WO2023066386A1 - 正极活性材料及制备方法、正极极片、二次电池、电池模块、电池包及用电装置 - Google Patents

正极活性材料及制备方法、正极极片、二次电池、电池模块、电池包及用电装置 Download PDF

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WO2023066386A1
WO2023066386A1 PCT/CN2022/126778 CN2022126778W WO2023066386A1 WO 2023066386 A1 WO2023066386 A1 WO 2023066386A1 CN 2022126778 W CN2022126778 W CN 2022126778W WO 2023066386 A1 WO2023066386 A1 WO 2023066386A1
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positive electrode
active material
electrode active
optionally
range
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PCT/CN2022/126778
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
蒋耀
欧阳楚英
张欣欣
邓斌
王志强
袁天赐
徐波
陈尚栋
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Priority claimed from PCT/CN2021/125898 external-priority patent/WO2023065359A1/zh
Priority claimed from PCT/CN2021/130350 external-priority patent/WO2023082182A1/zh
Priority claimed from PCT/CN2021/140462 external-priority patent/WO2023115388A1/zh
Priority to CN202411425797.XA priority Critical patent/CN119542374B/zh
Priority to AU2022371736A priority patent/AU2022371736B2/en
Priority to EP22882990.9A priority patent/EP4261946A4/en
Priority to KR1020237024611A priority patent/KR20230122108A/ko
Application filed by Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd filed Critical Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Priority to JP2023543271A priority patent/JP2024505446A/ja
Priority to CN202280007637.6A priority patent/CN116547835B/zh
Publication of WO2023066386A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023066386A1/zh
Priority to US18/351,925 priority patent/US20230361296A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of lithium batteries, in particular to a positive electrode active material and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode sheet containing the positive electrode active material, a secondary battery, a battery module, a battery pack, and an electrical device.
  • lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various large-scale power devices, energy storage systems and various consumer products due to their excellent electrochemical performance, no memory effect, and low environmental pollution.
  • lithium manganese phosphate positive electrode active material has the advantages of high working voltage, wide range of raw material sources and less environmental pollution, and is considered to be a positive electrode active material that is expected to replace lithium iron phosphate and become a power lithium-ion battery.
  • the present application is made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and its purpose is to provide a positive electrode active material, a preparation method of the positive electrode active material, a positive electrode sheet, a secondary battery, a battery module, a battery pack, and an electrical device to solve existing problems.
  • the lithium manganese phosphate positive electrode active material is prone to Li/Mn anti-site defects and serious manganese dissolution during the charging and discharging process, so as to solve the problems of low capacity, poor safety performance and cycle performance of secondary batteries.
  • the first aspect of the application provides a positive electrode active material, including the compound shown in formula (I),
  • A includes one or more elements selected from Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IIB, Group VB and Group VIB;
  • B includes one or more elements selected from group IA, group IIA, group IIIA, group IVA, group VA, group IIB, group IVB, group VB, group VIB and group VIII;
  • C includes one or more elements selected from Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA and Group VIA;
  • D includes one or more elements selected from Group VIA and Group VIIA;
  • a is selected from the range of 0.85 to 1.15;
  • x is selected from the range of 0 to 0.1;
  • y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.999;
  • z is selected from the range of 0 to 0.5;
  • n is selected from the range of 0 to 0.5.
  • the present application can obtain significantly improved rate performance by doping specific elements at the Mn site of the compound LiMnPO 4 and optionally at the Li site, P site and/or O site in a specific amount, while significantly reducing the Mn and The dissolution of the doping element at the Mn site results in significantly improved cycle performance and/or high temperature stability, and the gram capacity and compacted density of the material are also improved.
  • A comprises Rb, Cs, Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ga, In, Cd, V, Ta, Cr, Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Nb, Mo and W
  • elements optionally including one or more elements selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Nb, Mo and W; and/or,
  • B includes Rb, Cs, Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, In, Pb, Bi, Cd, Hf, Ta, Cr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Zn, Al, Na, K,
  • Mg, Mo, W, Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge can be selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, One or more of Mg, Mo, W, Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb, and Ge; and/or,
  • C includes one or more elements selected from B (boron), S, Si and N; and/or,
  • D includes one or more elements selected from S, F, Cl, and Br.
  • the rate performance, gram capacity, compacted density, cycle performance and/or high temperature performance of the secondary battery can be further improved, and the dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements can be further reduced.
  • A includes any element selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Nb, Mo, and W, and may be any element selected from Mg and Nb; and/or ,
  • B includes one or more elements selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge, optionally selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni , Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge at least two elements, more optionally selected from Fe, Ti, V, Ni, Co and Mg at least two elements, further optionally selected as At least two elements selected from Fe, Ti, V, Co and Mg, further optionally being Fe and one or more elements selected from Ti, V, Co and Mg; and/or,
  • C includes any element selected from B (boron), S, Si and N, optionally S; and/or,
  • D includes any element selected from S, F, Cl and Br, and may be F.
  • the rate performance of the secondary battery can be further improved, the dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements can be further reduced, the cycle performance and/or high temperature performance of the secondary battery can be improved, and the gram capacity and compacted density of the material can be further improved.
  • a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1, optionally selected from the range of 0.97 to 1.01; and/or,
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.005; and/or,
  • y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, optionally selected from the range of 0.01 to 0.5, optionally selected from the range of 0.25 to 0.5; and/or,
  • z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, optionally selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1, more optionally selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.005; and/or,
  • n is selected from the range of 0 to 0.1, optionally selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.005.
  • the gram capacity of the material can be further improved, the rate performance and/or kinetic performance of the secondary battery can be further improved, and the cycle performance and/or high temperature performance of the battery can be further improved.
  • x is 0, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, and n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1; or,
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • z is 0, and n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1; or,
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5
  • n is 0; or,
  • x is 0, z is 0, and n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1; or,
  • x is 0, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, and n is 0; or,
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5
  • n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1.
  • the present application is by doping specific elements at the Mn site of the compound LiMnPO 4 and optionally at the Li site, P site and/or O site in a specific amount, especially at the Mn site and the P site of LiMnPO 4 or the Doping a specific element in a specific amount on the Li site, Mn site, P site, and O site of LiMnPO 4 can significantly improve the rate performance, significantly reduce the dissolution of Mn and Mn site doping elements, and significantly improve cycle performance and/or high temperature stability. Remarkably improve the gram capacity and compaction density of the material.
  • y:z is selected from the range of 0.002 to 999, optionally selected from the range of 0.025 to 999, more optionally selected from the range of 0.2 to 600.
  • z:n is selected from the range of 0.002 to 500, optionally selected from the range of 0.2 to 100, more optionally selected from the range of 0.2 to 50.
  • A includes one or more elements selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Nb, Mo and W;
  • B includes one or more elements selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge;
  • C includes one or more elements selected from B (boron), S, Si and N;
  • D includes one or more elements selected from S, F, Cl and Br;
  • a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5
  • z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1.
  • the present application can obtain significantly improved rate performance by doping specific elements at the Li site, Mn site, P site, and O site of the compound LiMnPO 4 at the same time, while significantly reducing the doping of Mn and Mn sites. Dissolution of elements, significantly improved cycle performance and/or high temperature stability are obtained, and the gram capacity and compacted density of the material can also be increased.
  • B includes one or more elements selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Mo, W, Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge, optional Ground is one or more elements selected from Zn, Fe, Ti, V, Ni, Co and Mg;
  • C is one or more elements selected from B, Si, N and S;
  • a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1, x is 0, y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1, and n is 0.
  • the present application can improve the rate performance, reduce the stripping of Mn and Mn-site doping elements, improve the cycle performance and/or High temperature stability, increase the gram capacity and compaction density of the material.
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, and the inner core includes the compound shown in the above-mentioned formula I;
  • the shell includes one or more cladding layers; the cladding layers are ionically or electronically conductive.
  • the present application obtains the doped lithium manganese phosphate inner core by doping the Mn site of the compound LiMnPO 4 and optionally at the Li site, P site and/or O site with a specific amount of specific elements, and sets an ion-conducting core on the core surface. It provides a new type of positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure.
  • the application of positive electrode active materials in secondary batteries can significantly improve the high-temperature cycle performance and cycle stability of secondary batteries. performance and high temperature storage performance.
  • the shell comprises a coating
  • the cladding layer includes one or more selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate, carbon, doped carbon, oxide, boride and polymer.
  • the present application can obtain a coating layer with ion conductivity or electron conductivity by using the above materials, thereby improving the high-temperature cycle performance, cycle stability and high-temperature storage performance of the secondary battery.
  • the shell comprises a first cladding layer enclosing the inner core and a second cladding layer enclosing the first cladding layer;
  • each of the first cladding layer and the second cladding layer independently includes one or more selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate, carbon, doped carbon, oxide, boride, and polymer.
  • the present application adopts the above-mentioned materials as the material of the cladding layer, and setting two cladding layers can further improve the high-temperature cycle performance, cycle stability and high-temperature storage performance of the secondary battery.
  • the first cladding layer includes one or more selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate, oxide, and boride
  • the second cladding layer includes carbon and doped carbon. one or more.
  • this application adopts the first cladding layer of a specific material and the second cladding layer of a specific material, which can further improve the rate performance, further reduce the dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements, thereby improving the cycle performance of the secondary battery and/or high temperature stability.
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core, a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and a third cladding layer covering the second cladding layer;
  • each of the first cladding layer, the second cladding layer and the third cladding layer independently comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of pyrophosphate, phosphate, carbon, doped carbon, oxide, boride and polymer one or more.
  • this application adopts the above-mentioned materials as the material of the cladding layer, and setting up three cladding layers can further reduce the dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements, and further improve the high-temperature cycle performance, cycle stability and high-temperature stability of the secondary battery. storage performance.
  • the first coating layer includes pyrophosphate
  • the second coating layer includes one or more selected from phosphate, oxide and boride
  • the third coating layer includes carbon and one or more of doped carbon.
  • the present application adopts the first cladding layer of a specific material, the second cladding layer of a specific material, and the third cladding layer of a specific material, which further improves the rate performance and further reduces the difference between Mn and Mn-site doping elements. Dissolution, thereby improving the cycle performance and/or high temperature stability of the secondary battery, and further increasing the gram capacity and compacted density of the material.
  • the one or more coating layers each independently comprise one or more of pyrophosphate, phosphate, carbon, doped carbon, oxide, boride and polymer kind.
  • the pyrophosphate is M b (P 2 O 7 ) c ; and/or,
  • Phosphate is X m (PO 4 ) q ; and/or,
  • the doping elements in the doped carbon include one or more selected from group IIIA, group VA, group VIA and group VIIA; and/or,
  • the oxide is M′ d O e ; and/or,
  • boride is Z v B w ;
  • the polymer includes one or more selected from polysaccharides and their derivatives, polysiloxane;
  • M, X and Z each independently include one or more elements selected from Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIIB and Group VIII; b is selected from 1 From the range of 1 to 4, c is selected from the range of 1 to 6; m is selected from the range of 1 to 2, and q is selected from the range of 1 to 4; M' includes alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, group IIIA elements , one or more elements of group IVA elements, lanthanides and Sb, d is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2, e is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5; v is selected from the range of 1 to 7, and w is selected from 1 to 2 range.
  • the present application can further reduce the dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements by using the above-mentioned materials as the coating layer, further improve the gram capacity and compaction density of the material, and further improve the rate performance and high-temperature cycle performance of the secondary battery. and high temperature storage performance.
  • M, X and Z each independently include one or more elements selected from Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb and Al; and / or,
  • the doping elements in the doped carbon include one or more selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron and fluorine; and/or,
  • M' includes Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As , Se, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, W, La and Ce, one or more elements, can be selected as Including one or more elements selected from Mg, Al, Si, Zn, Zr and Sn; and/or,
  • Polysiloxane is selected from one or more of polysiloxanes of linear structure and polysiloxane of ring structure; and/or,
  • the polysaccharide is selected from one or more of plant polysaccharides and marine polysaccharides.
  • the present application can further reduce the dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements by using the above-mentioned specific materials as the coating layer, and further improve the high-temperature cycle performance and high-temperature storage performance of the secondary battery.
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core
  • the inner core includes Li a Mn 1-y By y P 1-z C z O 4 , wherein a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1, y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1, and B includes One or more elements selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb, Zn and Ge, C includes B (boron), S, Si and N One or more elements in
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer enclosing the inner core and a second cladding layer enclosing the first cladding layer,
  • the first cladding layer includes pyrophosphate MP 2 O 7 and phosphate XPO 4 , wherein M and X are each independently selected from Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, One or more of Nb and Al;
  • the second cladding layer contains carbon.
  • the positive electrode active material of the present application can improve the gram capacity, cycle performance and safety performance of the secondary battery.
  • the lithium manganese phosphate positive electrode active material of the present application has a core-shell structure, wherein by doping the manganese and phosphorus positions of the lithium manganese phosphate core with elements, not only can effectively reduce the dissolution of manganese, and then Reduce the migration of manganese ions to the negative electrode, reduce the consumption of electrolyte due to the decomposition of the SEI film, improve the cycle performance and safety performance of the secondary battery, and also promote the adjustment of Mn-O bonds, reduce the migration barrier of lithium ions, and promote the migration of lithium ions , to improve the rate performance of the secondary battery; by coating the inner core with the first coating layer including pyrophosphate and phosphate, the migration resistance of manganese can be further increased, its dissolution can be reduced, and the content of lithium on the surface and inner core can be reduced.
  • the secondary battery can be further improved.
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core
  • the inner core includes Li a Mn 1-y By y P 1-z C z O 4 , wherein a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1, y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1, and B includes One or more elements selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge, and C includes elements selected from B (boron), S, Si and N one or more elements;
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core, a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and a third cladding layer covering the second cladding layer, wherein,
  • the first cladding layer includes pyrophosphate Li f QP 2 O 7 and/or Q g (P 2 O 7 ) h , where, 0 ⁇ f ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ g ⁇ 4, 1 ⁇ h ⁇ 6, pyrophosphate Q in the salt Li f QP 2 O 7 and/or Q g (P 2 O 7 ) h is each independently selected from Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb and Al one or more elements of
  • the second cladding layer includes crystalline phosphate XPO 4 , wherein X is one or more elements selected from Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb and Al ;
  • the third cladding layer contains carbon.
  • This application provides a new core-shell structure by doping elements at the manganese site of lithium manganese phosphate and doping elements at the phosphorus site to obtain a doped lithium manganese phosphate core and sequentially performing three-layer coating on the surface of the core.
  • the lithium manganese phosphate positive electrode active material, the application of the positive electrode active material in the secondary battery can significantly improve the high temperature cycle performance, cycle stability and high temperature storage performance of the secondary battery.
  • one or more cladding layers in the shell that are farthest from the inner core each independently include one or more selected from polysiloxane, polysaccharide and polysaccharide derivatives.
  • the uniformity of coating can be improved, and the interface side reaction caused by high voltage can be effectively blocked, thereby improving the high-temperature cycle performance and high-temperature storage performance of the material; moreover, the coating layer has good electronic conductivity and ion conductivity , which helps to increase the gram capacity of the material, and at the same time reduces the heat generation of the battery cell.
  • the polysiloxane comprises a structural unit represented by formula (i),
  • R and R are independently selected from H, -COOH, -OH, -SH, -CN, -SCN, amino, phosphate, carboxylate, amido, aldehyde, sulfonyl, polyether Chain segment, C1 ⁇ C20 aliphatic hydrocarbon group, C1 ⁇ C20 halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon group, C1 ⁇ C20 heteroaliphatic hydrocarbon group, C1 ⁇ C20 halogenated heteroaliphatic hydrocarbon group, C6 ⁇ C20 aromatic hydrocarbon group, C6 ⁇ C20 halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon group, C2 ⁇ C20 Heteroaromatic hydrocarbon group and C2 ⁇ C20 halogenated heteroaromatic hydrocarbon group;
  • R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, amino group, phosphate group, polyether segment, C1 ⁇ C8 alkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 haloalkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 heteroalkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 halo Heteroalkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl and C2-C8 haloalkenyl.
  • the polysiloxane further includes a capping group, and the capping group includes at least one of the following functional groups: polyether, C1 ⁇ C8 alkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 haloalkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 Heteroalkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 haloheteroalkyl, C2 ⁇ C8 alkenyl, C2 ⁇ C8 haloalkenyl, C6 ⁇ C20 aromatic hydrocarbon, C1 ⁇ C8 alkoxy, C2 ⁇ C8 epoxy, hydroxyl, C1 ⁇ C8 hydroxyalkyl, amino, C1 ⁇ C8 aminoalkyl, carboxy, C1 ⁇ C8 carboxyalkyl.
  • the capping group includes at least one of the following functional groups: polyether, C1 ⁇ C8 alkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 haloalkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 Heteroalkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 haloheteroalkyl, C2 ⁇ C8 alkenyl, C2 ⁇ C8
  • the polysiloxane comprises polydimethylsiloxane, polydiethylsiloxane, polymethylethylsiloxane, polymethylvinylsiloxane, polyphenylene Methylmethylsiloxane, Polymethylhydrogensiloxane, Carboxy-functionalized Polysiloxane, Epoxy-terminated Polysiloxane, Methoxy-terminated Dimethicone, Hydroxypropyl-terminated Polydimethylsiloxane, polymethylchloropropylsiloxane, hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane, perfluorooctylmethicone, Aminoethylaminopropyl Dimethicone, Terminated Polyether Dimethicone, Side Chain Aminopropyl Dimethicone, Aminopropyl Terminated Dimethicone, Side Chain Chain phosphat
  • the number average molecular weight of polysiloxane, polysaccharide and polysaccharide derivative is independently below 300,000, may be 10,000 to 200,000, more may be 20,000 to 120,000, and may be further may be 400 to 80,000 .
  • the mass percentage of polar functional groups in polysiloxane is ⁇ , 0 ⁇ 50%, alternatively, 5% ⁇ 30%.
  • the substituents attached to the sugar units in polysaccharides and polysaccharide derivatives each independently include at least one of the following functional groups: -OH, -COOH and salts thereof, -R-OH , -SO 3 H and its salts, -R-OH, -R-SO 3 H and its salts, sulfate ester groups, alkoxy groups, wherein, R represents an alkylene group, optionally representing a C1-C5 alkylene group ;
  • the substituents attached to the sugar units in polysaccharides and polysaccharide derivatives each independently include at least one of the following functional groups: -OH, -COOH, -COOLi, -COONa, -COOK, - SO 3 H, -SO 3 Li, -SO 3 Na, -SO 3 K, -CH 2 -SO 3 H, -CH 2 -SO 3 Li, -CH 2 -SO 3 Na, -CH 2 -SO 3 K , Methoxy, Ethoxy.
  • the polysaccharide comprises pectin, carboxymethyl starch, hydroxypropyl starch, dextrin, cellulose ether, carboxymethyl chitosan, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, Carboxypropyl methylcellulose, guar gum, kale gum, acacia gum, lithium alginate, sodium alginate, potassium alginate, fucoidan, agar, carrageenan, carrageenan, xanthan gum, and fenugreek One or more of glue.
  • the mass percent content of the substituents attached to the sugar units in the polysaccharide and the polysaccharide derivative is independently 20% to 85%, optionally 30% to 78%.
  • the lattice mismatch between the material of the core and the material of the shell is less than 10%. Thereby, the contact between the inner core and the shell (or cladding layer) can be improved to prevent the shell (or cladding layer) from coming off.
  • the content of manganese element is in the range of 10% by weight-35% by weight, optionally in the range of 13.3% by weight-33.2% by weight, more optionally in the range of 15% by weight-30% by weight, further optionally in the range of 17% by weight-20% by weight % by weight; and/or,
  • the content of phosphorus element is in the range of 12 wt%-25 wt%, optionally in the range of 15 wt%-20 wt%, more optionally in the range of 16.8 wt%-19.5 wt%; and/or,
  • the weight ratio range of manganese element to phosphorus element is 0.71-1.85, optionally 0.90-1.25, more optionally 0.95-1.20.
  • the content of the manganese element in the present application is within the above range, which can effectively reduce the problems of poor material structure stability and density drop, thereby improving the performance of the cycle, storage and compaction density of the secondary battery; and can reduce the problem of the voltage platform being too low problem, thereby increasing the energy density of the secondary battery.
  • the surface of the positive electrode active material is coated with one or more of carbon and doped carbon; optionally, the surface of the positive electrode active material is coated with carbon. Thereby, the conductivity of the cathode active material can be improved.
  • the doping elements in the doped carbon include one or more selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron and fluorine. It is convenient to control the properties of the doped carbon layer.
  • y is in the range of 0.1-999, optionally in the range of 0.1-10 or in the range of 0.67-999, more preferably in the range of 1 to 10, further optionally in the range of 1 to 4 In the range, further optionally in the range of 1.5 to 3; and/or,
  • a:x is in the range of 1 to 1200, optionally in the range of 9 to 1100, more preferably in the range of 190-998.
  • the energy density and cycle performance of the positive electrode active material can be further improved.
  • the ratio of z to 1-z is 1:9 to 1:999, optionally 1:499 to 1:249.
  • the cycle performance and rate performance of the secondary battery are further improved.
  • the shell is coated in an amount of 0.1% to 6%, based on the weight of the inner core.
  • the coating amount of the coating layer in the present application is preferably within the above range, which can fully cover the inner core, and at the same time, further improve the kinetic performance and safety performance of the secondary battery without sacrificing the gram capacity of the positive electrode active material.
  • the coating amount of the first coating layer is greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 7% by weight, optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 6% by weight, more optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5.5% by weight or 4-5.6% by weight, further optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2% by weight, based on the weight of the inner core; and/or,
  • the coating amount of the second coating layer is greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 6% by weight, optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5.5% by weight, more optionally 2-4% by weight or 3-5% by weight, Kernel-based weight scales; and/or,
  • the coating amount of the third cladding layer is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 6% by weight, optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5.5% by weight, more optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2% by weight, based on the inner core weighing scale.
  • the shell further includes a fourth cladding layer covering the third cladding layer and a fifth cladding layer covering the fourth cladding layer;
  • the coating amounts of the fourth coating layer and the fifth coating layer are each independently 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, optionally 0.05% by weight to 10% by weight, more optionally 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight, Further 0.1% to 2% by weight, based on the weight of the inner core.
  • the coating amount of each layer of coating layer is preferably within the above range, so that the inner core can be fully coated without sacrificing the gram capacity of the positive electrode active material. Under the premise, the kinetic performance and safety performance of the secondary battery are further improved.
  • the shell is located between 40% and 90% of the surface of the inner core, optionally between 60% and 80% of the surface.
  • the inner core can be fully coated, thereby improving the kinetic performance and safety performance of the secondary battery.
  • the thickness of the shell is 1-15 nm.
  • the thickness of the first cladding layer is 1-10 nm, optionally 2-10 nm; and/or,
  • the thickness of the second cladding layer is 2-25nm, optionally 2-15nm, more optionally 3-15nm; and/or,
  • the thickness of the third cladding layer is 2-25 nm, optionally 5-25 nm.
  • the first cladding layer has the above-mentioned thickness range, which can further reduce the adverse effect on the dynamic performance of the material, and can reduce the problem that the migration of transition metal ions cannot be effectively hindered.
  • the second coating layer has the above thickness range, so that the surface structure of the second coating layer is stable, and the side reaction with the electrolyte is small, so the side reaction at the interface can be effectively reduced, thereby improving the high temperature performance of the secondary battery.
  • the third cladding layer has the above-mentioned thickness range, which can improve the electrical conductivity of the material and improve the compaction density performance of the battery electrode sheet prepared by using the positive electrode active material.
  • each of the one or more coating layers independently includes one or more selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate and oxide, and is selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate and one or more of the oxides are crystalline;
  • the crystallinity of pyrophosphate, phosphate and oxide each independently ranges from 10% to 100%, more preferably from 50% to 100%.
  • the crystalline state means that the degree of crystallinity is above 50%, that is, 50%-100%.
  • a crystallinity of less than 50% is called a glassy state.
  • the crystallinity of the crystalline pyrophosphate and crystalline phosphate of the present application is 50% to 100%.
  • Pyrophosphate and phosphate with a certain degree of crystallinity are not only conducive to giving full play to the ability of the pyrophosphate coating layer to hinder the dissolution of manganese and the excellent ability of the phosphate coating layer to conduct lithium ions, and to reduce the interface side reactions.
  • the phosphate coating layer and the phosphate coating layer can perform better lattice matching, so that a tight combination between the coating layer and the coating layer can be achieved.
  • the weight ratio of pyrophosphate to phosphate and the weight ratio of pyrophosphate to oxide are each independently 1:3 to 3:1, optionally 1:3 to 1: 1. Therefore, by using pyrophosphate and phosphate in a suitable weight ratio range or pyrophosphate and oxide in a suitable weight ratio range, it can not only effectively hinder the dissolution of manganese, but also effectively reduce the content of lithium impurities on the surface and reduce interface side reactions. , thereby improving the high-temperature storage performance, safety performance and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • each of the one or more coating layers independently includes carbon, and the carbon is a mixture of carbon in SP2 form and carbon in SP3 form.
  • the carbon in SP2 form and carbon in SP3 form are a mixture of carbon in SP2 form and carbon in SP3 form.
  • the molar ratio is any value within the range of 0.07-13, more preferably any value within the range of 0.1-10, further optionally any value within the range of 2.0-3.0.
  • the overall performance of the secondary battery is improved by limiting the molar ratio of the SP2 form carbon to the SP3 form carbon within the above range.
  • each of the one or more cladding layers independently includes doped carbon, and, in the doped carbon, the mass content of doping elements is below 30%; In carbon, the mass content of doping elements is below 20%.
  • Doping elements within the above content range can not only fully improve the conductivity of the pure carbon layer, but also effectively avoid excessive surface activity due to excessive doping of doping elements, thereby effectively controlling the overdoping of the cladding layer. interface side reactions.
  • each of said one or more cladding layers independently includes doped carbon, and in doped carbon,
  • the doping element is nitrogen and/or sulfur, and the mass content of the doping element in the doped carbon is 1% to 15%; or,
  • the doping element is phosphorus element, boron element and/or fluorine element, and the mass content of the doping element in the doped carbon is 0.5% to 5%;
  • the doping element is nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron or fluorine.
  • the conductivity of the doped carbon layer can be fully exerted. , and can promote lithium ion transport and lithium ion desolvation ability.
  • each of the one or more coating layers independently includes pyrophosphate
  • the interplanar distance of pyrophosphate is in the range of 0.293-0.470nm, optionally 0.297-0.462nm or 0.293-0.326nm nm, more optionally 0.300-0.310nm
  • the angle range of the crystal orientation (111) is 18.00°-32.57°, optionally 18.00°-32.00° or 26.41°-32.57°, more optionally 19.211°-30.846 °, further optionally 29.00°-30.00°; and/or,
  • One or more cladding layers each independently include phosphate, the interplanar distance of phosphate is in the range of 0.244-0.425nm, optionally 0.345-0.358nm, and the included angle of the crystal direction (111) is in the range of 20.00°-37.00° , can be selected as 24.25°-26.45°;
  • the first cladding layer or the second cladding layer comprises phosphate.
  • Both the first cladding layer and the second cladding layer in the positive electrode active material of the present application use crystalline substances, and their interplanar spacing and included angle ranges are within the above-mentioned ranges. As a result, the impurity phase in the cladding layer can be effectively reduced, thereby improving the gram capacity, cycle performance and rate performance of the material.
  • the lattice change rate of the positive electrode active material before and after completely deintercalating lithium is 50% or less, optionally 9.8% or less, more preferably 8.1% or less, further optionally 7.5% or less, more preferably It can be further selected to be 6% or less, further can be selected to be 4% or less, still further can be selected to be 3.8% or less, and still further can be selected to be 2.0-3.8%.
  • the use of positive electrode active materials can improve the gram capacity and rate performance of the secondary battery.
  • the Li/Mn antisite defect concentration of the positive electrode active material is 5.3% or less, optionally 5.1% or less, more optionally 4% or less, further optionally 2.2% or less, and further optional It is less than 2%, and can be further selected as less than 1.5%-2.2% or less than 0.5%.
  • Li/Mn antisite defect concentration within the above range, Mn 2+ can be prevented from hindering the transport of Li + , and at the same time, the gram capacity and rate performance of the positive electrode active material can be improved.
  • the compacted density of the positive electrode active material at 3T is 1.89g/cm 3 or more, may be 1.95g/cm 3 or more, more may be 1.98g/cm 3 or more, and may be further selected as 2.0g/cm 3 or more, more optionally 2.2g/cm 3 or more, further optionally 2.2g/cm 3 or more and 2.8g/cm 3 or more or 2.2g/cm 3 or more and 2.65g/cm 3 or less.
  • the surface oxygen valence state of the positive electrode active material is less than -1.55, optionally less than -1.82, more preferably less than -1.88, further optionally less than -1.90 or -1.98 to -1.88, more preferably It can be further selected as -1.98 to -1.89, and further can be selected as -1.98 to -1.90.
  • the interface side reactions between the positive electrode material and the electrolyte can be reduced, thereby improving the performance of the battery cell cycle, high temperature storage and gas production.
  • the second aspect of the present application also provides a method for preparing a positive electrode active material, which includes the steps of:
  • the present application can obtain significantly improved rate performance by doping specific elements at the Mn site of the compound LiMnPO 4 and optionally at the Li site, P site and/or O site in a specific amount, while significantly reducing the Mn With the stripping of Mn-site doping elements, significantly improved cycle performance and/or high-temperature stability are obtained, and the gram capacity and compacted density of the material can also be improved.
  • the method specifically includes the following steps:
  • the obtained particles are sintered to obtain the inner core Li a A x Mn 1-y By y P 1-z C z O 4-n D n ; where A, B, C, D, a, x, y, z and n is defined as in the first aspect of the present application.
  • lithium source, phosphorus source, optional source of element A, optional source of element C, optional source of element D, carbon source, carbon layer The source of the doping element, the solvent and the manganese salt doped with the element B are added to the reaction vessel and ground and mixed to obtain a slurry; other steps are the same as above; obtain the positive electrode active material;
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, the inner core includes Li a A x Mn 1-y By y P 1- z C z O 4-n D n , the shell contains doped carbon, and the doping in doped carbon
  • the elements include one or more selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron and fluorine; wherein, A, B, C, D, a, x, y, z and n are as defined in the first aspect of the application.
  • the method also includes the following steps:
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, the inner core is Li a A x Mn 1-y By y P 1- z C z O 4-n D n , the shell includes one or more cladding layers, each cladding
  • the coating independently includes one or more selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate, carbon, doped carbon, oxide, boride and polymer; wherein, A, B, C, D, a, x, The definitions of y, z and n are as in the first aspect of the present application; optionally, the polymer includes one or more selected from polysiloxane, polysaccharide and polysaccharide derivatives.
  • the method also includes the following steps:
  • suspension comprising phosphate Xm ( PO4 ) q and/or oxide M'dOe , wherein the suspension also comprises a source of carbon and/or a source of doped carbon;
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core and a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and the inner core includes Li a A x Mn 1-y B y P 1-z C z O 4- n D n , the first cladding layer includes pyrophosphate M b (P 2 O 7 ) c and is selected from phosphate X m (PO 4 ) q and oxide M′ d O One or more of e , the second cladding layer includes one or more selected from carbon and doped carbon, optionally, the doping elements in doped carbon include nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur , one or more of boron and fluorine, wherein, A, B, C, D, a, x, y, z and n are as defined in the first aspect of the application, M, X, M', b, The definitions of c, d, e, m, and
  • the method also includes the following steps:
  • the inner core and pyrophosphate MP 2 O 7 powder are added to the XPO 4 suspension containing carbon sources and mixed, and the positive electrode active material is obtained by sintering; wherein,
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core and a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and the inner core includes Li a A x Mn 1-y B y P 1-z C z O 4- n D n , the first cladding layer includes pyrophosphate MP 2 O 7 and phosphate XPO 4 , the second cladding layer includes carbon, wherein, A, B, C, D, The definitions of a, x, y, z and n are as in the first aspect of the present application, and the definitions of M and X are as in the first aspect of the present application.
  • the method also includes the following steps:
  • pyrophosphate M b (P 2 O 7 ) c suspension suspension containing one or more selected from phosphate X m (PO 4 ) q , oxide M′ d O e and boride Turbid liquids and suspensions of sources comprising carbon and/or sources doped with carbon;
  • the inner core is mixed with all the suspensions mentioned above, and sintered to obtain the positive electrode active material; wherein,
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core,
  • the inner core includes Li a Mn 1-y By P 1-z C z O 4
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core, a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and a second cladding layer covering the second cladding layer.
  • the method also includes the following steps:
  • Li f QP 2 O 7 and/or Q g (P 2 O 7 ) h and XPO 4 suspensions are provided respectively, the inner core is added to the suspension and mixed, and the positive electrode active material is obtained by sintering; wherein,
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, the inner core includes Li a A x Mn 1-y By y P 1- z C z O 4-n D n , the shell includes the first cladding layer covering the inner core, the outer shell A second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer and a third cladding layer covering the second cladding layer, the first cladding layer comprising pyrophosphate Li f QP 2 O 7 and/or Q g (P 2 O 7 ) h , the second coating layer includes phosphate XPO 4 , and the third coating layer includes carbon, wherein, A, B, C, D, a, x, y, z and n are as defined in the first application of this application In one aspect, Q, X, f, g and h are as defined in the first aspect of the present application.
  • the method also includes the following steps:
  • the first coating step the source of the element Q, the phosphorus source and the acid and optionally the lithium source are dissolved in a solvent to obtain the first coating containing Li f QP 2 O 7 and/or Q g (P 2 O 7 ) h A cladding layer suspension; fully mixing the inner core with the first cladding layer suspension, drying, and sintering to obtain the material coated with the first cladding layer;
  • the second coating step dissolving the source of element X, the phosphorus source and the acid in a solvent to obtain a suspension of the second coating layer containing XPO 4 ; coating the first coating layer obtained in the first coating step The coated material is fully mixed with the suspension of the second coating layer, dried, and sintered to obtain a material coated with two coating layers;
  • the third coating step dissolving the carbon source in the solvent, fully dissolving to obtain the third coating layer solution; then adding the materials coated with the two coating layers obtained in the second coating step to the third coating layer solution , mixed uniformly, dried, and then sintered to obtain a three-layer coated material, that is, a positive electrode active material.
  • the method also includes the following steps:
  • pyrophosphate M b (P 2 O 7 ) c powder one or more powders selected from phosphate X m (PO 4 ) q , oxide M′ d O e and boride, and carbon source powder and/or doped carbon source powder;
  • the inner core is mixed with all the above-mentioned powders and ground, and dried to obtain the positive electrode active material; wherein,
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core,
  • the inner core includes Li a Mn 1-y By P 1-z C z O 4
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core, a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and a second cladding layer covering the second cladding layer.
  • drying is performed by a spray granulation dryer.
  • the method also includes the steps of:
  • the polymer includes one or more selected from polysiloxane, polysaccharide and polysaccharide derivatives;
  • the positive electrode active material and the polymer are coated by a dry method or a wet method, and the obtained material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core;
  • the one or more cladding layers in the shell that are farthest from the inner core each independently include one or more selected from polysiloxane, polysaccharide and polysaccharide derivatives.
  • the source of element A is selected from at least one of element A, oxides, phosphates, oxalates, carbonates, and sulfates; and/or,
  • the source of element B is selected from at least one of element B, oxides, phosphates, oxalates, carbonates, halides, nitrates, organic acid salts, hydroxides and sulfates, and can be selected as At least one selected from element B, oxides, phosphates, oxalates, carbonates, and sulfates, optionally selected from element B elements, sulfates, halides, nitrates, and organic acids At least one of salts, oxides and hydroxides, optionally selected from elemental B, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, organic acid salts, oxides and hydroxides at least one; and/or,
  • the source of element C is selected from at least one of element C, halides, organic acid salts, oxides, hydroxides, inorganic acids, organic acids, sulfates, borates, nitrates and silicates, It can be selected from at least one of sulfate, borate, nitrate and silicate of element C, and can be selected from elemental C, sulfate, halide, nitrate, organic acid salt, At least one of oxides, hydroxides and inorganic acids, optionally selected from inorganic acids, organic acids, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, organic acid salts, oxides, hydroxides of element C at least one of; and/or,
  • the source of element D is selected from at least one of element D and ammonium salt.
  • Stirring is carried out at a temperature in the range of 20-120°C, optionally at a temperature in the range of 25-80°C or 40-120°C, further optionally at a temperature in the range of 60-120°C, and /or,
  • grinding and mixing are carried out for 1-15 hours, optionally 8-15 hours; optionally, at 20-120°C, more preferably 40-120°C Mixing is carried out at a temperature of 1-10h.
  • sintering is performed at a temperature range of 600-900° C. for 6-14 hours.
  • the step of preparing the slurry further includes: adding a carbon source into the reaction vessel for grinding and mixing together.
  • the MP 2 O 7 powder is prepared by:
  • M is selected from Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, One or more of Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb and Al.
  • the drying step is drying at 100-300° C., optionally 150-200° C., for 4-8 hours.
  • the sintering step is sintering at 500-800° C., optionally 650-800° C., for 4-10 hours in an inert gas atmosphere.
  • the sintering temperature in the cladding step is 500-800° C., and the sintering time is 4-10 hours.
  • Sintering is carried out at 650-800°C for 2-6 hours.
  • Sintering is carried out at 500-700°C for 6-10 hours.
  • the sintering in the third cladding step is performed at 700-800° C. for 6-10 hours.
  • the third aspect of the present application provides a positive electrode sheet, which includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive electrode film layer includes a first positive electrode active material, and the first positive electrode active material is the present application.
  • the positive electrode active material of the first aspect or the positive electrode active material prepared by the method of the second aspect of the present application; optionally, the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode film layer is 90-99.5% by weight, more preferably 95-99.5% by weight % by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode film layer.
  • the positive electrode sheet further includes a second positive electrode active material, and the second positive electrode active material is different from the first positive electrode active material.
  • the second positive electrode active material includes one or more of LiE t Co s F (1-ts) O 2 , spinel lithium manganate and spinel lithium titanate, wherein , E includes one or more elements selected from group VIII, F includes one or more elements selected from IIIA and VIIB, t is selected from the range of 0 to 0.9, and the sum of t and s is selected from 0.3 to 1 scope.
  • E includes one or more elements selected from Ni, Fe, Ru, and Rh
  • F includes one or more elements selected from Mn, Al, Ga, and In.
  • the second positive electrode active material is selected from LiN t Co s Mn (1-ts) O 2 , LiN t Co s Al (1-ts) O 2 , LiCoO 2 , spinel lithium manganate and one or more of spinel lithium titanate; wherein, t is independently selected from 0.3-0.9, optionally 0.33-0.8, and the sum of t and s is independently selected from 0.3-0.9, optionally 0.66-0.9.
  • the mass ratio of the first active material to the second active material is 1:7-7:1, optionally 1:4-4:1.
  • the ratio of t, (1-ts) and s in LiNitCosMn(1-ts) O2 is 5:2:3 or 3:1:1 or 8:1:1; and/ or ,
  • the ratio of t, s and (1-ts) in LiNitCosAl (1 -ts) O2 is 5 :2:3 or 3:1:1 or 8:1:1.
  • the sum of the mass of the first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material accounts for 88%-98.7% of the mass of the positive electrode sheet.
  • the fourth aspect of the present application provides a secondary battery, including the positive electrode material of the first aspect of the present application or the positive electrode active material prepared by the method of the second aspect of the present application or the positive electrode sheet of the third aspect of the present application.
  • a fifth aspect of the present application provides a battery module including the secondary battery of the fourth aspect of the present application.
  • a sixth aspect of the present application provides a battery pack, including the battery module of the fifth aspect of the present application.
  • the seventh aspect of the present application provides an electric device, including at least one selected from the secondary battery of the fourth aspect of the present application, the battery module of the fifth aspect of the present application, and the battery pack of the sixth aspect of the present application kind.
  • a positive electrode active material having the chemical formula Li a A x Mn 1-y By y P 1-z C z O 4-n D n ,
  • A includes one or more elements selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Nb, Mo and W,
  • B includes one or more elements selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge,
  • C includes one or more elements selected from B (boron), S, Si and N,
  • D includes one or more elements selected from S, F, Cl and Br,
  • a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5
  • z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • the positive electrode active material is Electrically neutral.
  • A is any element selected from Mg and Nb, and/or,
  • B is at least two elements selected from Fe, Ti, V, Co and Mg, optionally Fe and one or more elements selected from Ti, V, Co and Mg, and/or,
  • C is S, and/or
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.005; and/or, y is selected from the range of 0.01 to 0.5, optionally selected from the range of 0.25 to 0.5; and/or Or, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.005; and/or, n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.005.
  • cathode active material according to any one of items 1 to 4, wherein the lattice change rate thereof is 8% or less, optionally 4% or less.
  • cathode active material according to any one of items 1 to 8, wherein the surface thereof is coated with carbon.
  • a method for preparing positive electrode active material comprising the steps of:
  • step (3) The slurry obtained by step (2) is transferred to spray drying equipment for spray drying and granulation to obtain granules;
  • step (3) Sintering the particles obtained in step (3) to obtain a positive electrode active material.
  • the source of element A is selected from at least one of elemental, oxide, phosphate, oxalate, carbonate and sulfate of element A
  • the source of element B is selected from element At least one of the elemental substance of B, oxide, phosphate, oxalate, carbonate and sulfate
  • the source of element C is selected from the sulfate, borate, nitrate and silicate of element C
  • the source of element D is selected from at least one of element D and ammonium salt.
  • step (1) is carried out at a temperature in the range of 60-120°C, and/or,
  • the stirring in step (1) is carried out at a stirring rate of 200-800rpm.
  • step (2) The method according to any one of items 10 to 12, wherein the grinding and mixing in step (2) is carried out for 8-15 hours.
  • step (4) The method according to any one of items 10 to 13, wherein the sintering in step (4) is performed at a temperature range of 600-900° C. for 6-14 hours.
  • step (2) further comprising: adding a carbon source into the reaction vessel for grinding and mixing together.
  • a positive electrode sheet which includes a positive electrode collector and a positive electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the positive electrode collector, the positive electrode film layer includes any one of the positive electrode active materials in 1-9 or passes through 10-15
  • the positive electrode active material prepared by any method, and the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode film layer is more than 10% by weight, optionally, 95-99.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode film layer.
  • a secondary battery comprising the positive electrode active material according to any one of items 1-8 or the positive electrode active material prepared by the method according to any one of items 10-15, or the positive electrode sheet according to item 16.
  • a battery module comprising the secondary battery according to item 17.
  • a battery pack comprising the battery module of item 18.
  • An electrical device comprising at least one selected from the secondary battery of item 17, the battery module of item 18, and the battery pack of item 19.
  • a positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure which includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer enclosing the inner core and a second cladding layer enclosing the first cladding layer,
  • the first cladding layer includes pyrophosphate MP 2 O 7 and phosphate XPO 4 , wherein M and X are each independently selected from Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, One or more of Nb or Al;
  • the second cladding layer contains carbon.
  • the interplanar spacing of the phosphate in the first cladding layer is 0.345-0.358nm, and the included angle of the crystal direction (111) is 24.25°-26.45°; the interplanar spacing of the pyrophosphate in the first cladding layer is 0.293-0.326 nm, the included angle of the crystal direction (111) is 26.41°-32.57°.
  • the ratio of y to 1-y is 1:10 to 10:1, optionally 1:4 to 1:1.
  • the ratio of z to 1-z is 1:9 to 1:999, optionally 1:499 to 1:249.
  • the coating amount of the first coating layer is greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 7% by weight, optionally 4-5.6% by weight, based on the weight of the inner core.
  • the weight ratio of pyrophosphate to phosphate in the first coating layer is 1:3 to 3:1, optionally 1:3 to 1:1.
  • the crystallinity of pyrophosphate and phosphate is each independently 10% to 100%, optionally 50% to 100%.
  • the coating amount of the second coating layer is greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 6% by weight, optionally 3-5% by weight, based on the weight of the inner core.
  • A is selected from at least two of Fe, Ti, V, Ni, Co and Mg.
  • the Li/Mn antisite defect concentration of the positive electrode active material is less than 4%, optionally less than 2%.
  • the lattice change rate of the positive electrode active material is 6% or less, optionally 4% or less.
  • the surface oxygen valence state of the positive electrode active material is less than -1.88, optionally -1.98 ⁇ -1.88.
  • the compacted density of the positive electrode active material at 3 tons is above 2.0 g/cm 3 , optionally above 2.2 g/cm 3 .
  • a method for preparing a positive electrode active material comprising the following steps:
  • Coating step provide MP 2 O 7 powder and XPO 4 suspension containing carbon source, add core material, MP 2 O 7 powder to XPO 4 suspension containing carbon source and mix, obtain by sintering A positive electrode active material, wherein M and X are each independently selected from one or more of Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb or Al;
  • the positive electrode active material has a core-shell structure, which includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core.
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core and a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer.
  • the coating comprises pyrophosphate MP 2 O 7 and phosphate XPO 4 , the second coating comprises carbon.
