的内部压力或温度升高，从而致动泄压件。本申请提出的电池单体发生热失控时能够迅速释放内部的温度和压力，具有较好的安全性能。本申请还提出一种电池和用电装置，包括该电池单体。

Description

电池单体、电池以及用电装置 技术领域
本申请涉及电池制造技术领域，具体而言，涉及一种电池单体、电池以及用电装置。
背景技术
随着新能源汽车行业的迅速发展，锂电池行业的技术水平也在迅速提高，对电池单体的安全性能也提出很高的要求。
电池单体发生热失控时内部温度和压力会急剧升高，如果内部温度和压力不能及时排出，电池单体可能会发生爆燃，产生严重的安全事故。
发明内容
为此，本申请提出一种电池单体、电池以及用电装置，在电池单体发生热失控时能够迅速释放内部的温度和压力，具有较好的安全性能。
本申请第一方面实施例提出一种电池单体，包括：外壳；泄压件，设置于所述外壳的第一壁；电极组件，设置于所述外壳的内部；电解液，浸没所述电极组件；封装件和活性物质，设置于所述外壳的内部，所述封装件用于将所述活性物质封装在所述电极组件的靠近所述第一壁的一侧，所述封装件被配置为在所述电池单体的内部压力或温度达到第一阈值时致动以释放所述活性物质，所述活性物质能够与所述电解液和/或所述电极组件发生反应，以使所述电池单体的内部压力或温度升高，从而致动所述泄压件。
本申请实施例的电池单体中，泄压件的附近封装有活性物质。当电池单体内部的某一部位发生热失控时，封装件在电池内部的温度或者压力达到泄压件的致动阈值之前致动，以释放活性物质，使电极组件的靠近泄压件的一侧发生热失控，电极组件破碎分解且且伴随产生大量高温高压气体，使泄压件附近的温度或者压力迅速升高以致动泄压件，以释放电池单体内部的压力或温度。尤其是，当电池单体的热失控部位距离泄压件较远时，向电池单体内部释放活性物质能够确保泄压件电池单体内部发生热失控时有效致动，顺利释放电池单体内部的压力或温度，使电池单体具有较高的安全性能。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述泄压件被配置为在所述电池单体的内部压力或温度达到第二阈值时致动以泄放压力，所述第二阈值大于所述第一阈值。
在上述方案中，泄压件与封装件均采用压力破裂致动，且泄压件的致动阈值大于封装件的致动阈值，能够可靠实现封装件先于泄压件致动，以通过泄压件释放电池单体内部的压力，使电池单体具有较好的安全性能。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述活性物质为氧化剂。
在上述方案中，采用氧化剂与电极组件和/或电解液反应，反应迅速强烈，能够破碎分解电极组件且伴随产生大量高温高压气体，确保致动泄压件，且能够使电池单体内部的热失控部位的压力或者温度顺利经泄压件排出。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述活性物质包括高锰酸钾、重铬酸钾、次氯酸钠、双氧水、二氧化铅、高碘酸、三氟化钴和高铁酸钠中的至少一种。
在上述方案中，上述种类的活性物质不会与外壳以及封装件发生反应，且为常见的氧化剂，易于获得，成本低廉。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述封装件将所述活性物质中的至少一部分封装在与所述泄压件对应的位置。
在上述方案中，活性物质不仅仅在泄压件附近的位置引发化学反应以致动泄压件，还在电 池单体内部的其他位置引发化学反应以破碎对应位置的电极组件，使电池单体的热失控部位至泄压件的排气通道畅通，以确保电池单体的热失控部位产生的气体能够顺利经过泄压件排出。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述外壳设置有泄压孔，所述泄压件和所述封装件均覆盖所述泄压孔，所述封装件设置于所述泄压件的靠近所述电极组件的一侧，所述封装件、所述泄压件和所述泄压孔的孔壁共同限定出容纳所述活性物质的封闭空间。
在上述方案中，活性物质封装于泄压孔内，不会过多占用电池单体内部的空间，从而维持电池单体原有的能量密度；且封装件致动时释放活性物质，活性物质能够在靠近泄压孔的位置引发化学反应，能够可靠地致动泄压件，使电池单体具有较好的安全性能。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述泄压件和所述封装件均为片状。
在上述方案中，泄压件和封装件均为片状，能够占据较小的泄压孔内的空间，从而在泄压孔内有更多的空间存储活性物质。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述封装件为绝缘材质，所述封装件设置于所述第一壁和所述电极组件之间，以绝缘隔离所述电极组件和所述第一壁。
在上述方案中，封装件不仅用于封装活性物质，还用于绝缘隔离电极组件和第一壁，使封装件集成绝缘功能和封装活性物质的功能，减少了电池单体内部的部件数量，使电池单体结构紧凑，具有较高的能量密度。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述封装件具有与所述泄压件位置对应的第一容纳腔，所述活性物质中的至少一部分封装在所述第一容纳腔内。
在上述方案中，封装件致动时能够释放第一容纳腔中的活性物质，泄压件的附近引发化学反应，能够可靠地致动泄压件，使电池单体具有较好的安全性能。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述第一容纳腔具有第一开口，所述第一壁和所述泄压件共同封闭所述第一开口。
在上述方案中，第一壁、泄压件和封装件共同形成封闭的第一容纳腔，不仅使活性物质封装于泄压件的附近，活性物质被释放时能够在泄压件的附近引发化学反应，且易于实现活性物质的封装。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述第一壁为长方形，所述封装件还具有两个第二容纳腔，沿所述第一壁的长度方向，两个所述第二容纳腔分别位于所述第一容纳腔的两侧；所述活性物质中的一部分封装在所述第一容纳腔内，另一部分封装在两个所述第二容纳腔内。
在上述方案中，沿第一壁的长度方向，在第一容纳腔的两侧分别设有一个第二容纳腔，第二容纳腔中封装有部分活性物质，第二容纳腔中的活性物质被释放时能够引发电极组件的对应位置发生化学反应，以使电极组件的靠近泄压件的一侧充分破碎，维持电池单体热失控部位至泄压件的排气通道畅通。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述第二容纳腔具有第二开口，所述第一壁封闭所述第二开口。
在上述方案中，第一壁与封装件共同形成封闭的第二容纳腔，活性物质被释放时能够在对应位置引发化学反应，且易于实现活性物质的封装。
根据本申请的一些实施例，所述外壳包括壳体和端盖，所述壳体具有开口，所述壳体包括侧壁和底壁，所述底壁与所述开口相对设置，所述端盖与所述侧壁连接且覆盖所述开口，所述第一壁为所述端盖、所述底壁或所述侧壁。
在上述方案中，第一壁为端盖、底壁或者侧壁，第一壁设有泄压件。当电池单体内部的某一部位发生热失控时，封装件在电池内部的温度或者压力达到泄压件的致动阈值之前致动，以释放活性物质，使电极组件的靠近泄压件的部分在化学反应下破碎分解；且化学反应伴随产生大量高温高压气体，使泄压件附近的温度或者压力迅速升高以致动泄压件，以释放电池单体内部的压力或温 度。
本申请第二方面实施例提出一种电池，包括本申请第一方面实施例所述的电池单体。
由于本申请第一方面实施例所述的电池单体的特性，本申请第二方面实施例的电池也具备较好的安全性能。
本申请第三方面实施例提出一种用电装置，包括本申请第二方面实施例所述的电池。
由于本申请第二方面实施例所述的电池的特性，本申请第三方面实施例的用电装置也具备较好的安全性能。
本申请第四方面实施例提出一种电池单体的制造方法，包括：
提供外壳，所述外壳的第一壁设置有泄压件；
提供电极组件；
提供电解液；
提供封装件和活性物质，所述封装件用于封装所述活性物质，所述封装件被配置为在所述电池单体的内部压力或温度达到第一阈值时致动以释放所述活性物质，所述活性物质能够与所述电解液和/或所述电极组件发生反应，以使所述电池单体的内部压力或温度升高，从而致动所述泄压件；
将所述电极组件设置于所述外壳内，用所述封装件将所述活性物质封装于所述电极组件的靠近所述第一壁的一侧，将所述电解液注入所述外壳内。
本申请第五方面实施例提出一种电池单体的制造设备，包括：
第一提供装置，用于提供外壳，所述外壳的第一壁设置有泄压件；
第二提供装置，用于提供电极组件；
第三提供装置，用于提供电解液；
第四提供装置，用于提供封装件和活性物质，所述封装件用于封装所述活性物质，所述封装件被配置为在所述电池单体的内部压力或温度达到第一阈值时致动以释放所述活性物质，所述活性物质能够与所述电解液和/或所述电极组件发生反应，以使所述电池单体的内部压力或温度升高，从而致动所述泄压件；
安装模块，用于将所述电极组件设置于所述外壳内，用所述封装件将所述活性物质封装于所述电极组件的靠近所述第一壁的一侧，将所述电解液注入所述外壳内。
本申请的附加方面和优点将在下面的描述中部分给出，部分将从下面的描述中变得明显，或通过本申请的实践了解到。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案，下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，应当理解，以下附图仅示出了本申请的某些实施例，因此不应被看作是对范围的限定，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他相关的附图。
图1示出的是本申请一实施例中的一种车辆的简易示意图；
图2示出的是图1中车辆的电池的结构示意图；
图3示出的是本申请一些实施例的第一种形式的电池单体的结构示意图；
图4示出的是图3中电池单体的端盖连接有电极端子、泄压件和封装件的结构示意图；
图5为图4中的A-A剖面图；
图6示出的是本申请一些实施例的第二种形式的电池单体的结构示意图；
图7示出的是图6中的电池单体的端盖连接有电极端子、泄压件和封装件的结构示意图；
图8为图7中的B-B剖面图；
图9为图8中C处的局部放大图(体现第一种形式的第一容纳腔)。
图10示出的是图6中电池单体的第二种形式的第一容纳腔的结构示意图；
图11示出的是图6中电池单体的第三种形式的第一容纳腔的结构示意图；
图12示出的是图11中电池单体的第三种形式的第一容纳腔对应的封装件的结构示意图。
图13为图8中D处的局部放大图；
上述附图未按比例提供。
图标：1000-车辆；100-电池；10-电池单体；11-外壳；111-壳体；1111-底壁；1112-侧壁；112-端盖；1121-泄压孔；11211-孔壁；1122-第一侧；1123-第二侧；1124-第一部分；1125-第二部分；1126-封闭空间；113-开口；12-电极组件；121-主体；122-极耳；13-泄压件；14-电极端子；15-封装件；151-第一凹槽；1512-第一容纳腔；1513-储存部；152-第二凹槽；1522-第二容纳腔；153-连接部；154-支撑部；155-排气空间；16-活性物质；20-箱体；21-第一箱体；22-第二箱体；200-控制器；300-马达。
具体实施方式
为使本申请实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本申请实施例中的附图，对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本申请一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本申请中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本申请保护的范围。
除非另有定义，本申请所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本申请的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同；本申请中在申请的说明书中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的，不是旨在于限制本申请；本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图说明中的术语“包括”和“具有”以及他们的任何变形，意图在于覆盖不排他的包含。本申请的说明书和权利要求书或上述附图中的术语“第一”、“第二”等是用于区别不同对象，而不是用于描述特定顺序或主次关系。