  • the preparation method of the positive electrode active material of item 14), the step of providing the core material comprises the following steps:
  • Step (1) mixing and stirring a source of manganese, a source of element A, and an acid in a container to obtain manganese salt particles doped with element A;
  • Step (1) is carried out at a temperature of 20-120°C, optionally 25-80°C; and/or,
  • step (1) Stirring in step (1) is carried out at 500-700 rpm for 60-420 minutes, optionally for 120-360 minutes.
  • the source of element A is selected from one or more of element A, sulfate, halide, nitrate, organic acid salt, oxide or hydroxide; and/or, the source of element R is selected from element R One or more of elemental substances, sulfates, halides, nitrates, organic acid salts, oxides or hydroxides, and inorganic acids of element R.
  • MP2O7 powder was prepared by the following method :
  • M is selected from Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, One or more of Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb or Al.
  • the drying step is drying at 100-300° C., optionally 150-200° C., for 4-8 hours.
  • the sintering step is sintering at 500-800° C., optionally 650-800° C., for 4-10 hours in an inert gas atmosphere.
  • the sintering temperature in the cladding step is 500-800° C., and the sintering time is 4-10 hours.
  • a positive electrode sheet which includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, the positive electrode film layer includes the positive electrode active material in any one of 1)-13) or passes through 14) -21)
  • the positive electrode active material prepared by any one of the methods, and the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode film layer is more than 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode film layer.
  • a secondary battery comprising the positive electrode active material of any one of items 1)-13) or the positive electrode active material prepared by the method of any one of items 14)-21) or item 22) or 23) positive pole piece.
  • a battery module comprising the secondary battery according to item 24).
  • a battery pack comprising the battery module of item 25).
  • An electrical device characterized by comprising at least one selected from the secondary battery of item 24), the battery module of item 25, and the battery pack of item 26).
  • a positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure which includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core
  • the chemical formula of the core is Li 1+x Mn 1-y A y P 1-z R z O 4 , where x is any value in the range of -0.100-0.100, y is any value in the range of 0.001-0.500, z It is any value in the range of 0.001-0.100, and A is selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Mo, W, Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge
  • One or more elements in can be one or more elements in Fe, Ti, V, Ni, Co and Mg
  • R is one or more elements selected from B, Si, N and S , optionally, R is an element selected from B, Si, N and S;
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core, a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and a third cladding layer covering the second cladding layer, wherein,
  • the first cladding layer comprises crystalline pyrophosphate Li a MP 2 O 7 and/or M b (P 2 O 7 ) c , wherein, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ b ⁇ 4, 1 ⁇ c ⁇ 6,
  • the values of a, b and c meet the following conditions: to keep the crystalline pyrophosphate Li a MP 2 O 7 or M b (P 2 O 7 ) c electrically neutral,
  • M in crystalline pyrophosphate Li a MP 2 O 7 and M b (P 2 O 7 ) c is each independently selected from Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb or One or more elements in Al,
  • the second cladding layer includes crystalline phosphate XPO 4 , where X is one or more elements selected from Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb or Al ;
  • the third cladding layer is carbon.
  • the interplanar spacing of the crystalline pyrophosphate in the first cladding layer is in the range of 0.293-0.470nm, and the included angle of the crystal direction (111) is in the range of 18.00°-32.00°; the crystalline phosphate in the second cladding layer
  • the range of interplanar spacing is 0.244-0.425nm, and the included angle range of crystal direction (111) is 20.00°-37.00°.
  • the positive electrode active material having a core-shell structure according to item (1) or (2), wherein, in the core, the ratio of y to 1-y is 1:10 to 1:1, optionally 1: 4 to 1:1.
  • the molar ratio of carbon in SP2 form to carbon in SP3 form is any value within the range of 0.1-10, and may be any value within the range of 2.0-3.0.
  • the coating amount of the first coating layer is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 6% by weight, optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5.5% by weight, more optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2% by weight, based on the inner core weighing scale; and/or
  • the coating amount of the third cladding layer is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 6% by weight, optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5.5% by weight, more optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2% by weight, based on the inner core weighing scale.
  • the second cladding layer has a thickness of 2-15 nm; and/or
  • the thickness of the third cladding layer is 2-25 nm.
  • the content of manganese element is in the range of 10% by weight-35% by weight, optionally in the range of 15% by weight-30% by weight, more optionally in the range of 17% by weight-20% by weight, phosphorus
  • the element content is in the range of 12 wt%-25 wt%, optionally in the range of 15 wt%-20 wt%, and the weight ratio of manganese and phosphorus is in the range of 0.90-1.25, optionally 0.95-1.20.
  • the positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure according to any one of (1)-(8), wherein the positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure has a lattice change rate of 4 before and after completely deintercalating lithium % or less, optionally less than 3.8%, more preferably 2.0-3.8%.
  • the positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure according to any one of (1)-(9), wherein the Li/Mn antisite defect concentration of the positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure is 4% or less, It may be less than 2.2%, more preferably 1.5-2.2%.
  • the positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure according to any one of (1)- ( 10), wherein the positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure has a compacted density of 2.2 g/cm at 3T or more, optionally 2.2 g/cm 3 or more and 2.8 g/cm 3 or less.
  • the positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure according to any one of (1)-(11), wherein the surface oxygen valence state of the positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure is -1.90 or less, optionally -1.90 to -1.98.
  • a preparation method of positive electrode active material comprising the following steps:
  • the step of providing the core material the chemical formula of the core is Li 1+x Mn 1-y A y P 1-z R z O 4 , where x is any value in the range of -0.100-0.100, and y is in the range of 0.001-0.500 Any value of , z is any value in the range of 0.001-0.100, A is selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Mo, W, Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Co, Ga, Sn, One or more elements of Sb, Nb and Ge, optionally one or more elements of Fe, Ti, V, Ni, Co and Mg, R is selected from B, Si, N and S One or more elements, optionally, R is an element selected from B, Si, N and S;
  • Coating step providing Li a MP 2 O 7 and/or M b (P 2 O 7 ) c and XPO 4 suspensions respectively, adding the core material to the above suspensions and mixing, and sintering to obtain positive electrode active materials , where 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ b ⁇ 4, 1 ⁇ c ⁇ 6, the values of a, b and c satisfy the following conditions: the crystalline pyrophosphate Li a MP 2 O 7 or M b (P 2 O 7 ) c maintains electrical neutrality; M is each independently selected from one or more elements selected from Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb or Al; X is selected from Li , Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb or one or more elements in Al;
  • the positive electrode active material has a core-shell structure, which includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, and the shell includes a first coating layer covering the inner core, a second coating layer covering the first coating layer, and a second coating layer covering the first coating layer.
  • the preparation method of the cathode active material of item (13), the step of providing the inner core material comprises the following steps:
  • Step (1) mixing and stirring a manganese source, a dopant of element A, and an acid in a container to obtain manganese salt particles doped with element A;
  • Step (2) Mix the manganese salt particles doped with element A with the dopant of lithium source, phosphorus source and element R in a solvent to obtain a slurry, and sinter it under the protection of an inert gas atmosphere to obtain the doped element A
  • the inner core of A and element R wherein the inner core doped with element A and element R is Li 1+x Mn 1-y A y P 1-z R z O 4 , where x is in the range of -0.100-0.100 Any value, y is any value within the range of 0.001-0.500, z is any value within the range of 0.001-0.100,
  • A is selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Mo, W, Ti, V, Zr , one or more elements of Fe, Ni, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge, and one or more elements of Fe, Ti, V, Ni, Co and Mg
  • R is One or more elements selected from B, Si, N and S, optionally, R is an element
  • Step (1) mixing at a temperature of 20-120°C, optionally 40-120°C; and/or
  • step (1) Stirring in step (1) is carried out at 400-700rpm for 1-9h, optionally for 3-7h.
  • step (2) is mixed at a temperature of 20-120° C., optionally 40-120° C., for 1-10 hours.
  • the dopant of element A is one or more selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Mo, W, Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge
  • elemental substances carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, organic acid salts, oxides, and hydroxides of each element; and/or,
  • the dopant of the element R is one or more elements selected from B, Si, N and S, each of inorganic acids, organic acids, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, organic acid salts, oxides, hydrogen One or more of oxides.
  • the first coating step the source of the element M, the phosphorus source and the acid, and optionally the lithium source are dissolved in a solvent to obtain a suspension of the first coating layer; the inner core obtained in the inner core step and the first coating The suspension of the first coating layer obtained in the step is fully mixed, dried, and then sintered to obtain the material coated with the first coating layer;
  • the second coating step dissolving the source of element X, phosphorus source and acid in a solvent to obtain a suspension of the second coating layer; combining the material coated with the first coating layer obtained in the first coating step with The suspension of the second coating layer obtained in the second coating step is fully mixed, dried, and then sintered to obtain a material coated with two coating layers;
  • the third coating step dissolving the carbon source in the solvent, fully dissolving to obtain the third coating layer solution; then adding the materials coated with the two coating layers obtained in the second coating step to the third coating layer solution , mixed uniformly, dried, and then sintered to obtain a three-layer coated material, that is, a positive electrode active material.
  • the pH of the solution dissolved with the source of element M, phosphorus source and acid, and optionally lithium source is controlled to be 3.5-6.5, then stirred and reacted for 1-5h, and then the solution is heated to 50-120°C , and maintain this temperature for 2-10h, and/or,
  • Sintering is carried out at 650-800°C for 2-6 hours.
  • the second coating step after dissolving the source of element X, phosphorus source and acid in the solvent, stirring and reacting for 1-10 hours, then raising the temperature of the solution to 60-150°C and maintaining the temperature for 2-10 hours, and/or ,
  • Sintering is carried out at 500-700°C for 6-10 hours.
  • a positive electrode sheet which includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode film layer includes any one of (1)-(12) with a core-shell structure
  • the positive electrode active material or the positive electrode active material prepared by any one of the positive electrode active material preparation methods in (13)-(21), and the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode film layer is 90-99.5% by weight, optional It is 95-99.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode film layer.
  • a secondary battery comprising the positive electrode active material having a core-shell structure according to any one of (1)-(12) or the positive electrode active material according to any one of (13)-(21)
  • the positive electrode active material prepared by the preparation method or the positive electrode sheet of item (22).
  • An electric device including at least one selected from the secondary battery of item (23), the battery module of item (24), and the battery pack of item (25).
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure having two coating layers in an embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 2 is the X-ray diffraction spectrum (XRD) pattern of undoped LiMnPO 4 and the cathode active material prepared by Example 1-2.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure having three cladding layers in an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present application shown in FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a battery module according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a battery pack according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 8 is an exploded view of the battery pack according to one embodiment of the present application shown in FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device in which a secondary battery is used as a power source according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 10 is an EDS spectrum of the positive electrode active material prepared in Example I-2 of the present application.
  • ranges disclosed herein are defined in terms of lower and upper limits, and a given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit that define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this manner may be inclusive or exclusive and may be combined arbitrarily, ie any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a particular parameter, it is understood that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are contemplated. Additionally, if the minimum range values 1 and 2 are listed, and if the maximum range values 3, 4, and 5 are listed, the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2- 3, 2-4 and 2-5.
  • the numerical range "a-b” represents an abbreviated representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are both real numbers.
  • the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article, and "0-5" is only an abbreviated representation of the combination of these values.
  • a certain parameter is an integer ⁇ 2
  • a method comprising steps (a) and (b) means that the method may comprise steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, and may also comprise steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially.
  • the method may also include step (c) means that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, for example, the method may include steps (a), (b) and (c), and may also include step (a) , (c) and (b), may also include steps (c), (a) and (b) and the like.
  • the term "or” is inclusive unless otherwise stated.
  • the phrase "A or B” means “A, B, or both A and B.” More specifically, the condition "A or B” is satisfied by either of the following: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists) ; or both A and B are true (or exist).
  • Secondary batteries also known as rechargeable batteries or accumulators, refer to batteries that can be activated by charging the active materials and continue to be used after the battery is discharged.
  • a secondary battery typically includes a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece, a separator, and an electrolyte.
  • active ions such as lithium ions
  • the separator is arranged between the positive pole piece and the negative pole piece, which mainly plays a role in preventing the short circuit of the positive and negative poles, and at the same time allows active ions to pass through.
  • the electrolyte is between the positive pole piece and the negative pole piece, and mainly plays the role of conducting active ions.
  • One embodiment of the present application provides a positive electrode active material, comprising a compound represented by formula (I),
  • A includes one or more elements selected from Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IIB, Group VB and Group VIB;
  • B includes one or more elements selected from group IA, group IIA, group IIIA, group IVA, group VA, group IIB, group IVB, group VB, group VIB and group VIII;
  • C includes one or more elements selected from Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA and Group VIA;
  • D includes one or more elements selected from Group VIA and Group VIIA;
  • a is selected from the range of 0.85 to 1.15;
  • x is selected from the range of 0 to 0.1;
  • y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.999;
  • z is selected from the range of 0 to 0.5;
  • n is selected from the range of 0 to 0.5.
  • the above-mentioned limitation on the numerical range of x is not only a limitation on the stoichiometric number of each element as A, but also a limitation on each element as A.
  • Limitation of the sum of stoichiometric numbers For example, when A is two or more elements A1, A2...An, the respective stoichiometric numbers x1, x2...xn of A1, A2...An each need to fall within the numerical range defined for x in this application, and x1 The sum of , x2...xn also needs to fall within this value range.
  • B, C and D are two or more elements
  • the limitations on the numerical ranges of the stoichiometric numbers of B, C and D in this application also have the above meanings.
  • the positive electrode active material of the present application is obtained by element doping in the compound LiMnPO 4 , wherein A, B, C and D are elements doped at the Li site, Mn site, P site and O site of the compound LiMnPO 4 respectively .
  • the performance improvement of lithium manganese phosphate is related to reducing the lattice change rate of lithium manganese phosphate and reducing surface activity during lithium intercalation and deintercalation. Reducing the lattice change rate can reduce the lattice constant difference between the two phases at the grain boundary, reduce the interfacial stress, and enhance the Li + transport capacity at the interface, thereby improving the rate performance of the positive electrode active material.
  • the lattice change rate can be reduced by doping Li and/or Mn sites.
  • Mn site doping can also effectively reduce the surface activity, thereby inhibiting the dissolution of Mn and the interface side reaction between the positive electrode active material and the electrolyte.
  • P-site doping makes the change rate of the Mn-O bond length faster and reduces the small polaron migration barrier of the material, which is beneficial to the electronic conductivity.
  • O-site doping has a good effect on reducing the side reactions at the interface. The doping of P site and/or O site also affects the Mn stripping and kinetic properties of antisite defects.
  • doping reduces the concentration of antisite defects in the material, improves the dynamic performance and gram capacity of the material, and can also change the morphology of the particles, thereby increasing the compaction density.
  • the applicant unexpectedly found that by doping specific elements in specific amounts at the Mn site of the compound LiMnPO 4 and optionally at the Li site, P site and/or O site, significantly improved rate performance can be obtained while significantly reducing The dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements can significantly improve the cycle performance and/or high temperature stability, and the gram capacity and compaction density of the material are also improved.
  • A comprises Rb, Cs, Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ga, In, Cd, V, Ta, Cr, Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Nb, Mo and W
  • elements optionally including one or more elements selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Nb, Mo and W; and/or,
  • B includes Rb, Cs, Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, In, Pb, Bi, Cd, Hf, Ta, Cr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Zn, Al, Na, K,
  • Mg, Mo, W, Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge can be selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, One or more of Mg, Mo, W, Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb, and Ge; and/or,
  • C includes one or more elements selected from B (boron), S, Si and N; and/or,
  • D includes one or more elements selected from S, F, Cl, and Br.
  • A includes any element selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Nb, Mo, and W, and may be any element selected from Mg and Nb; and/or ,
  • B includes one or more elements selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge, optionally selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni , Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge at least two elements, more optionally selected from Fe, Ti, V, Ni, Co and Mg at least two elements, further optionally selected as At least two elements selected from Fe, Ti, V, Co and Mg, further optionally being Fe and one or more elements selected from Ti, V, Co and Mg; and/or,
  • C includes any element selected from B (boron), S, Si and N, optionally S; and/or,
  • D includes any element selected from S, F, Cl and Br, and may be F.
  • the lattice change rate during the delithiation process can be further reduced, thereby further improving the rate performance of the battery.
  • the Mn-site doping elements within the above range the electronic conductivity can be further improved and the lattice change rate can be further reduced, thereby improving the rate performance and gram capacity of the battery.
  • the P-site doping element within the above range the rate performance of the battery can be further improved.
  • the side reactions at the interface can be further reduced, and the high-temperature performance of the battery can be improved.
  • a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1, optionally selected from the range of 0.97 to 1.01; and/or,
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.005; and/or,
  • y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, optionally selected from the range of 0.01 to 0.5, optionally selected from the range of 0.25 to 0.5; and/or,
  • z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, optionally selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1, more optionally selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.005; and/or,
  • n is selected from the range of 0 to 0.1, optionally selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.005.
  • the value of y within the above range the gram capacity and rate performance of the material can be further improved.
  • the value of x within the above range the dynamic performance of the material can be further improved.
  • the rate performance of the secondary battery can be further improved.
  • the value of n within the above range the high temperature performance of the secondary battery can be further improved.
  • x is 0, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, and n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1; or,
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • z is 0, and n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1; or,
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5
  • n is 0; or,
  • x is 0, z is 0, and n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1; or,
  • x is 0, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, and n is 0; or,
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5
  • n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1.
  • the present application is by doping specific elements at the Mn site of the compound LiMnPO 4 and optionally at the Li site, P site and/or O site in a specific amount, especially at the Mn site and the P site of LiMnPO 4 or the Doping a specific element in a specific amount on the Li site, Mn site, P site, and O site of LiMnPO 4 can significantly improve the rate performance, significantly reduce the dissolution of Mn and Mn site doping elements, and significantly improve cycle performance and/or high temperature stability. Remarkably improve the gram capacity and compaction density of the material.
  • y:z is selected from the range of 0.002 to 999, may be selected from the range of 0.025 to 999 or 0.002 to 500, more optionally selected from the range of 0.2 to 600, such as 0.2, 0.25 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 70, 80, 84, 67, 91, 100, 134, 150, 182, 200, 250, 300 , 320, 350, 400, 420, 450, 500, 600, 999 or a range consisting of any two of the above values.
  • the defects of the material can be reduced, and the integrity of the frame structure of the material can be improved, thereby effectively improving the structural stability of the material, and further improving the cycle stability of the secondary battery.
  • z:n is selected from the range of 0.002 to 500, optionally selected from the range of 0.2 to 100, more optionally selected from the range of 0.2 to 50, such as 0.2, 0.8, 1, 1.25, 4 , 5, 50 or a range consisting of any two of the above values.
  • A includes one or more elements selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Nb, Mo and W;
  • B includes one or more elements selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge;
  • C includes one or more elements selected from B (boron), S, Si and N;
  • D includes one or more elements selected from S, F, Cl and Br;
  • a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1
  • x is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5
  • z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1
  • n is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1.
  • the present application can obtain significantly improved rate performance by doping specific elements at the Li site, Mn site, P site, and O site of the compound LiMnPO 4 at the same time, while significantly reducing the doping of Mn and Mn sites. Dissolution of elements, significantly improved cycle performance and/or high temperature stability are obtained, and the gram capacity and compacted density of the material can also be increased.
  • B includes one or more elements selected from Zn, Al, Na, K, Mg, Mo, W, Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge, optional Ground is one or more elements selected from Zn, Fe, Ti, V, Ni, Co and Mg;
  • C is one or more elements selected from B, Si, N and S;
  • a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1, x is 0, y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1, and n is 0.
  • the present application can improve the rate performance, reduce the stripping of Mn and Mn-site doping elements, improve the cycle performance and/or High temperature stability, increase the gram capacity and compaction density of the material.
  • the average particle size range of the inner core prepared in the present application is 50-500nm, and the D v 50 is 200-300nm.
  • the primary particle size of the core is in the range of 50-500nm, and the D v 50 is 200-300nm.
  • the median particle diameter D v 50 refers to the particle diameter corresponding to when the cumulative volume distribution percentage of the material reaches 50%.
  • the median particle diameter D v 50 of the material can be determined by laser diffraction particle size analysis. For example, with reference to the standard GB/T 19077-2016, a laser particle size analyzer (such as Malvern Master Size 3000) is used for measurement.
  • the inventors of the present application cut out the middle region of the prepared positive electrode active material particles by focused ion beam (abbreviated as FIB), and analyzed it by transmission electron microscope (abbreviated as TEM) and X-ray energy spectrum ( Abbreviated as EDS) test found that each element is evenly distributed and no aggregation occurs.
  • FIB focused ion beam
  • TEM transmission electron microscope
  • EDS X-ray energy spectrum
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, and the inner core includes a compound represented by the above-mentioned formula (I);
  • the shell includes one or more cladding layers; the cladding layers are ionically or electronically conductive.
  • the present application obtains the doped lithium manganese phosphate inner core by doping the Mn site of the compound LiMnPO 4 and optionally at the Li site, P site and/or O site with a specific amount of specific elements, and sets an ion-conducting core on the core surface. It provides a new type of positive electrode active material with a core-shell structure.
  • the application of positive electrode active materials in secondary batteries can significantly improve the high-temperature cycle performance and cycle stability of secondary batteries. performance and high temperature storage performance.
  • the shell includes a coating
  • the cladding layer includes one or more selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate, carbon, doped carbon, oxide, boride and polymer.
  • the present application can obtain a coating layer with ion conductivity or electron conductivity by using the above materials, thereby improving the high-temperature cycle performance, cycle stability and high-temperature storage performance of the secondary battery.
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer surrounding the inner core and a second cladding layer surrounding the first cladding layer;
  • each of the first cladding layer and the second cladding layer independently includes one or more selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate, carbon, doped carbon, oxide, boride, and polymer.
  • the present application adopts the above-mentioned materials as the material of the coating layer, and providing two layers of coating layers can further improve the high-temperature cycle performance, cycle stability and high-temperature storage performance of the secondary battery.
  • the first cladding layer includes one or more selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate, oxide, and boride
  • the second cladding layer includes one selected from carbon and doped carbon. one or more species.
  • this application adopts the first cladding layer of a specific material and the second cladding layer of a specific material, which can further improve the rate performance, further reduce the dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements, thereby improving the cycle performance of the secondary battery and/or high temperature stability.
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer surrounding the inner core, a second cladding layer surrounding the first cladding layer, and a third cladding layer surrounding the second cladding layer;
  • each of the first cladding layer, the second cladding layer and the third cladding layer independently comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of pyrophosphate, phosphate, carbon, doped carbon, oxide, boride and polymer one or more.
  • this application adopts the above-mentioned materials as the material of the cladding layer, and setting up three cladding layers can further reduce the dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements, and further improve the high-temperature cycle performance, cycle stability and high-temperature stability of the secondary battery. storage performance.
  • the first coating layer includes pyrophosphate
  • the second coating layer includes one or more selected from phosphate, oxide and boride
  • the third coating layer includes carbon and One or more of doped carbon.
  • the present application adopts the first cladding layer of a specific material, the second cladding layer of a specific material, and the third cladding layer of a specific material, which further improves the rate performance and further reduces the difference between Mn and Mn-site doping elements. Dissolution, thereby improving the cycle performance and/or high temperature stability of the secondary battery, and further increasing the gram capacity and compacted density of the material.
  • the one or more coating layers each independently include one or more selected from the group consisting of pyrophosphate, phosphate, carbon, doped carbon, oxide, boride, and polymer.
  • the pyrophosphate is M b (P 2 O 7 ) c ; and/or,
  • Phosphate is X m (PO 4 ) q ; and/or,
  • the doping elements in the doped carbon include one or more selected from group IIIA, group VA, group VIA and group VIIA; and/or,
  • the oxide is M′ d O e ; and/or,
  • boride is Z v B w ;
  • the polymer includes one or more selected from polysaccharides and their derivatives, polysiloxane;
  • M, X and Z each independently include one or more elements selected from Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIIB and Group VIII; b is selected from 1 From the range of 1 to 4, c is selected from the range of 1 to 6; m is selected from the range of 1 to 2, and q is selected from the range of 1 to 4; M' includes alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, group IIIA elements , one or more elements of group IVA elements, lanthanides and Sb, d is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2, e is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5; v is selected from the range of 1 to 7, and w is selected from 1 to 2 range.
  • the present application can further reduce the dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements by using the above-mentioned materials as the coating layer, further improve the gram capacity and compaction density of the material, and further improve the rate performance and high-temperature cycle performance of the secondary battery. and high temperature storage performance.
  • M, X, and Z each independently include one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb, and Al; and /or,
  • the doping elements in the doped carbon include one or more selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron and fluorine; and/or,
  • M' includes Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As , Se, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, W, La and Ce, one or more elements, can be selected as Including one or more elements selected from Mg, Al, Si, Zn, Zr and Sn; and/or,
  • Polysiloxane is selected from one or more of polysiloxanes of linear structure and polysiloxane of ring structure; and/or,
  • the polysaccharide is selected from one or more of plant polysaccharides and marine polysaccharides.
  • the present application can further reduce the dissolution of Mn and Mn-site doping elements by using the above-mentioned specific materials as the coating layer, and further improve the high-temperature cycle performance and high-temperature storage performance of the secondary battery.
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core
  • the inner core includes Li a Mn 1-y By y P 1-z C z O 4 , wherein a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1, y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1, and B includes One or more elements selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb, Zn and Ge, C includes B (boron), S, Si and N One or more elements in
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer enclosing the inner core and a second cladding layer enclosing the first cladding layer,
  • the first cladding layer includes pyrophosphate MP 2 O 7 and phosphate XPO 4 , wherein M and X are each independently selected from Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, One or more of Nb and Al;
  • the second cladding layer contains carbon.
  • the lithium manganese phosphate positive electrode active material of the present application has a core-shell structure with two cladding layers, and the element B doped at the manganese position of the lithium manganese phosphate in the core helps to reduce the process of lithium deintercalation.
  • the crystal lattice change rate of lithium manganese phosphate improves the structural stability of lithium manganese phosphate cathode material, greatly reduces the dissolution of manganese and reduces the oxygen activity on the particle surface.
  • the element C doped at the phosphorus site helps to change the difficulty of the change of the Mn-O bond length, thereby reducing the migration barrier of lithium ions, promoting the migration of lithium ions, and improving the rate performance of the secondary battery.
  • the first coating layer of the positive electrode active material of the present application includes pyrophosphate and phosphate. Due to the high migration barrier (>1eV) of transition metals in pyrophosphate, the dissolution of transition metals can be effectively inhibited. Phosphate has an excellent ability to conduct lithium ions, and can reduce the content of lithium impurities on the surface.
  • the second cladding layer is a carbon-containing layer, it can effectively improve the electrical conductivity and desolvation ability of LiMnPO 4 .
  • the "barrier" effect of the second cladding layer can further hinder the migration of manganese ions into the electrolyte and reduce the corrosion of the active materials by the electrolyte.
  • this application can effectively suppress the dissolution of Mn in the process of lithium intercalation and deintercalation, and at the same time promote the migration of lithium ions, thereby improving the rate performance of the battery cell and increasing the secondary The cycle performance and high temperature performance of the battery.
  • the positive electrode active material of the present application is basically consistent with the positions of the main characteristic peaks before doping of LiMnPO , indicating that doping
  • the mixed lithium manganese phosphate positive electrode active material has no impurity phase, and the improvement of the performance of the secondary battery is mainly caused by element doping, not the impurity phase.
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core
  • the inner core includes Li a Mn 1-y By y P 1-z C z O 4 , wherein a is selected from the range of 0.9 to 1.1, y is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.5, z is selected from the range of 0.001 to 0.1, and B includes One or more elements selected from Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Ga, Sn, Sb, Nb and Ge, and C includes elements selected from B (boron), S, Si and N one or more elements;
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core, a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and a third cladding layer covering the second cladding layer, wherein,
  • the first cladding layer includes pyrophosphate Li f QP 2 O 7 and/or Q g (P 2 O 7 ) h , where, 0 ⁇ f ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ g ⁇ 4, 1 ⁇ h ⁇ 6, pyrophosphate Q in the salt Li f QP 2 O 7 and/or Q g (P 2 O 7 ) h is each independently selected from Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb and Al one or more elements of
  • the second cladding layer includes crystalline phosphate XPO 4 , wherein X is one or more elements selected from Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb and Al ;
  • the third cladding layer contains carbon.
  • the cathode active material of the present application can improve the gram capacity, cycle performance and safety performance of the secondary battery.
  • the lithium manganese phosphate positive electrode active material of the present application has a core-shell structure, wherein by doping the manganese site and phosphorus site of the lithium manganese phosphate core respectively with element B and element C, not only can effectively reduce The dissolution of manganese, thereby reducing the migration of manganese ions to the negative electrode, reducing the consumption of electrolyte due to the decomposition of the SEI film, improving the cycle performance and safety performance of the secondary battery, can also promote the adjustment of Mn-O bonds, and reduce the migration barrier of lithium ions.
  • the core by coating the core with the first coating layer including pyrophosphate, the migration resistance of manganese can be further increased, its dissolution can be reduced, and the content of lithium on the surface can be reduced.
  • the contact between the inner core and the electrolyte can reduce the side reaction at the interface, reduce gas production, and improve the high-temperature storage performance, cycle performance and safety performance of the secondary battery; by further coating the phosphate coating layer with excellent lithium ion conductivity, It can effectively reduce the interfacial side reactions on the surface of the positive electrode active material, thereby improving the high-temperature cycle and storage performance of the secondary battery; by further coating the carbon layer as the third coating layer, the safety and performance of the secondary battery can be further improved.
  • the element B doped at the manganese position of lithium manganese phosphate also helps to reduce the lattice change rate of lithium manganese phosphate during the process of intercalation and deintercalation of lithium, and improves the structural stability of lithium manganese phosphate cathode material. properties, greatly reducing the dissolution of manganese and reducing the oxygen activity on the particle surface; the element C doped at the phosphorus site also helps to change the difficulty of the Mn-O bond length change, thereby improving electronic conductivity and reducing the lithium ion migration barrier , promote the migration of lithium ions, and improve the rate performance of the secondary battery.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an ideal positive electrode active material with a three-layer cladding structure.
  • the innermost circle schematically represents the inner core, and the first cladding layer, the second cladding layer, and the third cladding layer are sequentially arranged from the inside to the outside. What this figure shows is the ideal state where each layer is completely covered. In practice, each layer of coating can be completely covered or partially covered.
  • the entire inner core system maintains electrical neutrality, which can ensure that the defects and impurity phases in the positive electrode active material are as small as possible. If there is an excess of transition metals (such as manganese) in the positive electrode active material, since the structure of the material system itself is relatively stable, the excess transition metals are likely to be precipitated in the form of simple substances, or form impurity phases inside the lattice to maintain electrical neutrality. Sex can make such impurity as little as possible. In addition, ensuring the electrical neutrality of the system can also generate lithium vacancies in the material in some cases, so that the kinetic performance of the material is better.
  • transition metals such as manganese
  • the one or more cladding layers in the shell that are farthest from the inner core each independently include one or more selected from the group consisting of polysiloxane, polysaccharide and polysaccharide derivatives.
  • the uniformity of coating can be improved, and the interface side reaction caused by high voltage can be effectively blocked, thereby improving the high-temperature cycle performance and high-temperature storage performance of the material; moreover, the coating layer has good electronic conductivity and ion conductivity , which helps to increase the gram capacity of the material, and at the same time reduces the heat generation of the battery cell.
  • the polysiloxane comprises a structural unit represented by formula (i),
  • R and R are independently selected from H, -COOH, -OH, -SH, -CN, -SCN, amino, phosphate, carboxylate, amido, aldehyde, sulfonyl, polyether Chain segment, C1 ⁇ C20 aliphatic hydrocarbon group, C1 ⁇ C20 halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon group, C1 ⁇ C20 heteroaliphatic hydrocarbon group, C1 ⁇ C20 halogenated heteroaliphatic hydrocarbon group, C6 ⁇ C20 aromatic hydrocarbon group, C6 ⁇ C20 halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon group, C2 ⁇ C20 Heteroaromatic hydrocarbon group and C2 ⁇ C20 halogenated heteroaromatic hydrocarbon group;
  • R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, amino group, phosphate group, polyether segment, C1 ⁇ C8 alkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 haloalkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 heteroalkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 halo Heteroalkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl and C2-C8 haloalkenyl.
  • the polysiloxane further includes a capping group
  • the capping group includes at least one of the following functional groups: polyether, C1 ⁇ C8 alkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 haloalkyl, C1 ⁇ C8 hetero Alkyl group, C1 ⁇ C8 haloheteroalkyl group, C2 ⁇ C8 alkenyl group, C2 ⁇ C8 haloalkenyl group, C6 ⁇ C20 aromatic hydrocarbon group, C1 ⁇ C8 alkoxy group, C2 ⁇ C8 epoxy group, hydroxyl group, C1 ⁇ C8 hydroxyalkyl, amino, C1-C8 aminoalkyl, carboxy, C1-C8 carboxyalkyl.
  • the polysiloxane comprises polydimethylsiloxane, polydiethylsiloxane, polymethylethylsiloxane, polymethylvinylsiloxane, polyphenyl Methylsiloxane, polymethylhydrogensiloxane, carboxy-functional polysiloxane, epoxy-terminated polysiloxane, methoxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, hydroxypropyl-terminated polysiloxane Dimethicone, Polymethylchloropropylsiloxane, Hydroxy-terminated Dimethicone, Polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane, Perfluorooctylmethicone, Ammonia Ethylaminopropyl Dimethicone, Terminated Polyether Dimethicone, Side Chain Aminopropyl Dimethicone, Aminopropyl Terminated Dimethicone, Side Chain Phosphat
  • the number average molecular weight of polysiloxane, polysaccharide and polysaccharide derivative is independently below 300,000, may be 10,000 to 200,000, more may be 20,000 to 120,000, and may be further may be 400 to 80,000.
  • the mass percentage of polar functional groups in polysiloxane is ⁇ , 0 ⁇ 50%, alternatively, 5% ⁇ 30%.
  • the substituents attached to the sugar units in polysaccharides and polysaccharide derivatives each independently include at least one of the following functional groups: -OH, -COOH and salts thereof, -R-OH, -SO 3 H and its salts, -R-OH, -R-SO 3 H and its salts, sulfate groups, alkoxy groups, wherein, R represents an alkylene group, optionally representing a C1-C5 alkylene group;
  • the substituents attached to the sugar units in polysaccharides and polysaccharide derivatives each independently include at least one of the following functional groups: -OH, -COOH, -COOLi, -COONa, -COOK, - SO 3 H, -SO 3 Li, -SO 3 Na, -SO 3 K, -CH 2 -SO 3 H, -CH 2 -SO 3 Li, -CH 2 -SO 3 Na, -CH 2 -SO 3 K , Methoxy, Ethoxy.
  • the polysaccharide comprises pectin, carboxymethyl starch, hydroxypropyl starch, dextrin, cellulose ether, carboxymethyl chitosan, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxy Propyl methylcellulose, guar gum, kale gum, acacia gum, lithium alginate, sodium alginate, potassium alginate, fucoidan, agar, carrageenan, carrageenan, xanthan gum, and fenugreek gum one or more of.
  • the mass percent content of the substituents attached to the sugar units in the polysaccharide and the polysaccharide derivative is independently 20% to 85%, optionally 30% to 78%.
  • the lattice mismatch between the material of the core and the material of the shell is less than 10%. Thereby, the contact between the inner core and the shell (or cladding layer) can be improved to prevent the shell (or cladding layer) from coming off.
  • the content of manganese element is in the range of 10% by weight-35% by weight, optionally in the range of 13.3% by weight-33.2% by weight, more optionally in the range of 15% by weight-30% by weight, further optionally in the range of 17% by weight-20% by weight % by weight; and/or,
  • the content of phosphorus element is in the range of 12 wt%-25 wt%, optionally in the range of 15 wt%-20 wt%, more optionally in the range of 16.8 wt%-19.5 wt%; and/or,
  • the weight ratio range of manganese element to phosphorus element is 0.71-1.85, optionally 0.90-1.25, more optionally 0.95-1.20.
  • the content of manganese may correspond to that of the inner core.
  • limiting the content of the manganese element within the above range can further improve the stability and density of the material, thereby improving the cycle, storage and compaction performance of the secondary battery; and can maintain a higher voltage platform, Thereby increasing the energy density of the secondary battery.
  • limiting the content of phosphorus element within the above range can effectively reduce the influence of small polaron conduction on the conductivity of the material, and can further improve the stability of the lattice structure, thus affecting the overall stability of the material.
  • the weight ratio of manganese to phosphorus content has the following effects on the performance of the secondary battery: it can further reduce the dissolution of manganese, further improve the stability and gram capacity of the positive electrode active material, and then affect the cycle performance and storage performance of the secondary battery; it can reduce impurities. phase, further reducing the discharge voltage platform of the material, thereby reducing the energy density of the secondary battery.
  • the measurement of manganese and phosphorus elements can be carried out by conventional technical means in this field. Particularly, adopt the following method to determine the content of manganese element and phosphorus element: material is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid (concentration 10-30%), utilize the content of each element of ICP test solution, then measure and convert the content of manganese element, Get its weight ratio.
  • the surface of the positive electrode active material is coated with one or more of carbon and doped carbon; optionally, the surface of the positive electrode active material is coated with carbon. Thereby, the conductivity of the cathode active material can be improved.
  • doping elements in the doped carbon include one or more selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron, and fluorine. It is convenient to control the properties of the doped carbon layer.
  • y is in the range of 0.1-999, optionally in the range of 0.1-10 or in the range of 0.67-999, more preferably in the range of 1 to 10, further optionally in the range of 1 to 4 In the range, further optionally in the range of 1.5 to 3; and/or,
  • a:x is in the range of 1 to 1200, optionally in the range of 9 to 1100, more preferably in the range of 190-998.
  • y represents the sum of stoichiometric numbers of Mn-site doping elements.
  • the ratio of z to 1-z in the kernel is 1:9 to 1:999, optionally 1:499 to 1:249.
  • the shell is coated in an amount of 0.1% to 6%, based on the weight of the inner core.
  • the coating amount of the coating layer in the present application is preferably within the above range, which can fully cover the inner core, and at the same time, further improve the kinetic performance and safety performance of the secondary battery without sacrificing the gram capacity of the positive electrode active material.
  • the coating amount of the first coating layer is greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 7% by weight, optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 6% by weight, and more optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5.5% by weight. % by weight or 4-5.6% by weight, further optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2% by weight, based on the weight of the inner core; and/or,
  • the coating amount of the second coating layer is greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 6% by weight, optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5.5% by weight, more optionally 2-4% by weight or 3-5% by weight, Kernel-based weight scales; and/or,
  • the coating amount of the third cladding layer is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 6% by weight, optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5.5% by weight, more optionally greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2% by weight, based on the inner core weighing scale.
  • the shell further comprises a fourth coating layer coating the third coating layer and a fifth coating layer coating the fourth coating layer; wherein,
  • the coating amounts of the fourth coating layer and the fifth coating layer are each independently 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, optionally 0.05% by weight to 10% by weight, more optionally 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight, Further 0.1% to 2% by weight, based on the weight of the inner core.
  • the coating amount of each layer of coating layer is preferably within the above range, so that the inner core can be fully coated without sacrificing the gram capacity of the positive electrode active material. Under the premise, the kinetic performance and safety performance of the secondary battery are further improved.
  • the shell is located between 40% and 90% of the surface of the inner core, optionally between 60% and 80% of the surface.
  • the inner core can be fully coated, thereby improving the kinetic performance and safety performance of the secondary battery.
  • the thickness of the shell is 1-15 nm.
  • the thickness of the first cladding layer is 1-10 nm, optionally 2-10 nm; and/or,
  • the thickness of the second cladding layer is 2-25nm, optionally 2-15nm, more optionally 3-15nm; and/or,
  • the thickness of the third cladding layer is 2-25 nm, optionally 5-25 nm.
  • the thickness of the first cladding layer can be about 2 nm, about 3 nm, about 4 nm, about 5 nm, about 6 nm, about 7 nm, about 8 nm, about 9 nm, or about 10 nm, or within any range of any of the above values Inside.
  • the thickness of the second cladding layer can be about 2 nm, about 3 nm, about 4 nm, about 5 nm, about 6 nm, about 7 nm, about 8 nm, about 9 nm, about 10 nm, about 11 nm, about 12 nm, about 13 nm , about 14 nm, about 15 nm, or within any range of any of the above numerical values.
  • the thickness of the third cladding layer can be about 2 nm, about 3 nm, about 4 nm, about 5 nm, about 6 nm, about 7 nm, about 8 nm, about 9 nm, about 10 nm, about 11 nm, about 12 nm, about 13nm, about 14nm, about 15nm, about 16nm, about 17nm, about 18nm, about 19nm, about 20nm, about 21nm, about 22nm, about 23nm, about 24nm or about 25nm, or within any range of any of the above numerical values.
  • the first cladding layer has the above-mentioned thickness range, which can further reduce the adverse effect on the dynamic performance of the material, and can reduce the problem that the migration of transition metal ions cannot be effectively hindered.
  • the second coating layer has the above thickness range, so that the surface structure of the second coating layer is stable, and the side reaction with the electrolyte is small, so the side reaction at the interface can be effectively reduced, thereby improving the high temperature performance of the secondary battery.
  • the third cladding layer has the above-mentioned thickness range, which can improve the electrical conductivity of the material and improve the compaction density performance of the battery electrode sheet prepared by using the positive electrode active material.
  • the thickness test of the coating layer is mainly carried out by FIB.
  • the specific method may include the following steps: randomly select a single particle from the positive electrode active material powder to be tested, cut a thin slice with a thickness of about 100 nm from the middle position of the selected particle or near the middle position, and then Carry out TEM test on the sheet, measure the thickness of the cladding layer, measure 3-5 positions, and take the average value.
  • one or more coating layers each independently include one or more selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate and oxide, and, selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate and oxide One or more of which are crystalline;
  • the crystallinity of pyrophosphate, phosphate and oxide each independently ranges from 10% to 100%, more preferably from 50% to 100%.
  • the crystalline state means that the degree of crystallinity is above 50%, that is, 50%-100%.
  • a crystallinity of less than 50% is called a glassy state.
  • the crystallinity of the crystalline pyrophosphate and crystalline phosphate of the present application is 50% to 100%.
  • Pyrophosphate and phosphate with a certain degree of crystallinity are not only conducive to giving full play to the ability of the pyrophosphate coating layer to hinder the dissolution of manganese and the excellent ability of the phosphate coating layer to conduct lithium ions, and to reduce the interface side reactions.
  • the phosphate coating layer and the phosphate coating layer can perform better lattice matching, so that a tight combination between the coating layer and the coating layer can be achieved.
  • the degree of crystallinity can be adjusted, for example, by adjusting the process conditions of the sintering process, such as sintering temperature, sintering time, and the like. Crystallinity can be measured by methods known in the art, such as by X-ray diffraction, density, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance absorption methods.
  • the method for testing the crystallinity of positive electrode active material by concrete X-ray diffraction method may comprise the following steps:
  • the total scattering intensity by X-rays which is the sum of the scattering intensity of the entire space material, which is only related to the intensity of primary rays, the chemical structure of positive electrode active material powder, and the total number of electrons participating in the diffraction.
  • the quality is related to the order state of the sample; then the crystalline scattering and the non-crystalline scattering are separated from the diffraction pattern, and the crystallinity is the ratio of the crystalline partial scattering to the total scattering intensity.
  • the weight ratio of pyrophosphate to phosphate and the weight ratio of pyrophosphate to oxide are each independently 1:3 to 3:1, optionally 1:3 to 1:1 . Therefore, by using pyrophosphate and phosphate in a suitable weight ratio range or pyrophosphate and oxide in a suitable weight ratio range, it can not only effectively hinder the dissolution of manganese, but also effectively reduce the content of lithium impurities on the surface and reduce interface side reactions. , thereby improving the high-temperature storage performance, safety performance and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • one or more coating layers each independently include carbon, and the carbon is a mixture of carbon in SP2 form and carbon in SP3 form, optionally, in carbon, the molar ratio of carbon in SP2 form to carbon in SP3 form Any value within the range of 0.07-13, more preferably any value within the range of 0.1-10, further optionally any value within the range of 2.0-3.0.
  • the molar ratio of SP2 form carbon to SP3 form carbon can be about 0.1, about 0.2, about 03, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1, about 2 , about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10, or within any range of any of the above values.
  • the comprehensive electrical performance of the secondary battery is improved.
  • the carbon in the coating layer is all amorphous SP3 If they are all in the form of graphitized SP2, the conductivity is good, but there are few lithium ion paths, which is not conducive to the deintercalation of lithium.
  • limiting the molar ratio of SP2 carbon to SP3 carbon within the above range can not only achieve good electrical conductivity, but also ensure the passage of lithium ions, which is beneficial to the realization of the function of the secondary battery and its cycle performance.
  • the mixing ratio of the SP2 form and the SP3 form of carbon can be controlled by sintering conditions such as sintering temperature and sintering time.
  • the molar ratio of SP2 form carbon and SP3 form carbon can be measured by Raman (Raman) spectrum, and concrete test method is as follows: by dividing the energy spectrum of Raman test, obtain Id/Ig (wherein Id is the peak of SP3 form carbon Intensity, Ig is the peak intensity of SP2 form carbon), thereby confirming the molar ratio of the two.
  • one or more cladding layers each independently include doped carbon, and, in the doped carbon, the mass content of the doping element is below 30%; alternatively, in the doped carbon, doped The mass content of heteroelements is below 20%.
  • Doping elements within the above content range can not only fully improve the conductivity of the pure carbon layer, but also effectively avoid excessive surface activity due to excessive doping of doping elements, thereby effectively controlling the overdoping of the cladding layer. interface side reactions.
  • each of the one or more cladding layers independently includes doped carbon in which,
  • the doping element is nitrogen and/or sulfur, and the mass content of the doping element in the doped carbon is 1% to 15%; or,
  • the doping element is phosphorus element, boron element and/or fluorine element, and the mass content of the doping element in the doped carbon is 0.5% to 5%;
  • the doping element is nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron or fluorine.
  • the conductivity of the doped carbon layer can be fully exerted. , and can promote lithium ion transport and lithium ion desolvation ability.
  • one or more cladding layers each independently include pyrophosphate, and the interplanar distance of pyrophosphate is in the range of 0.293-0.470 nm, optionally 0.297-0.462 nm or 0.293-0.326 nm, more preferably Selected as 0.300-0.310nm, the angle range of the crystal direction (111) is 18.00°-32.57°, can be 18.00°-32.00° or 26.41°-32.57°, more can be 19.211°-30.846°, and can be further selected as 29.00°-30.00°; and/or,
  • One or more cladding layers each independently include phosphate, the interplanar distance of phosphate is in the range of 0.244-0.425nm, optionally 0.345-0.358nm, and the included angle of the crystal direction (111) is in the range of 20.00°-37.00° , can be selected as 24.25°-26.45°;
  • the first cladding layer or the second cladding layer comprises phosphate.
  • Both the first cladding layer and the second cladding layer in the positive electrode active material of the present application use crystalline substances, and their interplanar spacing and included angle ranges are within the above-mentioned ranges. As a result, the impurity phase in the cladding layer can be effectively reduced, thereby improving the gram capacity, cycle performance and rate performance of the material.
  • the lattice change rate of the positive electrode active material before and after completely deintercalating lithium is 50% or less, optionally 9.8% or less, more preferably 8.1% or less, further optionally 7.5% or less, and further It may be less than 6%, more preferably less than 4%, even less than 3.8%, and even more preferably 2.0-3.8%.
  • Li ion transport can be made easier, that is, Li ion has a stronger mobility in the material, which is beneficial to improve the rate performance of the secondary battery.
  • the rate of lattice change can be measured by methods known in the art, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD).
  • the Li/Mn antisite defect concentration of the positive electrode active material is less than 5.3%, optionally less than 5.1%, more preferably less than 4%, further optionally less than 2.2%, and further optionally less than 2.2%. 2% or less, further optionally 1.5%-2.2% or 0.5% or less.
  • the so-called Li/Mn antisite defect refers to the exchange of the positions of Li + and Mn 2+ in the LiMnPO 4 lattice.
  • the Li/Mn antisite defect concentration refers to the percentage of Li + that is exchanged with Mn 2+ in the total Li + in the cathode active material.
  • the Mn 2+ of antisite defects will hinder the transport of Li + , which is beneficial to improve the gram capacity and rate performance of positive electrode active materials by reducing the concentration of Li/Mn antisite defects.
  • the Li/Mn antisite defect concentration can be measured by methods known in the art, such as XRD.
  • the compacted density of the positive electrode active material at 3T is 1.89 g/cm 3 or more, optionally 1.95 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 1.98 g/cm 3 or more, and further optionally 2.0 g/cm 3 or more.
  • the compacted density can be measured according to GB/T 24533-2009.
  • the surface oxygen valence state of the positive electrode active material is less than -1.55, optionally less than -1.82, more preferably less than -1.88, further optionally less than -1.90 or -1.98 to -1.88, further It can be selected from -1.98 to -1.89, and further can be selected from -1.98 to -1.90.
  • the interface side reaction between the positive electrode active material and the electrolyte solution can be reduced, thereby improving the cycle performance and high temperature stability of the secondary battery.
  • the surface oxygen valence state can be measured by methods known in the art, for example by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS).
  • the application provides a method for preparing positive electrode active material, which comprises the steps of:
  • the present application can obtain significantly improved rate performance by doping specific elements at the Mn site of the compound LiMnPO 4 and optionally at the Li site, P site and/or O site in a specific amount, while significantly reducing the Mn With the stripping of Mn-site doping elements, significantly improved cycle performance and/or high-temperature stability are obtained, and the gram capacity and compacted density of the material can also be improved.
  • the method specifically includes the following steps:
  • the obtained particles are sintered to obtain the inner core Li a A x Mn 1-y By y P 1-z C z O 4-n D n ; where A, B, C, D, a, x, y, z and n is defined as in [Positive electrode active material].
  • lithium source, phosphorus source, optional source of element A, optional source of element C, optional source of element D, carbon source, carbon layer doped The source of the heteroelement, the solvent, and the manganese salt doped with element B are added to the reaction vessel and ground and mixed to obtain a slurry; other steps are the same as above; obtain the positive electrode active material;
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, the inner core includes Li a A x Mn 1-y By y P 1- z C z O 4-n D n , the shell contains doped carbon, and the doping in doped carbon
  • the elements include one or more selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron and fluorine; wherein, the definitions of A, B, C, D, a, x, y, z and n are as in [positive electrode active material].
  • the solvents in the step of preparing the manganese salt doped with element B and the step of preparing the slurry can each independently be a solvent conventionally used by those skilled in the art in the preparation of manganese salt and lithium manganese phosphate, for example They may be each independently selected from at least one of ethanol, water (such as deionized water), and the like.
  • the method also includes the steps of:
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, the inner core is Li a A x Mn 1-y By y P 1- z C z O 4-n D n , the shell includes one or more cladding layers, each cladding
  • the coating independently includes one or more selected from pyrophosphate, phosphate, carbon, doped carbon, oxide, boride and polymer; wherein, A, B, C, D, a, x, The definitions of y, z and n are as in [positive electrode active material]; optionally, the polymer includes one or more selected from polysiloxane, polysaccharide and polysaccharide derivatives.
  • the method also includes the steps of:
  • suspension comprising phosphate Xm ( PO4 ) q and/or oxide M'dOe , wherein the suspension also comprises a source of carbon and/or a source of doped carbon;
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core and a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and the inner core includes Li a A x Mn 1-y B y P 1-z C z O 4- n D n , the first cladding layer includes pyrophosphate M b (P 2 O 7 ) c and is selected from phosphate X m (PO 4 ) q and oxide M′ d O One or more of e , the second cladding layer includes one or more selected from carbon and doped carbon, optionally, the doping elements in doped carbon include nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur , one or more of boron and fluorine, wherein, A, B, C, D, a, x, y, z and n are as defined in [positive electrode active material], M, X, M', b, The definitions of c, d, e, m, and q
  • the method also includes the steps of:
  • the inner core and pyrophosphate MP 2 O 7 powder are added to the XPO 4 suspension containing carbon sources and mixed, and the positive electrode active material is obtained by sintering; wherein,
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core and a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and the inner core includes Li a A x Mn 1-y B y P 1-z C z O 4- n D n , the first cladding layer includes pyrophosphate MP 2 O 7 and phosphate XPO 4 , the second cladding layer includes carbon, wherein, A, B, C, D, The definitions of a, x, y, z and n are as in [Positive electrode active material], and the definitions of M and X are as in [Positive electrode active material].
  • the method also includes the steps of:
  • pyrophosphate M b (P 2 O 7 ) c suspension suspension containing one or more selected from phosphate X m (PO 4 ) q , oxide M′ d O e and boride Turbid liquids and suspensions of sources comprising carbon and/or sources doped with carbon;
  • the inner core is mixed with all the suspensions mentioned above, and sintered to obtain the positive electrode active material; wherein,
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core,
  • the inner core includes Li a Mn 1-y By P 1-z C z O 4
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core, a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and a second cladding layer covering the second cladding layer.
  • the method also includes the steps of:
  • Li f QP 2 O 7 and/or Q g (P 2 O 7 ) h and XPO 4 suspensions are provided respectively, the inner core is added to the suspension and mixed, and the positive electrode active material is obtained by sintering; wherein,
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core, the inner core includes Li a A x Mn 1-y By y P 1- z C z O 4-n D n , the shell includes the first cladding layer covering the inner core, the outer shell A second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer and a third cladding layer covering the second cladding layer, the first cladding layer comprising pyrophosphate Li f QP 2 O 7 and/or Q g (P 2 O 7 ) h , the second coating layer includes phosphate XPO 4 , and the third coating layer includes carbon, wherein, A, B, C, D, a, x, y, z and n are defined as in [Positive electrode active material ], the definitions of Q, X, f, g and h are as in [positive active material].
  • the method also includes the steps of:
  • the first coating step the source of the element Q, the phosphorus source and the acid and optionally the lithium source are dissolved in a solvent to obtain the first coating containing Li f QP 2 O 7 and/or Q g (P 2 O 7 ) h A cladding layer suspension; fully mixing the inner core with the first cladding layer suspension, drying, and sintering to obtain the material coated with the first cladding layer;
  • the second coating step dissolving the source of element X, the phosphorus source and the acid in a solvent to obtain a suspension of the second coating layer containing XPO 4 ; coating the first coating layer obtained in the first coating step The coated material is fully mixed with the suspension of the second coating layer, dried, and sintered to obtain a material coated with two coating layers;
  • the third coating step dissolving the carbon source in the solvent, fully dissolving to obtain the third coating layer solution; then adding the materials coated with the two coating layers obtained in the second coating step to the third coating layer solution , mixed uniformly, dried, and then sintered to obtain a three-layer coated material, that is, a positive electrode active material.
  • the method also includes the steps of:
  • pyrophosphate M b (P 2 O 7 ) c powder one or more powders selected from phosphate X m (PO 4 ) q , oxide M′ d O e and boride, and carbon source powder and/or doped carbon source powder;
  • the inner core is mixed with all the above-mentioned powders and ground, and dried to obtain the positive electrode active material; wherein,
  • the positive electrode active material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core,
  • the inner core includes Li a Mn 1-y By P 1-z C z O 4
  • the shell includes a first cladding layer covering the inner core, a second cladding layer covering the first cladding layer, and a second cladding layer covering the second cladding layer.
  • drying is performed by a spray granulation dryer.
  • the method also includes the steps of:
  • the polymer includes one or more selected from polysiloxane, polysaccharide and polysaccharide derivatives;
  • the positive electrode active material and the polymer are coated by a dry method or a wet method, and the obtained material includes an inner core and a shell covering the inner core;
  • the one or more cladding layers in the shell that are farthest from the inner core each independently include one or more selected from polysiloxane, polysaccharide and polysaccharide derivatives.
  • the source of element A is selected from at least one of element A, oxides, phosphates, oxalates, carbonates, and sulfates; and/or,
  • the source of element B is selected from at least one of element B, oxides, phosphates, oxalates, carbonates, halides, nitrates, organic acid salts, hydroxides and sulfates, and can be selected as At least one selected from element B, oxides, phosphates, oxalates, carbonates, and sulfates, optionally selected from element B elements, sulfates, halides, nitrates, and organic acids At least one of salts, oxides and hydroxides, optionally selected from elemental B, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, organic acid salts, oxides and hydroxides at least one; and/or,
  • the source of element C is selected from at least one of element C, halides, organic acid salts, oxides, hydroxides, inorganic acids, organic acids, sulfates, borates, nitrates and silicates, It can be selected from at least one of sulfate, borate, nitrate and silicate of element C, and can be selected from elemental C, sulfate, halide, nitrate, organic acid salt, At least one of oxides, hydroxides and inorganic acids, optionally selected from inorganic acids, organic acids, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, organic acid salts, oxides, hydroxides of element C at least one of; and/or,
  • the source of element D is selected from at least one of element D and ammonium salt.
  • the acid is selected from one or more of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and organic acids such as oxalic acid, for example, oxalic acid.
  • the acid is a dilute acid having a concentration of 60% by weight or less.
  • the manganese source can be a manganese-containing substance known in the art that can be used to prepare lithium manganese phosphate, for example, the manganese source can be selected from one of elemental manganese, manganese dioxide, manganese phosphate, manganese oxalate, and manganese carbonate. species or a combination of them.
  • the lithium source can be a lithium-containing substance known in the art that can be used to prepare lithium manganese phosphate, for example, the lithium source can be selected from one of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium phosphate, and lithium dihydrogen phosphate or a combination of them.
  • the phosphorus source can be a phosphorus-containing substance known in the art that can be used to prepare lithium manganese phosphate, for example, the phosphorus source can be selected from one of diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate and phosphoric acid or a combination of them.
  • the addition amount of the respective sources of elements A, B, C, and D depends on the target doping amount, and the ratio of the amounts of the lithium source, the manganese source and the phosphorus source conforms to the stoichiometric ratio.
  • Stirring is carried out at a temperature in the range of 20-120°C, optionally at a temperature in the range of 25-80°C or 40-120°C, further optionally at a temperature in the range of 60-120°C, and /or,
  • grinding and mixing are carried out for 1-15 hours, optionally 8-15 hours; Mixing was carried out at temperature for 1-10 h.
  • the doping elements By controlling the reaction temperature, stirring rate and mixing time during doping, the doping elements can be uniformly distributed, and the crystallinity of the material after sintering is higher, which can improve the gram capacity and rate performance of the material.
  • the filter cake may be washed before drying the filter cake in the step of preparing the element B-doped manganese salt.
  • the drying in the step of preparing the manganese salt doped with element B can be carried out in a manner known to those skilled in the art and under known conditions, for example, the drying temperature can be at 120-300°C within range.
  • the filter cake may be ground into particles after drying, eg, until the particles have a median diameter Dv 50 in the range of 50-200 nm.
  • the median particle diameter Dv 50 refers to the particle diameter corresponding to when the cumulative volume distribution percentage of the positive electrode active material reaches 50%.
  • the median diameter Dv 50 of the inner core can be determined by laser diffraction particle size analysis. For example, with reference to the standard GB/T 19077-2016, a laser particle size analyzer (such as Malvern Master Size 3000) is used for measurement.
  • a carbon source is also added to the reaction vessel for grinding and mixing.
  • the method can obtain a positive electrode active material whose surface is coated with carbon.
  • the carbon source includes one or a combination of starch, sucrose, glucose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and citric acid.
  • the amount of carbon source relative to the amount of lithium source is usually in the range of 0.1%-5% molar ratio. Grinding can be carried out by suitable grinding means known in the art, for example, it can be carried out by sand grinding.
  • the temperature and time of spray-drying can be the conventional temperature and time of spray-drying in the art, for example, at 100-300° C. for 1-6 hours.
  • sintering is performed at a temperature range of 600-900° C. for 6-14 hours.
  • the sintering is performed under a protective atmosphere, which may be nitrogen, inert gas, hydrogen or a mixture thereof.
  • the MP 2 O 7 powder is a commercially available product, or the MP 2 O 7 powder is prepared by the following method:
  • M is selected from Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, One or more of Co, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ag, Zr, Nb and Al.
  • the drying step is drying at 100-300° C., optionally 150-200° C., for 4-8 hours.
  • the sintering step is sintering at 500-800° C., optionally 650-800° C., for 4-10 hours in an inert gas atmosphere.
  • the sintering temperature in the cladding step is 500-800° C., and the sintering time is 4-10 h.
  • an XPO suspension comprising a source of carbon is commercially available, or alternatively, prepared by combining a source of lithium, a source of X, a source of phosphorus Mix evenly with the carbon source in the solvent, then raise the temperature of the reaction mixture to 60-120° C. and keep it for 2-8 hours to obtain the XPO 4 suspension containing the carbon source.
  • the pH of the mixture is adjusted to 4-6.
  • the mass ratio of the inner core, the MP 2 O 7 powder and the XPO 4 suspension containing the source of carbon is: 1:(0.001-0.05):(0.001-0.05) .
  • Sintering is carried out at 650-800°C for 2-6 hours.
  • Sintering is carried out at 500-700°C for 6-10 hours.
  • the sintering in the third cladding step is performed at 700-800° C. for 6-10 hours.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, the positive electrode film layer includes a first positive electrode active material, and the first positive electrode active material is the aforementioned positive electrode active material or the positive electrode prepared by the aforementioned method Active material; optionally, the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode film layer is 90-99.5% by weight, more optionally 95-99.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode film layer.
  • the positive electrode sheet further includes a second positive active material, and the second positive active material is different from the first positive active material.
  • the second positive electrode active material includes one or more of LiE t Co s F (1-ts) O 2 , spinel lithium manganate and spinel lithium titanate, wherein, E includes one or more elements selected from group VIII, F includes one or more elements selected from IIIA and VIIB, t is selected from the range of 0 to 0.9, and the sum of t and s is selected from the range of 0.3 to 1 .
  • E includes one or more elements selected from Ni, Fe, Ru, and Rh
  • F includes one or more elements selected from Mn, Al, Ga, and In.
  • the second positive electrode active material is selected from LiNitCosMn (1-ts) O2 , LiNitCosAl (1-ts) O2 , LiCoO2 , spinel lithium manganate and One or more of spinel lithium titanate; wherein, t is independently selected from 0.3-0.9, optionally 0.33-0.8, and the sum of t and s is independently selected from 0.3-0.9, optionally 0.66 -0.9.
  • the mass ratio of the first active material to the second active material is 1:7-7:1, optionally 1:4-4:1.
  • the ratio of t, (1-ts) and s in LiNitCosMn(1-ts) O2 is 5:2:3 or 3:1:1 or 8:1:1; and/or,
  • the ratio of t, s and (1-ts) in LiNitCosAl (1 -ts) O2 is 5 :2:3 or 3:1:1 or 8:1:1.
  • the sum of the mass of the first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material accounts for 88%-98.7% of the mass of the positive electrode sheet.
  • the positive electrode current collector has two opposing surfaces in its own thickness direction, and the positive electrode film layer is disposed on any one or both of the two opposing surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
  • a metal foil or a composite current collector can be used as the positive electrode current collector.
  • aluminum foil can be used as the metal foil.
  • the composite current collector may include a polymer material base and a metal layer formed on at least one surface of the polymer material base.
  • the composite current collector can be formed by forming metal materials (aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, silver and silver alloy, etc.) on a polymer material substrate (such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalic acid It is formed on substrates such as ethylene glycol ester (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), etc.).
  • PP polypropylene
  • PET polyethylene glycol ester
  • PBT polybutylene terephthalate
  • PS polystyrene
  • PE polyethylene
  • the positive electrode active material can also be a positive electrode active material known in the art for batteries.
  • the positive active material may include at least one of the following materials: olivine-structured lithium-containing phosphate, lithium transition metal oxide, and their respective modified compounds.
  • the present application is not limited to these materials, and other conventional materials that can be used as positive electrode active materials of batteries can also be used. These positive electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the positive electrode film layer may further optionally include a binder.
  • the binder may include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-propylene terpolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene At least one of meta-copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and fluorine-containing acrylate resin.
  • the positive electrode film layer may also optionally include a conductive agent.
  • the conductive agent may include at least one of superconducting carbon, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon nanofibers.
  • the positive electrode sheet can be prepared in the following manner: the above-mentioned components used to prepare the positive electrode sheet, such as positive electrode active material, conductive agent, binder and any other components, are dispersed in a solvent (such as N -methylpyrrolidone) to form a positive electrode slurry; the positive electrode slurry is coated on the positive electrode current collector, and after drying, cold pressing and other processes, the positive electrode sheet can be obtained.
  • a solvent such as N -methylpyrrolidone
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode film layer includes a negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode current collector has two opposing surfaces in its own thickness direction, and the negative electrode film layer is disposed on any one or both of the two opposing surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
  • a metal foil or a composite current collector can be used as the negative electrode current collector.
  • copper foil can be used as the metal foil.
  • the composite current collector may include a base layer of polymer material and a metal layer formed on at least one surface of the base material of polymer material.
  • Composite current collectors can be formed by metal materials (copper, copper alloys, nickel, nickel alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, silver and silver alloys, etc.) on polymer material substrates (such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalic acid It is formed on substrates such as ethylene glycol ester (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), etc.).
  • the negative electrode active material can be a negative electrode active material known in the art for batteries.
  • the negative electrode active material may include at least one of the following materials: artificial graphite, natural graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon-based material, tin-based material, lithium titanate, and the like.
  • the silicon-based material may be selected from at least one of elemental silicon, silicon-oxygen compounds, silicon-carbon composites, silicon-nitrogen composites, and silicon alloys.
  • the tin-based material can be selected from at least one of simple tin, tin oxide and tin alloy.
  • the present application is not limited to these materials, and other conventional materials that can be used as negative electrode active materials of batteries can also be used. These negative electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the negative electrode film layer may further optionally include a binder.
  • the binder may be selected from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylic acid (PAA), sodium polyacrylate (PAAS), polyacrylamide (PAM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA), At least one of polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS).
  • the negative electrode film layer may also optionally include a conductive agent.
  • the conductive agent may be selected from at least one of superconducting carbon, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon nanofibers.
  • the negative electrode film layer may optionally include other additives, such as thickeners (such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na)) and the like.
  • thickeners such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na)
  • CMC-Na sodium carboxymethylcellulose
  • the negative electrode sheet can be prepared in the following manner: the above-mentioned components used to prepare the negative electrode sheet, such as negative electrode active material, conductive agent, binder and any other components, are dispersed in a solvent (such as deionized water) to form a negative electrode slurry; the negative electrode slurry is coated on the negative electrode current collector, and after drying, cold pressing and other processes, the negative electrode sheet can be obtained.
  • a solvent such as deionized water
  • the electrolyte plays the role of conducting ions between the positive pole piece and the negative pole piece.
  • the present application has no specific limitation on the type of electrolyte, which can be selected according to requirements.
  • electrolytes can be liquid, gel or all solid.
  • the electrolyte is liquid and includes an electrolyte salt and a solvent.
  • the electrolyte salt may be selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium bisfluorosulfonyl imide, lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl imide, trifluoromethane At least one of lithium sulfonate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium difluorooxalate borate, lithium difluorooxalate borate, lithium difluorodifluorooxalatephosphate and lithium tetrafluorooxalatephosphate.
  • the solvent may be selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, Butylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate At least one of ester, 1,4-butyrolactone, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfone, methyl ethyl sulfone and diethyl sulfone.
  • the electrolyte also optionally includes additives.
  • the additives may include negative film-forming additives, positive film-forming additives, and additives that can improve certain performances of the battery, such as additives that improve battery overcharge performance, additives that improve high-temperature or low-temperature performance of the battery, and the like.
  • a separator is further included in the secondary battery.
  • the present application has no particular limitation on the type of the isolation membrane, and any known porous structure isolation membrane with good chemical stability and mechanical stability can be selected.
  • the material of the isolation film can be selected from at least one of glass fiber, non-woven fabric, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • the separator can be a single-layer film or a multi-layer composite film, without any particular limitation. When the separator is a multilayer composite film, the materials of each layer may be the same or different, and there is no particular limitation.
  • the positive pole piece, the negative pole piece and the separator can be made into an electrode assembly through a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the secondary battery may include an outer package.
  • the outer package can be used to package the above-mentioned electrode assembly and electrolyte.
  • the outer packaging of the secondary battery may be a hard case, such as a hard plastic case, aluminum case, steel case, and the like.
  • the outer packaging of the secondary battery may also be a soft bag, such as a bag-type soft bag.
  • the material of the soft case may be plastic, and examples of the plastic include polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polybutylene succinate, and the like.
  • FIG. 4 shows a secondary battery 5 having a square structure as an example.
  • the outer package may include a housing 51 and a cover 53 .
  • the housing 51 may include a bottom plate and a side plate connected to the bottom plate, and the bottom plate and the side plates enclose to form an accommodating cavity.
  • the housing 51 has an opening communicating with the accommodating cavity, and the cover plate 53 can cover the opening to close the accommodating cavity.
  • the positive pole piece, the negative pole piece and the separator can form the electrode assembly 52 through a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the electrode assembly 52 is packaged in the containing chamber. Electrolyte is infiltrated in the electrode assembly 52 .
  • the number of electrode assemblies 52 contained in the secondary battery 5 can be one or more, and those skilled in the art can select according to specific actual needs.
  • the secondary battery can be assembled into a battery module, and the number of secondary batteries contained in the battery module can be one or more, and the specific number can be selected by those skilled in the art according to the application and capacity of the battery module.
  • FIG. 6 is a battery module 4 as an example.
  • a plurality of secondary batteries 5 may be arranged in sequence along the length direction of the battery module 4 .
  • the plurality of secondary batteries 5 may be fixed by fasteners.
  • the battery module 4 may also include a case having a housing space in which a plurality of secondary batteries 5 are accommodated.
  • the above-mentioned battery modules can also be assembled into a battery pack, and the number of battery modules contained in the battery pack can be one or more, and the specific number can be selected by those skilled in the art according to the application and capacity of the battery pack.
  • the battery pack 1 may include a battery box and a plurality of battery modules 4 disposed in the battery box.
  • the battery box includes an upper box body 2 and a lower box body 3 , the upper box body 2 can cover the lower box body 3 and form a closed space for accommodating the battery module 4 .
  • Multiple battery modules 4 can be arranged in the battery box in any manner.
  • the present application also provides an electric device, which includes at least one of the secondary battery, battery module, or battery pack provided in the present application.
  • a secondary battery, a battery module, or a battery pack can be used as a power source of a power consumption device, and can also be used as an energy storage unit of the power consumption device.
  • Electric devices can include mobile devices (such as mobile phones, laptops, etc.), electric vehicles (such as pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc., but not limited thereto.
  • secondary batteries, battery modules, or battery packs can be selected according to their usage requirements.
  • FIG. 9 is an example of an electrical device.
  • the electric device is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.
  • a battery pack or a battery module may be used.
  • Preparation of doped lithium manganese phosphate Take 1 mol of the above-mentioned manganese oxalate particles, 0.497 mol of lithium carbonate, 0.001 mol of Mo(SO 4 ) 3 , 0.999 mol of phosphoric acid in an 85% phosphoric acid aqueous solution, and 0.001 mol of H 4 SiO 4 , 0.0005mol of NH 4 HF 2 and 0.005mol of sucrose were added to 20L of deionized water. The mixture was transferred to a sand mill and thoroughly ground and stirred for 10 hours to obtain a slurry.
  • the positive electrode active material can be detected by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP).
  • the above-mentioned positive electrode active material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and acetylene black were added to N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at a weight ratio of 90:5:5, and stirred in a drying room to form a slurry.
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • the above slurry is coated on the aluminum foil, dried and cold pressed to form a positive electrode sheet.
  • the coating amount was 0.2 g/cm 2
  • the compacted density was 2.0 g/cm 3 .
  • a lithium sheet is used as the negative electrode, and a solution of 1 mol/L LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with a volume ratio of 1:1:1 is used as the electrolyte , and assembled into a button battery (hereinafter also referred to as "button") in a button box together with the above-mentioned positive pole piece prepared.
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • DMC dimethyl carbonate
  • the positive electrode active material with the conductive agent acetylene black and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in the N-methylpyrrolidone solvent system at a weight ratio of 92:2.5:5.5, and then coat it on an aluminum foil and bake it. Dry and cold press to obtain the positive electrode sheet.
  • the coating amount was 0.4 g/cm 2
  • the compacted density was 2.4 g/cm 3 .
  • Polyethylene (PE) porous polymer film is used as the separator, and the positive electrode, separator, and negative electrode are stacked in order, so that the separator is in the middle of the positive and negative electrodes to play the role of isolation, and the bare cell is wound. .
  • step (2) lithium carbonate is 0.55mol, MgSO 4 is 0.001mol, and NH 4 HF 2 is 0.001mol, all the other are the same as Preparation Example B55; obtain positive electrode active material Li 1.1 Mg 0.001 Mn 0.6 Fe 0.395 V 0.005 P 0.9 Si 0.1 O 3.998 F 0.002 .
  • step (2) MgSO 4 is 0.1mol
  • the aqueous phosphoric acid solution of concentration 85% contains 0.95mol phosphoric acid
  • H 4 SiO 4 is 0.05mol
  • NH 4 HF 2 is 0.025mol
  • all the other are identical with preparation example B55;
  • the positive electrode active material is Li 0.9 Mg 0.1 Mn 0.6 Fe 0.395 V 0.005 P 0.95 Si 0.05 O 3.95 F 0.05 .
  • step (1) FeSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O is 0.002mol and does not use VCl 2 ; Phosphoric acid aqueous solution contains 0.96mol phosphoric acid, H 4 SiO 4 is 0.04 mol, NH 4 HF 2 is 0.01 mol; the rest is the same as Preparation Example B55; obtain positive electrode active material Li 0.95 Mg 0.05 Mn 0.999 Fe 0.001 P 0.96 Si 0.04 O 3.99 F 0.01 .
  • step (1) MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O is 1.98mol, FeSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O is 0.02mol and does not use VCl 2 ; and except step (2) lithium carbonate is 0.475mol, concentration 85% Phosphoric acid aqueous solution contains 0.96mol phosphoric acid, H 4 SiO 4 is 0.04 mol, NH 4 HF 2 is 0.01 mol; the rest is the same as Preparation Example B55; obtain positive electrode active material Li 0.95 Mg 0.05 Mn 0.99 Fe 0.01 P 0.96 Si 0.04 O 3.99 F 0.01 .
  • step (1) MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O is 1.6mol, FeSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O is 0.4mol and does not use VCl 2 ; and except step (2) lithium carbonate is 0.475mol, concentration 85% Phosphoric acid aqueous solution contains 0.96mol phosphoric acid, H 4 SiO 4 is 0.04 mol, NH 4 HF 2 is 0.01 mol; the rest is the same as Preparation Example B55; obtain positive electrode active material Li 0.95 Mg 0.05 Mn 0.8 Fe 0.2 P 0.96 Si 0.04 O 3.99 F 0.01 .
  • the reactor was heated to 80° C. and stirred at 600 rpm for 6 hours until the reaction was terminated (no bubbles were generated), and a Fe, Co, V and S co-doped manganese oxalate suspension was obtained. Then filter the suspension, dry the filter cake at 120° C., and then grind to obtain Fe, Co and V co-doped manganese oxalate dihydrate particles with a median diameter Dv50 of 100 nm.
  • Preparation of doped lithium manganese phosphate Take 1 mol of the above-mentioned manganese oxalate particles, 0.497 mol of lithium carbonate, 0.001 mol of Mo(SO 4 ) 3 , 0.999 mol of phosphoric acid in an 85% phosphoric acid aqueous solution, and 0.001 mol of H 4 SiO 4 , 0.0005mol of NH 4 HF 2 , 0.05mol of sucrose and 0.025mol of ethylenediamine were added to 20L of deionized water. The mixture was transferred to a sand mill and thoroughly ground and stirred for 10 hours to obtain a slurry.
  • the above-mentioned positive electrode active material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and acetylene black were added to N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at a weight ratio of 90:5:5, and stirred in a drying room to form a slurry.
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • the above slurry is coated on the aluminum foil, dried and cold pressed to form a positive electrode sheet.
  • the coating amount was 0.2 g/cm 2
  • the compacted density was 2.0 g/cm 3 .
  • a lithium sheet is used as the negative electrode, and a solution of 1 mol/L LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with a volume ratio of 1:1:1 is used as the electrolyte , and assembled into a button battery (hereinafter also referred to as "button") in a button box together with the above-mentioned positive pole piece prepared.
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • DMC dimethyl carbonate
  • the positive electrode active material with the conductive agent acetylene black and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in the N-methylpyrrolidone solvent system at a weight ratio of 92:2.5:5.5, and then coat it on an aluminum foil and bake it. Dry and cold press to obtain the positive electrode sheet.
  • the coating amount was 0.4 g/cm 2
  • the compacted density was 2.4 g/cm 3 .
  • Polyethylene (PE) porous polymer film is used as the separator, and the positive electrode, separator, and negative electrode are stacked in order, so that the separator is in the middle of the positive and negative electrodes to play the role of isolation, and the bare cell is wound. .
  • Preparation of lithium manganese phosphate Take 1 mol of the above-mentioned manganese oxalate particles, 0.5 mol of lithium carbonate, 85% phosphoric acid aqueous solution containing 1 mol of phosphoric acid and 0.005 mol of sucrose into 20L of deionized water. The mixture was transferred to a sand mill and thoroughly ground and stirred for 10 hours to obtain a slurry. Transfer the slurry to a spray drying device for spray drying and granulation, set the drying temperature at 250° C., and dry for 4 hours to obtain granules. In a protective atmosphere of nitrogen (90 volume %) + hydrogen (10 volume %), the above powder was sintered at 700° C. for 10 hours to obtain carbon-coated LiMnPO 4 .
  • the reactor was heated to 80° C. and stirred at 600 rpm for 6 hours until the reaction was terminated (no bubbles were generated), and a Fe, Co, V and S co-doped manganese oxalate suspension was obtained. Then filter the suspension, dry the filter cake at 120° C., and then grind to obtain Fe, Co and V co-doped manganese oxalate dihydrate particles with a median diameter Dv50 of 100 nm.
  • lithium iron pyrophosphate powder 4.77 g of lithium carbonate, 7.47 g of ferrous carbonate, 14.84 g of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and 1.3 g of oxalic acid dihydrate were dissolved in 50 ml of deionized water. The pH of the mixture was 5, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours to fully react. Then the temperature of the reacted solution was raised to 80°C and maintained at this temperature for 4 hours to obtain a suspension containing Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 , which was filtered, washed with deionized water, and dried at 120°C for 4 hours , to obtain powder. The powder was sintered at 650° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 8 hours, cooled naturally to room temperature, and then ground to obtain Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 powder.
  • lithium iron phosphate suspension dissolve 11.1g of lithium carbonate, 34.8g of ferrous carbonate, 34.5g of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.3g of oxalic acid dihydrate and 74.6g of sucrose (calculated as C 12 H 22 O 11 , the same below) The mixture was obtained in 150 ml of deionized water, and then stirred for 6 hours to fully react the above mixture. The reacted solution was then warmed up to 120 °C and kept at this temperature for 6 hours to obtain a suspension containing LiFePO4 .
  • the above-mentioned double-coated lithium manganese phosphate positive electrode active material, conductive agent acetylene black, and binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were added to N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) in a weight ratio of 92:2.5:5.5 ), stir and mix evenly to obtain positive electrode slurry. Then, the positive electrode slurry was uniformly coated on the aluminum foil at a thickness of 0.280g/1540.25mm 2 , dried, cold pressed, and cut to obtain the positive electrode sheet.
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • the negative electrode slurry was evenly coated on the copper foil of the negative electrode current collector at a ratio of 0.117g/1540.25mm 2 , and the negative electrode sheet was obtained by drying, cold pressing, and slitting.
  • a commercially available PP-PE copolymer microporous film with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m and an average pore diameter of 80 nm was used.
  • the above obtained positive electrode sheet, separator, and negative electrode sheet are stacked in order, so that the separator is in the middle of the positive and negative electrodes to play the role of isolation, and the bare cell is obtained by winding. Place the bare cell in the outer package, inject the above electrolyte and package it to obtain a full battery (hereinafter also referred to as "full battery").
  • the above-mentioned double-coated lithium manganese phosphate positive electrode active material, PVDF, and acetylene black were added to NMP at a weight ratio of 90:5:5, and stirred in a drying room to form a slurry.
  • the above slurry is coated on the aluminum foil, dried and cold pressed to form a positive electrode sheet.
  • the coating amount was 0.2 g/cm 2
  • the compacted density was 2.0 g/cm 3 .
  • a lithium sheet is used as the negative electrode, and a solution of 1 mol/L LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) + diethyl carbonate (DEC) + dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with a volume ratio of 1:1:1 is used as the electrolysis liquid, and assembled into a button battery (hereinafter also referred to as "button battery") in a button box together with the above-mentioned positive pole piece prepared.
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • DMC dimethyl carbonate
  • the raw materials used are in accordance with the coating amount shown in Table 1 and Example II -
  • the ratio of the coating amount corresponding to 1-1 is adjusted accordingly, so that the dosages of Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 /LiFePO 4 in Examples II-1-2 to II-1-6 are 12.6g/37.7g, 15.7g respectively g/47.1g, 18.8g/56.5g, 22.0/66.0g and 25.1g/75.4g, the amount of sucrose in Examples II-1-2 to II-1-6 is 37.3g, other conditions and Example II -1-1 same.
  • Example II-1-7 Except in the preparation process of lithium iron pyrophosphate and lithium iron phosphate, adjust the amount of various raw materials according to the coating amount shown in Table 1 so that the amount of Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 /LiFePO 4 is 23.6g/39.3g respectively , 31.4g/31.4g, 39.3g/23.6g and 47.2g/15.7g, the conditions of Examples II-1-11 to II-1-14 are the same as in Example II-1-7.
  • Example II-1-15 were the same as those of Example II-1-14.
  • Example II-1-16 uses 466.4g of NiCO 3 , 5.0g of zinc carbonate and 7.2g of titanium sulfate to replace ferrous carbonate in the preparation process of the co-doped lithium manganese phosphate core
  • Example II-1-17 The ferrous carbonate of 455.2g and the vanadium dichloride of 8.5g are used in the preparation process of the co-doped lithium manganese phosphate inner core
  • embodiment II-1-18 is used in the preparation process of the co-doped lithium manganese phosphate inner core Except the ferrous carbonate of 455.2g, the vanadium dichloride of 4.9g and the magnesium carbonate of 2.5g, the condition of embodiment II-1-17 to 1-19 is identical with embodiment II-1-7.
  • embodiment II-1-19 uses 369.4g of lithium carbonate and 1.05g of 60% concentration of dilute nitric acid instead of dilute sulfuric acid in the preparation process of the co-doped lithium manganese phosphate core
  • embodiment II-1-20 is In addition to using 369.7g of lithium carbonate and 0.78g of silicic acid instead of dilute sulfuric acid in the preparation process of the co-doped lithium manganese phosphate core, the conditions and examples of Examples II-1-19 to II-1-20 II-1-18 is the same.
  • Example II-1-21 uses 632.0g manganese carbonate, 463.30g ferrous carbonate, 30.5g of vanadium dichloride, 21.0g of magnesium carbonate and 0.78g of ferrous Silicic acid;
  • Example II-1-22 uses 746.9g of manganese carbonate, 289.6g of ferrous carbonate, 60.9g of vanadium dichloride, 42.1g of magnesium carbonate and 0.78g of
  • the conditions of Examples II-1-21 to II-1-22 are the same as in Example II-1-20 except for the silicic acid.
  • Embodiment II-1-23 use the boric acid (mass fraction 99.5%) of 804.6g manganese carbonate, 231.7g ferrous carbonate, 1156.2g ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.2g in the preparation process of co-doped lithium manganese phosphate core And 370.8g lithium carbonate;
  • Embodiment II-1-24 uses the boric acid of 862.1g manganese carbonate, 173.8g ferrous carbonate, 1155.1g ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.86g in the preparation process of co-doped lithium manganese phosphate core ( Mass fraction 99.5%) and 371.6g lithium carbonate, the conditions of embodiment II-1-23 to II-1-24 are identical with embodiment II-1-22.
  • embodiment II-1-25 uses 370.1g lithium carbonate, 1.56g of silicic acid and 1147.7g of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in the preparation process of the co-doped lithium manganese phosphate core, embodiment II-1-25 The conditions are the same as in Example II-1-20.
  • embodiment II-1-26 uses 368.3g lithium carbonate, 4.9g mass fraction to be 60% dilute sulfuric acid, 919.6g manganese carbonate, 224.8g ferrous carbonate, 3.7g Except the ammonium dihydrogen phosphate of vanadium dichloride, 2.5g magnesium carbonate and 1146.8g, the condition of embodiment II-1-26 is identical with embodiment II-1-20.
  • embodiment II-1-27 uses 367.9g of lithium carbonate, 6.5g concentration of 60% dilute sulfuric acid and 1145.4g of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in the preparation process of the co-doped lithium manganese phosphate core, embodiment II-1 -27 The conditions were the same as in Example II-1-20.
  • Fe-doped manganese oxalate 574.7g of manganese carbonate (calculated as MnCO3 , the same below) and 579.27g of ferrous carbonate (calculated as FeCO3 , the same below) were fully mixed in a mixer for 6 hours. The mixture was transferred to a reaction kettle, and 5 liters of deionized water and 1260.6 g of oxalic acid dihydrate (calculated as C 2 H 2 O 4 .2H 2 O, the same below) were added. The reactor was heated to 80° C. and stirred at 600 rpm for 6 hours until the reaction was terminated (no bubbles were generated), and Fe-doped manganese oxalate suspension was obtained. Then the suspension was filtered, the filter cake was dried at 120° C., and then ground to obtain Fe-doped manganese oxalate dihydrate particles with a median diameter Dv50 of 100 nm.
  • Manganese carbonate of 104.5g, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate of 1138.5g and lithium carbonate of 371.3g were used when preparing inner core LiMn 0.091 Fe 0.909 P 0.995 N 0.005 O , and additionally added ferrous carbonate of 1052.8g, dilute nitric acid of 5.25g (by 60 %HNO 3 meter, the same below), all the other are identical with embodiment II-1-1.
  • Fe-doped manganese oxalate 1148.0g of manganese carbonate (calculated as MnCO3 , the same below) and 11.58g of ferrous carbonate (calculated as FeCO3 , the same below) were fully mixed in a mixer for 6 hours. The mixture was transferred to a reaction kettle, and 5 liters of deionized water and 1260.6 g of oxalic acid dihydrate (calculated as C 2 H 2 O 4 .2H 2 O, the same below) were added. The reactor was heated to 80° C. and stirred at 600 rpm for 6 hours until the reaction was terminated (no bubbles were generated), and Fe-doped manganese oxalate suspension was obtained. Then the suspension was filtered, the filter cake was dried at 120° C., and then ground to obtain Fe-doped manganese oxalate dihydrate particles with a median diameter Dv50 of 100 nm.
  • Example II-1-41 Other conditions of Example II-1-41 refer to Example II-1-1.
  • the sintering temperature in the powder sintering step is 550°C, and the sintering time is 1h to control the crystallinity of Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 to 30%.
  • the sintering temperature in the cladding sintering step is 650°C, and the sintering time is 2h to control the crystallinity of LiFePO 4 to 30%, other conditions are the same as those in Example II-1-1 same.
  • the sintering temperature in the powder sintering step is 550°C, and the sintering time is 2h to control the crystallinity of Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 to 50%.
  • the sintering temperature in the coating sintering step is 650°C, and the sintering time is 3h to control the crystallinity of LiFePO 4 to 50%, other conditions are the same as in Example II-1-1 same.
  • the sintering temperature in the powder sintering step is 600°C, and the sintering time is 3h to control the crystallinity of Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 to 70%.
  • the sintering temperature in the coating sintering step is 650°C, and the sintering time is 4h to control the crystallinity of LiFePO 4 to 70%, other conditions are the same as those in Example II-1-1 same.
  • the sintering temperature in the powder sintering step is 650°C, and the sintering time is 4h to control the crystallinity of Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 to 100%.
  • the sintering temperature in the coating sintering step is 700°C, and the sintering time is 6h to control the crystallinity of LiFePO 4 to 100%, other conditions are the same as those in Example II-1-1 same.
  • the heating temperature/stirring time in the reactor of embodiment II-3-1 is respectively 60 °C/120 minutes; embodiment II-3-2 reaction
  • the heating temperature/stirring time in the still is respectively 70 °C/120 minutes;
  • the heating temperature/stirring time in the embodiment II-3-3 reactor is respectively 80 °C/120 minutes;
  • the heating temperature/stirring time is respectively 90 DEG C/120 minutes;
  • the heating temperature/stirring time in the embodiment II-3-5 reactor is respectively 100 DEG C/120 minutes;
  • the heating in the embodiment II-3-6 reactor Temperature/stirring time is respectively 110 DEG C/120 minutes;
  • the heating temperature/stirring time in embodiment II-3-7 reactor is respectively 120 DEG C/120 minutes;
  • the heating temperature/stirring time in embodiment II-3-8 reactor Stirring time is respectively 130 DEG C/120 minutes;
  • the heating temperature/stirring time in embodiment II-3-9 reactor is respectively 100 DEG C/60 minutes
  • Examples II-4-1 to II-4-4 Except in the preparation process of lithium iron pyrophosphate (Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 ), the drying temperature/drying time in the drying step were 100°C/4h, 150 °C/6h, 200°C/6h and 200°C/6h; during the preparation of lithium iron pyrophosphate (Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 ), the sintering temperature and sintering time in the sintering step are 700°C/6h, 700°C, respectively /6h, 700°C/6h and 600°C/6h, other conditions are the same as in Example II-1-7.
  • Examples II-4-5 to II-4-7 Except in the coating process, the drying temperature/drying time in the drying step is 150°C/6h, 150°C/6h and 150°C/6h respectively; In the process, the sintering temperature and sintering time in the sintering step are respectively 600°C/4h, 600°C/6h and 800°C/8h, and other conditions are the same as in Example II-1-12.