在本申请中提及“实施例”意味着结合实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性可以包含在本申请的至少一个实施例中。在说明书中的各个位置出现该短语并不一定均是指相同的实施例，也不是与其它实施例互斥的独立的或备选的实施例。本领域技术人员显式地和隐式地理解的是，本申请所描述的实施例可以与其它实施例相结合。
在本申请的描述中需要说明的是除非另有明确的规定和限定术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”、“附接”应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或一体地连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本申请中的具体含义。
本申请中出现的“多个”指的是两个以上(包括两个)。
本申请中，电池单体可以包括锂离子二次电池、锂离子一次电池、锂硫电池、钠锂离子电池、钠离子电池或镁离子电池等，本申请实施例对此并不限定。电池单体可呈圆柱体、扁平体、长方体或其它形状等，本申请实施例对此也不限定。电池单体一般按封装的方式分成三种：圆柱电池单体、方形电池单体和软包电池单体。
本申请的实施例所提到的电池是指包括一个或多个电池单体以提供更高的电压和容量的单一的物理模块。例如，本申请中所提到的电池可以包括电池模块或电池包等。电池一般包括用于封装一个或多个电池单体的箱体，箱体可以避免液体或其他异物影响电池单体的充电或放电。
电池单体包括电极组件和电解液，电极组件由正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜组成。电池单体主要依靠金属离子在正极极片和负极极片之间移动来工作。正极极片包括正极集流体和正极活性物质层，正极活性物质层涂覆于正极集流体的表面，未涂敷正极活性物质层的正极集流体凸出于已涂覆正极活性物质层的正极集流体，未涂敷正极活性物质层的正极集流体作为正极极耳。以锂离子电池为例，正极集流体的材料可以为铝，正极活性物质可以为钴酸锂、磷酸铁锂、三元锂或锰酸锂等。负极极片包括负极集流体和负极活性物质层，负极活性物质层涂覆于负极集流体的表面，未涂敷负极活性物质层的负极集流体凸出于已涂覆负极活性物质层的负极集流体，未涂敷负极活性物质层的负极集流体作负极极耳。负极集流体的材料可以为铜，负极活性物质可以为碳或硅等。为了保证通过大电流而不发生熔断，正极极耳的数量为多个且层叠在一起，负极极耳的数量为多个且层叠在一起。隔离膜的材质可以为PP(polypropylene，聚丙烯)或PE(polyethylene，聚乙烯)等。此外，电极组件可以是卷绕式结构，也可以是叠片式结构，本申请实施例并不限于此。
电池单体还包括泄压件，泄压件在电池单体内部压力达到阈值时致动。阈值设计根据设计需求不同而不同。阈值可能取决于电池单体的正极极片、负极极片、电解液和隔离膜中一种或几种的材料。泄压件可以采用诸如防爆阀、气阀、泄压阀或安全阀等的形式，并可以具体采用压敏或温敏的元件或构造，即，当电池单体的内部压力或温度达到阈值时，泄压件执行动作或者泄压件中设有的薄弱结构被破坏，从而形成可供内部压力或温度泄放的开口或通道。
本申请中所提到的“致动”是指泄压件产生动作或被激活至一定的形态，从而使得电池单体的内部压力及温度得以被泄放。泄压件产生的动作可以包括但不限于：泄压件中的至少一部分破裂、破碎、被撕裂或者打开，等等。泄压件在致动时，电池单体的内部的高温高压物质作为排放物会从开启的部位向外排出。以此方式能够在可控压力或温度的情况下使电池单体发生泄压及泄温，从而避免潜在的更严重的事故发生。
相关技术中，在电池单体的内部发生热失控时，电池单体内部的压力或者温度开始上升，当电池单体内部的压力或者温度上升至致使泄压件致动的阈值时，泄压件的至少一部分破裂、破碎、被撕裂或者打开，电池单体的内部的高温高压物质从开启的部位向外排出，从而避免潜在的更严重的事故发生。
发明人经研究发现，当电池单体的热失控的部位距离泄压件较远时，例如热失控部位位于电极组件的远离泄压件的一侧时，热失控产生的反作用力会推动电极组件向泄压件移动，以封堵泄压件，导致泄压件无法有效致动，电池单体内部的高温高压气体无法从泄压件排出，从而使电池单体产生爆燃。
基于上述思路，本申请提出一种新的技术方案，能够在热失控部位距离泄压件较远时，也能有效致动泄压件，迅速释放电池单体内部的压力或温度，使电池单体具有较高的安全性能。
可以理解的是，本申请实施例描述的电池单体可以直接对用电装置供电，也可以通过并联或者串联的方式形成电池，以电池的形式对各种用电装置供电。
可以理解的是，本申请实施例中描述的使用电池单体或者电池所适用的用电装置可以为多种形式，例如，手机、便携式设备、笔记本电脑、电瓶车、电动汽车、轮船、航天器、电动玩具和电动工具等等，例如，航天器包括飞机、火箭、航天飞机和宇宙飞船等等，电动玩具包括固定式或移动式的电动玩具，例如，游戏机、电动汽车玩具、电动轮船玩具和电动飞机玩具等等，电动工具包括金属切削电动工具、研磨电动工具、装配电动工具和铁道用电动工具，例如，电钻、电动砂轮机、电动扳手、电动螺丝刀、电锤、冲击电钻、混凝土振动器和电刨。
本申请的实施例描述的电池单体以及电池不仅仅局限适用于上述所描述的用电装置，还可以适用于所有使用电池单体以及电池的用电装置，但为描述简洁，下述实施例均以电动汽车为例进行说明。
图1示出的是本申请一实施例中的一种车辆的简易示意图，图2示出的是图1中车辆的电池的结构示意图。
如图1所示，车辆1000的内部设置有电池100、控制器200和马达300，例如，在车辆1000的底部或车头或车尾可以设置电池100。车辆1000可以为燃油汽车、燃气汽车或新能源汽 车，新能源汽车可以是纯电动汽车、混合动力汽车或增程式汽车等。
在本申请的一些实施例中，电池100可以用于车辆1000的供电，例如，电池100可以作为车辆1000的操作电源。控制器200用来控制电池100为马达300的供电，例如，用于车辆1000的启动、导航和行驶时的工作用电需求。
在其他实施例中，电池100不仅仅可以作为车辆1000的操作电源，还可以作为车辆1000的驱动电源，替代或部分地替代燃油或天然气为车辆1000提供驱动动力。