  • lithium iron pyrophosphate powder 4.77 g of lithium carbonate, 7.47 g of ferrous carbonate, 14.84 g of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and 1.3 g of oxalic acid dihydrate were dissolved in 50 ml of deionized water. The pH of the mixture was 5, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours to fully react. Then the temperature of the reacted solution was raised to 80°C and maintained at this temperature for 4 hours to obtain a suspension containing Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 , which was filtered, washed with deionized water, and dried at 120°C for 4 hours , to obtain powder. The powder was sintered at 650° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 8 hours, cooled naturally to room temperature, and then ground to obtain Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 powder.
  • lithium manganese phosphate inner core in addition to not using vanadium dichloride and cobalt sulfate, using 463.4g of ferrous carbonate, 1.6g of 60% concentration of dilute sulfuric acid, 1148.9g of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and Except for 369.0g of lithium carbonate, the preparation conditions of lithium manganese phosphate core in embodiment II-5-2 are the same as in embodiment II-5-1.
  • Example II-5-1 the raw materials used are in accordance with those listed in Table 24.
  • the ratio of the coating amount shown in Example II-5-1 is correspondingly adjusted, so that the consumption of Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 /Al 2 O 3 in Example II-5-2 is 12.6g/ 37.68g, except that the consumption of sucrose is 37.3g among the embodiment II-5-2, other conditions are identical with embodiment II-5-1.
  • Step S1 Preparation of doped manganese oxalate
  • Step S2 Preparation of an inner core comprising Li 0.994 Mo 0.001 Mn 0.65 Fe 0.35 P 0.999 Si 0.001 O 3.999 F 0.001
  • Step S3 Preparation of lithium iron pyrophosphate powder
  • Step S4 Prepare a suspension comprising aluminum oxide and sucrose
  • Step S5 Preparation of two coating layers
  • the sintering temperature in the powder sintering step is 550°C, and the sintering time is 1h to control the crystallinity of Li 2 FeP 2 O 7 to 30 %, other conditions are identical with embodiment II-5-3.
  • Coating of the coating layer dissolving aminoethylaminopropyl polydimethylsiloxane in xylene to form a coating solution, then adding the prepared inner core to it and stirring evenly to form a mixed slurry, and then mixing the mixed slurry Place in a wet bag machine, and dry at 120° C. for 4 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a positive electrode active material.
  • the mass percent content of the polar functional groups of aminoethylaminopropyl polydimethylsiloxane ie -CH 2 NH 2 and -CH 2 NH-
  • the mass percent content of the polar functional groups of aminoethylaminopropyl polydimethylsiloxane ie -CH 2 NH 2 and -CH 2 NH-
  • the mass percent content of the polar functional groups of aminoethylaminopropyl polydimethylsiloxane ie -CH 2 NH 2 and -CH 2 NH-
  • Example II-1-1 For the preparation of coin cells and full cells, refer to Example II-1-1.
  • Step S1 Preparation of Fe, Co, V and S co-doped manganese oxalate
  • Step S2 Prepare inner core Li 0.997 Mn 0.60 Fe 0.393 V 0.004 Co 0.003 P 0.997 S 0.003 O 4
  • Step S3 Preparation of the first coating layer suspension
  • Li2FeP2O7 solution To prepare Li2FeP2O7 solution, dissolve 7.4 g of lithium carbonate, 11.6 g of ferrous carbonate, 23.0 g of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and 12.6 g of oxalic acid dihydrate in 500 mL of deionized water, control the pH to 5, then stir and The reaction was carried out at low temperature for 2 hours to obtain a solution, and then the solution was heated to 80° C. and maintained at this temperature for 4 hours to obtain a suspension of the first coating layer.
  • Step S4 Coating of the first coating layer
  • step S2 Add 1571.9 g of the doped lithium manganese phosphate core material obtained in step S2 to the suspension of the first coating layer obtained in step S3 (the content of the coating substance is 15.7 g), stir and mix thoroughly for 6 hours, and mix After uniformity, transfer to a 120° C. oven to dry for 6 hours, and then sinter at 650° C. for 6 hours to obtain a pyrophosphate-coated material.
  • Step S5 Preparation of the second coating layer suspension
  • Step S6 Coating of the second coating layer
  • step S4 Add 1586.8 g of the pyrophosphate-coated material obtained in step S4 to the second coating layer suspension (the content of the coating substance is 47.1 g) obtained in step S5, stir and mix thoroughly for 6 hours, and mix After uniformity, transfer to a 120°C oven to dry for 6 hours, and then sinter at 700°C for 8 hours to obtain a two-layer coated material.
  • Step S7 Preparation of the third coating layer aqueous solution
  • Step S8 Coating of the third coating layer
  • step S6 Add 1633.9 g of the two-layer coated material obtained in step S6 to the sucrose solution obtained in step S7, and stir and mix together for 6 hours. After mixing evenly, transfer to an oven at 150°C to dry for 6 hours, and then dry at 700°C Sintered for 10 hours to obtain a three-layer clad material.
  • Step S9 Coating of the fourth coating layer

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Abstract

本申请提供了一种正极活性材料,包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n,A包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IIB族、VB族和VIB族中一种或多种;B包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IVA族、VA族、IIB族、IVB族、VB族、VIB族和VIII族中一种或多种;C包括选自IIIA族、IVA族、VA族和VIA族中一种或多种;D包括选自VIA族和VIIA族中一种或多种;a选自0.85至1.15;x选自0至0.1;y选自0.001至0.999;z选自0至0.5;n选自0至0.5。本申请还提供了该正极活性材料的制备方法、正极极片、二次电池、电池模块、电池包及用电装置。本申请正极活性材料改善了倍率性能,减少了Mn与Mn位掺杂元素溶出,显著改善了二次电池的循环性能和高温稳定性。

Description

正极活性材料及制备方法、正极极片、二次电池、电池模块、电池包及用电装置 技术领域
本申请涉及锂电池技术领域,尤其涉及一种正极活性材料及其制备方法、包含该正极活性材料的正极极片、二次电池、电池模块、电池包及用电装置。
背景技术
随着新能源领域的快速发展,锂离子电池凭借其优良的电化学性能、无记忆效应、环境污染小等优势广泛应用于各类大型动力装置、储能系统以及各类消费类产品中,尤其广泛应用于纯电动汽车、混合电动汽车等新能源汽车领域。其中,磷酸锰锂正极活性材料具有工作电压高、原料来源广泛和对环境污染小等优点,被认为是有望取代磷酸铁锂而成为动力锂离子电池的正极活性材料。
然而,在现有技术中,采用磷酸锰锂正极活性材料的二次电池的循环性能、高温存储性能和安全性能一直无法得到综合提升,这极大地限制了磷酸锰锂电池更大范围的应用。因此,业界尚期待设计出一款兼具较高的克容量、良好的循环性能和安全性能的磷酸锰锂正极活性材料。
发明内容
本申请是鉴于上述课题而进行的,其目的在于,提供一种正极活性材料、正极活性材料的制备方法、正极极片、二次电池、电池模块、电池包和用电装置,以解决现有的磷酸锰锂正极活性材料在充放电过程中容易产生Li/Mn反位缺陷,锰溶出较严重的问题,从而解决二次电池的容量低、安全性能和循环性能差等问题。
为了达到上述目的,本申请第一方面提供了一种正极活性材料,包 括式(I)所示的化合物,
Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n
(I)
其中,
A包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IIB族、VB族和VIB族中的一种或多种元素;
B包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IVA族、VA族、IIB族、IVB族、VB族、VIB族和VIII族中的一种或多种元素;
C包括选自IIIA族、IVA族、VA族和VIA族中的一种或多种元素;
D包括选自VIA族和VIIA族中的一种或多种元素;
a选自0.85至1.15的范围;
x选自0至0.1的范围;
y选自0.001至0.999的范围;
z选自0至0.5的范围;
n选自0至0.5的范围。
由此,本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Mn位并可选地在Li位、P位和/或O位以特定量掺杂特定的元素,能够获得明显改善的倍率性能,同时显著减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,获得显著改善的循环性能和/或高温稳定性,并且材料的克容量和压实密度也得到提高。
在任意实施方式中,A包括选自Rb、Cs、Be、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ga、In、Cd、V、Ta、Cr、Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的一种或多种元素,可选为包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
B包括选自Rb、Cs、Be、Ca、Sr、Ba、In、Pb、Bi、Cd、Hf、Ta、Cr、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Pt、Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,可选为包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
D包括选自S、F、Cl和Br中的一种或多种元素。
由此,能够进一步改善二次电池的倍率性能、克容量、压实密度、循环性能和/或高温性能,进一步减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出。
在任意实施方式中,A包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的任一种元素,可选为选自Mg和Nb中的任一种元素;和/或,
B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,可选为选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的至少两种元素,更可选为选自Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的至少两种元素,进一步可选为选自Fe、Ti、V、Co和Mg中的至少两种元素,更进一步可选为Fe与选自Ti、V、Co和Mg中的一种以上元素;和/或,
C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的任一种元素,可选为S;和/或,
D包括选自S、F、Cl和Br中的任一种元素,可选为F。
由此,能进一步改善二次电池的倍率性能,进一步减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,提高二次电池的循环性能和/或高温性能,并且进一步提升材料的克容量和压实密度。
在任意实施方式中,a选自0.9至1.1的范围,可选地选自0.97至1.01的范围;和/或,
x选自0.001至0.005的范围;和/或,
y选自0.001至0.5的范围,可选地选自0.01至0.5的范围,可选地选自0.25至0.5的范围;和/或,
z选自0.001至0.5的范围,可选地选自0.001至0.1的范围,更可选地选自0.001至0.005的范围;和/或,
n选自0至0.1的范围,可选地选自0.001至0.005的范围。
由此,能够进一步提升材料的克容量,进一步提高二次电池的倍率性能和/或动力学性能,进一步改善电池的循环性能和/或高温性能。
在任意实施方式中,x为0,z选自0.001至0.5的范围,且n选自0.001至0.1的范围;或,
x选自0.001至0.1的范围,z为0,且n选自0.001至0.1的范围;或,
x选自0.001至0.1的范围,z选自0.001至0.5的范围,n为0;或,
x为0,z为0,且n选自0.001至0.1的范围;或,
x为0,z选自0.001至0.5的范围,且n为0;或,
x选自0.001至0.1的范围,z选自0.001至0.5的范围,且n选自0.001至0.1的范围。
由此,本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Mn位并可选择地在Li位、P位和/或O位以特定量掺杂特定的元素,尤其是在LiMnPO 4的Mn位和P位或者是在LiMnPO 4的Li位、Mn位、P位和O位以特定量掺杂特定元素,能够明显改善倍率性能,显著减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,显著改善循环性能和/或高温稳定性,明显提高材料的克容量和压实密度。
在任意实施方式中,y:z选自0.002至999的范围,可选为选自0.025至999的范围,更可选为选自0.2至600的范围。由此,能够减少材料的缺陷,提高材料框架结构的完整性,从而有效提升材料的结构稳定性,进而提升二次电池的循环稳定性。
在任意实施方式中,z:n选自0.002至500的范围,可选为选自0.2至100的范围,更可选为选自0.2至50的范围。由此,能够进一步减少材料的缺陷,进一步提高材料框架结构的完整性,有效提升材料的结构稳定性,提升二次电池的循环稳定性。
在任意的实施方式中,
A包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的一种或多种元素;
B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素;
C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;
D包括选自S、F、Cl和Br中的一种或多种元素;
a选自0.9至1.1的范围,x选自0.001至0.1的范围,y选自0.001至0.5的范围,z选自0.001至0.1的范围,n选自0.001至0.1的范围。
由此,本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Li位、Mn位、P位和O位同时以特定量掺杂特定的元素,能够获得明显改善的倍率性能,同时显著减少了Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,获得了显著改善的循环性能和/ 或高温稳定性,并且材料的克容量和压实密度也可以得到提高。
在任意的实施方式中,
B包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素、可选地为选自Zn、Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的一种或多种元素;
C为选自B、Si、N和S中的一种或多种元素;
a选自0.9至1.1的范围,x为0,y选自0.001至0.5的范围,z选自0.001至0.1的范围,n为0。
由此,本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Mn位和P位同时以特定量掺杂特定的元素,能改善的倍率性能,减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,改善的循环性能和/或高温稳定性,提高材料的克容量和压实密度。
在任意的实施方式中,正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,内核包括上述的式I所示的化合物;
壳包括一个或多个包覆层;包覆层具有离子电导性或电子电导性。
本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Mn位并可选地在Li位、P位和/或O位以特定量掺杂特定的元素得到掺杂的磷酸锰锂内核,并在内核表面设置具有离子电导性或电子电导性的包覆层,提供了一种新型的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,将正极活性材料应用于二次电池中,能够显著改善二次电池的高温循环性能、循环稳定性和高温储存性能。
在任意的实施方式中,壳包括一个包覆层;
可选地,包覆层包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请采用上述材料可获得具有离子电导性或电子电导性的包覆层,从而改善二次电池的高温循环性能、循环稳定性和高温储存性能。
在任意的实施方式中,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层以及包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层;
可选地,第一包覆层和第二包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请采用上述材料作为包覆层的材料,并设置两层包覆层 能够进一步改善二次电池的高温循环性能、循环稳定性和高温储存性能。
在任意的实施方式中,第一包覆层包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、氧化物和硼化物中的一种或多种,第二包覆层包括选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请采用特定材料的第一包覆层和特定材料的第二包覆层,能够进一步改善倍率性能,进一步减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,从而改善二次电池的循环性能和/或高温稳定性。
在任意的实施方式中,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层;
可选地,第一包覆层、第二包覆层和第三包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请采用上述材料作为包覆层的材料,并设置三层包覆层可进一步减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,进一步改善二次电池的高温循环性能、循环稳定性和高温储存性能。
在任意的实施方式中,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐,第二包覆层包括选自磷酸盐、氧化物和硼化物中的一种或多种,第三包覆层包括选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请采用特定材料的第一包覆层、特定材料的第二包覆层以及特定材料的第三包覆层,进一步改善了倍率性能,进一步减少了Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,从而改善了二次电池的循环性能和/或高温稳定性,并且进一步提高了材料的克容量和压实密度。
在任意的实施方式中,所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
在任意的实施方式中,焦磷酸盐为M b(P 2O 7) c;和/或,
磷酸盐为X m(PO 4) q;和/或,
掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自IIIA族、VA族、VIA族和VIIA族中的一种或多种;和/或,
氧化物为M′ dO e;和/或,
硼化物为Z vB w;和/或,
聚合物包括选自多糖及其衍生物、聚硅氧烷中的一种或多种;
其中,
M、X和Z各自独立地包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IB族、IIB族、IVB族、VB族、VIIB族和VIII族中的一种或多种元素;b选自1至4的范围,c选自1至6的范围;m选自1至2的范围,q选自1至4的范围;M′包括选自碱金属、碱土金属、过渡金属、第IIIA族元素、第IVA族元素、镧系元素和Sb中的一种或多种元素,d大于0且小于或等于2,e大于0且小于或等于5;v选自1至7的范围,w选自1至2的范围。
由此,本申请通过采用上述材料作为包覆层,能够进一步减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,进一步提高材料的克容量和压实密度,进一步改善二次电池的倍率性能、高温循环性能和高温储存性能。
在任意的实施方式中,M、X和Z各自独立地包括选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种;和/或,
M′包括选自Li、Be、B、Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Ge、As、Se、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Tc、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Cd、In、Sn、Sb、Te、W、La和Ce中的一种或多种元素,可选为包括选自Mg、Al、Si、Zn、Zr和Sn中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
聚硅氧烷选自线状结构的聚硅氧烷和环状结构的聚硅氧烷中的一种或多种;和/或,
多糖选自植物多糖和海洋多糖中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请通过采用上述特定的材料作为包覆层,能够进一步减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,进一步改善二次电池的高温循环性能和高温储存性能。
在任意的实施方式中,正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,
内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,其中,a选自0.9至1.1的范围,y选自0.001至0.5的范围,z选自0.001至0.1的范围,B包括选自Ti、V、 Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb、Zn和Ge中的一种或多种元素,C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;
壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层以及包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层,
其中,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7和磷酸盐XPO 4,其中M和X各自独立地选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种;
第二包覆层包含碳。
由此,本申请的正极活性材料能够提高二次电池的克容量、循环性能和安全性能。虽然机理尚不清楚,但推测是本申请的磷酸锰锂正极活性材料为核-壳结构,其中通过对磷酸锰锂内核的锰位和磷位分别掺杂元素,不仅可有效减少锰溶出,进而减少迁移到负极的锰离子,减少因SEI膜分解而消耗的电解液,提高二次电池的循环性能和安全性能,还能够促进Mn-O键调整,降低锂离子迁移势垒,促进锂离子迁移,提高二次电池的倍率性能;通过对内核包覆包括焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐的第一包覆层,能够进一步增大锰的迁移阻力,减少其溶出,并减少表面杂锂含量、减少内核与电解液的接触,从而减少界面副反应、减少产气,提高二次电池的高温存储性能、循环性能和安全性能;通过进一步包覆作为第二包覆层的含碳层,能够进一步提升二次电池的安全性能和动力学性能。
在任意的实施方式中,正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,
内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,其中,a选自0.9至1.1的范围,y选自0.001至0.5的范围,z选自0.001至0.1的范围,B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;
壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,其中,
第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h,其中,0≤f≤2,1≤g≤4,1≤h≤6,焦磷酸盐Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h中的Q各自独立地为选自Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种元素;
第二包覆层包括晶态磷酸盐XPO 4,其中,X为选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种元素;
第三包覆层包含碳。
本申请通过在磷酸锰锂的锰位掺杂元素并在磷位掺杂元素得到掺杂的磷酸锰锂内核并在内核表面依次进行三层包覆,提供了一种新型的具有核-壳结构的磷酸锰锂正极活性材料,将正极活性材料应用于二次电池中,能够显著改善二次电池的高温循环性能、循环稳定性和高温储存性能。
在任意的实施方式中,壳中与内核距离最远的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种。
由此,能够提高包覆的均匀性,能有效阻隔高电压带来的界面副反应,从而提升材料的高温循环性能和高温存储性能;并且,包覆层具有良好的电子电导率和离子电导率,有助于材料克容量的提升,同时减少了电芯的产热。
在任意的实施方式中,聚硅氧烷包含式(i)所示的结构单元,
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000001
其中,R 1和R 2独立地选自H、-COOH、-OH、-SH、-CN、-SCN、氨基、磷酸酯基、羧酸酯基、酰胺基、醛基、磺酰基、聚醚链段、C1~C20脂肪烃基、C1~C20卤代脂肪烃基、C1~C20杂脂肪烃基、C1~C20卤代杂脂肪烃基、C6~C20芳香烃基、C6~C20卤代芳香烃基、C2~C20杂芳香烃基和C2~C20卤代杂芳香烃基;
可选地,R 1和R 2独立地选自H、氨基、磷酸酯基、聚醚链段、C1~C8烷基、C1~C8卤代烷基、C1~C8杂烷基、C1~C8卤代杂烷基、C2~C8烯基和C2~C8卤代烯基。
在任意的实施方式中,聚硅氧烷还包含封端基,封端基包括以下官能团组成的组中的至少一种:聚醚、C1~C8烷基、C1~C8卤代烷基、C1~C8杂烷基、C1~C8卤代杂烷基、C2~C8烯基、C2~C8卤代烯基、C6~C20芳 香烃基、C1~C8烷氧基、C2~C8环氧基、羟基、C1~C8羟基烷基、氨基、C1~C8氨基烷基、羧基、C1~C8羧基烷基。
在任意的实施方式中,聚硅氧烷包括选自聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚二乙基硅氧烷、聚甲基乙基硅氧烷、聚甲基乙烯基硅氧烷、聚苯基甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基氢硅氧烷、羧基功能化聚硅氧烷、端环氧基聚硅氧烷、甲氧基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷、羟丙基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基氯丙基硅氧烷、端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基三氟丙基硅氧烷、全氟辛基甲基聚硅氧烷、氨乙基氨丙基聚二甲基硅氧烷、端基聚醚聚二甲基硅氧烷、侧链氨丙基聚硅氧烷、氨丙基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷、侧链磷酸酯接枝聚二甲基硅氧烷、侧链聚醚接枝聚二甲基硅氧烷、1,3,5,7-八甲基环四硅氧烷、1,3,5,7-四氢-1,3,5,7-四甲基环四硅氧烷、环五聚二甲基硅氧烷、2,4,6,8-四甲基环四硅氧烷、2,4,6,8-四甲基-2,4,6,8-四乙烯基环四硅氧烷、环状聚甲基乙烯基硅氧烷、十六甲基环八硅氧烷、十四甲基环七硅氧烷、环状聚二甲基硅氧烷中的一种或多种。
在任意的实施方式中,聚硅氧烷、多糖和多糖衍生物的数均分子量各自独立地在300000以下,可选为10000至200000,更可选为20000至120000,进一步可选为400至80000。
在任意的实施方式中,聚硅氧烷中极性官能团的质量百分含量为α,0≤α<50%,可选地,5%≤α≤30%。
在任意的实施方式中,多糖和多糖衍生物中的糖单元上连接的取代基各自独立地包括由以下官能团组成的组中的至少一种:-OH、-COOH及其盐、-R-OH、-SO 3H及其盐、-R-OH、-R-SO 3H及其盐、硫酸酯基、烷氧基,其中,R表示亚烷基,可选地表示C1~C5亚烷基;
可选地,多糖和多糖衍生物中的糖单元上连接的取代基各自独立地包括由以下官能团组成的组中的至少一种:-OH、-COOH、-COOLi、-COONa、-COOK、-SO 3H、-SO 3Li、-SO 3Na、-SO 3K、-CH 2-SO 3H、-CH 2-SO 3Li、-CH 2-SO 3Na、-CH 2-SO 3K、甲氧基、乙氧基。
在任意的实施方式中,多糖包括选自果胶、羧甲基淀粉、羟丙基淀粉、糊精、纤维素醚、羧甲基壳聚糖、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羧丙基甲基纤维素、瓜耳胶、田菁胶、阿拉伯胶、海藻酸锂、海藻酸钠、海 藻酸钾、褐藻糖胶、琼脂、卡拉胶、角叉胶、黄原胶和葫芦巴胶中的一种或多种。
在任意的实施方式中,多糖和多糖衍生物中的糖单元上连接的取代基的质量百分含量各自独立地为20%至85%,可选地为30%至78%。
在任意的实施方式中,内核的材料与壳的材料之间的晶格失配度小于10%。由此,能够使内核与壳(或包覆层)之间的接触良好,以防止壳(或包覆层)的脱落。
在任意的实施方式中,基于正极活性材料的重量计,
锰元素含量在10重量%-35重量%范围内,可选在13.3重量%-33.2重量%范围内,更可选在15重量%-30重量%范围内,进一步可选在17重量%-20重量%范围内;和/或,
磷元素的含量在12重量%-25重量%范围内,可选在15重量%-20重量%范围内,更可选在16.8重量%-19.5重量%范围内;和/或,
锰元素和磷元素的重量比范围为0.71-1.85,可选为0.90-1.25,更可选为0.95-1.20。
本申请锰元素的含量在上述范围内,能够有效减少材料结构稳定性变差、密度下降等问题,从而提升二次电池的循环、存储和压实密度等性能;且能够减少电压平台过低的问题,从而提升二次电池的能量密度。
在任意的实施方式中,正极活性材料的表面包覆有碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种;可选地,正极活性材料的表面包覆有碳。由此,可以改善正极活性材料的导电性。
在任意的实施方式中,掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种。便于对掺杂碳层的性能控制。
在任意的实施方式中,在内核中,
(1-y):y在0.1-999范围内,可选为在0.1-10范围内或者在0.67-999范围内,更可选为在1至10范围内,进一步可选为在1至4范围内,更进一步可选为在1.5至3范围内;和/或,
a:x在1至1200范围内,可选为在9至1100范围内,更可选为在190-998范围内。
由此,正极活性材料的能量密度和循环性能可进一步提升。
在任意的实施方式中,在内核中,z与1-z的比值为1:9至1:999,可选为1:499至1:249。由此,进一步提升二次电池的循环性能和倍率性能。
在任意的实施方式中,壳的包覆量为0.1%至6%,基于内核的重量计。本申请包覆层的包覆量优选在上述范围内,能够对内核进行充分包覆,并同时在不牺牲正极活性材料克容量的前提下,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能和安全性能。
在任意的实施方式中,第一包覆层的包覆量大于0重量%且小于等于7重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于6重量%,更可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%或者为4-5.6重量%,进一步可选为大于0且小于或等于2重量%,基于内核的重量计;和/或,
第二包覆层的包覆量为大于0重量%且小于等于6重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%,更可选为2-4重量%或者3-5重量%,基于内核的重量计;和/或,
第三包覆层的包覆量为大于0且小于或等于6重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%,更可选为大于0且小于或等于2重量%,基于内核的重量计。
在任意的实施方式中,壳还包括包覆第三包覆层的第四包覆层和包覆第四包覆层的第五包覆层;其中,
第四包覆层和第五包覆层的包覆量各自独立地为0.01重量%至10重量%,可选为0.05重量%至10重量%,更可选为0.1重量%至5重量%,进一步为0.1重量%至2重量%,基于内核的重量计。
本申请的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料中,各层包覆层的包覆量优选在上述范围内,由此能够对内核进行充分包覆,并同时在不牺牲正极活性材料克容量的前提下,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能和安全性能。
在任意的实施方式中,壳位于内核40%至90%的表面,可选地为60%至80%的表面。由此能够对内核进行充分包覆,从而改善二次电池的动力学性能和安全性能。
在任意的实施方式中,壳的厚度为1-15nm。
在任意的实施方式中,第一包覆层的厚度为1-10nm、可选为2-10nm;和/或,
第二包覆层的厚度为2-25nm、可选为2-15nm、更可选为3-15nm;和/或,
第三包覆层的厚度为2-25nm、可选为5-25nm。
本申请中,第一包覆层具有上述厚度范围,能够进一步减少对材料的动力学性能的不利影响,且能够减少不能有效阻碍过渡金属离子迁移的问题。
第二包覆层具有上述厚度范围,使得第二包覆层的表面结构稳定,与电解液的副反应小,因此能够有效减轻界面副反应,从而提升二次电池的高温性能。
第三包覆层具有上述厚度范围,能够提升材料的电导性能并且改善使用正极活性材料制备的电池极片的压实密度性能。
在任意的实施方式中,所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐和氧化物中的一种或多种,并且,选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐和氧化物中的一种或多种为晶态;
可选地,焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐和氧化物的结晶度各自独立地为10%至100%,更可选为50%至100%。
本文中,晶态意指结晶度在50%以上,即50%-100%。结晶度小于50%的称为玻璃态。本申请的晶态焦磷酸盐和晶态磷酸盐的结晶度为50%至100%。
具备一定结晶度的焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐不但有利于充分发挥焦磷酸盐包覆层阻碍锰溶出和磷酸盐包覆层优异的导锂离子的能力、减少界面副反应的功能,而且能够使得焦磷酸盐包覆层和磷酸盐包覆层能够更好的进行晶格匹配,从而能够实现包覆层和包覆层之间紧密的结合。
在任意的实施方式中,壳中,焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐的重量比以及焦磷酸盐与氧化物的重量比各自独立地为1:3至3:1,可选为1:3至1:1。由此,通过焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐在合适的重量比范围或者焦磷酸盐与氧化物在合适的重量比范围,既可有效阻碍锰溶出,又可有效减少表面杂锂含量,减少界面副反应,从而提高二次电池的高温存储性能、安全性能和 循环性能。
在任意的实施方式中,所述一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括碳,并且,碳为SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的混合物,可选地,碳中,SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的摩尔比为在0.07-13范围内的任意数值,更可选为在0.1-10范围内的任意数值,进一步可选为在2.0-3.0范围内的任意数值。
本申请通过将SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的摩尔比限制在上述范围内,提升了二次电池的综合性能。
在任意的实施方式中,所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括掺杂碳,并且,在掺杂碳中,掺杂元素的质量含量在30%以下;可选地,掺杂碳中,掺杂元素的质量含量在20%以下。在上述含量范围内的掺杂元素,既可以充分改善纯碳层的导电性,又有效避免了因掺杂元素掺入过多导致表面活性过强,从而有效控制了包覆层掺杂过量导致的界面副反应。
在任意的实施方式中,所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括掺杂碳,在掺杂碳中,
掺杂元素为氮元素和/或硫元素,掺杂碳中掺杂元素的质量含量为1%~15%;或者,
掺杂元素为磷元素、硼元素和/或氟元素,掺杂碳中掺杂元素的质量含量为0.5%~5%;
可选地,掺杂元素为氮、磷、硫、硼或氟。
由于氮原子和硫原子与碳原子原子半径更相近,不易破坏碳骨架,因此,氮原子、硫原子的掺杂量在上述相对宽泛的范围内时,既可以充分发挥掺杂碳层的导电性,又可以促进锂离子传输和锂离子去溶剂化能力。
由于磷原子、硼原子和/或氟原子与碳原子的原子半径有差别,过多掺杂易破坏碳骨架,因此,磷原子、硼原子和/或氟原子的掺杂量在上述相对较小的范围内时,既可以充分发挥掺杂碳层的导电性,又可以促进锂离子传输和锂离子去溶剂化能力。
在任意的实施方式中,所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括焦磷酸盐,焦磷酸盐的晶面间距范围为0.293-0.470nm、可选为0.297-0.462nm或0.293-0.326nm、更可选为0.300-0.310nm,晶向(111)的夹角范围为18.00°-32.57°、可选为18.00°-32.00°或者26.41°-32.57°、更可选为19.211°-30.846°、进一步可选为29.00°-30.00°;和/或,
一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括磷酸盐,磷酸盐的晶面间距范围为0.244-0.425nm、可选为0.345-0.358nm,晶向(111)的夹角范围为20.00°-37.00°、可选为24.25°-26.45°;
可选地,第一包覆层或第二包覆层包含磷酸盐。
本申请的正极活性材料中的第一包覆层和第二包覆层均使用晶态物质,它们的晶面间距和夹角范围在上述范围内。由此,能够有效减少包覆层中的杂质相,从而提升材料的克容量,循环性能和倍率性能。
在任意的实施方式中,正极活性材料在完全脱嵌锂前后的晶格变化率为50%以下,可选为9.8%以下,更可选为8.1%以下,进一步可选为7.5%以下,更进一步可选为6%以下,更进一步可选为4%以下,更进一步可选为3.8%以下,更进一步可选为2.0-3.8%。
因此使用正极活性材料能够改善二次电池的克容量和倍率性能。
在任意的实施方式中,正极活性材料的Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度为5.3%以下,可选为5.1%以下,更可选为4%以下,进一步可选为2.2%以下,更进一步可选为2%以下,更进一步可选为1.5%-2.2%或0.5%以下。
通过Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度在上述范围内,能够避免Mn 2+阻碍Li +的传输,同时提升正极活性材料的克容量和倍率性能。
在任意的实施方式中,正极活性材料在3T下的压实密度为1.89g/cm 3以上,可选为1.95g/cm 3以上,更可选为1.98g/cm 3以上,进一步可选为2.0g/cm 3以上,更进一步可选为2.2g/cm 3以上,更进一步可选地为2.2g/cm 3以上且2.8g/cm 3以下或者2.2g/cm 3以上且2.65g/cm 3以下。
由此,提高压实密度,则单位体积活性材料的重量增大,越有利于提高二次电池的体积能量密度。
在任意的实施方式中,正极活性材料的表面氧价态为-1.55以下,可选为-1.82以下,更可选为-1.88以下,进一步可选为-1.90以下或者-1.98 至-1.88,更进一步可选为-1.98至-1.89,更进一步可选为-1.98至-1.90。
由此,通过如上将正极活性材料的表面氧价态限定在上述范围内,能够减轻正极材料与电解液的界面副反应,从而改善电芯的循环,高温存储产气等性能。
本申请的第二方面还提供一种制备正极活性材料的方法,其包括如下步骤:
将锰源与元素B的源反应,得到掺杂了元素B的锰盐;
将锂源、磷源、可选的元素A的源、可选的元素C的源、可选的元素D的源与的掺杂了元素B的锰盐混合,干燥,烧结,得到内核Li aA xMn 1- yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n;其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如本申请第一方面中。
由此,本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Mn位并可选地在Li位、P位和/或O位以特定量掺杂特定的元素,能够获得明显改善的倍率性能,同时显著减少了Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,获得了显著改善的循环性能和/或高温稳定性,并且材料的克容量和压实密度也可以得到提高。
在任意的实施方式中,方法具体包括以下的步骤:
将锰源、元素B的源和酸在溶剂中混合并搅拌,生成掺杂元素B的锰盐的悬浊液,将悬浊液过滤并烘干滤饼,得到掺杂了元素B的锰盐;
将锂源、磷源、可选的元素A的源、可选的元素C的源和可选的元素D的源、溶剂和的掺杂了元素B的锰盐加入反应容器中研磨并混合,得到浆料;
将获得的浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,得到颗粒;
将获得的颗粒进行烧结,得到内核Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n;其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如本申请第一方面中。
在任意的实施方式中,制备浆料的步骤中,将锂源、磷源、可选的元素A的源、可选的元素C的源、可选的元素D的源、碳源、碳层掺杂元素的源、溶剂和的掺杂了元素B的锰盐加入反应容器中研磨并混合,得到浆料;其它步骤与上述相同;得到正极活性材料;
正极活性材料包括内核和包覆内核的壳,内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1- zC zO 4-nD n,壳包含掺杂碳,掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种;其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如本申请第一方面中。
在任意的实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
将选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种的混合物通过干法包覆或湿法包覆在内核的表面进行包覆处理,得到正极活性材料;
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,内核为Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1- zC zO 4-nD n,壳包括一个或多个包覆层,每个包覆层独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种;其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如本申请第一方面中;可选地,聚合物包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种。
在任意的实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
提供焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c粉末、包含磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q和/或氧化物M′ dO e的悬浊液,其中,悬浊液还包含碳的源和/或掺杂碳的源;
将内核、焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c粉末加入到悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料;其中,
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层以及包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层,内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4- nD n,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c及选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q和氧化物M′ dO e中的一种或多种,第二包覆层包括选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种,可选地,掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种,其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如本申请第一方面中,M、X、M′、b、c、d、e、m、q的定义如本申请第一方面中。
在任意的实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
提供焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7粉末、包含碳的源的磷酸盐XPO 4悬浊液;
将内核、焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7粉末加入到包含碳的源的XPO 4悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料;其中,
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层以及包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层,内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4- nD n,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7和磷酸盐XPO 4,第二包覆层包括碳,其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如本申请第一方面中,M和X的定义如本申请第一方面中。
在任意的实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
分别提供焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c悬浊液、包含选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种的悬浊液以及包含碳的源和/或掺杂碳的源的悬浊液;
将内核与上述所有的悬浊液混合,烧结,得到正极活性材料;其中,
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,
内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c,第二包覆层包括选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种,第三包覆层选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种,其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如本申请第一方面中,M、X、M′、b、c、d、e、m、q的定义如本申请第一方面中。
在任意的实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
分别提供Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h以及XPO 4悬浊液,将内核加入到上述悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料;其中,
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1- zC zO 4-nD n,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h,第二包覆层包括磷酸盐XPO 4,第三包覆层包括碳,其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如本申请第一方面中,Q、X、f、g和h的定义如本申请第一方面中。
在任意的实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
第一包覆步骤:将元素Q的源、磷源和酸以及任选地锂源,溶于溶剂中,得到包含Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h的第一包覆层悬浊液;将内核与第一包覆层悬浊液充分混合,干燥,烧结,得到第一包覆层包覆的材料;
第二包覆步骤:将元素X的源、磷源和酸溶于溶剂中,得到包含XPO 4的第二包覆层悬浊液;将第一包覆步骤中获得的第一包覆层包覆的材料与第二包覆层悬浊液充分混合,干燥,烧结,得到两层包覆层包覆的材料;
第三包覆步骤:将碳源溶于溶剂中,充分溶解得到第三包覆层溶液;然后将第二包覆步骤中获得的两层包覆层包覆的材料加入第三包覆层溶液中,混合均匀,干燥,然后烧结得到三层包覆层包覆的材料,即正极活性材料。
在任意的实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
分别提供焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c粉末、选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种粉末以及碳源粉末和/或掺杂碳源粉末;
将内核与上述所有的粉末混合并研磨,干燥,得到正极活性材料;其中,
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,
内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c,第二包覆层包括选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种,第三包覆层选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种,其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n以及M、X、M′、b、c、d、e、m、q的定义如本申请第一方面中;
可选地,通过喷雾造粒干燥机进行干燥。
在任意的实施方式中,方法还包括如下步骤:
提供聚合物,聚合物包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种;
将正极活性材料与聚合物通过干法包覆或湿法包覆,得到的材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳;
壳中与内核距离最远的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种。
在任意的实施方式中,元素A的源选自元素A的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐、和硫酸盐中的至少一种;和/或,
元素B的源选自元素B的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氢氧化物和硫酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素B的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐和硫酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素B的单质、硫酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物和氢氧化物中的至少一种,可选为选自元素B的单质、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化盐、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物和氢氧化物中的至少一种;和/或,
元素C的源选自元素C的单质、卤化物、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物、无机酸、有机酸、硫酸盐、硼酸盐、硝酸盐和硅酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素C的硫酸盐、硼酸盐、硝酸盐和硅酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素C的单质、硫酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物和无机酸中的至少一种,可选为选自元素C的无机酸、有机酸、硫酸盐、氯化盐、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物中的至少一种;和/或,
元素D的源选自元素D的单质和铵盐中的至少一种。
在任意的实施方式中,在制备掺杂了元素B锰盐的步骤中,
搅拌在20-120℃范围内的温度下进行,可选为在25-80℃或40-120℃范围内的温度下进行,进一步可选为在60-120℃范围内的温度下进行,和/或,
通过在200-800rpm的搅拌速率下进行,可选为在400-700rpm下进行1-9小时,更可选为在500-700rpm下进行60-420分钟,进一步可选地为进行3-7小时或120-360分钟。
在任意的实施方式中,在制备浆料的步骤中,研磨并混合进行1-15小时,可选为8-15小时;可选地,在20-120℃、更可选为40-120℃的温度下进行混合1-10h。
在任意的实施方式中,在制备内核的步骤中,烧结在600-900℃的温度范围内进行6-14小时。
在任意的实施方式中,在制备浆料的步骤中还包括:向反应容器中加入碳源一起进行研磨并混合。
在任意的实施方式中,MP 2O 7粉末通过以下方法制备:
将元素M的源和磷的源添加到溶剂中,得到混合物,调节混合物的pH为4-6,搅拌并充分反应,然后经干燥、烧结获得,其中M选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种。
在任意的实施方式中,制备MP 2O 7粉末的方法中,
干燥步骤为在100-300℃、可选150-200℃下干燥4-8h。
在任意的实施方式中,制备MP 2O 7粉末的方法中,
烧结步骤为在500-800℃、可选650-800℃下,在惰性气体气氛下烧结4-10h。
在任意的实施方式中,包覆步骤中的烧结温度为500-800℃,烧结时间为4-10h。
在任意的实施方式中,第一包覆步骤中,
控制溶解有元素Q的源、磷源和酸以及任选地锂源的溶液pH为3.5-6.5,然后搅拌并反应1-5h,然后将溶液升温至50-120℃,并保持该温度2-10h,和/或,
烧结在650-800℃下进行2-6小时。
在任意的实施方式中,第二包覆步骤中,
将元素X的源、磷源和酸溶于溶剂后,搅拌并反应1-10h,然后将溶液升温至60-150℃,并保持该温度2-10h,和/或,
烧结在500-700℃下进行6-10小时。
在任意的实施方式中,第三包覆步骤中的烧结在700-800℃下进行6-10小时。
本申请的第三方面提供一种正极极片,其包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面的正极膜层,正极膜层包括第一正极活性材料,第一正极活性材料为本申请第一方面的正极活性材料或通过本申请第二方面的方法制备的正极活性材料;可选地,正极活性材料在正极膜层中的含量为90-99.5重量%,更可选为95-99.5重量%,基于正极膜层的总重量计。
在任意的实施方式中,正极极片还包括第二正极活性材料,并且,第二正极活性材料不同于第一正极活性材料。
在任意的实施方式中,第二正极活性材料包括LiE tCo sF (1-t-s)O 2、尖晶 石型锰酸锂和尖晶石型钛酸锂中的一种或多种,其中,E包括选自VIII族的一种或多种元素,F包括选自IIIA和VIIB的一种或多种元素,t选自0至0.9的范围,t与s之和选自0.3至1的范围。
在任意的实施方式中,E包括选自Ni、Fe、Ru和Rh中的一种或多种元素,F包括选自Mn、Al、Ga和In中的一种或多种元素。
在任意的实施方式中,第二正极活性材料选自LiNi tCo sMn (1-t-s)O 2、LiNi tCo sAl (1-t-s)O 2、LiCoO 2、尖晶石型锰酸锂和尖晶石型钛酸锂中的一种或多种;其中,t独立地选自0.3-0.9、可选为0.33-0.8,t与s之和独立地选自0.3-0.9、可选为0.66-0.9。
在任意的实施方式中,第一活性材料与第二活性材料的质量比为1:7-7:1,可选为1:4-4:1。
在任意的实施方式中,第二正极活性材料中,
LiNi tCo sMn (1-t-s)O 2中的t、(1-t-s)和s的比值为5:2:3或3:1:1或8:1:1;和/或,
LiNi tCo sAl (1-t-s)O 2中的t、s和(1-t-s)的比值为5:2:3或3:1:1或8:1:1。
在任意的实施方式中,第一正极活性材料和第二正极活性材料的质量之和占正极极片的质量的88%-98.7%。
本申请的第四方面提供一种二次电池,包括本申请第一方面的正极材料或通过本申请第二方面的方法制得的正极活性材料或本申请第三方面的正极极片。
本申请的第五方面提供一种电池模块,包括本申请的第四方面的二次电池。
本申请的第六方面提供一种电池包,包括本申请的第五方面的电池模块。
本申请的第七方面提供一种用电装置,包括选自本申请的第四方面的二次电池、本申请的第五方面的电池模块和本申请的第六方面的电池包中的至少一种。
1.一种正极活性材料,其具有化学式Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n
其中,A包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的一种或多种元素,
B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,
C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素,
D包括选自S、F、Cl和Br中的一种或多种元素,
a选自0.9至1.1的范围,x选自0.001至0.1的范围,y选自0.001至0.5的范围,z选自0.001至0.1的范围,n选自0.001至0.1的范围,并且正极活性材料为电中性的。
2.第1项中的正极活性材料,其中,A、C和D各自独立地为上述各自范围内的任一种元素,并且B为其范围内的至少两种元素;
可选地,
A为选自Mg和Nb中的任一种元素,和/或,
B为选自Fe、Ti、V、Co和Mg中的至少两种元素,可选地为Fe与选自Ti、V、Co和Mg中的一种以上元素,和/或,
C为S,和/或,
D为F。
3.第1或2项中的正极活性材料,其中,x选自0.001至0.005的范围;和/或,y选自0.01至0.5的范围,可选地选自0.25至0.5的范围;和/或,z选自0.001至0.005的范围;和/或,n选自0.001至0.005的范围。
4.第1至3中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,(1-y):y在1至4范围内,可选地在1.5至3范围内,且a:x在9到1100范围内,可选地在190-998范围内。
5.第1至4中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,其晶格变化率为8%以下,可选地为4%以下。
6.第1至5中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,其Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度为2%以下,可选地为0.5%以下。
7.第1至6中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,其表面氧价态为-1.82以下,可选地为-1.89~-1.98。
8.第1至7中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,其在3T下的压实密度为2.0g/cm 3以上,可选地为2.2g/cm 3以上。
9.第1至8中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,其表面包覆有碳。
10.一种制备正极活性材料的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(1)将锰源、元素B的源和酸在溶剂中溶解并搅拌,生成掺杂元素B的锰盐的悬浊液,将悬浊液过滤并烘干滤饼,得到掺杂了元素B的锰盐;
(2)将锂源、磷源、元素A的源、元素C的源和元素D的源、溶剂和由步骤(1)获得的掺杂了元素B的锰盐加入反应容器中研磨并混合,得到浆料;
(3)将由步骤(2)获得的浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,得到颗粒;
(4)将由步骤(3)获得的颗粒进行烧结,得到正极活性材料。
11.第10项的方法,其中,元素A的源选自元素A的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐和硫酸盐中的至少一种,元素B的源选自元素B的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐和硫酸盐中的至少一种,元素C的源选自元素C的硫酸盐、硼酸盐、硝酸盐和硅酸盐中的至少一种,元素D的源选自元素D的单质和铵盐中的至少一种。
12.第10或11项的方法,其中,步骤(1)的搅拌在60-120℃范围内的温度下进行,和/或,
步骤(1)的搅拌通过在200-800rpm的搅拌速率下进行。
13.第10至12中任一项的方法,其中,步骤(2)的研磨并混合进行8-15小时。
14.第10至13中任一项的方法,其中,步骤(4)的烧结在600-900℃的温度范围内进行6-14小时。
15.第10至14中任一项的方法,其中,在步骤(2)中还包括:向反应容器中加入碳源一起进行研磨并混合。
16.一种正极极片,其包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面的正极膜层,正极膜层包括第1-9中任一项的正极活性材料或通过第10-15中任一项的方法制备的正极活性材料,并且正极活性材料在正极膜层中的含量为10重量%以上,可选地,95-99.5重量%,基于正极膜层的总重量计。
17.一种二次电池,其中,包括第1-8中任一项的正极活性材料或通过第10-15中任一项的方法制备的正极活性材料或第16项的正极极片。
18.一种电池模块,其中,包括第17项的二次电池。
19.一种电池包,其中,包括第18项的电池模块。
20.一种用电装置,其中,包括选自第17项的二次电池、第18项的电池模块和第19项的电池包中的至少一种。
1)一种具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其包括内核及包覆内核的壳,
内核包括Li 1+xMn 1-yA yP 1-zR zO 4,其中x=-0.100~0.100,y=0.001~0.500,z=0.001~0.100,A选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种,可选为Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的一种或多种,R选自B、Si、N和S中的一种或多种;
壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层以及包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层,
其中,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7和磷酸盐XPO 4,其中M和X各自独立地选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb或Al中的一种或多种;
第二包覆层包含碳。
2)第1)项的正极活性材料,其中,
第一包覆层的磷酸盐的晶面间距为0.345-0.358nm,晶向(111)的夹角为24.25°-26.45°;第一包覆层的焦磷酸盐的晶面间距为0.293-0.326nm,晶向(111)的夹角为26.41°-32.57°。
3)第1)或2)项的正极活性材料,其中,
在内核中,y与1-y的比值为1:10至10:1,可选为1:4至1:1。
4)第1)-3)中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,
在内核中,z与1-z的比值为1:9至1:999,可选为1:499至1:249。
5)第1)-4)中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,
第一包覆层的包覆量大于0重量%且小于等于7重量%,可选为4-5.6重量%,基于内核的重量计。
6)第1)-5)中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,
第一包覆层中焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐的重量比为1:3至3:1,可选为1:3至1:1。
7)第1)-6)中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,
焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐的结晶度各自独立地为10%至100%,可选为50%至100%。
8)第1)-7)中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,
第二包覆层的包覆量为大于0重量%且小于等于6重量%,可选为3-5重量%,基于内核的重量计。
9)第1)-8)中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,
A选自Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的至少两种。
10)第1)-9)中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,
正极活性材料的Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度为4%以下,可选为2%以下。
11)第1)-10)中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,
正极活性材料的晶格变化率为6%以下,可选为4%以下。
12)第1)-11)中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,
正极活性材料的表面氧价态为-1.88以下,可选地为-1.98~-1.88。
13)第1)-12)中任一项的正极活性材料,其中,
正极活性材料在3吨下的压实密度为2.0g/cm 3以上,可选地为2.2g/cm 3以上。
14)一种正极活性材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
提供内核材料的步骤:内核包括Li 1+xMn 1-yA yP 1-zR zO 4,其中x=-0.100-0.100,y=0.001-0.500,z=0.001-0.100,A选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种,可选为Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的一种或多种,R选自B、Si、N和S中的一种或多种;
包覆步骤:提供MP 2O 7粉末和包含碳的源的XPO 4悬浊液,将内核材料、MP 2O 7粉末加入到包含碳的源的XPO 4悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料,其中M和X各自独立地选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb或Al中的一种或多种;
其中,正极活性材料具有核-壳结构,其包括内核及包覆内核的壳, 壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层以及包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7和磷酸盐XPO 4,第二包覆层包含碳。
15)第14)项的正极活性材料的制备方法,提供内核材料的步骤包括以下步骤:
步骤(1):将锰的源、元素A的源和酸在容器中混合并搅拌,得到掺杂有元素A的锰盐颗粒;
步骤(2):将掺杂有元素A的锰盐颗粒与锂的源、磷的源和元素R的源在溶剂中混合并得到浆料,在惰性气体气氛保护下烧结后得到掺杂有元素A和元素R的磷酸锰锂,其中,掺杂有元素A和元素R的磷酸锰锂为Li 1+xMn 1-yA yP 1-zR zO 4,其中x=-0.100-0.100,y=0.001-0.500,z=0.001-0.100,A选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种,可选为Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的一种或多种,R选自B、Si、N和S中的一种或多种。
16)第15)项的方法,其中,
步骤(1)在20-120℃,可选为25-80℃的温度下进行;和/或,
步骤(1)中搅拌在500-700rpm下进行60-420分钟,可选地为120-360分钟。
17)第15)~16)中任一项的方法,其中,
元素A的源选自元素A的单质、硫酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物或氢氧化物中的一种或多种;和/或,元素R的源选自元素R的单质、硫酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物或氢氧化物以及元素R的无机酸中的一种或多种。
18)第14)~17)中任一项的方法,其中,
MP 2O 7粉末通过以下方法制备:
将元素M的源和磷的源添加到溶剂中,得到混合物,调节混合物的pH为4-6,搅拌并充分反应,然后经干燥、烧结获得,其中M选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb或Al中的一种或多种。
19)第18)项的方法,其中,
干燥步骤为在100-300℃、可选150-200℃下干燥4-8h。
20)第18)~19)中任一项的方法,其中,
烧结步骤为在500-800℃、可选650-800℃下,在惰性气体气氛下烧结4-10h。
21)第14)~20)中任一项的方法,其中,
包覆步骤中的烧结温度为500-800℃,烧结时间为4-10h。
22)一种正极极片,其包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面的正极膜层,正极膜层包括第1)-13)中任一项的正极活性材料或通过第14)-21)中任一项的方法制备的正极活性材料,并且正极活性材料在正极膜层中的含量为10重量%以上,基于正极膜层的总重量计。
23)第22)项的正极极片,其中正极活性材料在正极膜层中的含量为90-99.5重量%,基于正极膜层的总重量计。
24)一种二次电池,包括第1)-13)中任一项的正极活性材料或通过第14)-21)中任一项的方法制备的正极活性材料或者第22)或23)项的正极极片。
25)一种电池模块,其特征在于,包括第24)项的二次电池。
26)一种电池包,其特征在于,包括第25)项的电池模块。
27)一种用电装置,其特征在于,包括选自第24)项的二次电池、第25)项的电池模块和第26)项的电池包中的至少一种。
(1).一种具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其包括内核及包覆内核的壳,
内核的化学式为Li 1+xMn 1-yA yP 1-zR zO 4,其中x为在-0.100-0.100范围内的任意数值,y为在0.001-0.500范围内的任意数值,z为在0.001-0.100范围内的任意数值,A为选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,可选为Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中一种或多种元素,R为选自B、Si、N和S中的一种或多种元素,可选地,R为选自B、Si、N和S中的一种元素;
x、y和z的值满足以下条件:使整个内核保持电中性;
壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,其中,
第一包覆层包括晶态焦磷酸盐Li aMP 2O 7和/或M b(P 2O 7) c,其中,0≤a≤2,1≤b≤4,1≤c≤6,a、b和c的值满足以下条件:使晶态焦磷酸盐Li aMP 2O 7或M b(P 2O 7) c保持电中性,
晶态焦磷酸盐Li aMP 2O 7和M b(P 2O 7) c中的M各自独立地为选自Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb或Al中的一种或多种元素,
第二包覆层包括晶态磷酸盐XPO 4,其中,X为选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb或Al中的一种或多种元素;
第三包覆层为碳。
(2)第(1)项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,
第一包覆层中的晶态焦磷酸盐的晶面间距范围为0.293-0.470nm,晶向(111)的夹角范围为18.00°-32.00°;第二包覆层中的晶态磷酸盐的晶面间距范围为0.244-0.425nm,晶向(111)的夹角范围为20.00°-37.00°。
(3)第(1)或(2)项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,在内核中,y与1-y的比值为1:10至1:1,可选为1:4至1:1。
(4)第(1)-(4)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,在内核中,z与1-z的比值为1:9至1:999,可选为1:499至1:249。
(5)第(1)-(4)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,第三包覆层的碳为SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的混合物,可选地,SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的摩尔比为在0.1-10范围内的任意数值,可选为在2.0-3.0范围内的任意数值。
(6)第(1)-(5)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,
第一包覆层的包覆量为大于0且小于或等于6重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%,更可选为大于0且小于或等于2重量%,基于内核的重量计;和/或
第二包覆层的包覆量为大于0且小于或等于6重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%,更可选为2-4重量%,基于内核的重量计;和/或
第三包覆层的包覆量为大于0且小于或等于6重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%,更可选为大于0且小于或等于2重量%,基于内核的重量计。
(7)第(1)-(6)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,第一包覆层的厚度为1-10nm;和/或
第二包覆层的厚度为2-15nm;和/或
第三包覆层的厚度为2-25nm。
(8)第(1)-(7)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,
基于正极活性材料的重量计,锰元素含量在10重量%-35重量%范围内,可选在15重量%-30重量%范围内,更可选在17重量%-20重量%范围内,磷元素的含量在12重量%-25重量%范围内,可选在15重量%-20重量%范围内,锰元素和磷元素的重量比范围为0.90-1.25,可选为0.95-1.20。
(9)第(1)-(8)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料在完全脱嵌锂前后的晶格变化率为4%以下,可选为3.8%以下,更可选为2.0-3.8%。
(10)第(1)-(9)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料的Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度为4%以下,可选为2.2%以下,更可选为1.5-2.2%。
(11)第(1)-(10)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料在3T下的压实密度为2.2g/cm 3以上,可选地为2.2g/cm 3以上且2.8g/cm 3以下。
(12)第(1)-(11)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,其中,具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料的表面氧价态为-1.90以下,可选地为-1.90至-1.98。
(13)一种正极活性材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
提供内核材料的步骤:内核化学式为Li 1+xMn 1-yA yP 1-zR zO 4,其中x为在-0.100-0.100范围内的任意数值,y为在0.001-0.500范围内的任意数值,z为在0.001-0.100范围内的任意数值,A为选自Zn、Al、Na、K、 Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,可选为Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的一种或多种元素,R为选自B、Si、N和S中的一种或多种元素,可选地,R为选自B、Si、N和S中的一种元素;
包覆步骤:分别提供Li aMP 2O 7和/或M b(P 2O 7) c以及XPO 4悬浊液,将内核材料加入到上述悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料,其中0≤a≤2,1≤b≤4,1≤c≤6,a、b和c的值满足以下条件:使晶态焦磷酸盐Li aMP 2O 7或M b(P 2O 7) c保持电中性;M各自独立地为选自Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb或Al中的一种或多种元素;X为选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb或Al中的一种或多种元素;
其中,正极活性材料具有核-壳结构,其包括内核及包覆内核的壳,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,第一包覆层包括晶态焦磷酸盐Li aMP 2O 7和/或M b(P 2O 7) c,第二包覆层包括晶态磷酸盐XPO 4,第三包覆层为碳。
(14)第(13)项的正极活性材料的制备方法,提供内核材料的步骤包括以下步骤:
步骤(1):将锰源、元素A的掺杂剂和酸在容器中混合并搅拌,得到掺杂有元素A的锰盐颗粒;
步骤(2):将掺杂有元素A的锰盐颗粒与锂源、磷源和元素R的掺杂剂在溶剂中混合并得到浆料,在惰性气体气氛保护下烧结后得到掺杂有元素A和元素R的内核,其中,掺杂有元素A和元素R的内核为Li 1+xMn 1-yA yP 1-zR zO 4,其中x为在-0.100-0.100范围内的任意数值,y为在0.001-0.500范围内的任意数值,z为在0.001-0.100范围内的任意数值,A为选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,可选为Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的一种或多种元素,R为选自B、Si、N和S中的一种或多种元素,可选地,R为选自B、Si、N和S中的一种元素。
(15)第(14)项的正极活性材料的制备方法,其中,
步骤(1)在20-120℃、可选为40-120℃的温度下进行混合;和/或
步骤(1)中搅拌在400-700rpm下进行1-9h,可选地为3-7h。
(16)第(14)项的正极活性材料的制备方法,其中,步骤(2)在20-120℃、可选为40-120℃的温度下进行混合1-10h。
(17)第(14)-(16)中任一项的正极活性材料的制备方法,其中,
元素A的掺杂剂为选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素各自的单质、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化盐、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物中的一种或多种;和/或,
元素R的掺杂剂为选自B、Si、N和S中的一种或多种元素各自的无机酸、有机酸、硫酸盐、氯化盐、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物中的一种或多种。
(18)第(13)-(17)中任一项的正极活性材料的制备方法,其中,包覆步骤包括:
第一包覆步骤:将元素M的源、磷源和酸以及任选地锂源,溶于溶剂中,得到第一包覆层悬浊液;将内核步骤中获得的内核与第一包覆步骤获得的第一包覆层悬浊液充分混合,干燥,然后烧结,得到第一包覆层包覆的材料;
第二包覆步骤:将元素X的源、磷源和酸溶于溶剂中,得到第二包覆层悬浊液;将第一包覆步骤中获得的第一包覆层包覆的材料与第二包覆步骤获得的第二包覆层悬浊液充分混合,干燥,然后烧结,得到两层包覆层包覆的材料;
第三包覆步骤:将碳源溶于溶剂中,充分溶解得到第三包覆层溶液;然后将第二包覆步骤中获得的两层包覆层包覆的材料加入第三包覆层溶液中,混合均匀,干燥,然后烧结得到三层包覆层包覆的材料,即正极活性材料。
(19)第(18)项的正极活性材料的制备方法,其中,
第一包覆步骤中,控制溶解有元素M的源、磷源和酸以及任选地锂源的溶液pH为3.5-6.5,然后搅拌并反应1-5h,然后将溶液升温至50-120℃,并保持该温度2-10h,和/或,
烧结在650-800℃下进行2-6小时。
(20)第(18)-(19)中任一项的正极活性材料的制备方法,其中,
第二包覆步骤中,将元素X的源、磷源和酸溶于溶剂后,搅拌并反应1-10h,然后将溶液升温至60-150℃,并保持该温度2-10h,和/或,
烧结在500-700℃下进行6-10小时。
(21)第(18)-(20)中任一项的正极活性材料的制备方法,其中,第三包覆步骤中的烧结在700-800℃下进行6-10小时。
(22)一种正极极片,其包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面的正极膜层,正极膜层包括第(1)-(12)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料或通过第(13)-(21)中任一项的正极活性材料制备方法制备的正极活性材料,并且正极活性材料在正极膜层中的含量为90-99.5重量%,可选为95-99.5重量%,基于正极膜层的总重量计。
(23)一种二次电池,包括第(1)-(12)中任一项的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料或通过第(13)-(21)中任一项的正极活性材料制备方法制备的正极活性材料或第(22)项的正极极片。
(24)一种电池模块,其包括第(23)项的二次电池。
(25)一种电池包,其包括第(24)项的电池模块。
(26)一种用电装置,其包括选自第(23)项的二次电池、第(24)项的电池模块和第(25)项的电池包中的至少一种。
附图说明
图1为本申请一实施方式中具有两层包覆层的核壳结构的正极活性材料的示意图。
图2为未掺杂的LiMnPO 4和实施例I-2制备的正极活性材料的X射线衍射图谱(XRD)图。
图3为本申请一实施方式中具有三层包覆层的核壳结构的正极活性材料的示意图。
图4是本申请一实施方式的二次电池的示意图。
图5是图4所示的本申请一实施方式的二次电池的分解图。
图6是本申请一实施方式的电池模块的示意图。
图7是本申请一实施方式的电池包的示意图。
图8是图7所示的本申请一实施方式的电池包的分解图。
图9是本申请一实施方式的二次电池用作电源的用电装置的示意图。
图10为本申请实施例I-2制备的正极活性材料的EDS谱图。
附图标记说明:
1电池包;2上箱体;3下箱体;4电池模块;5二次电池;51壳体;52电极组件;53顶盖组件。
具体实施方式
以下,适当地参照附图详细说明具体公开了本申请的正极活性材料及其制备方法、正极极片、二次电池、电池模块、电池包和用电装置的实施方式。但是会有省略不必要的详细说明的情况。例如,有省略对已众所周知的事项的详细说明、实际相同结构的重复说明的情况。这是为了避免以下的说明不必要地变得冗长,便于本领域技术人员的理解。此外,附图及以下说明是为了本领域技术人员充分理解本申请而提供的,并不旨在限定权利要求书所记载的主题。
本申请所公开的“范围”以下限和上限的形式来限定,给定范围是通过选定一个下限和一个上限进行限定的,选定的下限和上限限定了特别范围的边界。这种方式进行限定的范围可以是包括端值或不包括端值的,并且可以进行任意地组合,即任何下限可以与任何上限组合形成一个范围。例如,如果针对特定参数列出了60-120和80-110的范围,理解为60-110和80-120的范围也是预料到的。此外,如果列出的最小范围值1和2,和如果列出了最大范围值3,4和5,则下面的范围可全部预料到:1-3、1-4、1-5、2-3、2-4和2-5。在本申请中,除非有其他说明,数值范围“a-b”表示a到b之间的任意实数组合的缩略表示,其中a和b都是实数。例如数值范围“0-5”表示本文中已经全部列出了“0-5”之间的全部实数,“0-5”只是这些数值组合的缩略表示。另外,当表述某个参数为≥2的整数,则相当于公开了该参数为例如整数2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12等。
如果没有特别的说明,本申请的所有实施方式以及可选实施方式可以相互组合形成新的技术方案。
如果没有特别的说明,本申请的所有技术特征以及可选技术特征可以相互组合形成新的技术方案。
如果没有特别的说明,本申请的所有步骤可以顺序进行,也可以随机进行,优选是顺序进行的。例如,方法包括步骤(a)和(b),表示方法可包括顺序进行的步骤(a)和(b),也可以包括顺序进行的步骤(b)和(a)。例如,提到方法还可包括步骤(c),表示步骤(c)可以任意顺序加入到方法,例如,方法可以包括步骤(a)、(b)和(c),也可包括步骤(a)、(c)和(b),也可以包括步骤(c)、(a)和(b)等。
如果没有特别的说明,本申请所提到的“包括”和“包含”表示开放式,也可以是封闭式。例如,“包括”和“包含”可以表示还可以包括或包含没有列出的其他组分,也可以仅包括或包含列出的组分。
如果没有特别的说明,在本申请中,术语“或”是包括性的。举例来说,短语“A或B”表示“A,B,或A和B两者”。更具体地,以下任一条件均满足条件“A或B”:A为真(或存在)并且B为假(或不存在);A为假(或不存在)而B为真(或存在);或A和B都为真(或存在)。
[二次电池]
二次电池又称为充电电池或蓄电池,是指在电池放电后可通过充电的方式使活性材料激活而继续使用的电池。
通常情况下,二次电池包括正极极片、负极极片、隔离膜及电解液。在电池充放电过程中,活性离子(例如锂离子)在正极极片和负极极片之间往返嵌入和脱出。隔离膜设置在正极极片和负极极片之间,主要起到防止正负极短路的作用,同时可以使活性离子通过。电解液在正极极片和负极极片之间,主要起到传导活性离子的作用。
[正极活性材料]
本申请的一个实施方式提供一种正极活性材料,包括式(I)所示的化合物,
Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n
(I)
其中,
A包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IIB族、VB族和VIB族中的一种或多种元素;
B包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IVA族、VA族、IIB族、IVB族、VB族、VIB族和VIII族中的一种或多种元素;
C包括选自IIIA族、IVA族、VA族和VIA族中的一种或多种元素;
D包括选自VIA族和VIIA族中的一种或多种元素;
a选自0.85至1.15的范围;
x选自0至0.1的范围;
y选自0.001至0.999的范围;
z选自0至0.5的范围;
n选自0至0.5的范围。
除非另有说明,否则上述化学式中,当A为两种以上元素时,上述对于x数值范围的限定不仅是对每种作为A的元素的化学计量数的限定,也是对各个作为A的元素的化学计量数之和的限定。例如当A为两种以上元素A1、A2……An时,A1、A2……An各自的化学计量数x1、x2……xn各自均需落入本申请对x限定的数值范围内,且x1、x2……xn之和也需落入该数值范围内。类似地,对于B、C和D为两种以上元素的情况,本申请中对B、C和D化学计量数的数值范围的限定也具有上述含义。
本申请的正极活性材料通过在化合物LiMnPO 4中进行元素掺杂而获得,其中,A、B、C和D分别为在化合物LiMnPO 4的Li位、Mn位、P位和O位掺杂的元素。不希望囿于理论,现认为磷酸锰锂的性能提升与减小脱嵌锂过程中磷酸锰锂的晶格变化率和降低表面活性有关。减小晶格变化率可减小晶界处两相间的晶格常数差异,减小界面应力,增强Li +在界面处的传输能力,从而提升正极活性材料的倍率性能。而表面活性高容易导致界面副反应严重,加剧产气、电解液消耗和破坏界面,从而影响电池的循环等性能。本申请中,通过Li和/或Mn位掺杂可减小晶格变化率。Mn位掺杂还能有效降低表面活性,从而抑制Mn溶出和正极活性材料与电解液的界面副反应。P位掺杂使Mn-O键长的变化速率更快, 降低材料的小极化子迁移势垒,从而有利于电子电导率。O位掺杂对减小界面副反应有良好的作用。P位和/或O位的掺杂还对反位缺陷的Mn溶出及动力学性能产生影响。因此,掺杂减小了材料中反位缺陷浓度,提高材料的动力学性能和克容量,还可以改变颗粒的形貌,从而提升压实密度。本申请人意外地发现:通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Mn位并可选地在Li位、P位和/或O位以特定量掺杂特定的元素,能够获得明显改善的倍率性能,同时显著减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,获得显著改善的循环性能和/或高温稳定性,并且材料的克容量和压实密度也得到提高。
在一些实施方式中,A包括选自Rb、Cs、Be、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ga、In、Cd、V、Ta、Cr、Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的一种或多种元素,可选为包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
B包括选自Rb、Cs、Be、Ca、Sr、Ba、In、Pb、Bi、Cd、Hf、Ta、Cr、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Pt、Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,可选为包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
D包括选自S、F、Cl和Br中的一种或多种元素。
在一些实施方式中,A包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的任一种元素,可选为选自Mg和Nb中的任一种元素;和/或,
B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,可选为选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的至少两种元素,更可选为选自Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的至少两种元素,进一步可选为选自Fe、Ti、V、Co和Mg中的至少两种元素,更进一步可选为Fe与选自Ti、V、Co和Mg中的一种以上元素;和/或,
C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的任一种元素,可选为S;和/或,
D包括选自S、F、Cl和Br中的任一种元素,可选为F。
通过在上述范围内对Li位掺杂元素进行选择,能够进一步减小脱锂过程中的晶格变化率,从而进一步改善电池的倍率性能。通过在上述范围内对Mn位掺杂元素进行选择,能够进一步提高电子电导率并进一步减小晶格变化率,从而提升电池的倍率性能和克容量。通过在上述范围内对P位掺杂元素进行选择,能够进一步改善电池的倍率性能。通过在上述范围内对O位掺杂元素进行选择,能够进一步减轻界面的副反应,提升电池的高温性能。
在一些实施方式中,a选自0.9至1.1的范围,可选地选自0.97至1.01的范围;和/或,
x选自0.001至0.005的范围;和/或,
y选自0.001至0.5的范围,可选地选自0.01至0.5的范围,可选地选自0.25至0.5的范围;和/或,
z选自0.001至0.5的范围,可选地选自0.001至0.1的范围,更可选地选自0.001至0.005的范围;和/或,
n选自0至0.1的范围,可选地选自0.001至0.005的范围。
通过在上述范围内对y值进行选择,能够进一步提升材料的克容量和倍率性能。通过在上述范围内对x值进行选择,能够进一步提升材料的动力学性能。通过在上述范围内对z值进行选择,能够进一步提升二次电池的倍率性能。通过在上述范围内对n值进行选择,能够进一步提升二次电池的高温性能。
在一些实施方式中,x为0,z选自0.001至0.5的范围,且n选自0.001至0.1的范围;或,
x选自0.001至0.1的范围,z为0,且n选自0.001至0.1的范围;或,
x选自0.001至0.1的范围,z选自0.001至0.5的范围,n为0;或,
x为0,z为0,且n选自0.001至0.1的范围;或,
x为0,z选自0.001至0.5的范围,且n为0;或,
x选自0.001至0.1的范围,z选自0.001至0.5的范围,且n选自0.001至0.1的范围。
由此,本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Mn位并可选择地在Li位、P位和/或O位以特定量掺杂特定的元素,尤其是在LiMnPO 4的Mn位和P位或者是在LiMnPO 4的Li位、Mn位、P位和O位以特定量掺杂特定元素,能够明显改善倍率性能,显著减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,显著改善循环性能和/或高温稳定性,明显提高材料的克容量和压实密度。
在一些实施方式中,y:z选自0.002至999的范围,可选为选自0.025至999的范围或者0.002至500的范围,更可选为选自0.2至600的范围,例如0.2、0.25、1、2、3、4、5、6、8、10、12、13、15、17、20、70、80、84、67、91、100、134、150、182、200、250、300、320、350、400、420、450、500、600、999或上述任意两个数值组成的范围。由此,能够减少材料的缺陷,提高材料框架结构的完整性,从而有效提升材料的结构稳定性,进而提升二次电池的循环稳定性。
在一些实施方式中,z:n选自0.002至500的范围,可选为选自0.2至100的范围,更可选为选自0.2至50的范围,例如0.2、0.8、1、1.25、4、5、50或上述任意两个数值组成的范围。由此,能够进一步减少材料的缺陷,进一步提高材料框架结构的完整性,有效提升材料的结构稳定性,提升二次电池的循环稳定性。
在一些实施方式中,
A包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的一种或多种元素;
B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素;
C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;
D包括选自S、F、Cl和Br中的一种或多种元素;
a选自0.9至1.1的范围,x选自0.001至0.1的范围,y选自0.001至0.5的范围,z选自0.001至0.1的范围,n选自0.001至0.1的范围。
由此,本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Li位、Mn位、P位和O位同时以特定量掺杂特定的元素,能够获得明显改善的倍率性能,同时显著减少了Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,获得了显著改善的循环性能和/或高温稳定性,并且材料的克容量和压实密度也可以得到提高。
在一些实施方式中,
B包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素、可选地为选自Zn、Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的一种或多种元素;
C为选自B、Si、N和S中的一种或多种元素;
a选自0.9至1.1的范围,x为0,y选自0.001至0.5的范围,z选自0.001至0.1的范围,n为0。
由此,本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Mn位和P位同时以特定量掺杂特定的元素,能改善的倍率性能,减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,改善的循环性能和/或高温稳定性,提高材料的克容量和压实密度。
本申请制备的内核的平均粒径范围为50-500nm,D v50为200-300nm。内核的一次颗粒大小均在50-500nm的范围内,D v50为200-300nm。由此,提高了二次电池的克容量,并且提高了包覆层在内核上包覆的均匀性。
本申请中,中值粒径D v50是指材料累计体积分布百分数达到50%时所对应的粒径。在本申请中,材料的中值粒径D v50可采用激光衍射粒度分析法测定。例如参照标准GB/T 19077-2016,使用激光粒度分析仪(例如Malvern Master Size 3000)进行测定。
通过工艺控制(例如,对各种源的材料进行充分混合、研磨),能够保证各元素在晶格中均匀分布,不出现聚集的情况。B元素和C元素掺杂后的磷酸锰锂的XRD图中的主要特征峰位置与未掺杂的LiMnPO 4的一致,说明掺杂过程没有引入杂质相,因此,内核性能的改善主要是来自元素掺杂,而不是杂相导致的。本申请发明人在制备本申请的正极活性材料后,通过聚焦离子束(简称FIB)切取已制备好的正极活性材料颗粒的中间区域,通过透射电子显微镜(简称TEM)以及X射线能谱分析(简称EDS)进行测试发现,各元素分布均匀,未出现聚集。
在一些实施方式中,正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,内核包括上述的式(I)所示的化合物;
壳包括一个或多个包覆层;包覆层具有离子电导性或电子电导性。
本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Mn位并可选地在Li位、P位和/或O位以特定量掺杂特定的元素得到掺杂的磷酸锰锂内核,并在内核表面设置具有离子电导性或电子电导性的包覆层,提供了一种新型的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料,将正极活性材料应用于二次电池中,能够显著改善二次电池的高温循环性能、循环稳定性和高温储存性能。
在一些实施方式中,壳包括一个包覆层;
可选地,包覆层包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请采用上述材料可获得具有离子电导性或电子电导性的包覆层,从而改善二次电池的高温循环性能、循环稳定性和高温储存性能。
在一些实施方式中,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层以及包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层;
可选地,第一包覆层和第二包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请采用上述材料作为包覆层的材料,并设置两层包覆层能够进一步改善二次电池的高温循环性能、循环稳定性和高温储存性能。
在一些实施方式中,第一包覆层包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、氧化物和硼化物中的一种或多种,第二包覆层包括选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请采用特定材料的第一包覆层和特定材料的第二包覆层,能够进一步改善倍率性能,进一步减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,从而改善二次电池的循环性能和/或高温稳定性。
在一些实施方式中,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层;
可选地,第一包覆层、第二包覆层和第三包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请采用上述材料作为包覆层的材料,并设置三层包覆层可进一步减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,进一步改善二次电池的高 温循环性能、循环稳定性和高温储存性能。
在一些实施方式中,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐,第二包覆层包括选自磷酸盐、氧化物和硼化物中的一种或多种,第三包覆层包括选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请采用特定材料的第一包覆层、特定材料的第二包覆层以及特定材料的第三包覆层,进一步改善了倍率性能,进一步减少了Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,从而改善了二次电池的循环性能和/或高温稳定性,并且进一步提高了材料的克容量和压实密度。
在一些实施方式中,一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
在一些实施方式中,焦磷酸盐为M b(P 2O 7) c;和/或,
磷酸盐为X m(PO 4) q;和/或,
掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自IIIA族、VA族、VIA族和VIIA族中的一种或多种;和/或,
氧化物为M′ dO e;和/或,
硼化物为Z vB w;和/或,
聚合物包括选自多糖及其衍生物、聚硅氧烷中的一种或多种;
其中,
M、X和Z各自独立地包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IB族、IIB族、IVB族、VB族、VIIB族和VIII族中的一种或多种元素;b选自1至4的范围,c选自1至6的范围;m选自1至2的范围,q选自1至4的范围;M′包括选自碱金属、碱土金属、过渡金属、第IIIA族元素、第IVA族元素、镧系元素和Sb中的一种或多种元素,d大于0且小于或等于2,e大于0且小于或等于5;v选自1至7的范围,w选自1至2的范围。
由此,本申请通过采用上述材料作为包覆层,能够进一步减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,进一步提高材料的克容量和压实密度,进一步改善二次电池的倍率性能、高温循环性能和高温储存性能。
在一些实施方式中,M、X和Z各自独立地包括选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种; 和/或,
M′包括选自Li、Be、B、Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Ge、As、Se、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Tc、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Cd、In、Sn、Sb、Te、W、La和Ce中的一种或多种元素,可选为包括选自Mg、Al、Si、Zn、Zr和Sn中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
聚硅氧烷选自线状结构的聚硅氧烷和环状结构的聚硅氧烷中的一种或多种;和/或,
多糖选自植物多糖和海洋多糖中的一种或多种。
由此,本申请通过采用上述特定的材料作为包覆层,能够进一步减少Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,进一步改善二次电池的高温循环性能和高温储存性能。
在一些实施方式中,正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,
内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,其中,a选自0.9至1.1的范围,y选自0.001至0.5的范围,z选自0.001至0.1的范围,B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb、Zn和Ge中的一种或多种元素,C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;
壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层以及包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层,
其中,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7和磷酸盐XPO 4,其中M和X各自独立地选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种;
第二包覆层包含碳。
如图1所示,本申请的磷酸锰锂正极活性材料为具有两层包覆层的核-壳结构,内核在磷酸锰锂的锰位掺杂的元素B有助于减小脱嵌锂过程中磷酸锰锂的晶格变化率,提高磷酸锰锂正极材料的结构稳定性,大大减少锰的溶出并降低颗粒表面的氧活性。在磷位掺杂的元素C有助于改变Mn-O键长变化的难易程度,从而降低锂离子迁移势垒,促进锂离子迁移,提高二次电池的倍率性能。本申请的正极活性材料的第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐。由于过渡金属在焦磷酸盐中的迁移势垒较高(>1eV),能够有效抑制过渡金属的溶出。而磷酸盐具有优异的导锂离子 的能力,并可减少表面杂锂含量。另外,由于第二包覆层为含碳层,因而能够有效改善LiMnPO 4的导电性能和去溶剂化能力。此外,第二包覆层的“屏障”作用可以进一步阻碍锰离子迁移到电解液中,并减少电解液对活性材料的腐蚀。因此,本申请通过对磷酸锰锂进行特定的元素掺杂和表面包覆,能够有效抑制脱嵌锂过程中的Mn溶出,同时促进锂离子的迁移,从而改善电芯的倍率性能,提高二次电池的循环性能和高温性能。
需要指出的是,如图2所示,本申请中通过对比LiMnPO 4掺杂前后XRD谱图,可见,本申请的正极活性材料与LiMnPO 4掺杂前的主要特征峰的位置基本一致,说明掺杂的磷酸锰锂正极活性材料没有杂质相,二次电池性能的改善主要来自元素掺杂,而不是杂质相导致的。
在一些实施方式中,正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,
内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,其中,a选自0.9至1.1的范围,y选自0.001至0.5的范围,z选自0.001至0.1的范围,B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;
壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,其中,
第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h,其中,0≤f≤2,1≤g≤4,1≤h≤6,焦磷酸盐Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h中的Q各自独立地为选自Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种元素;
第二包覆层包括晶态磷酸盐XPO 4,其中,X为选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种元素;
第三包覆层包含碳。
本申请的正极活性材料能够提高二次电池的克容量、循环性能和安全性能。虽然机理尚不清楚,但推测是本申请的磷酸锰锂正极活性材料为核-壳结构,其中通过对磷酸锰锂内核的锰位和磷位分别掺杂元素B和元素C,不仅可有效减少锰溶出,进而减少迁移到负极的锰离子,减少因SEI膜分解而消耗的电解液,提高二次电池的循环性能和安全性能, 还能够促进Mn-O键调整,降低锂离子迁移势垒,促进锂离子迁移,提高二次电池的倍率性能;通过对内核包覆包括焦磷酸盐的第一包覆层,能够进一步增大锰的迁移阻力,减少其溶出,并减少表面杂锂含量、减少内核与电解液的接触,从而减少界面副反应、减少产气,提高二次电池的高温存储性能、循环性能和安全性能;通过进一步包覆具有优异导锂离子的能力的磷酸盐包覆层,可以使正极活性材料的表面的界面副反应有效降低,进而改善二次电池的高温循环及存储性能;通过再进一步包覆碳层作为第三包覆层,能够进一步提升二次电池的安全性能和动力学性能。此外,在内核中,在磷酸锰锂的锰位掺杂的元素B还有助于减小该材料在脱嵌锂过程中磷酸锰锂的晶格变化率,提高磷酸锰锂正极材料的结构稳定性,大大减少锰的溶出并降低颗粒表面的氧活性;在磷位掺杂的元素C还有助于改变Mn-O键长变化的难易程度,从而改善电子电导并降低锂离子迁移势垒,促进锂离子迁移,提高二次电池的倍率性能。
图3为理想中的三层包覆结构的正极活性材料的示意图。如图所示,最里面的圆示意表示内核,由内向外依次为第一包覆层、第二包覆层、第三包覆层。该图表示的是每层均完全包覆的理想状态,实践中,每一层包覆层可以是完全包覆,也可以是部分包覆。
另外,整个内核体系保持电中性,能够保证正极活性材料中的缺陷和杂相尽量少。如果正极活性材料中存在过量的过渡金属(例如锰),由于该材料体系本身结构较稳定,那么多余的过渡金属很可能会以单质的形式析出,或在晶格内部形成杂相,保持电中性可使这样的杂相尽量少。另外,保证体系电中性还可以在部分情况下使材料中产生锂空位,从而使材料的动力学性能更优异。
在一些实施方式中,壳中与内核距离最远的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种。
由此,能够提高包覆的均匀性,能有效阻隔高电压带来的界面副反应,从而提升材料的高温循环性能和高温存储性能;并且,包覆层具有良好的电子电导率和离子电导率,有助于材料克容量的提升,同时减少了电芯的产热。
在一些实施方式中,聚硅氧烷包含式(i)所示的结构单元,
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000002
其中,R 1和R 2独立地选自H、-COOH、-OH、-SH、-CN、-SCN、氨基、磷酸酯基、羧酸酯基、酰胺基、醛基、磺酰基、聚醚链段、C1~C20脂肪烃基、C1~C20卤代脂肪烃基、C1~C20杂脂肪烃基、C1~C20卤代杂脂肪烃基、C6~C20芳香烃基、C6~C20卤代芳香烃基、C2~C20杂芳香烃基和C2~C20卤代杂芳香烃基;
可选地,R 1和R 2独立地选自H、氨基、磷酸酯基、聚醚链段、C1~C8烷基、C1~C8卤代烷基、C1~C8杂烷基、C1~C8卤代杂烷基、C2~C8烯基和C2~C8卤代烯基。
在一些实施方式中,聚硅氧烷还包含封端基,封端基包括以下官能团组成的组中的至少一种:聚醚、C1~C8烷基、C1~C8卤代烷基、C1~C8杂烷基、C1~C8卤代杂烷基、C2~C8烯基、C2~C8卤代烯基、C6~C20芳香烃基、C1~C8烷氧基、C2~C8环氧基、羟基、C1~C8羟基烷基、氨基、C1~C8氨基烷基、羧基、C1~C8羧基烷基。
在一些实施方式中,聚硅氧烷包括选自聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚二乙基硅氧烷、聚甲基乙基硅氧烷、聚甲基乙烯基硅氧烷、聚苯基甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基氢硅氧烷、羧基功能化聚硅氧烷、端环氧基聚硅氧烷、甲氧基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷、羟丙基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基氯丙基硅氧烷、端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基三氟丙基硅氧烷、全氟辛基甲基聚硅氧烷、氨乙基氨丙基聚二甲基硅氧烷、端基聚醚聚二甲基硅氧烷、侧链氨丙基聚硅氧烷、氨丙基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷、侧链磷酸酯接枝聚二甲基硅氧烷、侧链聚醚接枝聚二甲基硅氧烷、1,3,5,7-八甲基环四硅氧烷、1,3,5,7-四氢-1,3,5,7-四甲基环四硅氧烷、环五聚二甲基硅氧烷、2,4,6,8-四甲基环四硅氧烷、2,4,6,8-四甲基-2,4,6,8-四乙烯基环四硅氧烷、环状聚甲基乙烯基硅氧烷、十六甲基环八硅氧烷、十四甲基环七硅氧烷、环状聚二甲基硅氧烷中的一种或多种。
在一些实施方式中,聚硅氧烷、多糖和多糖衍生物的数均分子量各自独立地在300000以下,可选为10000至200000,更可选为20000至120000,进一步可选为400至80000。
在一些实施方式中,聚硅氧烷中极性官能团的质量百分含量为α,0≤α<50%,可选地,5%≤α≤30%。
在一些实施方式中,多糖和多糖衍生物中的糖单元上连接的取代基各自独立地包括由以下官能团组成的组中的至少一种:-OH、-COOH及其盐、-R-OH、-SO 3H及其盐、-R-OH、-R-SO 3H及其盐、硫酸酯基、烷氧基,其中,R表示亚烷基,可选地表示C1~C5亚烷基;
可选地,多糖和多糖衍生物中的糖单元上连接的取代基各自独立地包括由以下官能团组成的组中的至少一种:-OH、-COOH、-COOLi、-COONa、-COOK、-SO 3H、-SO 3Li、-SO 3Na、-SO 3K、-CH 2-SO 3H、-CH 2-SO 3Li、-CH 2-SO 3Na、-CH 2-SO 3K、甲氧基、乙氧基。
在一些实施方式中,多糖包括选自果胶、羧甲基淀粉、羟丙基淀粉、糊精、纤维素醚、羧甲基壳聚糖、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羧丙基甲基纤维素、瓜耳胶、田菁胶、阿拉伯胶、海藻酸锂、海藻酸钠、海藻酸钾、褐藻糖胶、琼脂、卡拉胶、角叉胶、黄原胶和葫芦巴胶中的一种或多种。
在一些实施方式中,多糖和多糖衍生物中的糖单元上连接的取代基的质量百分含量各自独立地为20%至85%,可选地为30%至78%。
在一些实施方式中,内核的材料与壳的材料之间的晶格失配度小于10%。由此,能够使内核与壳(或包覆层)之间的接触良好,以防止壳(或包覆层)的脱落。
在一些实施方式中,基于正极活性材料的重量计,
锰元素含量在10重量%-35重量%范围内,可选在13.3重量%-33.2重量%范围内,更可选在15重量%-30重量%范围内,进一步可选在17重量%-20重量%范围内;和/或,
磷元素的含量在12重量%-25重量%范围内,可选在15重量%-20重量%范围内,更可选在16.8重量%-19.5重量%范围内;和/或,
锰元素和磷元素的重量比范围为0.71-1.85,可选为0.90-1.25,更可选为0.95-1.20。
在本申请中,在仅正极活性材料的内核中含有锰的情况下,锰的含量可与内核的含量相对应。
在本申请中,将锰元素的含量限制在上述范围内,能够进一步提高材料的稳定性和密度,从而提升二次电池的循环、存储和压密等性能;且能够保持较高的电压平台,从而提升二次电池的能量密度。
本申请中,将磷元素的含量限制在上述范围内,能够有效降低小极化子导电对于材料电导率的影响,能够进一步提高晶格结构的稳定性,从而影响材料整体的稳定性。
锰与磷含量重量比大小对二次电池的性能具有以下影响:能够进一步减少锰溶出,进一步提高正极活性材料的稳定性和克容量,进而影响二次电池的循环性能及存储性能;能够减少杂相,进一步降低材料的放电电压平台,从而使二次电池的能量密度降低。
锰元素和磷元素的测量可采用本领域中常规的技术手段进行。特别地,采用以下方法测定锰元素和磷元素的含量:将材料在稀盐酸中(浓度10-30%)溶解,利用ICP测试溶液各元素的含量,然后对锰元素的含量进行测量和换算,得到其重量占比。
在一些实施方式中,正极活性材料的表面包覆有碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种;可选地,正极活性材料的表面包覆有碳。由此,可以改善正极活性材料的导电性。
在一些实施方式中,掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种。便于对掺杂碳层的性能控制。
在一些实施方式中,在内核中,
(1-y):y在0.1-999范围内,可选为在0.1-10范围内或者在0.67-999范围内,更可选为在1至10范围内,进一步可选为在1至4范围内,更进一步可选为在1.5至3范围内;和/或,
a:x在1至1200范围内,可选为在9至1100范围内,更可选为在190-998范围内。
此处y表示Mn位掺杂元素的化学计量数之和。在满足上述条件时, 正极活性材料的能量密度和循环性能可进一步提升。
在一些实施方式中,在内核中,z与1-z的比值为1:9至1:999,可选为1:499至1:249。在满足上述条件时,正极活性材料的能量密度和循环性能可进一步提升。
在一些实施方式中,壳的包覆量为0.1%至6%,基于内核的重量计。本申请包覆层的包覆量优选在上述范围内,能够对内核进行充分包覆,并同时在不牺牲正极活性材料克容量的前提下,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能和安全性能。
在一些实施方式中,第一包覆层的包覆量大于0重量%且小于等于7重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于6重量%,更可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%或者为4-5.6重量%,进一步可选为大于0且小于或等于2重量%,基于内核的重量计;和/或,
第二包覆层的包覆量为大于0重量%且小于等于6重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%,更可选为2-4重量%或者3-5重量%,基于内核的重量计;和/或,
第三包覆层的包覆量为大于0且小于或等于6重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%,更可选为大于0且小于或等于2重量%,基于内核的重量计。
在一些实施方式中,壳还包括包覆第三包覆层的第四包覆层和包覆第四包覆层的第五包覆层;其中,
第四包覆层和第五包覆层的包覆量各自独立地为0.01重量%至10重量%,可选为0.05重量%至10重量%,更可选为0.1重量%至5重量%,进一步为0.1重量%至2重量%,基于内核的重量计。