其中，本申请的实施例所提到的电池100是指包括一个或多个电池单体10以提供更高的电压和容量的单一的物理模块。例如，电池100由多个电池单体10串联或者并联而成。
如图2所示，电池100包括多个电池单体10和箱体20，多个电池单体10放置于箱体20内。箱体20包括第一箱体21和第二箱体22，第一箱体21和第二箱体22相互盖合后形成电池100腔，多个电池单体10放置于电池腔内。其中，第一箱体21和第二箱体22的形状可以根据多个电池单体10组合的形状而定，第一箱体21和第二箱体22可以均具有一个开口113。例如，第一箱体21和第二箱体22均可以为中空长方体且各自只有一个面为开口面，第一箱体21和第二箱体22的开口113相对设置，并且第一箱体21和第二箱体22相互扣合形成具有封闭腔室的箱体20。多个电池单体10相互并联或串联或混联组合后置于第一箱体21和第二箱体22扣合后形成的箱体20内。
图3示出的是本申请一些实施例的第一种形式的电池单体的结构示意图。
如图3所示，电池单体10包括外壳11、电极组件12、泄压件13、两个电极端子14、两个集流构件(图中没有示出)，外壳11包括壳体111和端盖112，壳体111包括侧壁1112和底壁1111，底壁1111与开口113相对设置，端盖112与侧壁1112连接且覆盖开口113。电极组件12和电解液设置于外壳11的内部，电极组件12浸没于电解液。
壳体111可以为六面体形，也可以为圆柱形或者椭圆柱形。壳体111可由金属材料制成，诸如铝、铝合金或者镀镍钢。端盖112的尺寸和形状与壳体111的开口113匹配，端盖112固定于壳体111的开口113，从而将电极组件12和电解液封闭于壳体111的容纳腔。端盖112采用金属材料制成，例如铝、钢等材料。端盖112上设置有两个电极引出孔，两个电极端子14设置于端盖112的两个电极引出孔。两个电极端子14中，一个为正极的电极端子，另一个为负极的电极端子。
在本申请的一些实施例中，壳体111的长度方向沿第一方向X延伸，高度方向沿第二方向Z延伸，厚度方向沿第三方向Y延伸，壳体111的开口113与底壁1111沿第二方向Z相对设置。端盖112呈长方形，端盖112的长度方向沿第一方向X延伸，宽度方向沿第三方向Y延伸，厚度方向沿第二方向Z延伸，第一方向X、第二方向Z与第三方向Y之间相互垂直。
在其他实施例中，壳体111也可以为轴线沿第二方向Z延伸的圆柱体或者椭圆柱体，端盖112的尺寸和形状与壳体111的开口113匹配。
电极组件12包括主体121和两个极性的极耳122，两个极耳122中，一个为正极极耳122，另一个为负极极耳122。主体121包括正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜，隔离膜位于正极极片与负极极片之间，用于隔开正极极片与负极极片。两个极耳122中，一个为正极的极耳122，另一个为负极的极耳122。正极的电极端子14与正极的极耳122之间通过一个集流构件电连接，负极的电极端子14与负极的极耳122通过另一个集流构件电连接。
在本申请的一些实施例中，电池单体10包括两个电极组件12，两个电极组件12沿第三方向Y层叠设置，每个电极组件12均包括一个主体121和两个不同极性的极耳122，两个电极组件12的同一极性的极耳122通过同一个集流构件与对应的一个电极端子14连接。在其他实施例中，电池单体10也可以仅包括一个电极组件12，或者包括层叠设置的其他数量的电极组件12。
在本申请的一些实施例中，两个不同极性的极耳122均位于主体121的靠近端盖112的一侧。在其他实施例中，两个不同极性的极耳122可以沿着第一方向X位于主体121的两侧，或者沿着第二方向Z位于主体121的远离端盖112的一侧；两个不同极性的极耳122也可以沿着第二方向Z位于主体121的两侧。
泄压件13设置于外壳11，泄压件13用于在电池单体10的内部压力或者温度达到第二阈值时致动，以使得电池单体10内部压力及温度得以被泄放。第二阈值可以是温度阈值，也可以是压力阈值。泄压件13可以设置于壳体111的底壁1111或者侧壁1112，也可以设置于端盖112。
如图3所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，端盖112沿第一方向X的居中位置设有泄压孔1121，泄压件13设置于泄压孔1121。两个电极端子14沿第一方向X分别设置于泄压孔1121的两侧。在其他实施例中，根据电池单体10的形状不同，端盖112也可以为其他形状，例如圆形或者椭圆形，电极端子14和泄压件13也可以为其他的排布方式。
如图3所示，本申请的一些实施例的电池单体10中，电池单体10包括外壳11、泄压件13、电极组件12、电解液(图中未示出)、封装件15和活性物质16(请参照图5)。电极组件12设置于外壳11的内部，电解液浸没电极组件12，泄压件13设置于外壳11的第一壁。封装件15和活性物质16设置于外壳11的内部，封装件15用于将活性物质16封装在电极组件12的靠近第一壁的一侧，封装件15被配置为在电池单体10的内部压力或温度达到第一阈值时致动以释放活性物质16，活性物质16能够与电解液和/或电极组件12发生反应，以使电池单体10的内部压力或温度升高，从而致动泄压件13。
第一壁可以位于壳体111的侧壁1112或底壁1111，也可以位于端盖112。也就是说，泄压件13可以位于侧壁1112、底壁1111或者端盖112。
第一壁设置有泄压孔1121，泄压件13连接于第一壁且覆盖泄压孔1121。泄压件13可以设置于第一壁的居中位置，也可以设置于第一壁的靠近边缘的部分。泄压件13致动的方式具有多种实施形式，可以在电池单体10内部压力达到第二阈值时破碎以释放电池单体10内部的压力或者温度，也可以在电池单体10内部温度达到二阈值时熔化以释放电池单体10内部的压力或者温度。
封装件15致动时，活性物质16可以被全部释放于泄压件13附近，也可以部分释放于泄压件13附近，部分释放于其他位置。
封装件15封装活性物质16的方式可以具有多种实施形式。封装件15可以与第一壁、泄压件13等共同围合形成封闭的空间以封装活性物质16，封装件15的内部也可以具有中空的封闭空间，采用复合注塑的方式将活性物质16封装于封装件15的内部。活性物质16可以全部充满上述的封闭的空间，也可以部分填充上述的封闭的空间。