本申请的具有核-壳结构的正极活性材料中,各层包覆层的包覆量优选在上述范围内,由此能够对内核进行充分包覆,并同时在不牺牲正极活性材料克容量的前提下,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能和安全性能。
在一些实施方式中,壳位于内核40%至90%的表面,可选地为60%至80%的表面。由此能够对内核进行充分包覆,从而改善二次电池的动力学性能和安全性能。
在一些实施方式中,壳的厚度为1-15nm。
在一些实施方式中,第一包覆层的厚度为1-10nm、可选为2-10nm;和/或,
第二包覆层的厚度为2-25nm、可选为2-15nm、更可选为3-15nm;和/或,
第三包覆层的厚度为2-25nm、可选为5-25nm。
在一些实施方式中,第一包覆层的厚度可为约2nm、约3nm、约4nm、约5nm、约6nm、约7nm、约8nm、约9nm或约10nm,或在上述任意数值的任意范围内。
在一些实施方式中,第二包覆层的厚度可为约2nm、约3nm、约4nm、约5nm、约6nm、约7nm、约8nm、约9nm、约10nm、约11nm、约12nm、约13nm、约14nm、约15nm,或在上述任意数值的任意范围内。
在一些实施方式中,第三层包覆层的厚度可为约2nm、约3nm、约4nm、约5nm、约6nm、约7nm、约8nm、约9nm、约10nm、约11nm、约12nm、约13nm、约14nm、约15nm、约16nm、约17nm、约18nm、约19nm、约20nm、约21nm、约22nm、约23nm、约24nm或约25nm,或在上述任意数值的任意范围内。
本申请中,第一包覆层具有上述厚度范围,能够进一步减少对材料的动力学性能的不利影响,且能够减少不能有效阻碍过渡金属离子迁移的问题。
第二包覆层具有上述厚度范围,使得第二包覆层的表面结构稳定,与电解液的副反应小,因此能够有效减轻界面副反应,从而提升二次电池的高温性能。
第三包覆层具有上述厚度范围,能够提升材料的电导性能并且改善使用正极活性材料制备的电池极片的压实密度性能。
包覆层的厚度大小测试主要通过FIB进行,具体方法可以包括以下步骤:从待测正极活性材料粉末中随机选取单个颗粒,从所选颗粒中间位置或中间位置附近切取100nm左右厚度的薄片,然后对薄片进行TEM测试,量取包覆层的厚度,测量3-5个位置,取平均值。
在一些实施方式中,一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐和氧化物中的一种或多种,并且,选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐和氧化物中的一种或多种为晶态;
可选地,焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐和氧化物的结晶度各自独立地为10%至100%,更可选为50%至100%。
本文中,晶态意指结晶度在50%以上,即50%-100%。结晶度小于50%的称为玻璃态。本申请的晶态焦磷酸盐和晶态磷酸盐的结晶度为50%至100%。
具备一定结晶度的焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐不但有利于充分发挥焦磷酸盐包覆层阻碍锰溶出和磷酸盐包覆层优异的导锂离子的能力、减少界面副反应的功能,而且能够使得焦磷酸盐包覆层和磷酸盐包覆层能够更好的进行晶格匹配,从而能够实现包覆层和包覆层之间紧密的结合。
需要说明的是,在本申请中,结晶度例如可通过调整烧结过程的工艺条件例如烧结温度、烧结时间等进行调节。结晶度可通过本领域中已知的方法测量,例如通过X射线衍射法、密度法、红外光谱法、差示扫描量热法和核磁共振吸收方法等方法测量。具体的X射线衍射法测试正极活性材料的结晶度的方法可以包括以下步骤:
取一定量的正极活性材料粉末,通过X射线测得总散射强度,它是整个空间物质的散射强度之和,只与初级射线的强度、正极活性材料粉末化学结构、参加衍射的总电子数即质量多少有关,而与样品的序态无关;然后从衍射图上将结晶散射和非结晶散射分开,结晶度即是结晶部分散射对散射总强度之比。
在一些实施方式中,壳中,焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐的重量比以及焦磷酸盐与氧化物的重量比各自独立地为1:3至3:1,可选为1:3至1:1。由此,通过焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐在合适的重量比范围或者焦磷酸盐与氧化物在合适的重量比范围,既可有效阻碍锰溶出,又可有效减少表面杂锂含量,减少界面副反应,从而提高二次电池的高温存储性能、安全性能和循环性能。
在一些实施方式中,一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括碳,并且,碳为SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的混合物,可选地,碳中,SP2形态碳与 SP3形态碳的摩尔比为在0.07-13范围内的任意数值,更可选为在0.1-10范围内的任意数值,进一步可选为在2.0-3.0范围内的任意数值。
在一些实施方式中,SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的摩尔比可为约0.1、约0.2、约03、约0.4、约0.5、约0.6、约0.7、约0.8、约0.9、约1、约2、约3、约4、约5、约6、约7、约8、约9或约10,或在上述任意值的任意范围内。
本申请中,“约”某个数值表示一个范围,表示该数值±10%的范围。
通过选择碳包覆层中碳的形态,从而提升二次电池的综合电性能。具体来说,通过使用SP2形态碳和SP3形态碳的混合形态并将SP2形态碳和SP3形态碳的比例限制在一定范围内,能够避免以下情况:如果包覆层中的碳都是无定形SP3形态,则导电性差;如果都是石墨化的SP2形态,则虽然导电性良好,但是锂离子通路少,不利于锂的脱嵌。另外,将SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的摩尔比限制在上述范围内,既能实现良好的导电性,又能保证锂离子的通路,因此有利于二次电池功能的实现及其循环性能。碳的SP2形态和SP3形态的混合比可以通过烧结条件例如烧结温度和烧结时间来控制。SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的摩尔比可通过拉曼(Raman)光谱进行测定,具体测试方法如下:通过对Raman测试的能谱进行分峰,得到Id/Ig(其中Id为SP3形态碳的峰强度,Ig为SP2形态碳的峰强度),从而确认两者的摩尔比。
在一些实施方式中,一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括掺杂碳,并且,在掺杂碳中,掺杂元素的质量含量在30%以下;可选地,掺杂碳中,掺杂元素的质量含量在20%以下。在上述含量范围内的掺杂元素,既可以充分改善纯碳层的导电性,又有效避免了因掺杂元素掺入过多导致表面活性过强,从而有效控制了包覆层掺杂过量导致的界面副反应。
在一些实施方式中,一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括掺杂碳,在掺杂碳中,
掺杂元素为氮元素和/或硫元素,掺杂碳中掺杂元素的质量含量为1%~15%;或者,
掺杂元素为磷元素、硼元素和/或氟元素,掺杂碳中掺杂元素的质量含量为0.5%~5%;
可选地,掺杂元素为氮、磷、硫、硼或氟。
由于氮原子和硫原子与碳原子原子半径更相近,不易破坏碳骨架,因此,氮原子、硫原子的掺杂量在上述相对宽泛的范围内时,既可以充分发挥掺杂碳层的导电性,又可以促进锂离子传输和锂离子去溶剂化能力。
由于磷原子、硼原子和/或氟原子与碳原子的原子半径有差别,过多掺杂易破坏碳骨架,因此,磷原子、硼原子和/或氟原子的掺杂量在上述相对较小的范围内时,既可以充分发挥掺杂碳层的导电性,又可以促进锂离子传输和锂离子去溶剂化能力。
在一些实施方式中,一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括焦磷酸盐,焦磷酸盐的晶面间距范围为0.293-0.470nm、可选为0.297-0.462nm或0.293-0.326nm、更可选为0.300-0.310nm,晶向(111)的夹角范围为18.00°-32.57°、可选为18.00°-32.00°或者26.41°-32.57°、更可选为19.211°-30.846°、进一步可选为29.00°-30.00°;和/或,
一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括磷酸盐,磷酸盐的晶面间距范围为0.244-0.425nm、可选为0.345-0.358nm,晶向(111)的夹角范围为20.00°-37.00°、可选为24.25°-26.45°;
可选地,第一包覆层或第二包覆层包含磷酸盐。
本申请的正极活性材料中的第一包覆层和第二包覆层均使用晶态物质,它们的晶面间距和夹角范围在上述范围内。由此,能够有效减少包覆层中的杂质相,从而提升材料的克容量,循环性能和倍率性能。
在一些实施方式中,正极活性材料在完全脱嵌锂前后的晶格变化率为50%以下,可选为9.8%以下,更可选为8.1%以下,进一步可选为7.5%以下,更进一步可选为6%以下,更进一步可选为4%以下,更进一步可选为3.8%以下,更进一步可选为2.0-3.8%。
通过降低晶格变化率,能够使得Li离子传输更容易,即Li离子在材料中的迁移能力更强,有利于改善二次电池的倍率性能。晶格变化率可通过本领域中已知的方法,例如X射线衍射图谱(XRD)测得。
在一些实施方式中,正极活性材料的Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度为5.3%以下,可选为5.1%以下,更可选为4%以下,进一步可选为2.2%以下,更进一步可选为2%以下,更进一步可选为1.5%-2.2%或0.5%以下。
所谓Li/Mn反位缺陷,指的是LiMnPO 4晶格中,Li +与Mn 2+的位置发生互换。Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度指的是正极活性材料中与Mn 2+发生互换的Li +占Li +总量的百分比。反位缺陷的Mn 2+会阻碍Li +的传输,通过降低Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度,有利于提高正极活性材料的克容量和倍率性能。Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度可通过本领域中已知的方法,例如XRD测得。
在一些实施方式中,正极活性材料在3T下的压实密度为1.89g/cm 3以上,可选为1.95g/cm 3以上,更可选为1.98g/cm 3以上,进一步可选为2.0g/cm 3以上,更进一步可选为2.2g/cm 3以上,更进一步可选地为2.2g/cm 3以上且2.8g/cm 3以下或者2.2g/cm 3以上且2.65g/cm 3以下。
压实密度越高,单位体积活性材料的重量越大,因此提高压实密度有利于提高电芯的体积能量密度。压实密度可依据GB/T 24533-2009测量。
在一些实施方式中,正极活性材料的表面氧价态为-1.55以下,可选为-1.82以下,更可选为-1.88以下,进一步可选为-1.90以下或者-1.98至-1.88,更进一步可选为-1.98至-1.89,更进一步可选为-1.98至-1.90。
通过降低表面氧价态,能够减轻正极活性材料与电解液的界面副反应,从而改善二次电池的循环性能和高温稳定性。表面氧价态可通过本领域中已知的方法测量,例如通过电子能量损失谱(EELS)测量。
[制备正极活性材料的方法]
本申请提供了一种制备正极活性材料的方法,其包括如下步骤:
将锰源与元素B的源反应,得到掺杂了元素B的锰盐;
将锂源、磷源、可选的元素A的源、可选的元素C的源、可选的元素D的源与的掺杂了元素B的锰盐混合,干燥,烧结,得到内核Li aA xMn 1- yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n;其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如[正极活性材料]中。
由此,本申请通过在化合物LiMnPO 4的Mn位并可选地在Li位、P 位和/或O位以特定量掺杂特定的元素,能够获得明显改善的倍率性能,同时显著减少了Mn与Mn位掺杂元素的溶出,获得了显著改善的循环性能和/或高温稳定性,并且材料的克容量和压实密度也可以得到提高。
在一些实施方式中,方法具体包括以下的步骤:
将锰源、元素B的源和酸在溶剂中混合并搅拌,生成掺杂元素B的锰盐的悬浊液,将悬浊液过滤并烘干滤饼,得到掺杂了元素B的锰盐;
将锂源、磷源、可选的元素A的源、可选的元素C的源和可选的元素D的源、溶剂和的掺杂了元素B的锰盐加入反应容器中研磨并混合,得到浆料;
将获得的浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,得到颗粒;
将获得的颗粒进行烧结,得到内核Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n;其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如[正极活性材料]中。
在一些实施方式中,制备浆料的步骤中,将锂源、磷源、可选的元素A的源、可选的元素C的源、可选的元素D的源、碳源、碳层掺杂元素的源、溶剂和的掺杂了元素B的锰盐加入反应容器中研磨并混合,得到浆料;其它步骤与上述相同;得到正极活性材料;
正极活性材料包括内核和包覆内核的壳,内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1- zC zO 4-nD n,壳包含掺杂碳,掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种;其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如[正极活性材料]中。
在一些实施方式中,制备掺杂了元素B的锰盐的步骤和制备浆料的步骤中溶剂各自独立地可为本领域技术人员在锰盐和磷酸锰锂的制备中常规使用的溶剂,例如其可各自独立地选自乙醇、水(例如去离子水)中的至少一种等。
在一些实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
将选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种的混合物通过干法包覆或湿法包覆在内核的表面进行包覆处理,得到正极活性材料;
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,内核为Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1- zC zO 4-nD n,壳包括一个或多个包覆层,每个包覆层独立地包括选自焦磷酸 盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种;其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如[正极活性材料]中;可选地,聚合物包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种。
在一些实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
提供焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c粉末、包含磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q和/或氧化物M′ dO e的悬浊液,其中,悬浊液还包含碳的源和/或掺杂碳的源;
将内核、焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c粉末加入到悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料;其中,
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层以及包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层,内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4- nD n,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c及选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q和氧化物M′ dO e中的一种或多种,第二包覆层包括选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种,可选地,掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种,其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如[正极活性材料]中,M、X、M′、b、c、d、e、m、q的定义如[正极活性材料]中。
在一些实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
提供焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7粉末、包含碳的源的磷酸盐XPO 4悬浊液;
将内核、焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7粉末加入到包含碳的源的XPO 4悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料;其中,
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层以及包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层,内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4- nD n,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7和磷酸盐XPO 4,第二包覆层包括碳,其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如[正极活性材料]中,M和X的定义如[正极活性材料]中。
在一些实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
分别提供焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c悬浊液、包含选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种的悬浊液以及包含碳的源和/或掺杂碳的源的悬浊液;
将内核与上述所有的悬浊液混合,烧结,得到正极活性材料;其中,
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,
内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c,第二包覆层包括选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种,第三包覆层选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种,其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如[正极活性材料]中,M、X、M′、b、c、d、e、m、q的定义如[正极活性材料]中。
在一些实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
分别提供Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h以及XPO 4悬浊液,将内核加入到上述悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料;其中,
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1- zC zO 4-nD n,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h,第二包覆层包括磷酸盐XPO 4,第三包覆层包括碳,其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如[正极活性材料]中,Q、X、f、g和h的定义如[正极活性材料]中。
在一些实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
第一包覆步骤:将元素Q的源、磷源和酸以及任选地锂源,溶于溶剂中,得到包含Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h的第一包覆层悬浊液;将内核与第一包覆层悬浊液充分混合,干燥,烧结,得到第一包覆层包覆的材料;
第二包覆步骤:将元素X的源、磷源和酸溶于溶剂中,得到包含XPO 4的第二包覆层悬浊液;将第一包覆步骤中获得的第一包覆层包覆的材料与第二包覆层悬浊液充分混合,干燥,烧结,得到两层包覆层包覆的材料;
第三包覆步骤:将碳源溶于溶剂中,充分溶解得到第三包覆层溶液;然后将第二包覆步骤中获得的两层包覆层包覆的材料加入第三包覆层溶液中,混合均匀,干燥,然后烧结得到三层包覆层包覆的材料,即正极活性材料。
在一些实施方式中,方法还包括以下的步骤:
分别提供焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c粉末、选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物 M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种粉末以及碳源粉末和/或掺杂碳源粉末;
将内核与上述所有的粉末混合并研磨,干燥,得到正极活性材料;其中,
正极活性材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳,
内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c,第二包覆层包括选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种,第三包覆层选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种,其中,A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n以及M、X、M′、b、c、d、e、m、q的定义如[正极活性材料]中;
可选地,通过喷雾造粒干燥机进行干燥。
在一些实施方式中,方法还包括如下步骤:
提供聚合物,聚合物包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种;
将正极活性材料与聚合物通过干法包覆或湿法包覆,得到的材料包括内核及包覆内核的壳;
壳中与内核距离最远的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种。
在任意的实施方式中,元素A的源选自元素A的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐、和硫酸盐中的至少一种;和/或,
元素B的源选自元素B的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氢氧化物和硫酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素B的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐和硫酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素B的单质、硫酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物和氢氧化物中的至少一种,可选为选自元素B的单质、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化盐、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物和氢氧化物中的至少一种;和/或,
元素C的源选自元素C的单质、卤化物、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物、无机酸、有机酸、硫酸盐、硼酸盐、硝酸盐和硅酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素C的硫酸盐、硼酸盐、硝酸盐和硅酸盐中的至少一 种,可选为选自元素C的单质、硫酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物和无机酸中的至少一种,可选为选自元素C的无机酸、有机酸、硫酸盐、氯化盐、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物中的至少一种;和/或,
元素D的源选自元素D的单质和铵盐中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,酸选自盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸、有机酸如草酸等中的一种或多种,例如可为草酸。在一些实施方式中,酸为浓度为60重量%以下的稀酸。
在一些实施方式中,锰源可为本领域已知的可用于制备磷酸锰锂的含锰物质,例如锰源可选自单质锰、二氧化锰、磷酸锰、草酸锰、碳酸锰中的一种或它们的组合。
在一些实施方式中,锂源可为本领域已知的可用于制备磷酸锰锂的含锂物质,例如锂源可选自碳酸锂、氢氧化锂、磷酸锂、磷酸二氢锂中的一种或它们的组合。
在一些实施方式中,磷源可为本领域已知的可用于制备磷酸锰锂的含磷物质,例如磷源可选自磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸铵和磷酸中的一种或它们的组合。
元素A、B、C、D各自的源的加入量取决于目标掺杂量,锂源、锰源和磷源的用量之比符合化学计量比。
在任意的实施方式中,在制备掺杂了元素B锰盐的步骤中,
搅拌在20-120℃范围内的温度下进行,可选为在25-80℃或40-120℃范围内的温度下进行,进一步可选为在60-120℃范围内的温度下进行,和/或,
通过在200-800rpm的搅拌速率下进行,可选为在400-700rpm下进行1-9小时,更可选为在500-700rpm下进行60-420分钟,进一步可选地为进行3-7小时或120-360分钟。
在一些实施方式中,在制备浆料的步骤中,研磨并混合进行1-15小时,可选为8-15小时;可选地,在20-120℃、更可选为40-120℃的温度下进行混合1-10h。
通过控制掺杂时的反应温度、搅拌速率和混合时间,能够使掺杂元 素均匀分布,并且烧结后材料的结晶度更高,从而可提升材料的克容量和倍率性能等。
在一些实施方式中,在制备掺杂了元素B的锰盐的步骤中烘干滤饼之前可对滤饼进行洗涤。
在一些实施方式中,在制备掺杂了元素B的锰盐的步骤中的烘干可通过本领域技术人员已知的方式和已知的条件进行,例如,烘干温度可在120-300℃范围内。可选地,可在烘干后将滤饼研磨成颗粒,例如研磨至颗粒的中值粒径Dv 50在50-200nm范围内。其中,中值粒径Dv 50是指,正极活性材料累计体积分布百分数达到50%时所对应的粒径。在本申请中,内核的中值粒径Dv 50可采用激光衍射粒度分析法测定。例如参照标准GB/T 19077-2016,使用激光粒度分析仪(例如Malvern Master Size 3000)进行测定。
在一些实施方式中,在制备浆料的步骤中还向反应容器中加入碳源一起进行研磨并混合。由此,方法可获得表面包覆有碳的正极活性材料。可选地,碳源包括淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖、聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、柠檬酸中的一种或几种的组合。碳源的用量相对于锂源的用量通常在摩尔比0.1%-5%的范围内。研磨可通过本领域已知的适合的研磨方式进行,例如可通过砂磨进行。
喷雾干燥的温度和时间可为本领域中进行喷雾干燥时常规的温度和时间,例如,在100-300℃下,进行1-6小时。
在一些实施方式中,在制备内核的步骤中,烧结在600-900℃的温度范围内进行6-14小时。
在一些实施方式中,烧结在保护气氛下进行,保护气氛可为氮气、惰性气体、氢气或其混合物。
在一些实施方式中,MP 2O 7粉末是市售产品,或者MP 2O 7粉末通过以下方法制备:
将元素M的源和磷的源添加到溶剂中,得到混合物,调节混合物的pH为4-6,搅拌并充分反应,然后经干燥、烧结获得,其中M选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种。
在一些实施方式中,制备MP 2O 7粉末的方法中,
干燥步骤为在100-300℃、可选150-200℃下干燥4-8h。
在一些实施方式中,制备MP 2O 7粉末的方法中,
烧结步骤为在500-800℃、可选650-800℃下,在惰性气体气氛下烧结4-10h。
在一些实施方式中,包覆步骤中的烧结温度为500-800℃,烧结时间为4-10h。
在一些实施方式中,可选地,包含碳的源的XPO 4悬浊液是市售可得的,或者可选地,通过以下方法来制备:将锂的源、X的源、磷的源和碳的源在溶剂中混合均匀,然后将反应混合物升温至60-120℃保持2-8小时即可获得包含碳的源的XPO 4悬浊液。可选地,在制备包含碳的源的XPO 4悬浊液的过程中,调节混合物的pH为4-6。
在一些实施方式中,制备正极活性材料的步骤中,内核、MP 2O 7粉末和包含碳的源的XPO 4悬浊液的质量比为:1:(0.001-0.05):(0.001-0.05)。
在一些实施方式中,第一包覆步骤中,
控制溶解有元素Q的源、磷源和酸以及任选地锂源的溶液pH为3.5-6.5,然后搅拌并反应1-5h,然后将溶液升温至50-120℃,并保持该温度2-10h,和/或,
烧结在650-800℃下进行2-6小时。
在一些实施方式中,第二包覆步骤中,
将元素X的源、磷源和酸溶于溶剂后,搅拌并反应1-10h,然后将溶液升温至60-150℃,并保持该温度2-10h,和/或,
烧结在500-700℃下进行6-10小时。
在一些实施方式中,第三包覆步骤中的烧结在700-800℃下进行6-10小时。
[正极极片]
正极极片包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面的正极膜层,正极膜层包括第一正极活性材料,第一正极活性材料为前述的正极活性材料或通过前述的方法制备的正极活性材料;可选地,正极活性材料在正极膜层中的含量为90-99.5重量%,更可选为95-99.5重量%,基于正极膜层的总重量计。
在一些实施方式中,正极极片还包括第二正极活性材料,并且,第二正极活性材料不同于第一正极活性材料。
在一些实施方式中,第二正极活性材料包括LiE tCo sF (1-t-s)O 2、尖晶石型锰酸锂和尖晶石型钛酸锂中的一种或多种,其中,E包括选自VIII族的一种或多种元素,F包括选自IIIA和VIIB的一种或多种元素,t选自0至0.9的范围,t与s之和选自0.3至1的范围。
在一些实施方式中,E包括选自Ni、Fe、Ru和Rh中的一种或多种元素,F包括选自Mn、Al、Ga和In中的一种或多种元素。
在一些实施方式中,第二正极活性材料选自LiNi tCo sMn (1-t-s)O 2、LiNi tCo sAl (1-t-s)O 2、LiCoO 2、尖晶石型锰酸锂和尖晶石型钛酸锂中的一种或多种;其中,t独立地选自0.3-0.9、可选为0.33-0.8,t与s之和独立地选自0.3-0.9、可选为0.66-0.9。
在一些实施方式中,第一活性材料与第二活性材料的质量比为1:7-7:1,可选为1:4-4:1。
在一些实施方式中,第二正极活性材料中,
LiNi tCo sMn (1-t-s)O 2中的t、(1-t-s)和s的比值为5:2:3或3:1:1或8:1:1;和/或,
LiNi tCo sAl (1-t-s)O 2中的t、s和(1-t-s)的比值为5:2:3或3:1:1或8:1:1。
在一些实施方式中,第一正极活性材料和第二正极活性材料的质量之和占正极极片的质量的88%-98.7%。
作为示例,正极集流体具有在其自身厚度方向相对的两个表面,正极膜层设置在正极集流体相对的两个表面的其中任意一者或两者上。
在一些实施方式中,正极集流体可采用金属箔片或复合集流体。例如,作为金属箔片,可采用铝箔。复合集流体可包括高分子材料基层和形成于高分子材料基层至少一个表面上的金属层。复合集流体可通过将金属材料(铝、铝合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银及银合金等)形成在高分子材料基材(如聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚乙烯(PE)等的基材)上而形成。
在一些实施方式中,正极活性材料还可采用本领域公知的用于电池 的正极活性材料。作为示例,正极活性材料可包括以下材料中的至少一种:橄榄石结构的含锂磷酸盐、锂过渡金属氧化物及其各自的改性化合物。但本申请并不限定于这些材料,还可以使用其他可被用作电池正极活性材料的传统材料。这些正极活性材料可以仅单独使用一种,也可以将两种以上组合使用。
在一些实施方式中,正极膜层还可选地包括粘结剂。作为示例,粘结剂可以包括聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯-丙烯三元共聚物、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-四氟乙烯三元共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物及含氟丙烯酸酯树脂中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,正极膜层还可选地包括导电剂。作为示例,导电剂可以包括超导碳、乙炔黑、炭黑、科琴黑、碳点、碳纳米管、石墨烯及碳纳米纤维中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,可以通过以下方式制备正极极片:将上述用于制备正极极片的组分,例如正极活性材料、导电剂、粘结剂和任意其他的组分分散于溶剂(例如N-甲基吡咯烷酮)中,形成正极浆料;将正极浆料涂覆在正极集流体上,经烘干、冷压等工序后,即可得到正极极片。
[负极极片]
负极极片包括负极集流体以及设置在负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极膜层,负极膜层包括负极活性材料。
作为示例,负极集流体具有在其自身厚度方向相对的两个表面,负极膜层设置在负极集流体相对的两个表面中的任意一者或两者上。
在一些实施方式中,负极集流体可采用金属箔片或复合集流体。例如,作为金属箔片,可以采用铜箔。复合集流体可包括高分子材料基层和形成于高分子材料基材至少一个表面上的金属层。复合集流体可通过将金属材料(铜、铜合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银及银合金等)形成在高分子材料基材(如聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚乙烯(PE)等的基材)上而形成。
在一些实施方式中,负极活性材料可采用本领域公知的用于电池的负极活性材料。作为示例,负极活性材料可包括以下材料中的至少一种: 人造石墨、天然石墨、软炭、硬炭、硅基材料、锡基材料和钛酸锂等。硅基材料可选自单质硅、硅氧化合物、硅碳复合物、硅氮复合物以及硅合金中的至少一种。锡基材料可选自单质锡、锡氧化合物以及锡合金中的至少一种。但本申请并不限定于这些材料,还可以使用其他可被用作电池负极活性材料的传统材料。这些负极活性材料可以仅单独使用一种,也可以将两种以上组合使用。
在一些实施方式中,负极膜层还可选地包括粘结剂。作为示例,粘结剂可选自丁苯橡胶(SBR)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)、聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)、聚甲基丙烯酸(PMAA)及羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,负极膜层还可选地包括导电剂。作为示例,导电剂可选自超导碳、乙炔黑、炭黑、科琴黑、碳点、碳纳米管、石墨烯及碳纳米纤维中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,负极膜层还可选地包括其他助剂,例如增稠剂(如羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na))等。
在一些实施方式中,可以通过以下方式制备负极极片:将上述用于制备负极极片的组分,例如负极活性材料、导电剂、粘结剂和任意其他组分分散于溶剂(例如去离子水)中,形成负极浆料;将负极浆料涂覆在负极集流体上,经烘干、冷压等工序后,即可得到负极极片。
[电解质]
电解质在正极极片和负极极片之间起到传导离子的作用。本申请对电解质的种类没有具体的限制,可根据需求进行选择。例如,电解质可以是液态的、凝胶态的或全固态的。
在一些实施方式中,电解质为液态的,且包括电解质盐和溶剂。
在一些实施方式中,电解质盐可选自六氟磷酸锂、四氟硼酸锂、高氯酸锂、六氟砷酸锂、双氟磺酰亚胺锂、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂、三氟甲磺酸锂、二氟磷酸锂、二氟草酸硼酸锂、二草酸硼酸锂、二氟二草酸磷酸锂及四氟草酸磷酸锂中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,溶剂可选自碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二丙酯、碳酸甲丙酯、碳酸乙丙 酯、碳酸亚丁酯、氟代碳酸亚乙酯、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、1,4-丁内酯、环丁砜、二甲砜、甲乙砜及二乙砜中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,电解液还可选地包括添加剂。作为示例,添加剂可以包括负极成膜添加剂、正极成膜添加剂,还可以包括能够改善电池某些性能的添加剂,例如改善电池过充性能的添加剂、改善电池高温或低温性能的添加剂等。
[隔离膜]
在一些实施方式中,二次电池中还包括隔离膜。本申请对隔离膜的种类没有特别的限制,可以选用任意公知的具有良好的化学稳定性和机械稳定性的多孔结构隔离膜。
在一些实施方式中,隔离膜的材质可选自玻璃纤维、无纺布、聚乙烯、聚丙烯及聚偏二氟乙烯中的至少一种。隔离膜可以是单层薄膜,也可以是多层复合薄膜,没有特别限制。在隔离膜为多层复合薄膜时,各层的材料可以相同或不同,没有特别限制。
在一些实施方式中,正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜可通过卷绕工艺或叠片工艺制成电极组件。
在一些实施方式中,二次电池可包括外包装。该外包装可用于封装上述电极组件及电解质。
在一些实施方式中,二次电池的外包装可以是硬壳,例如硬塑料壳、铝壳、钢壳等。二次电池的外包装也可以是软包,例如袋式软包。软包的材质可以是塑料,作为塑料,可列举出聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯以及聚丁二酸丁二醇酯等。
本申请对二次电池的形状没有特别的限制,其可以是圆柱形、方形或其他任意的形状。例如,图4是作为一个示例的方形结构的二次电池5。
在一些实施方式中,参照图5,外包装可包括壳体51和盖板53。其中,壳体51可包括底板和连接于底板上的侧板,底板和侧板围合形成容纳腔。壳体51具有与容纳腔连通的开口,盖板53能够盖设于开口,以封闭容纳腔。正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜可经卷绕工艺或叠片工艺形 成电极组件52。电极组件52封装于容纳腔内。电解液浸润于电极组件52中。二次电池5所含电极组件52的数量可以为一个或多个,本领域技术人员可根据具体实际需求进行选择。
在一些实施方式中,二次电池可以组装成电池模块,电池模块所含二次电池的数量可以为一个或多个,具体数量本领域技术人员可根据电池模块的应用和容量进行选择。
图6是作为一个示例的电池模块4。参照图6,在电池模块4中,多个二次电池5可以是沿电池模块4的长度方向依次排列设置。当然,也可以按照其他任意的方式进行排布。进一步可以通过紧固件将该多个二次电池5进行固定。
可选地,电池模块4还可以包括具有容纳空间的外壳,多个二次电池5容纳于该容纳空间。
在一些实施方式中,上述电池模块还可以组装成电池包,电池包所含电池模块的数量可以为一个或多个,具体数量本领域技术人员可根据电池包的应用和容量进行选择。
图7和图8是作为一个示例的电池包1。参照图7和图8,在电池包1中可以包括电池箱和设置于电池箱中的多个电池模块4。电池箱包括上箱体2和下箱体3,上箱体2能够盖设于下箱体3,并形成用于容纳电池模块4的封闭空间。多个电池模块4可以按照任意的方式排布于电池箱中。
另外,本申请还提供一种用电装置,用电装置包括本申请提供的二次电池、电池模块、或电池包中的至少一种。二次电池、电池模块、或电池包可以用作用电装置的电源,也可以用作用电装置的能量存储单元。用电装置可以包括移动设备(例如手机、笔记本电脑等)、电动车辆(例如纯电动车、混合动力电动车、插电式混合动力电动车、电动自行车、电动踏板车、电动高尔夫球车、电动卡车等)、电气列车、船舶及卫星、储能系统等,但不限于此。
作为用电装置,可以根据其使用需求来选择二次电池、电池模块或电池包。
图9是作为一个示例的用电装置。该用电装置为纯电动车、混合动 力电动车、或插电式混合动力电动车等。为了满足该用电装置对二次电池的高功率和高能量密度的需求,可以采用电池包或电池模块。
[实施例]
以下,说明本申请的实施例。下面描述的实施例是示例性的,仅用于解释本申请,而不能理解为对本申请的限制。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件的,按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
本申请实施例涉及的原材料来源如下:
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000003
【包括内核的正极活性材料及电池的制备】
实施例I-1
1)正极活性材料的制备
制备掺杂的草酸锰:将1.3mol的MnSO 4﹒H 2O、0.7mol的FeSO 4﹒H 2O在混料机中充分混合6小时。将混合物转移至反应釜中,并加入10L去离子水和2mol二水合草酸(以草酸计)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后过滤悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv 50为100nm左右的Fe掺杂的草酸锰颗粒。
制备掺杂的磷酸锰锂:取1mol上述草酸锰颗粒、0.497mol碳酸锂、0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3、含有0.999mol磷酸的浓度为85%的磷酸水溶液、0.001mol的H 4SiO 4、0.0005mol的NH 4HF 2和0.005mol蔗糖加入到20L去离子水中。将混合物转入砂磨机中充分研磨搅拌10小时,得到浆料。将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到颗粒。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结10小时,得到碳包覆的Li 0.994Mo 0.001Mn 0.65Fe 0.35P 0.999Si 0.001O 3.999F 0.001。正极活性材料可用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)进行元素含量的检测。
2)扣式电池的制备
将上述正极活性材料、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、乙炔黑以90:5:5的重量比加入至N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中,在干燥房中搅拌制成浆料。在铝箔上涂覆上述浆料,干燥、冷压制成正极极片。涂覆量为0.2g/cm 2,压实密度为2.0g/cm 3
采用锂片作为负极,采用1mol/L的LiPF 6在体积比1:1:1的碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)中的溶液为电解液,与上述制备的正极极片一起在扣电箱中组装成扣式电池(下文也称“扣电”)。
3)全电池的制备
将上述正极活性材料与导电剂乙炔黑、粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)按重量比92:2.5:5.5在N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂体系中混合均匀后,涂覆于铝箔上并烘干、冷压,得到正极极片。涂覆量为0.4g/cm 2,压实密度为 2.4g/cm 3
将负极活性材料人造石墨、硬碳、导电剂乙炔黑、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)、增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)按照重量比90:5:2:2:1在去离子水中混合均匀后,涂覆于铜箔上烘干、冷压,得到负极极片。涂覆量为0.2g/cm 2,压实密度为1.7g/cm 3
以聚乙烯(PE)多孔聚合薄膜作为隔离膜,将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序叠好,使隔离膜处于正负极中间起到隔离的作用,并卷绕得到裸电芯。将裸电芯置于外包装中,注入与上述制备扣电时相同的电解液并封装,得到全电池(下文也称“全电”)。
实施例I-2
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将高纯Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.4885mol,将Mo(SO 4) 3换成MgSO 4,将FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改变为0.68mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.02mol的Ti(SO 4) 2,并将H 4SiO 4换成HNO 3之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-3
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将高纯Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.496mol,将Mo(SO 4) 3换成W(SO 4) 3,将H 4SiO 4换成H 2SO 4之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-4
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将高纯Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.4985mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.0005mol的Al 2(SO 4) 3和NH 4HF 2换成NH 4HCl 2之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-5
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将0.7mol的FeSO 4﹒H 2O改为0.69mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.01molVCl 2,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.4965mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.0005mol的Nb 2(SO 4) 5和H 4SiO 4换成H 2SO 4之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-6
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.68mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.01mol的VCl 2和0.01mol的 MgSO 4,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.4965mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.0005mol的Nb 2(SO 4) 5和H 4SiO 4换成H 2SO 4之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-7
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MgSO 4换成CoSO 4之外,其他与实施例I-6相同。
实施例I-8
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MgSO 4换成NiSO 4之外,其他与实施例I-6相同。
实施例I-9
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.698mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.002mol的Ti(SO 4) 2,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.4955mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.0005mol的Nb 2(SO 4) 5,H 4SiO 4换成H 2SO 4,NH 4HF 2制成NH 4HCl 2之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-10
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.68mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.01mol的VCl 2和0.01mol的MgSO 4,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.4975mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.0005mol的Nb 2(SO 4) 5和NH 4HF 2换成NH 4HBr 2之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-11
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.69mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.01mol的VCl 2,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.499mol,将Mo(SO 4) 3换成MgSO 4和NH 4HF 2换成NH 4HBr 2之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-12
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.36mol,将FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.6mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.04mol的VCl 2,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.4985mol,将Mo(SO 4) 3换成 MgSO 4和H 4SiO 4换成HNO 3之外,其他与实施例I-1相同,得到Li 0.997Mg 0.001Mn 0.68Fe 0.3V 0.02P 0.999N 0.001O 3.999F 0.001
实施例I-13
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.16mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.8mol之外,其他与实施例I-12相同。
实施例I-14
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.3mol,VCl 2的量改为0.1mol之外,其他与实施例I-12相同。
实施例I-15
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.2mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.1mol的VCl 2,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.494mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.005mol的MgSO 4和H 4SiO 4换成H 2SO 4之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-16
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.2mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.1mol的VCl 2,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.467mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.005mol的MgSO 4,0.001mol的H 4SiO 4换成0.005mol的H 2SO 4和1.175mol浓度为85%的磷酸换成1.171mol浓度为85%的磷酸之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-17
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.2mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.1mol的VCl 2,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.492mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.005mol的MgSO 4,H 4SiO 4换成H 2SO 4和0.0005mol的NH 4HF 2改成0.0025mol之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-18
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.5mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.1mol的VCl 2和0.1mol的CoSO 4,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.492mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.005mol的MgSO 4,H 4SiO 4换成H 2SO 4和0.0005mol的NH 4HF 2改成0.0025mol之 外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-19
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.4mol,将0.1mol的CoSO 4改为0.2mol之外,其他与实施例I-18相同。
实施例I-20
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.5mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.1mol,CoSO 4的量改为0.3mol之外,其他与实施例I-18相同。
实施例I-21
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将0.1mol的CoSO 4换成0.1mol的NiSO 4之外,其他与实施例I-18相同。
实施例I-22
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.5mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.2mol,将0.1mol的CoSO 4换成0.2mol的NiSO 4之外,其他与实施例I-18相同。
实施例I-23
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.4mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.3mol,CoSO 4的量改为0.2mol之外,其他与实施例I-18相同。
实施例I-24
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将1.3mol的MnSO 4﹒H 2O改为1.2mol,0.7mol的FeSO 4﹒H 2O改为0.5mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.1mol的VCl 2和0.2mol的CoSO 4,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.497mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.005mol的MgSO 4,H 4SiO 4换成H 2SO 4和0.0005mol的NH 4HF 2改成0.0025mol之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-25
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.0mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.7mol,CoSO 4的量改为0.2mol之外,其他与实施例I-18相同。
实施例I-26
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.4mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.3mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.1mol的VCl 2和0.2mol的CoSO 4,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.4825mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.005mol的MgSO 4,H 4SiO 4的量改成0.1mol,磷酸的量改成0.9mol和NH 4HF 2的量改成0.04mol之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-27
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.4mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.3mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.1mol的VCl 2和0.2mol的CoSO 4,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.485mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.005mol的MgSO 4,H 4SiO 4的量改成0.08mol,磷酸的量改成0.92mol和NH 4HF 2的量改成0.05mol之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施例I-28至I-41
改变了制备掺杂的草酸锰时的搅拌转速、温度、在砂磨机中研磨搅拌的时间、烧结温度和烧结时间,具体见表13。
实施例I-42至I-54
改变了锂源、锰源、磷源和掺杂元素A、B、C、D的源,具体见表14。
实施例I-55
(1)制备掺杂的草酸锰
将1.2mol MnSO 4·H 2O与0.79mol FeSO 4·H 2O在混料机中充分混合6小时;将混合物转移至反应釜中,加入10L去离子水和2mol二水合草酸、0.01molVCl 2,加热至80℃,之后以600rpm转速搅拌6小时,反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe掺杂的草酸锰的悬浮液;过滤悬浮液,滤饼在120℃下烘干,研磨,得到粒径Dv 50为100nm左右的Fe掺杂的草酸锰颗粒;
(2)制备掺杂的磷酸锰锂
取1mol Fe掺杂的草酸锰颗粒、0.45mol碳酸锂、0.05mol的MgSO 4、含有0.9mol磷酸的浓度85%的磷酸水溶液、0.1mol的H 4SiO 4、0.05mol 的NH 4HF 2和0.005mol蔗糖加入到20L去离子水中,将混合物转入砂磨机中充分研磨搅拌10小时,得到浆料;将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到颗粒;在氮气(90%v/v)+氢气(10%v/v)保护气氛中,将颗粒在700℃下烧结10小时,得到正极活性材料。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)对进行元素含量检测,得到化学式Li 0.9Mg 0.05Mn 0.6Fe 0.395V 0.005P 0.9Si 0.1O 3.9F 0.1
实施例I-56
除了步骤(2)中,碳酸锂为0.55mol,MgSO 4为0.001mol,NH 4HF 2为0.001mol之外,其余与制备例B55相同;得到正极活性材料Li 1.1Mg 0.001Mn 0.6Fe 0.395V 0.005P 0.9Si 0.1O 3.998F 0.002
实施例I-57
除了步骤(2)中,MgSO 4为0.1mol,浓度85%的磷酸水溶液含0.95mol磷酸,H 4SiO 4为0.05mol,NH 4HF 2为0.025mol之外,其余与制备例B55相同;得到正极活性材料Li 0.9Mg 0.1Mn 0.6Fe 0.395V 0.005P 0.95Si 0.05O 3.95F 0.05
实施例I-58
除了步骤(1)中MnSO 4·H 2O为1.998mol,FeSO 4·H 2O为0.002mol和不使用VCl 2之外;以及除了步骤(2)中碳酸锂为0.475mol,浓度85%的磷酸水溶液含0.96mol磷酸,H 4SiO 4为0.04mol,NH 4HF 2为0.01mol之外;其余与制备例B55相同;得到正极活性材料Li 0.95Mg 0.05Mn 0.999Fe 0.001P 0.96Si 0.04O 3.99F 0.01
实施例I-59
除了步骤(1)中MnSO 4·H 2O为1.98mol,FeSO 4·H 2O为0.02mol和不使用VCl 2之外;以及除了步骤(2)中碳酸锂为0.475mol,浓度85%的磷酸水溶液含0.96mol磷酸,H 4SiO 4为0.04mol,NH 4HF 2为0.01mol之外;其余与制备例B55相同;得到正极活性材料Li 0.95Mg 0.05Mn 0.99Fe 0.01P 0.96Si 0.04O 3.99F 0.01
实施例I-60
除了步骤(1)中MnSO 4·H 2O为1.6mol,FeSO 4·H 2O为0.4mol和不使用VCl 2之外;以及除了步骤(2)中碳酸锂为0.475mol,浓度85%的磷酸水溶液含0.96mol磷酸,H 4SiO 4为0.04mol,NH 4HF 2为0.01mol之 外;其余与制备例B55相同;得到正极活性材料Li 0.95Mg 0.05Mn 0.8Fe 0.2P 0.96Si 0.04O 3.99F 0.01
实施例I-61
制备Fe、Co和V共掺杂的草酸锰:将689.5g碳酸锰(以MnCO 3计,下同)、455.2g碳酸亚铁(以FeCO 3计,下同)、4.6g硫酸钴(以CoSO 4计,下同)和4.9g二氯化钒(以VCl 2计,下同)在混料机中充分混合6小时。将混合物转移至反应釜中,并加入5升去离子水和1260.6g二水合草酸(以C 2H 2O 4.2H 2O计,下同)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,直至反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后过滤悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv50为100nm的Fe、Co和V共掺杂的二水草酸锰颗粒。
制备Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的磷酸锰锂:将前一步骤获得的二水草酸锰颗粒(1793.4g)、314g碳酸锂(以Li 2CO 3计,下同)、89.8gMgSO 4,1.6g浓度为60%的稀硫酸(以60%H 2SO 4计,下同)和1148.9g磷酸二氢铵(以NH 4H 2PO 4计,下同)加入到20升去离子水中,将混合物搅拌10小时使其混合均匀,得到浆料。将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到粉料。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结4小时,得到Li 0.85Mg 0.075Mn 0.60Fe 0.393V 0.004Co 0.003P 0.999S 0.001O 4
实施例I-62
不添加MgSO 4,碳酸锂的质量为425g,其余与实施例I-61中相同,得到Li 1.15Mn 0.60Fe 0.393V 0.004Co 0.003P 0.999S 0.001O 4
实施例I-63
不添加硫酸钴、二氯化钒和MgSO 4,碳酸锰的质量为1.149g,碳酸亚铁的质量为1157g,碳酸锂的质量为425g,其余与实施例I-61中相同,得到Li 1.15Mn 0.001Fe 0.999P 0.999S 0.001O 4
实施例I-64
不添加Mo(SO 4) 3,碳酸锂调整为0.575mol,MnSO 4﹒H 2O调整为0.002mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O调整为1.998mol,磷酸的浓度为85%的磷酸水溶 液调整为0.5mol,用0.5mol的H 2SO 4替换0.001mol的H 4SiO 4,草酸锰颗粒调整为0.875mol,NH 4HF 2调整为0.25mol,其余与实施例I-1相同,得到Li 1.15Mn 0.001Fe 0.999P 0.5S 0.5O 3.5F 0.5
实施例I-65
不添加MgSO 4,Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.499mol,其余与实施例I-12相同,得到Li 0.998Mn 0.68Fe 0.3V 0.02P 0.999N 0.001O 3.999F 0.001
实施例I-66
不添加HNO 3,磷酸的浓度为85%的磷酸水溶液调整为1mol,其余与实施例I-12相同,得到Li 0.997Mg 0.001Mn 0.68Fe 0.3V 0.02PO 3.999F 0.001
实施例I-67
不添加NH 4HF 2,其余与实施例I-12相同,得到Li 0.997Mg 0.001Mn 0.68Fe 0.3V 0.02P 0.999N 0.001O 4
实施例I-68
不添加MgSO 4和HNO 3,Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.499mol,磷酸的浓度为85%的磷酸水溶液调整为1mol,其余与实施例I-12相同,得到Li 0.998Mn 0.68Fe 0.3V 0.02PO 3.999F 0.001
实施例I-2-1
1)正极活性材料的制备
制备掺杂的草酸锰:将1.3mol的MnSO 4﹒H 2O、0.7mol的FeSO 4﹒H 2O在混料机中充分混合6小时。将混合物转移至反应釜中,并加入10L去离子水和2mol二水合草酸(以草酸计)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后过滤悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv 50为100nm左右的Fe掺杂的草酸锰颗粒。
制备掺杂的磷酸锰锂:取1mol上述草酸锰颗粒、0.497mol碳酸锂、0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3、含有0.999mol磷酸的浓度为85%的磷酸水溶液、0.001mol的H 4SiO 4、0.0005mol的NH 4HF 2和0.05mol蔗糖和0.025mol乙二胺加入到20L去离子水中。将混合物转入砂磨机中充分研磨搅拌10小时,得到浆料。将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到颗粒。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结 10小时,得到掺杂碳层包覆的Li 0.994Mo 0.001Mn 0.65Fe 0.35P 0.999Si 0.001O 3.999F 0.001
2)扣式电池的制备
将上述正极活性材料、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、乙炔黑以90:5:5的重量比加入至N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中,在干燥房中搅拌制成浆料。在铝箔上涂覆上述浆料,干燥、冷压制成正极极片。涂覆量为0.2g/cm 2,压实密度为2.0g/cm 3
采用锂片作为负极,采用1mol/L的LiPF 6在体积比1:1:1的碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)中的溶液为电解液,与上述制备的正极极片一起在扣电箱中组装成扣式电池(下文也称“扣电”)。
3)全电池的制备
将上述正极活性材料与导电剂乙炔黑、粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)按重量比92:2.5:5.5在N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂体系中混合均匀后,涂覆于铝箔上并烘干、冷压,得到正极极片。涂覆量为0.4g/cm 2,压实密度为2.4g/cm 3
将负极活性材料人造石墨、硬碳、导电剂乙炔黑、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)、增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)按照重量比90:5:2:2:1在去离子水中混合均匀后,涂覆于铜箔上烘干、冷压,得到负极极片。涂覆量为0.2g/cm 2,压实密度为1.7g/cm 3
以聚乙烯(PE)多孔聚合薄膜作为隔离膜,将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序叠好,使隔离膜处于正负极中间起到隔离的作用,并卷绕得到裸电芯。将裸电芯置于外包装中,注入与上述制备扣电时相同的电解液并封装,得到全电池(下文也称“全电”)。
实施例I-2-2
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将高纯Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.4885mol,将Mo(SO 4) 3换成MgSO 4,将FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改变为0.68mol,在制备掺杂的草酸锰时还加入0.02mol的Ti(SO 4) 2,并将H 4SiO 4换成HNO 3之外,其他与实施例1相同。
对比例I-1
制备草酸锰:将1mol的MnSO 4﹒H 2O加至反应釜中,并加入10L去离子水和1mol二水合草酸(以草酸计)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,反应终止(无气泡产生),得到草酸锰悬浮液。 然后过滤悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv 50为50-200nm的草酸锰颗粒。
制备磷酸锰锂:取1mol上述草酸锰颗粒、0.5mol碳酸锂、含有1mol磷酸的浓度为85%的磷酸水溶液和0.005mol蔗糖加入到20L去离子水中。将混合物转入砂磨机中充分研磨搅拌10小时,得到浆料。将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到颗粒。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结10小时,得到碳包覆的LiMnPO 4
实施对比例I-2
除了在对比例I-1中,将1mol的MnSO 4﹒H 2O换成0.85mol的MnSO 4﹒H 2O和0.15mol的FeSO 4﹒H 2O,并加入到混料机中充分混合6小时之后再加入反应釜之外,其它与对比例I-1相同。
实施对比例I-3
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.9mol,0.7mol的FeSO 4﹒H 2O换成0.1mol的ZnSO 4,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.495mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.005mol的MgSO 4,将磷酸的量改成1mol,不加入H 4SiO 4和NH 4HF 2之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施对比例I-4
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.2mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.8mol,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.45mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.005mol的Nb 2(SO 4) 5,将0.999mol的磷酸改成1mol,0.0005mol的NH 4HF 2改成0.025mol,不加入H 4SiO 4之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
对比例I-5
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.4mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.6mol,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.38mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.12mol的MgSO 4之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施对比例I-6
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.8mol,0.7mol的FeSO 4﹒H 2O换成1.2mol的ZnSO 4,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.499mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.001mol的MgSO 4之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施对比例I-7
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.4mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.6mol,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.534mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.001mol的MgSO 4,将磷酸的量改成0.88mol,H 4SiO 4的量改成0.12mol,NH 4HF 2的量改成0.025mol之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
实施对比例I-8
除了在“1)正极活性材料的制备”中,将MnSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为1.2mol,FeSO 4﹒H 2O的量改为0.8mol,将Li 2CO 3的量改变为0.474mol,将0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3换成0.001mol的MgSO 4,将磷酸的量改成0.93mol,H 4SiO 4的量改成0.07mol,NH 4HF 2的量改成0.06mol之外,其他与实施例I-1相同。
【双层包覆的正极活性材料及电池的制备】
实施例II-1-1
(1)正极活性材料的制备
共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备
制备Fe、Co和V共掺杂的草酸锰:将689.5g碳酸锰(以MnCO 3计,下同)、455.2g碳酸亚铁(以FeCO 3计,下同)、4.6g硫酸钴(以CoSO 4计,下同)和4.9g二氯化钒(以VCl 2计,下同)在混料机中充分混合6小时。将混合物转移至反应釜中,并加入5升去离子水和1260.6g二水合草酸(以C 2H 2O 4.2H 2O计,下同)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,直至反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后过滤悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv50为100nm的Fe、Co和V共掺杂的二水草酸锰颗粒。
制备Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的磷酸锰锂:将前一步骤获得的二水草酸锰颗粒(1793.4g)、369.0g碳酸锂(以Li 2CO 3计,下同),1.6g浓度为60%的稀硫酸(以60%H 2SO 4计,下同)和1148.9g磷酸二氢铵(以NH 4H 2PO 4计,下同)加入到20升去离子水中,将混合物搅拌10小时使其混合均匀,得到浆料。将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到粉料。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结4小时,得到1572.1g的Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的磷酸锰锂。
焦磷酸铁锂和磷酸铁锂的制备
制备焦磷酸铁锂粉末:将4.77g碳酸锂、7.47g碳酸亚铁、14.84g磷酸二氢铵和1.3g二水合草酸溶于50ml去离子水中。混合物的pH为5,搅拌2小时使反应混合物充分反应。然后将反应后的溶液升温到80℃并保持该温度4小时,得到包含Li 2FeP 2O 7的悬浊液,将悬浊液进行过滤,用去离子水洗涤,并在120℃下干燥4h,得到粉末。将粉末在650℃、氮气气氛下烧结8小时,并自然冷却至室温后进行研磨,得到Li 2FeP 2O 7粉末。
制备磷酸铁锂悬浊液:将11.1g碳酸锂、34.8g碳酸亚铁、34.5g磷酸二氢铵、1.3g二水合草酸和74.6g蔗糖(以C 12H 22O 11计,下同)溶于150ml去离子水中,得到混合物,然后搅拌6小时使上述混合物充分反应。然后将反应后的溶液升温到120℃并保持该温度6小时,得到包含LiFePO 4的悬浊液。
包覆
将1572.1g上述Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的磷酸锰锂与15.72g上述焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)粉末加入到上一步骤制备获得的磷酸铁锂(LiFePO 4)悬浊液中,搅拌混合均匀后转入真空烘箱中在150℃下干燥6小时。然后通过砂磨分散所得产物。在分散后,将所得产物在氮气气氛中、在700℃下烧结6小时,得到目标产物双层包覆的磷酸锰锂。
(2)正极极片的制备
将上述制备的双层包覆的磷酸锰锂正极活性材料、导电剂乙炔黑、粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)按重量比为92:2.5:5.5加入到N-甲基 吡咯烷酮(NMP)中,搅拌混合均匀,得到正极浆料。然后将正极浆料按0.280g/1540.25mm 2均匀涂覆于铝箔上,经烘干、冷压、分切,得到正极极片。
(3)负极极片的制备
将负极活性物质人造石墨、硬碳、导电剂乙炔黑、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)、增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)按照重量比为90:5:2:2:1溶于溶剂去离子水中,搅拌混合均匀后制备成负极浆料。将负极浆料按0.117g/1540.25mm 2均匀涂覆在负极集流体铜箔上,经过烘干、冷压、分切得到负极极片。
(4)电解液的制备
在氩气气氛手套箱中(H 2O<0.1ppm,O 2<0.1ppm),作为有机溶剂,将碳酸亚乙酯(EC)/碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)按照体积比3/7混合均匀,加入12.5重量%(基于有机溶剂的重量计)LiPF 6溶解于上述有机溶剂中,搅拌均匀,得到电解液。
(5)隔离膜
使用市售的厚度为20μm、平均孔径为80nm的PP-PE共聚物微孔薄膜(来自卓高电子科技公司,型号20)。
(6)全电池的制备
将上述获得的正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序叠好,使隔离膜处于正负极中间起到隔离的作用,并卷绕得到裸电芯。将裸电芯置于外包装中,注入上述电解液并封装,得到全电池(下文也称“全电”)。
(7)扣式电池的制备
将上述制备的双层包覆的磷酸锰锂正极活性材料、PVDF、乙炔黑以90:5:5的重量比加入至NMP中,在干燥房中搅拌制成浆料。在铝箔上涂覆上述浆料,干燥、冷压制成正极极片。涂覆量为0.2g/cm 2,压实密度为2.0g/cm 3
采用锂片作为负极,采用1mol/L的LiPF 6在体积比1:1:1的碳酸亚乙酯(EC)+碳酸二乙酯(DEC)+碳酸二甲酯(DMC)中的溶液作为电解液,与上述制备的正极极片一起在扣电箱中组装成扣式电池(下文也称“扣电”)。
实施例II-1-2至II-1-6
在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中,除不使用二氯化钒和硫酸钴、使用463.4g的碳酸亚铁,1.6g的60%浓度的稀硫酸,1148.9g的磷酸二氢铵和369.0g碳酸锂以外,实施例II-1-2至II-1-6中磷酸锰锂内核的制备条件与实施例II-1-1相同。
此外,在焦磷酸铁锂和磷酸铁锂的制备过程以及包覆第一包覆层和第二包覆层的过程中,除所使用的原料按照表1中所示包覆量与实施例II-1-1对应的包覆量的比值对应调整,以使实施例II-1-2至II-1-6中Li 2FeP 2O 7/LiFePO 4的用量分别为12.6g/37.7g、15.7g/47.1g、18.8g/56.5g、22.0/66.0g和25.1g/75.4g,实施例II-1-2至II-1-6中蔗糖的用量为37.3g以外,其他条件与实施例II-1-1相同。
实施例II-1-7至II-1-10
除蔗糖的用量分别为74.6g、149.1g、186.4g和223.7g以使作为第二包覆层的碳层的对应包覆量分别为31.4g、62.9g、78.6g和94.3g以外,实施例II-1-7至II-1-10的条件与实施例II-1-3相同。
实施例II-1-11至II-1-14
除在焦磷酸铁锂和磷酸铁锂的制备过程中按照表1中所示包覆量对应调整各种原料的用量以使Li 2FeP 2O 7/LiFePO 4的用量分别为23.6g/39.3g、31.4g/31.4g、39.3g/23.6g和47.2g/15.7g以外,实施例II-1-11至II-1-14的条件与实施例II-1-7相同。
实施例II-1-15
除在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用492.80g ZnCO 3代替碳酸亚铁以外,实施例II-1-15的条件与实施例II-1-14相同。
实施例II-1-16至II-1-18
除实施例II-1-16在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用466.4g的NiCO 3、5.0g的碳酸锌和7.2g的硫酸钛代替碳酸亚铁,实施例II-1-17在共掺杂的磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用455.2g的碳酸亚铁和8.5g的二氯化钒,实施例II-1-18在共掺杂的磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用455.2g的碳酸亚铁、4.9g的二氯化钒和2.5g的碳酸镁以外,实施例II-1-17至1-19的条件与实施例II-1-7相同。
实施例II-1-19至II-1-20
除实施例II-1-19在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用369.4g的碳酸锂、和以1.05g的60%浓度的稀硝酸代替稀硫酸,实施例II-1-20在共掺杂的磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用369.7g的碳酸锂、和以0.78g的亚硅酸代替稀硫酸以外,实施例II-1-19至II-1-20的条件与实施例II-1-18相同。
实施例II-1-21至II-1-22
除实施例II-1-21在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用632.0g碳酸锰、463.30g碳酸亚铁、30.5g的二氯化钒、21.0g的碳酸镁和0.78g的亚硅酸;实施例II-1-22在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用746.9g碳酸锰、289.6g碳酸亚铁、60.9g的二氯化钒、42.1g的碳酸镁和0.78g的亚硅酸以外,实施例II-1-21至II-1-22的条件与实施例II-1-20相同。
实施例II-1-23至II-1-24
除实施例II-1-23在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用804.6g碳酸锰、231.7g碳酸亚铁、1156.2g的磷酸二氢铵、1.2g的硼酸(质量分数99.5%)和370.8g碳酸锂;实施例II-1-24在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用862.1g碳酸锰、173.8g碳酸亚铁、1155.1g的磷酸二氢铵、1.86g的硼酸(质量分数99.5%)和371.6g碳酸锂以外,实施例II-1-23至II-1-24的条件与实施例II-1-22相同。
实施例II-1-25
除实施例II-1-25在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用370.1g碳酸锂、1.56g的亚硅酸和1147.7g的磷酸二氢铵以外,实施例II-1-25的条件与实施例II-1-20相同。
实施例II-1-26
除实施例II-1-26在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用368.3g碳酸锂、4.9g质量分数为60%的稀硫酸、919.6g碳酸锰、224.8g碳酸亚铁、3.7g二氯化钒、2.5g碳酸镁和1146.8g的磷酸二氢铵以外,实施例II-1-26的条件与实施例II-1-20相同。
实施例II-1-27
除实施例II-1-27在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用367.9g碳酸锂、6.5g浓度为60%的稀硫酸和1145.4g的磷酸二氢铵以外,实施例II-1-27的条件与实施例II-1-20相同。
实施例II-1-28至II-1-33
除实施例II-1-28至II-1-33在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中使用1034.5g碳酸锰、108.9g碳酸亚铁、3.7g二氯化钒和2.5g碳酸镁,碳酸锂的使用量分别为:367.6g、367.2g、366.8g、366.4g、366.0g和332.4g,磷酸二氢铵的使用量分别为:1144.5g、1143.4g、1142.2g、1141.1g、1139.9g和1138.8g,浓度为60%的稀硫酸的使用量分别为:8.2g、9.8g、11.4g、13.1g、14.7g和16.3g以外,实施例II-1-28至II-1-33的条件与实施例II-1-20相同。
实施例II-1-34
内核Li 1.1Mn 0.6Fe 0.393Mg 0.007P 0.9Si 0.1O 4的制备:
制备Fe和Mg共掺杂的草酸锰:将689.5g碳酸锰(以MnCO 3计,下同)、455.2g碳酸亚铁(以FeCO 3计,下同)和5.90g碳酸镁(以MgCO 3计,下同)在混料机中充分混合6小时。将混合物转移至反应釜中,并加入5升去离子水和1260.6g二水合草酸(以C 2H 2O 4.2H 2O计,下同)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,直至反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe和Mg共掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后过滤悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv50为100nm的Fe和Mg共掺杂的二水草酸锰颗粒。
制备Fe、Mg和Si共掺杂的磷酸锰锂:将前一步骤获得的二水草酸锰颗粒(1791.3g)、406.3g碳酸锂(以Li 2CO 3计,下同),7.8g亚硅酸(以H 2SiO 3计,下同)和1035.0g磷酸二氢铵(以NH 4H 2PO 4计,下同)加入到20升去离子水中,将混合物搅拌10小时使其混合均匀,得到浆料。将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到粉料。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结4小时,得到1574.0g的Fe、Mg和Si共掺杂的磷酸锰锂。
其他条件参照实施例II-1-1。
实施例II-1-35
内核LiMn 0.50Fe 0.50P 0.995N 0.005O 4的制备。
制备Fe掺杂的草酸锰:将574.7g碳酸锰(以MnCO 3计,下同)和579.27g碳酸亚铁(以FeCO 3计,下同)在混料机中充分混合6小时。将混合物转移至反应釜中,并加入5升去离子水和1260.6g二水合草酸(以C 2H 2O 4.2H 2O计,下同)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,直至反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后过滤悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv50为100nm的Fe掺杂的二水草酸锰颗粒。
制备Fe和N共掺杂的磷酸锰锂:将前一步骤获得的二水草酸锰颗粒(1794.4g)、369.4g碳酸锂(以Li 2CO 3计,下同),5.25g稀硝酸(以60%HNO 3计,下同)和1144.3g磷酸二氢铵(以NH 4H 2PO 4计,下同)加入到20升去离子水中,将混合物搅拌10小时使其混合均匀,得到浆料。将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到粉料。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结4小时,得到1572.2g的Fe和N共掺杂的磷酸锰锂。
其他条件参照实施例II-1-1。
实施例II-1-36
制备内核LiMn 0.909Fe 0.091P 0.99N 0.01O 4时使用1044.6g的碳酸锰、1138.5g的磷酸二氢铵和369.4g碳酸锂,并额外添加105.4g的碳酸亚铁、10.5g稀硝酸(以60%HNO 3计,下同),其余与实施例II-1-1相同。
实施例II-1-37
制备内核LiMn 0.091Fe 0.909P 0.995N 0.005O 4时使用104.5g的碳酸锰、1138.5g的磷酸二氢铵和371.3g碳酸锂,并额外添加1052.8g的碳酸亚铁、5.25g稀硝酸(以60%HNO 3计,下同),其余与实施例II-1-1相同。
实施例II-1-38
在焦磷酸铁锂和磷酸铁锂的制备过程以及包覆第一包覆层和第二包覆层的过程中,除所使用的原料按照表4中所示包覆量与实施例II-1-1对应的包覆量的比值对应调整,以使Li 2FeP 2O 7/LiFePO 4的用量分别为 62.9g/47.1g以外,其它条件与实施例II-1-1相同。
实施例II-1-39
在焦磷酸银的制备过程中,将463.4g氧化银(以Ag 2O计,下同)和230.6g磷酸(以85%H 3PO 4计,下同)充分混合。将其加热到450℃,同时不断搅拌2小时使反应混合物充分反应。然后将反应后的溶液在450℃保持4小时,得到包含Ag 4P 2O 7的粘稠的糊状物,最终变成固体物,并用去离子水进行洗涤,将所得产物在装有乙醇的球磨机中进行研磨4h,并将所得产物在红外灯下进行烘干,得到Ag 4P 2O 7粉末。其余与实施例II-1-1相同。
实施例II-1-40
除了制备Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的磷酸锰锂过程中,在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将粉料在650℃下烧结43.5小时之外,其它与实施例II-1-21相同。
实施例II-1-41
内核LiMn 0.999Fe 0.001P 0.995N 0.005O 4的制备
制备Fe掺杂的草酸锰:将1148.0g碳酸锰(以MnCO 3计,下同)和11.58g碳酸亚铁(以FeCO 3计,下同)在混料机中充分混合6小时。将混合物转移至反应釜中,并加入5升去离子水和1260.6g二水合草酸(以C 2H 2O 4.2H 2O计,下同)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,直至反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后过滤悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv50为100nm的Fe掺杂的二水草酸锰颗粒。
制备Fe和N共掺杂的磷酸锰锂:将前一步骤获得的二水草酸锰颗粒(1789.9g)、369.4g碳酸锂(以Li 2CO 3计,下同),5.25g稀硝酸(以60%HNO 3计,下同)和1144.3g磷酸二氢铵(以NH 4H 2PO 4计,下同)加入到20升去离子水中,将混合物搅拌10小时使其混合均匀,得到浆料。将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到粉料。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结4小时,得到1567.7g的Fe和N共掺杂的磷酸锰锂。
实施例II-1-41的其他条件参照实施例II-1-1。
实施例II-2-1
除在焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)的制备过程中在粉末烧结步骤中的烧结温度为550℃,烧结时间为1h以控制Li 2FeP 2O 7的结晶度为30%,在磷酸铁锂(LiFePO 4)的制备过程中在包覆烧结步骤中的烧结温度为650℃,烧结时间为2h以控制LiFePO 4的结晶度为30%以外,其他条件与实施例II-1-1相同。
实施例II-2-2
除在焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)的制备过程中在粉末烧结步骤中的烧结温度为550℃,烧结时间为2h以控制Li 2FeP 2O 7的结晶度为50%,在磷酸铁锂(LiFePO 4)的制备过程中在包覆烧结步骤中的烧结温度为650℃,烧结时间为3h以控制LiFePO 4的结晶度为50%以外,其他条件与实施例II-1-1相同。
实施例II-2-3
除在焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)的制备过程中在粉末烧结步骤中的烧结温度为600℃,烧结时间为3h以控制Li 2FeP 2O 7的结晶度为70%,在磷酸铁锂(LiFePO 4)的制备过程中在包覆烧结步骤中的烧结温度为650℃,烧结时间为4h以控制LiFePO 4的结晶度为70%以外,其他条件与实施例II-1-1相同。
实施例II-2-4
除在焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)的制备过程中在粉末烧结步骤中的烧结温度为650℃,烧结时间为4h以控制Li 2FeP 2O 7的结晶度为100%,在磷酸铁锂(LiFePO 4)的制备过程中在包覆烧结步骤中的烧结温度为700℃,烧结时间为6h以控制LiFePO 4的结晶度为100%以外,其他条件与实施例II-1-1相同。
实施例II-3-1至II-3-12
除制备Fe、Co和V共掺杂的草酸锰颗粒的过程中,实施例II-3-1反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为60℃/120分钟;实施例II-3-2反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为70℃/120分钟;实施例II-3-3反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为80℃/120分钟;实施例II-3-4反应釜内的加热 温度/搅拌时间分别为90℃/120分钟;实施例II-3-5反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为100℃/120分钟;实施例II-3-6反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为110℃/120分钟;实施例II-3-7反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为120℃/120分钟;实施例II-3-8反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为130℃/120分钟;实施例II-3-9反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为100℃/60分钟;实施例II-3-10反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为100℃/90分钟;实施例II-3-11反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为100℃/150分钟;实施例II-3-12反应釜内的加热温度/搅拌时间分别为100℃/180分钟以外,实施例II-3-1至II-3-12的其他条件与实施例II-1-1相同。
实施例II-4-1至II-4-7
实施例II-4-1至II-4-4:除在焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)的制备过程中在干燥步骤中的干燥温度/干燥时间分别为100℃/4h、150℃/6h、200℃/6h和200℃/6h;在焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)的制备过程中在烧结步骤中的烧结温度和烧结时间分别为700℃/6h、700℃/6h、700℃/6h和600℃/6h以外,其它条件与实施例II-1-7相同。
实施例II-4-5至II-4-7:除在包覆过程中在干燥步骤中的干燥温度/干燥时间分别为150℃/6h、150℃/6h和150℃/6h;在包覆过程中在烧结步骤中的烧结温度和烧结时间分别为600℃/4h、600℃/6h和800℃/8h以外,其它条件与实施例II-1-12相同。
实施例II-5-1:
(1)共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备:与实施例II-1-1的“共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备”相同。
(2)焦磷酸铁锂和包含三氧化二铝和蔗糖的悬浊液的制备:
制备焦磷酸铁锂粉末:将4.77g碳酸锂、7.47g碳酸亚铁、14.84g磷酸二氢铵和1.3g二水合草酸溶于50ml去离子水中。混合物的pH为5,搅拌2小时使反应混合物充分反应。然后将反应后的溶液升温到80℃并保持该温度4小时,得到包含Li 2FeP 2O 7的悬浊液,将悬浊液进行过滤,用去离子水洗涤,并在120℃下干燥4h,得到粉末。将粉末在650℃、氮气气氛下烧结8小时,并自然冷却至室温后进行研磨,得到Li 2FeP 2O 7粉 末。
制备包含三氧化二铝和蔗糖的悬浊液:将47.1g纳米Al 2O 3(粒径约20nm)和74.6g蔗糖(以C 12H 22O 11计,下同)溶于1500ml去离子水中,然后搅拌6小时使上述混合物充分混合。然后将得到的溶液升温到120℃并保持该温度6小时,得到包含三氧化二铝和蔗糖的悬浊液。
(3)包覆
将1572.1g上述Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的磷酸锰锂与15.72g上述焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)粉末加入到上一步骤制备获得的包含三氧化二铝和蔗糖的悬浊液中,搅拌混合均匀后转入真空烘箱中在150℃下干燥6小时。然后通过砂磨分散所得产物。在分散后,将所得产物在氮气气氛中、在700℃下烧结6小时,得到目标产物双层包覆的磷酸锰锂。
实施例II-5-2
在共掺杂磷酸锰锂内核的制备过程中,除不使用二氯化钒和硫酸钴、使用463.4g的碳酸亚铁,1.6g的60%浓度的稀硫酸,1148.9g的磷酸二氢铵和369.0g碳酸锂以外,实施例II-5-2中磷酸锰锂内核的制备条件与实施例II-5-1相同。
此外,在焦磷酸铁锂和包含三氧化二铝和蔗糖的悬浊液的制备过程以及包覆第一包覆层和第二包覆层的过程中,除所使用的原料按照表24中所示包覆量与实施例II-5-1对应的包覆量的比值对应调整,以使实施例II-5-2中Li 2FeP 2O 7/Al 2O 3的用量分别为12.6g/37.68g,实施例II-5-2中蔗糖的用量为37.3g以外,其他条件与实施例II-5-1相同。
实施例II-5-3
步骤S1:制备掺杂的草酸锰
将1.3mol MnSO 4·H 2O与0.7mol FeSO 4·H 2O在混料机中充分混合6小时;将混合物转移至反应釜中,加入10L去离子水和2mol二水合草酸,加热至80℃,之后以600rpm转速搅拌6小时,反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe掺杂的草酸锰的悬浮液;过滤悬浮液,滤饼在120℃下烘干,研磨,得到粒径D v50为100nm左右的Fe掺杂的草酸锰颗粒;
步骤S2:制备包含Li 0.994Mo 0.001Mn 0.65Fe 0.35P 0.999Si 0.001O 3.999F 0.001的内核
取1mol Fe掺杂的草酸锰颗粒、0.497mol碳酸锂、0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3、含有0.999mol磷酸的浓度85%的磷酸水溶液、0.001mol的H 4SiO 4、0.0005mol的NH 4HF 2和0.005mol蔗糖加入到20L去离子水中,将混合物转入砂磨机中充分研磨搅拌10小时,得到浆料;将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到颗粒;在氮气(90%v/v)+氢气(10%v/v)保护气氛中,将颗粒在700℃下烧结10小时,得到内核材料。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)对内核材料进行元素含量检测,得到内核化学式为上述所示。
步骤S3:制备焦磷酸铁锂粉末
将4.77g碳酸锂、7.47g碳酸亚铁、14.84g磷酸二氢铵和1.3g二水合草酸溶于50ml去离子水中。混合物的pH为5,搅拌2小时使反应混合物充分反应。然后将反应后的溶液升温到80℃并保持该温度4小时,得到包含Li 2FeP 2O 7的悬浊液,将悬浊液进行过滤,用去离子水洗涤,并在120℃下干燥4h,得到粉末。将粉末在650℃、氮气气氛下烧结8小时,并自然冷却至室温后进行研磨,得到Li 2FeP 2O 7粉末。
步骤S4:制备包含三氧化二铝和蔗糖的悬浊液
将4.71g纳米级Al 2O 3(粒径约20nm)和3.73g蔗糖(以C 12H 22O 11计,下同)加入150ml去离子水中,搅拌6小时充分混合,然后将混合物升温至120℃并保持该温度6小时,得到包含三氧化二铝和蔗糖的悬浊液。
步骤S5:两层包覆层的制备
将157.21g上述内核与1.57g上述焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)粉末加入到上一步骤制备获得的包含三氧化二铝和蔗糖的悬浊液中,搅拌混合均匀后转入真空烘箱中在150℃下干燥6小时,然后通过砂磨分散所得产物,分散后将产物在氮气气氛中于700℃下烧结6小时,得到双层包覆的磷酸锰锂。
实施例II-5-4
除在制备焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)粉末的步骤S3中,在粉末烧结步骤中的烧结温度为550℃,烧结时间为1h以控制Li 2FeP 2O 7的结晶度为30%,其他条件与实施例II-5-3相同。
实施例II-5-5
制备掺杂的草酸锰:将1.3mol的MnSO 4﹒H 2O、0.7mol的FeSO 4﹒H 2O在混料机中充分混合6小时。将混合物转移至反应釜中,并加入10L去离子水和2mol二水合草酸(以草酸计)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后过滤所述悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv 50为100nm左右的Fe掺杂的草酸锰颗粒。
制备内核:取1mol上述草酸锰颗粒、0.497mol碳酸锂、0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3、含有0.999mol磷酸的浓度为85%的磷酸水溶液、0.001mol的H 4SiO 4、0.0005mol的NH 4HF 2和0.005mol蔗糖加入到20L去离子水中。将混合物转入砂磨机中充分研磨搅拌10小时,得到浆料。将所述浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到颗粒。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结10小时,得到碳包覆的Li 0.994Mo 0.001Mn 0.65Fe 0.35P 0.999Si 0.001O 3.999F 0.001,即内核。元素含量可用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)进行检测。
包覆层的包覆:将氨乙基氨丙基聚二甲基硅氧烷溶于二甲苯中形成包覆液,然后向其中加入制备的内核搅拌均匀形成混合浆料,再将混合浆料置于湿包机中,在氮气气氛中、120℃干燥4小时,得到正极活性材料。氨乙基氨丙基聚二甲基硅氧烷的极性官能团(即-CH 2NH 2和-CH 2NH-)的质量百分含量为12%、数均分子量为3700,包覆量为1重量%,基于制备的内核的重量计。
扣式电池和全电池的制备参见实施例II-1-1。
实施例II-5-6
步骤S1:制备Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的草酸锰
将689.6g碳酸锰、455.27g碳酸亚铁、4.65g硫酸钴、4.87g二氯化钒加入混料机中充分混合6小时。然后将得到的混合物转入反应釜中,并加入5L去离子水和1260.6g二水合草酸,加热至80℃,以500rpm的转速充分搅拌6小时,混合均匀,直至反应终止无气泡产生,得到Fe、Co、和V共掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后将悬浮液过滤,在120℃下烘干,再进行砂磨,得到粒径为100nm的草酸锰颗粒。
步骤S2:制备内核Li 0.997Mn 0.60Fe 0.393V 0.004Co 0.003P 0.997S 0.003O 4
取(1)中制备的草酸锰1793.1g以及368.3g碳酸锂、1146.6g磷酸二氢铵和4.9g稀硫酸,将它们加入到20L去离子水中,充分搅拌,在80℃下均匀混合反应10小时,得到浆料。将所述浆料转入喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,在250℃的温度下进行干燥,得到粉料。在保护气氛(90%氮气和10%氢气)中,在700℃下将所述粉料在辊道窑中进行烧结4小时,得到上述内核材料。
步骤S3:第一包覆层悬浊液的制备
制备Li 2FeP 2O 7溶液,将7.4g碳酸锂,11.6g碳酸亚铁,23.0g磷酸二氢铵和12.6g二水合草酸溶于500mL去离子水中,控制pH为5,然后搅拌并在室温下反应2小时得到溶液,之后将该溶液升温到80℃并保持此温度4小时,得到第一包覆层悬浊液。
步骤S4:第一包覆层的包覆
将步骤S2中获得的掺杂后的1571.9g磷酸锰锂内核材料加入到步骤S3中获得的第一包覆层悬浊液(包覆物质含量为15.7g)中,充分搅拌混合6小时,混合均匀后,转入120℃烘箱中干燥6小时,然后在650℃下烧结6小时得到焦磷酸盐包覆后的材料。
步骤S5:第二包覆层悬浊液的制备
将3.7g碳酸锂、11.6g碳酸亚铁、11.5g磷酸二氢铵和12.6g二水合草酸溶于1500mL去离子水中,然后搅拌并反应6小时得到溶液,之后将该溶液升温到120℃并保持此温度6小时,得到第二包覆层悬浊液。
步骤S6:第二包覆层的包覆
将步骤S4中获得的1586.8g的焦磷酸盐包覆后的材料加入到步骤S5中得到的第二包覆层悬浊液(包覆物质含量为47.1g)中,充分搅拌混合6小时,混合均匀后,转入120℃烘箱中干燥6小时,然后700℃烧结8小时得到两层包覆后的材料。
步骤S7:第三包覆层水溶液的制备
将37.3g蔗糖溶于500g去离子水中,然后搅拌并充分溶解,得到蔗糖水溶液。
步骤S8:第三包覆层的包覆
将步骤S6中获得的两层包覆的材料1633.9g加入到步骤S7中得到 的蔗糖溶液中,一同搅拌混合6小时,混合均匀后,转入150℃烘箱中干燥6小时,然后在700℃下烧结10小时得到三层包覆后的材料。
步骤S9:第四包覆层的包覆
将端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷溶于二甲苯中形成第四包覆液,然后向其中加入步骤S8中获得的三层包覆后的材料搅拌均匀形成混合浆料,再将混合浆料置于湿包机中,在氮气气氛中、120℃干燥4小时,得到四层包覆的正极活性材料。其中,端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷的极性官能团(即-OH)的质量百分含量为3.4%、数均分子量为1000,包覆量为1重量%,基于步骤S8中获得的三层包覆后的材料的重量计。
扣式电池和全电池的制备参见实施例II-1-1。
实施例II-5-7
制备掺杂的草酸锰:将1.3mol的MnSO 4﹒H 2O、0.7mol的FeSO 4﹒H 2O在混料机中充分混合6小时。将混合物转移至反应釜中,并加入10L去离子水和2mol二水合草酸(以草酸计)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,反应终止(无气泡产生),得到Fe掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后过滤所述悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv 50为100nm左右的Fe掺杂的草酸锰颗粒。
制备内核:取1mol上述草酸锰颗粒、0.497mol碳酸锂、0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3、含有0.999mol磷酸的浓度为85%的磷酸水溶液、0.001mol的H 4SiO 4、0.0005mol的NH 4HF 2和0.005mol蔗糖加入到20L去离子水中。将混合物转入砂磨机中充分研磨搅拌10小时,得到浆料。将所述浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到颗粒。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结10小时,得到碳包覆的Li 0.994Mo 0.001Mn 0.65Fe 0.35P 0.999Si 0.001O 3.999F 0.001,即内核。元素含量可用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)进行检测。
包覆层的包覆:将羧甲基壳聚糖溶于去离子水中形成包覆液,然后向其中加入内核材料搅拌均匀形成混合浆料,再将混合浆料置于湿包机中,在氮气气氛中、120℃干燥4小时,得到正极活性材料。其中,羧甲基壳聚糖中糖单元上连接的取代基的质量百分含量为60.2%、数均分子 量为26000,包覆量为1重量%,基于内核的重量计。
扣式电池和全电池的制备参见实施例II-1-1。
对比例II-1
制备草酸锰:将1149.3g碳酸锰加至反应釜中,并加入5升去离子水和1260.6g二水合草酸(以C 2H 2O 4·2H 2O计,下同)。将反应釜加热至80℃,以600rpm的转速搅拌6小时,直至反应终止(无气泡产生),得到草酸锰悬浮液,然后过滤悬浮液,将滤饼在120℃下烘干,之后进行研磨,得到中值粒径Dv50为100nm的二水草酸锰颗粒。
制备碳包覆的磷酸锰锂:取1789.6g上述获得的二水草酸锰颗粒、369.4g碳酸锂(以Li 2CO 3计,下同),1150.1g磷酸二氢铵(以NH 4H 2PO 4计,下同)和31g蔗糖(以C 12H 22O 11计,下同)加入到20升去离子水中,将混合物搅拌10小时使其混合均匀,得到浆料。将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到粉料。在氮气(90体积%)+氢气(10体积%)保护气氛中,将上述粉料在700℃下烧结4小时,得到碳包覆的磷酸锰锂。
实施对比例II-2
除使用689.5g的碳酸锰和额外添加463.3g的碳酸亚铁以外,对比例II-2的其他条件与对比例II-1相同。
对比例II-3
除使用1148.9g的磷酸二氢铵和369.0g碳酸锂,并额外添加1.6g的60%浓度的稀硫酸以外,对比例II-3的其他条件与对比例II-1相同。
实施对比例II-4
除使用689.5g的碳酸锰、1148.9g的磷酸二氢铵和369.0g碳酸锂,并额外添加463.3g的碳酸亚铁、1.6g的60%浓度的稀硫酸以外,对比例II-4的其他条件与对比例II-1相同。
实施对比例II-5
除额外增加以下步骤:制备焦磷酸铁锂粉末:将9.52g碳酸锂、29.9g碳酸亚铁、29.6g磷酸二氢铵和32.5g二水合草酸溶于50ml去离子水中。混合物的pH为5,搅拌2小时使反应混合物充分反应。然后将反应后的溶液升温到80℃并保持该温度4小时,得到包含Li 2FeP 2O 7的悬浊液, 将悬浊液进行过滤,用去离子水洗涤,并在120℃下干燥4h,得到粉末。将粉末在500℃、氮气气氛下烧结4小时,并自然冷却至室温后进行研磨,控制Li 2FeP 2O 7的结晶度为5%,制备碳包覆的材料时,Li 2FeP 2O 7的用量为62.8g以外,对比例II-5的其它条件与对比例II-4相同。
实施对比例II-6
除额外增加以下步骤:制备磷酸铁锂悬浊液:将14.7g碳酸锂、46.1g碳酸亚铁、45.8g磷酸二氢铵和50.2g二水合草酸溶于500ml去离子水中,然后搅拌6小时使混合物充分反应。然后将反应后的溶液升温到120℃并保持该温度6小时,得到包含LiFePO 4的悬浊液,在磷酸铁锂(LiFePO 4)的制备过程中在包覆烧结步骤中的烧结温度为600℃,烧结时间为4h以控制LiFePO 4的结晶度为8%以外,制备碳包覆的材料时,LiFePO 4的用量为62.8g以外,对比例II-6的其它条件与对比例II-4相同。
实施对比例II-7
制备焦磷酸铁锂粉末:将2.38g碳酸锂、7.5g碳酸亚铁、7.4g磷酸二氢铵和8.1g二水合草酸溶于50ml去离子水中。混合物的pH为5,搅拌2小时使反应混合物充分反应。然后将反应后的溶液升温到80℃并保持该温度4小时,得到包含Li 2FeP 2O 7的悬浊液,将悬浊液进行过滤,用去离子水洗涤,并在120℃下干燥4h,得到粉末。将粉末在500℃、氮气气氛下烧结4小时,并自然冷却至室温后进行研磨,控制Li 2FeP 2O 7的结晶度为5%。
制备磷酸铁锂悬浊液:将11.1g碳酸锂、34.7g碳酸亚铁、34.4g磷酸二氢铵、37.7g二水合草酸和37.3g蔗糖(以C 12H 22O 11计,下同)溶于1500ml去离子水中,然后搅拌6小时使混合物充分反应。然后将反应后的溶液升温到120℃并保持该温度6小时,得到包含LiFePO 4的悬浊液。
将得到的焦磷酸铁锂粉末15.7g,加入上述磷酸铁锂(LiFePO 4)和蔗糖悬浊液中,制备过程中在包覆烧结步骤中的烧结温度为600℃,烧结时间为4h以控制LiFePO 4的结晶度为8%以外,对比例II-7的其它条件与对比例II-4相同,得到非晶态焦磷酸铁锂、非晶态磷酸铁锂、碳包覆的正极活性材料。
实施对比例II-8至II-11
除在焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)的制备过程中在干燥步骤中的干燥温度/干燥时间在对比例II-8至II-10中分别为80℃/3h、80℃/3h、80℃/3h;在焦磷酸铁锂(Li 2FeP 2O 7)的制备过程中在烧结步骤中的烧结温度和烧结时间在对比例II-8至II-10中分别为400℃/3h、400℃/3h、350℃/2h,对比例II-11在磷酸铁锂(LiFePO 4)的制备过程中在干燥步骤中的干燥温度/干燥时间为80℃/3h;以及在对比例II-8至II-11中Li 2FeP 2O 7/LiFePO 4的用量分别为47.2g/15.7g、15.7g/47.2g、62.8g/0g、0g/62.8g以外,其他条件与实施例II-1-7相同。
上述实施例和对比例的正极极片的制备、负极极片的制备、电解液的制备、隔离膜和电池的制备均与实施例II-1-1的工艺相同。
【三层包覆的正极活性材料及电池的制备】
实施例III-1:
步骤1:正极活性材料的制备
步骤S1:制备Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的草酸锰
将689.6g碳酸锰、455.27g碳酸亚铁、4.65g硫酸钴、4.87g二氯化钒加入混料机中充分混合6h。然后将得到的混合物转入反应釜中,并加入5L去离子水和1260.6g二水合草酸,加热至80℃,以500rpm的转速充分搅拌6h,混合均匀,直至反应终止无气泡产生,得到Fe、Co、和V共掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后将悬浮液过滤,在120℃下烘干,再进行砂磨,得到粒径为100nm的草酸锰颗粒。
步骤S2:制备内核Li 0.997Mn 0.60Fe 0.393V 0.004Co 0.003P 0.997S 0.003O 4
取(1)中制备的草酸锰1793.1g以及368.3g碳酸锂、1146.6g磷酸二氢铵和4.9g稀硫酸,将它们加入到20L去离子水中,充分搅拌,在80℃下均匀混合反应10h,得到浆料。将浆料转入喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,在250℃的温度下进行干燥,得到粉料。在保护气氛(90%氮气和10%氢气)中,在700℃下将粉料在辊道窑中进行烧结4h,得到上述内核材料。
步骤S3:第一包覆层悬浊液的制备
制备Li 2FeP 2O 7溶液,将7.4g碳酸锂,11.6g碳酸亚铁,23.0g磷酸二氢铵和12.6g二水合草酸溶于500mL去离子水中,控制pH为5,然后搅拌并在室温下反应2h得到溶液,之后将该溶液升温到80℃并保持此温度4h,得到第一包覆层悬浊液。
步骤S4:第一包覆层的包覆
将步骤S2中获得的掺杂后的1571.9g磷酸锰锂内核材料加入到步骤S3中获得的第一包覆层悬浊液(包覆物质含量为15.7g)中,充分搅拌混合6h,混合均匀后,转入120℃烘箱中干燥6h,然后在650℃下烧结6h得到焦磷酸盐包覆后的材料。
步骤S5:第二包覆层悬浊液的制备
将3.7g碳酸锂、11.6g碳酸亚铁、11.5g磷酸二氢铵和12.6g二水合草酸溶于1500mL去离子水中,然后搅拌并反应6h得到溶液,之后将该溶液升温到120℃并保持此温度6h,得到第二包覆层悬浊液。
步骤S6:第二包覆层的包覆
将步骤S4中获得的1586.8g的焦磷酸盐包覆后的材料加入到步骤S5中得到的第二包覆层悬浊液(包覆物质含量为47.1g)中,充分搅拌混合6h,混合均匀后,转入120℃烘箱中干燥6h,然后700℃烧结8h得到两层包覆后的材料。
步骤S7:第三包覆层水溶液的制备
将37.3g蔗糖溶于500g去离子水中,然后搅拌并充分溶解,得到蔗糖水溶液。
步骤S8:第三包覆层的包覆
将步骤S6中获得的两层包覆的材料1633.9g加入到步骤S7中得到的蔗糖溶液中,一同搅拌混合6h,混合均匀后,转入150℃烘箱中干燥6h,然后在700℃下烧结10h得到三层包覆后的材料。
步骤2:正极极片的制备
将上述制备的三层包覆后的正极活性材料、导电剂乙炔黑、粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)按重量比为97.0:1.2:1.8加入到N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中,搅拌混合均匀,得到正极浆料。然后将正极浆料按 0.280g/1540.25mm 2均匀涂覆于铝箔上,经烘干、冷压、分切,得到正极极片。
步骤3:负极极片的制备
将负极活性物质人造石墨、硬碳、导电剂乙炔黑、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)、增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)按照重量比为90:5:2:2:1溶于溶剂去离子水中,搅拌混合均匀后制备成负极浆料。将负极浆料按0.117g/1540.25mm 2均匀涂覆在负极集流体铜箔上,经过烘干、冷压、分切,得到负极极片。
步骤4:电解液的制备
在氩气气氛手套箱中(H 2O<0.1ppm,O 2<0.1ppm),将有机溶剂碳酸乙烯酯(EC)/碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)按照体积比3/7混合均匀,加入12.5重量%(基于碳酸乙烯酯/碳酸甲乙酯溶剂的重量计)LiPF 6溶解于上述有机溶剂中,搅拌均匀,得到电解液。
步骤5:隔离膜的制备
使用市售的厚度为20μm、平均孔径为80nm的PP-PE共聚物微孔薄膜(来自卓高电子科技公司,型号20)。
步骤6:全电池的制备
将上述获得的正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序叠好,使隔离膜处于正负极中间起到隔离的作用,并卷绕得到裸电芯。将裸电芯置于外包装中,注入上述电解液并封装,得到全电池(下文也称“全电”)。
(扣式电池的制备)
将上述制备的正极活性材料、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、乙炔黑以90:5:5的重量比加入至N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中,在干燥房中搅拌制成浆料。在铝箔上涂覆上述浆料,干燥、冷压制成正极极片。涂覆量为0.2g/cm 2,压实密度为2.0g/cm 3
采用锂片作为负极,采用1mol/L的LiPF 6在体积比1:1:1的碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)中的溶液为电解液,与上述制备的正极极片一起在扣电箱中组装成扣式电池(下文也称“扣电”)。
实施例III-2至III-53和对比例III-1至III-17
以类似于实施例III-1的方式制备实施例III-2至III-53和对比例III-1至III-17中的正极活性材料和电池,正极活性材料的制备中的不同之处参见表1-6,其中对比例III-1至III-2、对比例III-4至III-10和对比例III-12未包覆第一层,因此没有步骤S3、S4;对比例III-1至III-11未包覆第二层,因此没有步骤S5-S6。
注:本申请所有实施例和对比例中,如未标明,则使用的第一包覆层物质和/或第二包覆层物质均默认为晶态。
表1:内核的制备原料
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000004
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000005
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000007
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000010
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000011
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000012
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000013
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000014
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000015
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000016
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000017
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000018
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000019