封装件15可以是为了实现封装活性物质16的功能独立设置的部件，也可以是电池单体10内部为了实现绝缘、密封等原有的部件作结构改进以具有封装活性物质16的功能。
封装件15致动的方式具有多种实施形式，第一阈值可以为压力阈值或者温度阈值。封装件15可以在电池单体10的内部压力达到第一阈值时破碎以释放活性物质16，也可以在电池单体10的内部温度达到第一阈值时熔化以释放活性物质16。
活性物质16可以为液态，也可以为固态或者粉末态；活性物质16可以为与电解液发生化学反应的物质，也可以为与电极组件12发生化学反应的物质，或者为与电解液和电极组件12均发生化学反应的物质。活性物质16可以为氧化剂，也可以为其他能够与电解液和/或电极组件12发生化学反应以伴随产生大量高温高压且破碎电极组件12的物质。
本申请实施例的电池单体10中，泄压件13的附近封装有活性物质16。当电池单体10内部的某一部位发生热失控时，封装件15在电池100内部的温度或者压力达到泄压件13的致动阈值之前致动，以释放活性物质16，使电极组件12的靠近泄压件13的一侧产生热失控，电极组件破碎分解且伴随产生大量高温高压气体，使泄压件13附近的温度或者压力迅速升高以致动泄压件13，以释放电池单体10内部的压力或温度。尤其是，当电池单体10的热失控部位距离泄压件13较远时，向电池单体10内部释放活性物质16能够确保泄压件13电池单体10内部发生热失控时有效致动，顺利释放电池单体10内部的压力或温度，使电池单体10具有较高的安全性能。
如图3所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，外壳11包括壳体111和端盖112，壳体111具有开口113，壳体111包括侧壁1112和底壁1111，底壁1111与开口113相对设置，端盖112与侧壁1112连接且覆盖开口113，第一壁为端盖112、底壁1111或侧壁1112。
具体而言，底壁1111与开口113沿第二方向Z相对设置，端盖112的厚度方向沿第二方向Z延伸，端盖112与侧壁1112的远离底壁1111的边缘连接且覆盖开口113，以将电极组件12封闭于外壳11的内部。
可以理解的是，底壁1111、侧壁1112和端盖112的位置和电池单体10的放置状态有关。
在本申请的一些实施例中，第二方向Z沿竖直方向延伸，电池单体10正置放置，第一壁为端盖112，泄压孔1121朝上设置，泄压件13位于电池单体10的上侧，底壁1111位于电池单体10的底侧。电池单体10的内部发生热失控时，热失控部位可能位于电极组件12的内部，也可能靠近电极组件12的表面；可能位于电极组件12的靠近底壁1111或者侧壁1112的部分，也可能位于靠近端盖112的部分。尤其是，当热失控发生于电极组件12的靠近底壁1111的位置时，电极组件12的靠近底壁1111的一侧至泄压件13的排气通道并不畅通，通过在泄压件13致动之前提前引起封装件15致动，能够避免电极组件12在局部气压作用下向上顶起，电极组件12的顶部与端盖112贴合以封堵泄压孔1121，导致泄压件13不能有效致动。
在其他实施例中，根据电池单体10的放置状态以及第一壁的布置位置，泄压孔1121可以沿水平方向开设或者朝下设置，封装件15提前致动以释放活性物质16，能够确保泄压件13有效致动。
在上述方案中，第一壁为端盖112、底壁1111或者侧壁1112，第一壁设有泄压件13。当电池单体10内部的某一部位发生热失控时，封装件15在电池100内部的温度或者压力达到泄压件13的致动阈值之前致动，以释放活性物质16，使电极组件12的靠近泄压件13的部分在化学反应下破碎分解；且化学反应伴随产生大量高温高压气体，使泄压件13附近的温度或者压力迅速升高以致动泄压件13，以释放电池单体10内部的压力或温度。
在本申请的一些实施例中，泄压件13被配置为在电池单体10的内部压力或温度达到第二阈值时致动以泄放压力，第二阈值大于第一阈值。
泄压件13在电池单体10的内部压力达到第二阈值时致动的具体实施形式具有多种。泄压件13可以是表面具有刻痕的金属片，也可以是局部厚度减薄的高分子膜，在电池单体10内部压力达到第二阈值时刻痕或者局部减薄区域破裂，以释放电池单体10内部的压力；泄压件13的边缘可以粘接于第一壁，也可以采用密封件等压紧于第一壁，在电池单体10内部压力达到第二阈值时泄压件13的边缘与第一壁分离，以释放电池单体10内部的压力。
在其他实施例中，泄压件13也可以在电池单体10的内部温度达到致动阈值时致动，泄压件13的致动温度阈值高于封装件15致动时电池单体10内部的温度。
泄压件13与封装件15均采用压力破致动，且泄压件13的致动阈值大于封装件15的致动阈值，能够可靠实现封装件15先于泄压件13致动，以通过泄压件13释放电池单体10内部的压力，使电池单体10具有较好的安全性能。
在本申请的一些实施例中，活性物质16为氧化剂。
氧化剂能够与电解液和/或电极组件12中的极片发生反应，产生大量高温高压气体，并破碎极片。
采用氧化剂与电极组件12和/或电解液反应，反应迅速强烈，能够破碎分解电极组件12且伴随产生大量高温高压气体，确保致动泄压件13，且能够使电池单体10内部的热失控部位的压力或者温度顺利经泄压件13排出。
在本申请的一些实施例中，活性物质16包括高锰酸钾、重铬酸钾、次氯酸钠、双氧水、二氧化铅、高碘酸、三氟化钴和高铁酸钠中的至少一种。
活性物质16可以为单一种类的氧化剂，也可以为多种氧化剂的混合物。当活性物质16使用不同的容纳腔隔开储存时，不同容纳腔的活性物质16可以相同，也可以不同。
上述种类的活性物质16不会与外壳11以及封装件15发生反应，且为常见的氧化剂，易于获得，成本低廉。
在本申请的一些实施例中，封装件15将活性物质16中的至少一部分封装在与泄压件13对应的位置。
活性物质16可以全部封装于泄压件13对应的位置；活性物质16也可以一部分封装于与泄压件13对应的位置，用于引发电极组件12的靠近泄压件13的部分的化学反应，另一部分封装于电极组件12的靠近第一壁的其他位置，用于引发电极组件12的靠近第一壁的其他位置的化学反应。
活性物质16不仅仅在泄压件13附近的位置引发化学反应以致动泄压件13，还在电池单体10内部的其他位置引发化学反应以破碎对应位置的电极组件12，使电池单体10的热失控部位至泄压件13的排气通道畅通，以确保电池单体10的热失控部位产生的气体能够顺利经过泄压件13排出。
图4示出的是图3中电池单体的端盖连接有电极端子、泄压件和封装件的结构示意图；图5为图4中的A-A剖面图。
如图4和图5所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，外壳11设置有泄压孔1121，泄压件13和封装件15均覆盖泄压孔1121，封装件15设置于泄压件13的靠近电极组件12的一侧，封装件15、泄压件13和泄压孔1121的孔壁11211共同限定出容纳活性物质16的封闭空间。
如图3、图4和图5所示，基于前述的“第一壁为端盖112”的实施形式，端盖112沿第二方向Z的两侧分别为第一侧1122和第二侧1123，第一侧1122靠近电极组件12设置且位于电池单体10的内部，第二侧1123远离电极组件12且位于电池单体10的外部。泄压件13靠近第二侧1123设置，封装件15靠近第一侧1122设置，泄压件13、封装件15和泄压孔1121的孔壁11211共同限定出封闭空间。
沿着端盖112的厚度方向，泄压件13设置于泄压孔1121的内部，泄压件13的边缘与泄压孔1121的内壁连接，封装件15位于泄压孔1121的外部，封装件15与泄压孔1121的靠近第一侧1122的表面连接。
如图5所示，端盖112还包括第一部分1124和第二部分1125，第一部分1124从泄压孔1121的孔壁11211凸出于第一壁的表面，第二部分1125从第一侧1122凸出于第一壁的表面。泄压件13的边缘与第一部分1124连接，封装件15与第二部分1125连接，第一部分1124、第二部分1125、泄压件13以及封装件15共同限定出封闭空间1126。
在其他实施例中，泄压件13与封装件15具有多种覆盖泄压孔1121的方式。例如，泄压件13和封装件15分别沿第二方向Z从端盖112的第一侧1122和第二侧1123与端盖112连接；再例如，泄压件13设置于泄压孔1121的内部，封装件15的面积大于泄压孔1121的面积，封装件15从端盖112的第一侧1122覆盖泄压孔1121，且封装件15的边缘与端盖112的表面连接。
活性物质16封装于泄压孔1121内，不会过多占用电池单体10内部的空间，从而维持电池单体10原有的能量密度；且封装件15致动时释放活性物质16，活性物质16能够在靠近泄压孔1121的位置引发化学反应，能够可靠地致动泄压件13，使电池单体10具有较好的安全性能。
如图5所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，泄压件13和封装件15均为片状。
泄压件13和封装件15均为片状，能够占据较小的泄压孔1121内的空间，从而在泄压孔1121内有更多的空间存储活性物质16。
图6示出的是本申请一些实施例的第二种形式的电池单体的结构示意图。
如图6所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，封装件15为绝缘材质，封装件15设置于第一壁和电极组件12之间，以绝缘隔离电极组件12和第一壁。
基于前述的“第一壁为端盖112”的实施方式，封装件设置于端盖112与电极组件12之间，以绝缘隔离电极组件12和端盖112。
封装件15可以为塑胶件，在电池100内部的温度达到第一阈值时熔化，以释放活性物质 16；封装件15也可以具有局部薄弱部位，在电池100内部的压力达到第一阈值时破碎。封装件15还包括与电极引出孔和泄压孔1121对应的过孔，以供电极端子14与集流构件连接，泄压孔1121与电池单体10内部的容纳腔连通。
封装件15不仅用于封装活性物质16，还用于绝缘隔离电极组件12和第一壁，使封装件15集成绝缘功能和封装活性物质16的功能，减少了电池单体10内部的部件数量，使电池单体10结构紧凑，具有较高的能量密度。
图7示出的是图6中的电池单体的端盖连接有电极端子、泄压件和封装件的结构示意图；图8为图7中的B-B剖面图。
如图7和图8所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，封装件15具有与泄压件13位置对应的第一容纳腔1512，活性物质16中的至少一部分封装在第一容纳腔1512内。
活性物质16可以全部封装于第一容纳腔1512，也可以一部分封装于第一容纳腔1512，其余部分封装于其他位置。
第一容纳腔1512可以是封装件15与其他部件共同围合形成，也可以是独立存在于封装件15的内部。
泄压孔1121在XY平面上的投影可以落入第一容纳腔1512在XY平面上的投影，使第一容纳腔1512中释放的活性物质16可以引发泄压件13附近的较大区域发生化学反应，迅速产生大量气体以致动泄压件13；也可以是第一容纳腔1512在XY平面上的投影落入泄压孔1121在XY平面上的投影，或者第一容纳腔1512在XY平面上的投影与泄压孔1121在XY平面上的投影部分重合，以根据电池单体10内部的空间灵活布置活性物质16的存储位置，只要封装件15致动时活性物质16引发的化学反应所产生的大量气体能够致动泄压件13即可。
封装件15致动时能够释放第一容纳腔1512中的活性物质16，泄压件13的附近引发化学反应，能够可靠地致动泄压件13，使电池单体10具有较好的安全性能。
图9为图8中C处的局部放大图，图9示出了图6中的电池单体的第一种形式的第一容纳腔的结构示意图。
如图9所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，第一容纳腔1512具有第一开口，第一壁和泄压件13共同封闭第一开口。
基于“第一壁为端盖112”的实施形式，沿着第一方向X，封装件15的居中位置设置有第一凹槽151，第一凹槽151由封装件15的表面朝向背离端盖112的方向凹陷形成，第一凹槽151的内部具有第一容纳腔1512，第一凹槽151的靠近端盖112的一侧的开口113构成第一开口，泄压件13在XY平面的投影落入第一凹槽151在XY平面上的投影，端盖112的第一侧1122与封装件15贴合，且封闭第一开口，构成封闭的第一容纳腔1512。
图10示出的是图6中电池单体的第二种形式的第一容纳腔的结构示意图。
如图10所示，具体而言，第一凹槽151的中部进一步向背离端盖112的方向凹陷形成储存部1513，储存部1513用于储存活性物质16，以使泄压件13的附近对应储存有更多的活性物质16。储存部1513在XY平面上的投影落入泄压件13在XY平面的投影，在封装件15致动时，能够优先引发泄压件13附近的部分发生化学反应，提高致动泄压件13的速度。储存部的背离端盖112的一侧可以用于与电极组件12的表面抵接，以使封装件15的两侧抵接于端盖112和电极组件12之间，使电池单体10结构紧凑。
图11示出的是图6中电池单体的封装件的第三种形式的第一容纳腔的结构示意图；图12示出的是图11中的封装件的结构示意图。
如图11和图12所示，在其他实施例中，第一容纳腔1512也可以为独立形成于封装件15内部的封闭空间，采用复合注塑的形式将活性物质16封装于第一容纳腔1512的内部。具体而言，封装件15的对应泄压孔1121的过孔处具有支撑部154，支撑部154封堵部分过孔且暴露出过孔的沿第一方向X的两侧空间，形成两个排气空间155。支撑部154的一侧与泄压件13抵接，以使两 个排气空间155与电池单体10的内部连通。支撑部154与第一凹槽151的储存部1513共同围合形成封闭的第一容纳腔1512，活性物质16封装于第一容纳腔1512的内部。
第一壁、泄压件13和封装件15共同形成封闭的第一容纳腔1512，不仅使活性物质16封装于泄压件13的附近，活性物质16被释放时能够在泄压件13的附近引发化学反应，且易于实现活性物质16的封装。
图13为图8中D处的局部放大图。
如图8和图13所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，第一壁为长方形，封装件15还具有两个第二容纳腔1522，沿第一壁的长度方向，两个第二容纳腔1522分别位于第一容纳腔1512的两侧；活性物质16中的一部分封装在第一容纳腔1512内，另一部分封装在两个第二容纳腔1522内。
基于“第一壁为端盖112”的实施形式，端盖112为长度方向沿第一方向X延伸、宽度方向沿第三方向Y延伸的长方形，沿着第一方向，封装件15的两端分别设有一个第二容纳腔1522。第二容纳腔1522可以为独立形成于封装件15内部的封闭空间，采用复合注塑的形式将活性物质16封装于第二容纳腔1522的内部；第二容纳腔1522也可以为封装件15与端盖112共同围合形成的封闭空间。
沿第一壁的长度方向，在第一容纳腔1512的两侧分别设有一个第二容纳腔1522，第二容纳腔1522中封装有部分活性物质16，第二容纳腔1522中的活性物质16被释放时能够引发电极组件12的对应位置发生化学反应，以使电极组件12的靠近泄压件13的一侧充分破碎，维持电池单体10热失控部位至泄压件13的排气通道畅通。
如图13所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，所述第二容纳腔1522具有第二开口，所述第一壁封闭所述第二开口。
具体而言，沿着第一方向，封装件15的两端分别设有一个第二凹槽152，第二凹槽152由封装件15的表面向背离端盖112的方向凹陷形成，第二凹槽152的内部具有第二容纳腔1522，第二凹槽152的靠近端盖112的开口113构成第二开口。封装件15与端盖112贴合以封闭第二开口，形成封闭的第二容纳腔1522。
第二容纳腔1522可以沿着第三方向Y与电极组件12的尺寸相同，使电极组件12的靠近端盖112的一侧的第一方向X的两端的端角部位破碎分解，使从电极组件12热失控部位至泄压件13的排气通道畅通；第二容纳腔1522也可以沿着第三方向Y相对于电极组件12居中设置。
具体而言，封装件15沿着第一方向X的两侧设有与电极组件12的表面抵接的连接部153，连接部153由封装件15的背离端盖112的一侧沿第二方向Z凸出形成，第二凹槽152形成于连接件的内部，以使封装件15结构紧凑。
第一壁与封装件15共同形成封闭的第二容纳腔1522，活性物质16被释放时能够在对应位置引发化学反应，且易于实现活性物质16的封装。
本申请的一些实施例提出一种电池100，包括本申请的一些实施例的电池单体10。
由于电池单体10的特性，本申请的一些实施例的电池100也具备较好的安全性能。
本申请的一些实施例提出一种用电装置，包括电池100。
由于电池100的特性，本申请的一些实施例的用电装置也具备较好的安全性能。
本申请的一些实施例提出一种电池单体10的制造方法，包括：
提供外壳11，外壳11的第一壁设置有泄压件13；
提供电极组件12；
提供电解液；
提供封装件15和活性物质16，封装件15用于封装活性物质16，封装件15被配置为在电池单体10的内部压力或温度达到第一阈值时致动以释放活性物质16，活性物质16能够与电解液和 /或电极组件12发生反应，以使电池单体10的内部压力或温度升高，从而致动泄压件13；
将电极组件12设置于外壳11内，用封装件15将活性物质16封装于电极组件12的靠近第一壁的一侧，将电解液注入外壳11内。
本申请的一些实施例提出一种电池单体10的制造设备，包括：
第一提供装置，用于提供外壳11，外壳11的第一壁设置有泄压件13；
第二提供装置，用于提供电极组件12；
第三提供装置，用于提供电解液；
第四提供装置，用于提供封装件15和活性物质16，封装件15用于封装活性物质16，封装件15被配置为在电池单体10的内部压力或温度达到第一阈值时致动以释放活性物质16，活性物质16能够与电解液和/或电极组件12发生反应，以使电池单体10的内部压力或温度升高，从而致动泄压件13；
安装模块，用于将电极组件12设置于外壳11内，用封装件15将活性物质16封装于电极组件12的靠近第一壁的一侧，将电解液注入外壳11内。
如图3至图5所示，本申请的一些实施例提出一种电池单体10，电池单体10包括壳体111、端盖112、电极组件12、泄压件13和封装件15，端盖112设有泄压孔1121，泄压孔1121处设置有上下两层结构的防爆片，上层防爆片为泄压件13，下层防爆片为封装件15。防爆片一般为金属材质，例如铝、钢等，也可以为塑料材质。在上下两层防爆片之间添加活性物质16，活性物质16一般为强氧化剂，例如高锰酸钾、重铬酸钾、次氯酸钠、双氧水、二氧化铅、高碘酸、三氟化钴、高铁酸钠等。当电池单体内部热失控慢慢产气时，内部气压达到第一阈值，低于上层防爆片的开启压力，电池单体内部的气压会冲开下层防爆片，释放活性物质16与电解液反应，让靠近泄压件13附近的电极组件失效，产生大量高温高压气体，再进一步冲破上层防爆片，释放热量同时喷出破碎分解的极片，增加泄压孔1121处的排气间隙，让远离泄压孔1121的电极组件失效时能够顺利排出失效极片，从而防止由于泄压件13开启失效导致电极组件12向上冲而导致电池单体10爆开，产生严重的安全事故。
如图6至图13所示，本申请的一些实施例提出一种电池单体10，电池单体10包括壳体111、端盖112、电极组件12、泄压件13和封装件15，端盖112设有泄压件13。封装件15为下塑胶，设置于端盖112与电极组件12之间。沿着端盖112的长度方向(即第一方向X)，封装件15的长度与电极组件12的长度大致相同，封装件15的中部以及两端均具有半开的凹槽，封装件15与端盖112贴合，以将活性物质16封装于凹槽的内部。当电池单体10的内部产气出现高温时，熔化下塑胶，释放出活性物质16与电极组件反应，排出离泄压孔1121较近的极片，空出排气间隙，防止端盖112从壳体111爆开。
需要说明的是，在不冲突的情况下，本申请中的实施例中的特征可以相互结合。
以上所述仅为本申请的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。

Claims (17)

  1. 一种电池单体，其特征在于，包括：
    外壳；
    泄压件，设置于所述外壳的第一壁；
    电极组件，设置于所述外壳的内部；
    电解液，浸没所述电极组件；
    封装件和活性物质，设置于所述外壳的内部，所述封装件用于将所述活性物质封装在所述电极组件的靠近所述第一壁的一侧，所述封装件被配置为在所述电池单体的内部压力或温度达到第一阈值时致动以释放所述活性物质，所述活性物质能够与所述电解液和/或所述电极组件发生反应，以使所述电池单体的内部压力或温度升高，从而致动所述泄压件。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述泄压件被配置为在所述电池单体的内部压力或温度达到第二阈值时致动以泄放压力，所述第二阈值大于所述第一阈值。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述活性物质为氧化剂。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述活性物质包括高锰酸钾、重铬酸钾、次氯酸钠、双氧水、二氧化铅、高碘酸、三氟化钴和高铁酸钠中的至少一种。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述封装件将所述活性物质中的至少一部分封装在与所述泄压件对应的位置。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述外壳设置有泄压孔，所述泄压件和所述封装件均覆盖所述泄压孔，所述封装件设置于所述泄压件的靠近所述电极组件的一侧，所述封装件、所述泄压件和所述泄压孔的孔壁共同限定出容纳所述活性物质的封闭空间。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述泄压件和所述封装件均为片状。
  8. 根据权利要求5所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述封装件为绝缘材质，所述封装件设置于所述第一壁和所述电极组件之间，以绝缘隔离所述电极组件和所述第一壁。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述封装件具有与所述泄压件位置对应的第一容纳腔，所述活性物质中的至少一部分封装在所述第一容纳腔内。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述第一容纳腔具有第一开口，所述第一壁和所述泄压件共同封闭所述第一开口。
  11. 根据权利要求9或10所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述第一壁为长方形，所述封装件还具有两个第二容纳腔，沿所述第一壁的长度方向，两个所述第二容纳腔分别位于所述第一容纳腔的两侧；
    所述活性物质中的一部分封装在所述第一容纳腔内，另一部分封装在两个所述第二容纳腔内。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述第二容纳腔具有第二开口，所述第一壁封闭所述第二开口。
  13. 根据权利要求1-12任一项所述的电池单体，其特征在于，所述外壳包括壳体和端盖，所述壳体具有开口，所述壳体包括侧壁和底壁，所述底壁与所述开口相对设置，所述端盖与所述侧壁连接且覆盖所述开口，所述第一壁为所述端盖、所述底壁或所述侧壁。
  14. 一种电池，其特征在于，包括如权利要求1-13任一项所述的电池单体。
  15. 一种用电装置，其特征在于，包括如权利要求14所述的电池。
  16. 一种电池单体的制造方法，其特征在于，包括：
    提供外壳，所述外壳的第一壁设置有泄压件；
    提供电极组件；
    提供电解液；
    提供封装件和活性物质，所述封装件用于封装所述活性物质，所述封装件被配置为在所述电池单体的内部压力或温度达到第一阈值时致动以释放所述活性物质，所述活性物质能够与所述电解液和/或所述电极组件发生反应，以使所述电池单体的内部压力或温度升高，从而致动所述泄压件；
    将所述电极组件设置于所述外壳内，用所述封装件将所述活性物质封装于所述电极组件的靠近所述第一壁的一侧，将所述电解液注入所述外壳内。
  17. 一种电池单体的制造设备，其特征在于，包括：
    第一提供装置，用于提供外壳，所述外壳的第一壁设置有泄压件；
    第二提供装置，用于提供电极组件；
    第三提供装置，用于提供电解液；
    第四提供装置，用于提供封装件和活性物质，所述封装件用于封装所述活性物质，所述封装件被配置为在所述电池单体的内部压力或温度达到第一阈值时致动以释放所述活性物质，所述活性物质能够与所述电解液和/或所述电极组件发生反应，以使所述电池单体的内部压力或温度升高，从而致动所述泄压件；
    安装模块，用于将所述电极组件设置于所述外壳内，用所述封装件将所述活性物质封装于所述电极组件的靠近所述第一壁的一侧，将所述电解液注入所述外壳内。
PCT/CN2021/122383 2021-09-30 2021-09-30 电池单体、电池以及用电装置 Ceased WO2023050391A1 (zh)

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