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000020
实施例III-2-1至III-2-24
改变了步骤S4、S6和S8中烧结温度和烧结时间,其余与实施例III-1相同,具体见表30。
实施例III-3-1至III-3-20
改变了内核制备中的反应温度和反应时间,其余与实施例III-1相同,具体见表31。
实施例III-4-1
步骤S1:制备Fe、Co、V和S共掺杂的草酸锰
将689.6g碳酸锰、455.27g碳酸亚铁、4.65g硫酸钴、4.87g二氯化钒加入混料机中充分混合6h。然后将得到的混合物转入反应釜中,并加入5L去离子水和1260.6g二水合草酸,加热至80℃,以500rpm的转速充分搅拌6h,混合均匀,直至反应终止无气泡产生,得到Fe、Co、和V共掺杂的草酸锰悬浮液。然后将悬浮液过滤,在120℃下烘干,再进行砂磨,得到粒径为100nm的草酸锰颗粒。
步骤S2:制备内核Li 0.997Mn 0.60Fe 0.393V 0.004Co 0.003P 0.997S 0.003O 4
取(1)中制备的草酸锰1793.1g以及368.3g碳酸锂、1146.6g磷酸二氢铵和4.9g稀硫酸,将它们加入到20L去离子水中,充分搅拌,在80℃下均匀混合反应10h,得到浆料。将浆料转入喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,在250℃的温度下进行干燥,得到粉料。在保护气氛(90%氮气和10%氢气)中,在700℃下将粉料在辊道窑中进行烧结4h,得到内核材料。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)对内核材料进行元素含量检测,得到内核化学式为上述所示。
步骤S3:第一包覆层悬浊液的制备
制备Li 2FeP 2O 7溶液:将7.4g碳酸锂,11.6g碳酸亚铁,23.0g磷酸二氢铵和12.6g二水合草酸溶于500mL去离子水中,控制pH为5,然后搅拌并在室温下反应2h得到溶液,之后将该溶液升温到80℃并保持此温度4h,得到第一包覆层悬浊液。
步骤S4:第一包覆层的包覆
将步骤S2中获得的掺杂后的1571.9g磷酸锰锂内核材料加入到步骤S3中获得的第一包覆层悬浊液(包覆物质含量为15.7g)中,充分 搅拌混合6h,混合均匀后,转入120℃烘箱中干燥6h,然后在650℃下烧结6h得到焦磷酸盐包覆后的材料。
步骤S5:第二包覆层悬浊液的制备
将47.1g纳米级Al 2O 3(粒径约20nm)溶于1500mL去离子水中,搅拌2h,得到第二包覆层悬浊液。
步骤S6:第二包覆层的包覆
将步骤S4中获得的1586.8g的焦磷酸盐包覆后的材料加入到步骤S5中得到的第二包覆层悬浊液(包覆物质含量为47.1g)中,充分搅拌混合6h,混合均匀后,转入120℃烘箱中干燥6h,然后700℃烧结8h得到两层包覆后的材料。
步骤S7:第三包覆层水溶液的制备
将37.3g蔗糖溶于500g去离子水中,然后搅拌并充分溶解,得到蔗糖水溶液。
步骤S8:第三包覆层的包覆
将步骤S6中获得的两层包覆的材料1633.9g加入到步骤S7中得到的蔗糖溶液中,一同搅拌混合6h,混合均匀后,转入150℃烘箱中干燥6h,然后在700℃下烧结10h得到三层包覆后的材料。
内核:Li 0.997Mn 0.60Fe 0.393V 0.004Co 0.003P 0.997S 0.003O 4;第一包覆层为1%晶态Li 2FeP 2O 7;第二包覆层为3%晶态Al 2O 3;第三包覆层为1%碳,其SP2与SP3摩尔比为2.2。
实施例III-4-2
除了步骤S8中蔗糖的量为111.9g并且在600℃下烧结9小时外,其余与实施例III-4-1相同。
内核、第一包覆层和第二包覆层与实施例III-4-1相同;第三包覆层为3%碳,其SP2与SP3摩尔比为2.3。
实施例III-4-3
步骤S1:制备掺杂的草酸锰
将1.3mol MnSO 4·H 2O与0.7mol FeSO 4·H 2O在混料机中充分混合6小时;将混合物转移至反应釜中,加入10L去离子水和2mol二水合草酸,加热至80℃,之后以600rpm转速搅拌6小时,反应终止(无 气泡产生),得到Fe掺杂的草酸锰的悬浮液;过滤悬浮液,滤饼在120℃下烘干,研磨,得到粒径Dv 50为100nm左右的Fe掺杂的草酸锰颗粒;
步骤S2:制备包含Li 0.994Mo 0.001Mn 0.65Fe 0.35P 0.999Si 0.001O 3.999F 0.001的内核
取1mol Fe掺杂的草酸锰颗粒、0.497mol碳酸锂、0.001mol的Mo(SO 4) 3、含有0.999mol磷酸的浓度85%的磷酸水溶液、0.001mol的H 4SiO 4、0.0005mol的NH 4HF 2和0.005mol蔗糖加入到20L去离子水中,将混合物转入砂磨机中充分研磨搅拌10小时,得到浆料;将浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,设定干燥温度为250℃,干燥4小时,得到颗粒;在氮气(90%v/v)+氢气(10%v/v)保护气氛中,将颗粒在700℃下烧结10小时,得到内核材料。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)对内核材料进行元素含量检测,得到内核化学式为上述所示。
步骤S3:第一包覆层悬浊液的制备
制备Li 2FeP 2O 7溶液:将7.4g碳酸锂,11.6g碳酸亚铁,23.0g磷酸二氢铵和12.6g二水合草酸溶于500mL去离子水中,控制pH为5,然后搅拌并在室温下反应2h得到溶液,之后将该溶液升温到80℃并保持此温度4h,得到第一包覆层悬浊液。
步骤S4:第一包覆层的包覆
将步骤S2中获得的掺杂后的157.2g磷酸锰锂内核材料加入到步骤S3中获得的第一包覆层悬浊液(包覆物质含量为1.572g)中,充分搅拌混合6h,混合均匀后,转入120℃烘箱中干燥6h,然后在650℃下烧结6h得到焦磷酸盐包覆后的材料。
步骤S5:第二包覆层悬浊液的制备
将4.71g纳米Al 2O 3(粒径约20nm)溶于1500mL去离子水中,搅拌2h,得到第二包覆层悬浊液。
步骤S6:第二包覆层的包覆
将步骤S4中获得的158.772g的焦磷酸盐包覆后的材料加入到步骤S5中得到的第二包覆层悬浊液(包覆物质含量为4.71g)中,充分 搅拌混合6h,混合均匀后,转入120℃烘箱中干燥6h,然后700℃烧结8h得到两层包覆后的材料。
步骤S7:第三包覆层水溶液的制备
将37.3g蔗糖溶于500g去离子水中,然后搅拌并充分溶解,得到蔗糖水溶液。
步骤S8:第三包覆层的包覆
将步骤S6中获得的两层包覆的材料1633.9g加入到步骤S7中得到的蔗糖溶液中,一同搅拌混合6h,混合均匀后,转入150℃烘箱中干燥6h,然后在700℃下烧结10h得到三层包覆后的材料。
内核:Li 0.994Mo 0.001Mn 0.65Fe 0.35P 0.999Si 0.001O 3.999F 0.001;第一包覆层为1%晶态Li 2FeP 2O 7;第二包覆层为3%晶态Al 2O 3;第三包覆层为1%碳,其SP2与SP3摩尔比为2.2。
实施例III-4-4
除了如下的差异,其余与实施例III-4-3相同:
步骤S3:将53.3g氯化铝、34.5g磷酸二氢铵和18.9g二水合草酸溶于500mL去离子水中,控制pH为4,然后搅拌并在室温下反应2h得到溶液,之后将该溶液升温到80℃并保持此温度4h,得到第一包覆层悬浊液。
步骤S4:在680℃下烧结8h,其余与实施例III-4-3的步骤S4相同。
内核、第二包覆层和第三包覆层与实施例III-4-3的相同;第一包覆层为1%晶态Al 4(P 2O 7) 3
【两种正极活性材料混合使用及电池的制备】
实施例IV-1
实施例I-1的内核材料与镍钴锰酸锂LiNi 0.5Co 0.2Mn 0.3O 2按照质量比1:1混合作为正极活性材料。
正极极片的制备:将正极活性材料的浆料以0.019g/cm 2的涂布量均匀涂在集流体铝箔的两面,在100~120℃的高温下真空干燥14h,辊压机压实,得到正极极片P4。
负极极片的制备:将负极活性材料人造石墨、导电剂超导炭黑 (Super-P)、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)、增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)按照质量比为95%:1.5%:1.8%:1.7%溶于去离子水中,充分搅拌混合均匀后,得到粘度3000mPa.s、固含52%的负极浆料;将负极浆料涂覆在6μm的负极集流体铜箔上,之后在100℃烘烤4小时以烘干,辊压,得到压实密度为1.75g/cm3的负极极片。
隔离膜:采用聚丙烯膜。
电解液的制备:将碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸二甲酯和1,2-丙二醇碳酸酯按体积比1:1:1混合,然后将LiPF 6均匀溶解在上述溶液中,得到电解液。该电解液中,LiPF 6的浓度为1mol/L。
全电池的制备:采用上述的正极极片,按照负极极片、隔膜、正极极片的顺序,采用卷绕法形成裸电芯,分别冲切出铝极耳和铜极耳,得到裸电芯;通过转接片将两个裸电芯铜与铜极耳,铝与铝极耳一起焊接到电池顶盖上,对裸电芯进行包裹绝缘后,将裸电芯装入铝壳中,将顶盖与铝壳焊接形成干电芯,对干电芯进行烘烤除水后注入电解液,对电池进行化成和老化,相应地得到全电池。
扣电池的制备:将上述的正极极片与负极、电解液一起在扣电箱中组装成扣式电池(下文也称“扣电”)。
实施例IV-2
实施例I-1的内核材料与镍钴铝酸锂LiNi 0.33Co 0.33Al 0.34O 2按照质量比1:1混合作为正极活性材料。
其余与实施例IV-1相同。
电池测试
1.晶格变化率测试方法:
在25℃恒温环境下,将正极活性材料样品置于XRD(型号为Bruker D8 Discover)中,采用1°/min对样品进行测试,并对测试数据进行整理分析,参照标准PDF卡片,计算出此时的晶格常数a0、b0、c0和v0(a0,b0和c0表示晶胞各个方面上的长度大小,v0表示晶胞体积,可通过XRD精修结果直接获取)。
采用上述实施例中扣电制备方法,将正极活性材料样品制备成扣电,并对上述扣电以0.05C小倍率进行充电,直至电流减小至0.01C。 然后将扣电中的正极极片取出,并置于碳酸二甲酯(DMC)中浸泡8小时。然后烘干,刮粉,并筛选出其中粒径小于500nm的颗粒。取样并按照与上述测试新鲜样品同样的方式计算出其晶胞体积v1,将(v0-v1)/v0×100%作为其完全脱嵌锂前后的晶格变化率(晶胞体积变化率)示于表中。
2.Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度:
将“晶格变化率测量方法”中测试的XRD结果与标准晶体的PDF(Powder Diffraction File)卡片对比,得出Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度。具体而言,将“晶格变化率测量方法”中测试的XRD结果导入通用结构分析系统(GSAS)软件中,自动获得精修结果,其中包含了不同原子的占位情况,通过读取精修结果获得Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度。
3.压实密度:
取5g的上述制得的正极活性材料粉末放于压实专用模具(美国CARVER模具,型号13mm)中,然后将模具放在压实密度仪器上。施加3T的压力,在设备上读出压力下粉末的厚度(卸压后的厚度),通过ρ=m/v,计算出压实密度,其中使用的面积值为标准的小图片面积1540.25mm 2
4. 3C充电恒流比:
在25℃恒温环境下,将上述各个实施例和对比例制备的新鲜全电池静置5min,按照1/3C放电至2.5V。静置5min,按照1/3C充电至4.3V,然后在4.3V下恒压充电至电流小于等于0.05mA。静置5min,记录此时的充电容量为C0。按照1/3C放电至2.5V,静置5min,再按照3C充电至4.3V,静置5min,记录此时的充电容量为C1。3C充电恒流比即为C1/C0×100%。
3C充电恒流比越高,说明二次电池的倍率性能越好。
5.过渡金属Mn(以及Mn位掺杂的Fe)溶出测试:
将45℃下循环至容量衰减至80%后的上述各个实施例和对比例制备的全电池采用0.1C倍率进行放电至截止电压2.0V。然后将电池拆开,取出负极极片,在负极极片上随机取30个单位面积(1540.25mm 2)的圆片,用Agilent ICP-OES730测试电感耦合等离子 体发射光谱(ICP)。根据ICP结果计算其中Fe(如果正极活性材料的Mn位掺杂有Fe的话)和Mn的量,从而计算循环后Mn(以及Mn位掺杂的Fe)的溶出量。测试标准依据EPA-6010D-2014。
6.表面氧价态:
取5g上述制得的正极活性材料样品按照上述实施例中扣电制备方法制备成扣电。对扣电采用0.05C小倍率进行充电,直至电流减小至0.01C。然后将扣电中的正极极片取出,并置于DMC中浸泡8小时。然后烘干,刮粉,并筛选出其中粒径小于500nm的颗粒。将所得颗粒用电子能量损失谱(EELS,所用仪器型号为Talos F200S)进行测量,获取能量损失近边结构(ELNES),其反映元素的态密度和能级分布情况。根据态密度和能级分布,通过对价带态密度数据进行积分,算出占据的电子数,从而推算出充电后的表面氧的价态。
7.正极活性材料中锰元素和磷元素的测量:
将5g上述制得的正极活性材料在100ml逆王水(浓盐酸:浓硝酸=1:3)中(浓盐酸浓度~37%,浓硝酸浓度~65%)溶解,利用ICP测试溶液各元素的含量,然后对锰元素或磷元素的含量进行测量和换算(100%×锰元素或磷元素的量/正极活性材料的量),得到其重量占比。
8.扣式电池初始克容量测量方法:
在2.5-4.3V下,将上述各实施例III-和对比例III-制备的扣式电池按照0.1C充电至4.3V,然后在4.3V下恒压充电至电流小于等于0.05mA,静置5min,然后按照0.1C放电至2.0V,此时的放电容量为初始克容量,记为D0。
9.全电池60℃存储30天电芯膨胀测试:
在60℃下,存储100%充电状态(SOC)的上述各个实施例III-和对比例III-制备的全电池。在存储前后及过程中测量电芯的开路电压(OCV)和交流内阻(IMP)以监控SOC,并测量电芯的体积。其中在每存储48h后取出全电池,静置1h后测试开路电压(OCV)、内阻(IMP),并在冷却至室温后用排水法测量电芯体积。排水法即先用表盘数据自动进行单位转换的天平单独测量电芯的重力F 1,然后将 电芯完全置于去离子水(密度已知为1g/cm 3)中,测量此时的电芯的重力F 2,电芯受到的浮力F 即为F 1-F 2,然后根据阿基米德原理F =ρ×g×V ,计算得到电芯体积V=(F 1-F 2)/(ρ×g)。
由OCV、IMP测试结果来看,本实验过程中直至存储结束,全部实施例的电池始终保持99%以上的SOC。
存储30天后,测量电芯体积,并计算相对于存储前的电芯体积,存储后的电芯体积增加的百分比。
另外,测量电芯残余容量。在2.5~4.3V下,将全电池按照1C充电至4.3V,然后在4.3V下恒压充电至电流小于等于0.05mA。静置5min,记录此时的充电容量为电芯残余容量。
10.全电池45℃下循环性能测试:
在45℃的恒温环境下,在2.5-4.3V下,按照1C充电至4.3V,然后在4.3V下恒压充电至电流≤0.05mA,静置5min,然后按照1C放电至2.5V,容量记为D n(n=0,1,2,……)。重复前述过程,直至容量衰减(fading)到80%,记录此时的重复次数,即为45℃下80%容量保持率对应的循环圈数。
11.晶面间距和夹角测试:
取1g上述制得的各正极活性材料粉末于50mL的试管中,并在试管中注入10mL质量分数为75%的酒精,然后进行充分搅拌分散30分钟,然后用干净的一次性塑料吸管取适量上述溶液滴加在300目铜网上,此时,部分粉末将在铜网上残留,将铜网连带样品转移至TEM(Talos F200s G2)样品腔中进行测试,得到TEM测试原始图片,保存原始图片格式(xx.dm3)。
将上述TEM测试所得原始图片在DigitalMicrograph软件中打开,并进行傅里叶变换(点击操作后由软件自动完成)得到衍射花样,量取衍射花样中衍射光斑到中心位置的距离,即可得到晶面间距,夹角根据布拉格方程进行计算得到。
通过得到的晶面间距和相应夹角数据,与其标准值比对,即可对包覆层的不同物质进行识别。
12.包覆层厚度测试:
包覆层的厚度大小测试主要通过FIB从上述制得的正极活性材料单个颗粒中间切取100nm左右厚度的薄片,然后对薄片进行TEM测试,得到TEM测试原始图片,保存原始图片格式(xx.dm3)。
将上述TEM测试所得原始图片在DigitalMicrograph软件中打开,通过晶格间距和夹角信息,识别出包覆层,量取包覆层的厚度。
对所选颗粒测量三个位置处的厚度,取平均值。
13.第三层包覆层碳中SP2形态和SP3形态摩尔比的测定
本测试通过拉曼(Raman)光谱进行。通过对Raman测试的能谱进行分峰,得到Id/Ig,其中Id为SP3形态碳的峰强度,Ig为SP2形态碳的峰强度,从而确认两者的摩尔比。
14.扣电平均放电电压(V)测试:
将上述制得的扣式电池在25℃恒温环境下,静置5min,按照0.1C放电至2.5V,静置5min,按照0.1C充电至4.3V,然后在4.3V下恒压充电至电流小于等于0.05mA,静置5min;然后按照0.1C放电至2.5V,此时的放电容量为初始克容量,记为D0,放电能量为初始能量,记为E0,扣电平均放电电压V即为E0/D0。
15.X射线衍射法测试焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐的结晶度:
取5g上述制得的正极活性材料粉末,通过X射线测得总散射强度,它是整个空间物质的散射强度之和,只与初级射线的强度、化学结构、参加衍射的总电子数即质量多少有关,而与样品的序态无关;然后从衍射图上将结晶散射和非结晶散射分开,结晶度即是结晶部分散射与散射总强度之比。
16.二次电池进行如下测试:
(1)按照国标GB 38031-2020“电动汽车用动力蓄电池安全要求”中的方法测定二次电池的能量密度和炉温实验结果;
(2)针刺测试:将二次电池充满至100%SOC,用Φ8mm钢针以25mm/2的速度刺穿电芯,观察1h,如未发生起火,则通过测试;
(3)按照国标GBT31486-2015“电动汽车用动力蓄电池电性能要求及试验方法”测定二次电池的室温1C充电容量保持率以及低温放电容量保持率,以获取电池的动力学数据;
(4)按照国标GBT31484-2015“电动汽车用动力蓄电池循环寿命要求及试验方法”测定二次电池的循环寿命数据。
所有实施例和对比例的性能测试结果参见下面的表格。
【包括内核的正极活性材料及电池的测定结果】
表9中示出实施例I-1至I-11和对比例I-1至I-8的正极活性材料组成。表10中示出实施例I-1至I-11和对比例I-1至I-8的正极活性材料或扣电或全电按照上述性能测试方法测得的性能数据。表11示出实施例I-12至I-27的正极活性材料组成。表12中示出实施例I-12至I-27的正极活性材料或扣电或全电按照上述性能测试方法测得的性能数据。
表9:实施例I-1至I-11和对比例I-1至I-8的正极活性材料组成
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000021
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000022
表10实施例I-1至I-11和对比例I-1至I-8的正极活性材料或扣电或全电按照上述性能测试方法测得的性能数据
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000023
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000024
表11实施例I-12至I-27的正极活性材料组成
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000025
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000026
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000027
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000028
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000029
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000030
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000031
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000032
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000033
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000034
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000035
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000036
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000037
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000038
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000039
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000040
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000041
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000042
综合实施例II-1-1至II-1-41以及对比例II-1至实施对比例II-4可知,第一包覆层的存在有利于降低所得材料的Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度和循环后Fe和Mn溶出量,提高电池的扣电克容量,并改善电池的安全性能和循环性能。当在Mn位和磷位分别掺杂其他元素时,可显著降低所得材料的晶格变化率、反位缺陷浓度和Fe和Mn溶出量,提高电池的克容量,并改善电池的安全性能和循环性能。
综合实施例II-1-1至II-1-6可知,随着第一包覆层的量从3.2%增加至6.4%,所得材料的Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度逐渐下降,循环后Fe和Mn溶出量逐渐下降,对应电池的安全性能和45℃下的循环性能也得到改善,但扣电克容量略有下降。可选地,当第一包覆层的总量为4-5.6重量%时,对应电池的综合性能最佳。
综合实施例II-1-3以及实施例II-1-7至II-1-10可知,随着第二包覆层的量从1%增加至6%,所得材料的Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度逐渐下降,循环后Fe和Mn溶出量逐渐下降,对应电池的安全性能和45℃下的循环性能也得到改善,但扣电克容量却略有下降。可选地,当第二包覆层的总量为3-5重量%时,对应电池的综合性能最佳。
综合实施例II-1-11至II-1-15以及实施对比例II-5至II-6可知,当第一包覆层中同时存在Li 2FeP 2O 7和LiFePO 4、特别是Li 2FeP 2O 7和LiFePO 4的重量比为1:3至3:1,并且尤其是1:3至1:1时,对电池性能的改善更加明显。
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000043
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000044
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000045
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000046
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000047
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000048
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000049
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000050
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000051
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000052
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000053
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000054
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000055
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000056
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000057
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000058
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000059
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000060
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000061
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000062
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000063
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000064
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000065
Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-000066

Claims (86)

  1. 一种正极活性材料,包括式(I)所示的化合物,
    Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n
    (I)
    其中,
    所述A包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IIB族、VB族和VIB族中的一种或多种元素;
    所述B包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IVA族、VA族、IIB族、IVB族、VB族、VIB族和VIII族中的一种或多种元素;
    所述C包括选自IIIA族、IVA族、VA族和VIA族中的一种或多种元素;
    所述D包括选自VIA族和VIIA族中的一种或多种元素;
    所述a选自0.85至1.15的范围;
    所述x选自0至0.1的范围;
    所述y选自0.001至0.999的范围;
    所述z选自0至0.5的范围;
    所述n选自0至0.5的范围。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述A包括选自Rb、Cs、Be、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ga、In、Cd、V、Ta、Cr、Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的一种或多种元素,可选为包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
    所述B包括选自Rb、Cs、Be、Ca、Sr、Ba、In、Pb、Bi、Cd、Hf、Ta、Cr、Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Pt、Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,可选为包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
    所述C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
    所述D包括选自S、F、Cl和Br中的一种或多种元素。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述A包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的任一种元素,可选为选自Mg和Nb中的任一种元素;和/或,
    所述B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,可选为选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的至少两种元素,更可选为选自Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的至少两种元素,进一步可选为选自Fe、Ti、V、Co和Mg中的至少两种元素,更进一步可选为Fe与选自Ti、V、Co和Mg中的一种以上元素;和/或,
    所述C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的任一种元素,可选为S;和/或,
    所述D包括选自S、F、Cl和Br中的任一种元素,可选为F。
  4. 根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述a选自0.9至1.1的范围,可选地选自0.97至1.01的范围;和/或,
    所述x选自0.001至0.005的范围;和/或,
    所述y选自0.001至0.5的范围,可选地选自0.01至0.5的范围,可选地选自0.25至0.5的范围;和/或,
    所述z选自0.001至0.5的范围,可选地选自0.001至0.1的范围,更可选地选自0.001至0.005的范围;和/或,
    所述n选自0至0.1的范围,可选地选自0.001至0.005的范围。
  5. 根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述x为0,所述z选自0.001至0.5的范围,且所述n选自0.001至0.1的范围;或,
    所述x选自0.001至0.1的范围,所述z为0,且所述n选自0.001至0.1的范围;或,
    所述x选自0.001至0.1的范围,所述z选自0.001至0.5的范围,所述n为0;或,
    所述x为0,所述z为0,且所述n选自0.001至0.1的范围;或,
    所述x为0,所述z选自0.001至0.5的范围,且所述n为0;或,
    所述x选自0.001至0.1的范围,所述z选自0.001至0.5的范围,且所述n选自0.001至0.1的范围。
  6. 根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,y:z选自0.002至999的范围,可选为选自0.025至999的范围,更可选为选自0.2至600的范围。
  7. 根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,z:n选自0.002至500的范围,可选为选自0.2至100的范围,更可选为选自0.2至50的范围。
  8. 根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述A包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Nb、Mo和W中的一种或多种元素;
    所述B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素;
    所述C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;
    所述D包括选自S、F、Cl和Br中的一种或多种元素;
    所述a选自0.9至1.1的范围,所述x选自0.001至0.1的范围,所述y选自0.001至0.5的范围,所述z选自0.001至0.1的范围,所述n选自0.001至0.1的范围。
  9. 根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述B包括选自Zn、Al、Na、K、Mg、Mo、W、Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素、可选地为选自Zn、Fe、Ti、V、Ni、Co和Mg中的一种或多种元素;
    所述C为选自B、Si、N和S中的一种或多种元素;
    所述a选自0.9至1.1的范围,所述x为0,所述y选自0.001至0.5的范围,所述z选自0.001至0.1的范围,所述n为0。
  10. 根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述正极活性材料包括内核及包覆所述内核的壳,
    所述内核包括所述式I所示的化合物;
    所述壳包括一个或多个包覆层;所述包覆层具有离子电导性或电子电导性。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
  12. 根据权利要求10或11所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述壳包括一个包覆层;
    可选地,所述包覆层包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
  13. 根据权利要求10或11所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述壳包括包覆所述内核的第一包覆层以及包覆所述第一包覆层的第二包覆层;
    可选地,所述第一包覆层和第二包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述第一包覆层包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、氧化物和硼化物中的一种或多种,所述第二包覆层包括选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种。
  15. 根据权利要求10或11所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述壳包括包覆所述内核的第一包覆层、包覆所述第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆所述第二包覆层的第三包覆层;
    可选地,所述第一包覆层、第二包覆层和第三包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种。
  16. 根据权利要求15所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐,所述第二包覆层包括选自磷酸盐、氧化物和硼化物中的一种或多种,所述第三包覆层包括选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种。
  17. 根据权利要求11至16中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述焦磷酸盐为M b(P 2O 7) c;和/或,
    所述磷酸盐为X m(PO 4) q;和/或,
    所述掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自IIIA族、VA族、VIA族和VIIA族中的一种或多种;和/或,
    所述氧化物为M′ dO e;和/或,
    所述硼化物为Z vB w;和/或,
    所述聚合物包括选自多糖及其衍生物、聚硅氧烷中的一种或多种;
    其中,
    所述M、X和Z各自独立地包括选自IA族、IIA族、IIIA族、IB族、IIB族、IVB族、VB族、VIIB族和VIII族中的一种或多种元素;所述b选自1至4的范围;所述c选自1至6的范围;所述m选自1至2的范围;所述q选自1至4的范围;所述M′包括选自碱金属、碱土金属、过渡金属、第IIIA族元素、第IVA族元素、镧系元 素和Sb中的一种或多种元素;所述d大于0且小于或等于2;所述e大于0且小于或等于5;所述v选自1至7的范围;所述w选自1至2的范围。
  18. 根据权利要求17所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述M、X和Z各自独立地包括选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb、Mn和Al中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
    所述掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种;和/或,
    所述M′包括选自Li、Be、B、Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Ge、As、Se、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Tc、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Cd、In、Sn、Sb、Te、W、La和Ce中的一种或多种元素,可选为包括选自Mg、Al、Si、Zn、Zr和Sn中的一种或多种元素;和/或,
    所述聚硅氧烷选自线状结构的聚硅氧烷和环状结构的聚硅氧烷中的一种或多种;和/或,
    所述多糖选自植物多糖和海洋多糖中的一种或多种。
  19. 根据权利要求10或11或13或14或17或18所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述正极活性材料包括内核及包覆所述内核的壳,
    所述内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,其中,所述a选自0.9至1.1的范围,所述y选自0.001至0.5的范围,所述z选自0.001至0.1的范围,所述B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,所述C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;
    所述壳包括包覆所述内核的第一包覆层以及包覆所述第一包覆层的第二包覆层,
    其中,所述第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7和磷酸盐XPO 4,其中所述M和X各自独立地选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种;
    所述第二包覆层包含碳。
  20. 根据权利要求10或11或15或16或17或18所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述正极活性材料包括内核及包覆所述内核的壳,
    所述内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,其中,所述a选自0.9至1.1的范围,所述y选自0.001至0.5的范围,所述z选自0.001至0.1的范围,所述B包括选自Ti、V、Zr、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Ga、Sn、Sb、Nb和Ge中的一种或多种元素,所述C包括选自B(硼)、S、Si和N中的一种或多种元素;
    所述壳包括包覆所述内核的第一包覆层、包覆所述第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆所述第二包覆层的第三包覆层,其中,
    所述第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h,其中,0≤f≤2,1≤g≤4,1≤h≤6,所述焦磷酸盐Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h中的Q各自独立地为选自Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种元素;
    所述第二包覆层包括晶态磷酸盐XPO 4,其中,所述X为选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种元素;
    所述第三包覆层包含碳。
  21. 根据权利要求10至18中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述壳中与所述内核距离最远的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种。
  22. 根据权利要求10至21中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述聚硅氧烷包含式(i)所示的结构单元,
    Figure PCTCN2022126778-appb-100001
    其中,R 1和R 2独立地选自H、-COOH、-OH、-SH、-CN、-SCN、氨基、磷酸酯基、羧酸酯基、酰胺基、醛基、磺酰基、聚醚链段、C1~C20脂肪烃基、C1~C20卤代脂肪烃基、C1~C20杂脂肪烃基、C1~C20卤代杂脂肪烃基、C6~C20芳香烃基、C6~C20卤代芳香烃基、C2~C20杂芳香烃基和C2~C20卤代杂芳香烃基;
    可选地,R 1和R 2独立地选自H、氨基、磷酸酯基、聚醚链段、C1~C8烷基、C1~C8卤代烷基、C1~C8杂烷基、C1~C8卤代杂烷基、C2~C8烯基和C2~C8卤代烯基;
  23. 根据权利要求10至22中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述聚硅氧烷还包含封端基,所述封端基包括以下官能团组成的组中的至少一种:聚醚、C1~C8烷基、C1~C8卤代烷基、C1~C8杂烷基、C1~C8卤代杂烷基、C2~C8烯基、C2~C8卤代烯基、C6~C20芳香烃基、C1~C8烷氧基、C2~C8环氧基、羟基、C1~C8羟基烷基、氨基、C1~C8氨基烷基、羧基、C1~C8羧基烷基。
  24. 根据权利要求10至23中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述聚硅氧烷包括选自聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚二乙基硅氧烷、聚甲基乙基硅氧烷、聚甲基乙烯基硅氧烷、聚苯基甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基氢硅氧烷、羧基功能化聚硅氧烷、端环氧基聚硅氧烷、甲氧基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷、羟丙基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基氯丙基硅氧烷、端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚甲基三氟丙基硅氧烷、全氟辛基甲基聚硅氧烷、氨乙基氨丙基聚二甲基硅氧烷、端基聚醚聚二甲基硅氧烷、侧链氨丙基聚硅氧烷、氨丙基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷、侧链磷酸酯接枝聚二甲基硅氧烷、侧链聚醚接枝聚二甲基硅氧烷、1,3,5,7-八甲基环四硅氧烷、1,3,5,7-四氢-1,3,5,7-四甲基环四硅氧烷、环五聚二甲基硅氧烷、2,4,6,8-四甲基环四硅氧烷、2,4,6,8-四甲基-2,4,6,8-四乙烯基环四硅氧烷、环状聚甲基乙烯基硅氧烷、十六甲基环八硅氧烷、十四甲基环七硅氧烷、环状聚二甲基硅氧烷中的一种或多种。
  25. 根据权利要求10至24中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述聚硅氧烷、所述多糖和所述多糖衍生物的数均分子量各自独立地在300000以下,可选为10000至200000,更可选为20000至120000,进一步可选为400至80000。
  26. 根据权利要求10至25中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述聚硅氧烷中极性官能团的质量百分含量为α,0≤α<50%,可选地,5%≤α≤30%。
  27. 根据权利要求10至26中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述多糖和所述多糖衍生物中的糖单元上连接的取代基各自独立地包括由以下官能团组成的组中的至少一种:-OH、-COOH及其盐、-R-OH、-SO 3H及其盐、-R-OH、-R-SO 3H及其盐、硫酸酯基、烷氧基,其中,R表示亚烷基,可选地表示C1~C5亚烷基;
    可选地,所述多糖和所述多糖衍生物中的糖单元上连接的取代基各自独立地包括由以下官能团组成的组中的至少一种:-OH、-COOH、-COOLi、-COONa、-COOK、-SO 3H、-SO 3Li、-SO 3Na、-SO 3K、-CH 2-SO 3H、-CH 2-SO 3Li、-CH 2-SO 3Na、-CH 2-SO 3K、甲氧基、乙氧基。
  28. 根据权利要求10至27中任一项所述的正极活性材料,所述多糖包括选自果胶、羧甲基淀粉、羟丙基淀粉、糊精、纤维素醚、羧甲基壳聚糖、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羧丙基甲基纤维素、瓜耳胶、田菁胶、阿拉伯胶、海藻酸锂、海藻酸钠、海藻酸钾、褐藻糖胶、琼脂、卡拉胶、角叉胶、黄原胶和葫芦巴胶中的一种或多种。
  29. 根据权利要求10至28中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述多糖和所述多糖衍生物中的糖单元上连接的取代基的质量百分含量各自独立地为20%至85%,可选地为30%至78%。
  30. 根据权利要求1至29中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中, 所述内核的材料与所述壳的材料之间的晶格失配度小于10%。
  31. 根据权利要求1至30中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,基于正极活性材料的重量计,
    锰元素含量在10重量%-35重量%范围内,可选在13.3重量%-33.2重量%范围内,更可选在15重量%-30重量%范围内,进一步可选在17重量%-20重量%范围内;和/或,
    磷元素的含量在12重量%-25重量%范围内,可选在15重量%-20重量%范围内,更可选在16.8重量%-19.5重量%范围内;和/或,
    锰元素和磷元素的重量比范围为0.71-1.85,可选为0.90-1.25,更可选为0.95-1.20。
  32. 根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其表面包覆有碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种;可选地,所述正极活性材料的表面包覆有碳。
  33. 根据权利要求32所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种。
  34. 根据权利要求1至33中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,在所述内核中,
    (1-y):y在0.1-999范围内,可选为在0.1-10范围内或者在0.67-999范围内,更可选为在1至10范围内,进一步可选为在1至4范围内,更进一步可选为在1.5至3范围内;和/或,
    a:x在1至1200范围内,可选为在9至1100范围内,更可选为在190-998范围内。
  35. 根据权利要求1至34中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,在所述内核中,z与1-z的比值为1:9至1:999,可选为1:499至1:249。
  36. 根据权利要求10至35中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述壳的包覆量为0.1%至6%,基于所述内核的重量计。
  37. 根据权利要求10至36中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述第一包覆层的包覆量大于0重量%且小于等于7重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于6重量%,更可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%或者为4-5.6重量%,进一步可选为大于0且小于或等于2重量%,基于所述内核的重量计;和/或,
    所述第二包覆层的包覆量为大于0重量%且小于等于6重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%,更可选为2-4重量%或者3-5重量%,基于所述内核的重量计;和/或,
    所述第三包覆层的包覆量为大于0且小于或等于6重量%,可选为大于0且小于或等于5.5重量%,更可选为大于0且小于或等于2重量%,基于所述内核的重量计。
  38. 根据权利要求10至37中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述壳还包括包覆所述第三包覆层的第四包覆层和包覆所述第四包覆层的第五包覆层;其中,
    所述第四包覆层和第五包覆层的包覆量各自独立地为0.01重量%至10重量%,可选为0.05重量%至10重量%,更可选为0.1重量%至5重量%,进一步为0.1重量%至2重量%,基于所述内核的重量计。
  39. 根据权利要求10至38中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述壳位于所述内核40%至90%的表面,可选地为60%至80%的表面。
  40. 根据权利要求10至39中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述壳的厚度为1-15nm。
  41. 根据权利要求10至40中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述第一包覆层的厚度为1-10nm、可选为2-10nm;和/或,
    所述第二包覆层的厚度为2-25nm、可选为2-15nm、更可选为3-15nm;和/或,
    所述第三包覆层的厚度为2-25nm、可选为5-25nm。
  42. 根据权利要求10至41中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐和氧化物中的一种或多种,并且,选自所述焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐和氧化物中的一种或多种为晶态;
    可选地,所述焦磷酸盐、所述磷酸盐和所述氧化物的结晶度各自独立地为10%至100%,更可选为50%至100%。
  43. 根据权利要求10至42中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述壳中,焦磷酸盐和磷酸盐的重量比以及焦磷酸盐与氧化物的重量比各自独立地为1:3至3:1,可选为1:3至1:1。
  44. 根据权利要求10至43中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括碳,并且,所述碳为SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的混合物;
    可选地,所述碳中,所述SP2形态碳与SP3形态碳的摩尔比为在0.07-13范围内的任意数值,更可选为在0.1-10范围内的任意数值,进一步可选为在2.0-3.0范围内的任意数值。
  45. 根据权利要求10至44中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括掺杂碳,并且,在所述掺杂碳中,所述掺杂元素的质量含量在30%以下;可选地,所述掺杂碳中,所述掺杂元素的质量含量在20%以下。
  46. 根据权利要求10至45中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括掺杂碳,在所述掺杂碳中,
    所述掺杂元素为氮元素和/或硫元素,所述掺杂碳中掺杂元素的质量含量为1%~15%;或者,
    所述掺杂元素为磷元素、硼元素和/或氟元素,所述掺杂碳中掺杂元素的质量含量为0.5%~5%;
    可选地,所述掺杂元素为氮、磷、硫、硼或氟。
  47. 根据权利要求10至46中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,
    所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括焦磷酸盐,所述焦磷酸盐的晶面间距范围为0.293-0.470nm、可选为0.297-0.462nm或0.293-0.326nm、更可选为0.300-0.310nm,晶向(111)的夹角范围为18.00°-32.57°、可选为18.00°-32.00°或者26.41°-32.57°、更可选为19.211°-30.846°、进一步可选为29.00°-30.00°;和/或,
    所述的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括磷酸盐,所述磷酸盐的晶面间距范围为0.244-0.425nm、可选为0.345-0.358nm,晶向(111)的夹角范围为20.00°-37.00°、可选为24.25°-26.45°;
    可选地,所述第一包覆层或第二包覆层包含磷酸盐。
  48. 根据权利要求1至47中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述正极活性材料在完全脱嵌锂前后的晶格变化率为50%以下,可选为9.8%以下,更可选为8.1%以下,进一步可选为7.5%以下,更进一步可选为6%以下,更进一步可选为4%以下,更进一步可选为3.8%以下,更进一步可选为2.0-3.8%。
  49. 根据权利要求1至48中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述正极活性材料的Li/Mn反位缺陷浓度为5.3%以下,可选为5.1%以下,更可选为4%以下,进一步可选为2.2%以下,更进一步可选为2%以下,更进一步可选为1.5%-2.2%或0.5%以下。
  50. 根据权利要求1至49中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述正极活性材料在3T下的压实密度为1.89g/cm 3以上,可选为1.95g/cm 3以上,更可选为1.98g/cm 3以上,进一步可选为2.0g/cm 3以上,更进一步可选为2.2g/cm 3以上,更进一步可选地为2.2g/cm 3以上且2.8g/cm 3以下或者2.2g/cm 3以上且2.65g/cm 3以下。
  51. 根据权利要求1至50中任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述正极活性材料的表面氧价态为-1.55以下,可选为-1.82以下,更可选为-1.88以下,进一步可选为-1.90以下或者-1.98至-1.88,更进一步可选为-1.98至-1.89,更进一步可选为-1.98至-1.90。
  52. 一种制备正极活性材料的方法,其包括如下步骤:
    将锰源与元素B的源混合,得到掺杂了元素B的锰盐;
    将锂源、磷源、可选的元素A的源、可选的元素C的源、可选的元素D的源与所述的掺杂了元素B的锰盐混合,干燥,烧结,得到内核Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n;其中,所述A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如权利要求1至51任一项中所述。
  53. 根据权利要求52所述的方法,其中,所述方法具体包括以下的步骤:
    将锰源、元素B的源和酸在溶剂中混合并搅拌,生成掺杂元素B的锰盐的悬浊液,将悬浊液过滤并烘干滤饼,得到掺杂了元素B的锰盐;
    将锂源、磷源、可选的元素A的源、可选的元素C的源和可选的元素D的源、溶剂和所述的掺杂了元素B的锰盐加入反应容器中研磨并混合,得到浆料;
    将获得的浆料转移到喷雾干燥设备中进行喷雾干燥造粒,得到颗粒;
    将获得的颗粒进行烧结,得到内核Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n;其 中,所述A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如权利要求1至51任一项中所述。
  54. 根据权利要求53所述的方法,其中,制备所述浆料的步骤中,将锂源、磷源、可选的元素A的源、可选的元素C的源、可选的元素D的源、碳源、碳层掺杂元素的源、溶剂和所述的掺杂了元素B的锰盐加入反应容器中研磨并混合,得到浆料;其余步骤如权利要求54中所述;得到正极活性材料;
    所述正极活性材料包括内核和包覆所述内核的壳,所述内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n,所述壳包含掺杂碳,所述掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种;其中,所述A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如权利要求1至51任一项中所述。
  55. 根据权利要求52或53所述的方法,其还包括以下的步骤:
    将选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种的混合物通过干法包覆或湿法包覆在所述内核的表面进行包覆处理,得到正极活性材料;
    所述正极活性材料包括内核及包覆所述内核的壳,所述内核为Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n,所述壳包括一个或多个包覆层,每个所述包覆层独立地包括选自焦磷酸盐、磷酸盐、碳、掺杂碳、氧化物、硼化物和聚合物中的一种或多种;其中,所述A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如权利要求1至51任一项中所述;可选地,所述聚合物包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种;。
  56. 根据权利要求55所述的方法,其还包括以下的步骤:
    提供焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c粉末、包含磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q和/或氧化物M′ dO e的悬浊液,其中,所述悬浊液还包含碳的源和/或掺杂碳的源;
    将所述内核、焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c粉末加入到所述悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料;其中,
    所述正极活性材料包括内核及包覆所述内核的壳,所述壳包括包 覆所述内核的第一包覆层以及包覆所述第一包覆层的第二包覆层,所述内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n,所述第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c及选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q和氧化物M′ dO e中的一种或多种,所述第二包覆层包括选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种,可选地,所述掺杂碳中的掺杂元素包括选自氮、磷、硫、硼和氟中的一种或多种,其中,所述A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如权利要求1至51任一项中所述,所述M、X、M′、b、c、d、e、m、q的定义如权利要求17至19中任一项所述。
  57. 根据权利要求55或56所述的方法,其还包括以下的步骤:
    提供焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7粉末、包含碳的源的磷酸盐XPO 4悬浊液;
    将内核、焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7粉末加入到包含碳的源的XPO 4悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料;其中,
    所述正极活性材料包括内核及包覆所述内核的壳,所述壳包括包覆所述内核的第一包覆层以及包覆所述第一包覆层的第二包覆层,所述内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n,所述第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐MP 2O 7和磷酸盐XPO 4,所述第二包覆层包括碳,其中,所述A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如权利要求1至51任一项中所述,所述M和X的定义如权利要求19中所述。
  58. 根据权利要求52至54中任一项所述的方法,其还包括以下的步骤:
    分别提供焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c悬浊液、包含选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种的悬浊液以及包含碳的源和/或掺杂碳的源的悬浊液;
    将内核与上述所有的悬浊液混合,烧结,得到正极活性材料;其中,
    所述正极活性材料包括内核及包覆所述内核的壳,
    所述内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,所述壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆 层,所述第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c,所述第二包覆层包括选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种,所述第三包覆层选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种,其中,所述A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如权利要求1至51任一项中所述,所述M、X、M′、b、c、d、e、m、q的定义如权利要求17或18或20中所述。
  59. 根据权利要求55或58所述的方法,其还包括以下的步骤:
    分别提供Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h以及XPO 4悬浊液,将内核加入到上述悬浊液中并混合,经烧结获得正极活性材料;其中,
    所述正极活性材料包括内核及包覆所述内核的壳,所述内核包括Li aA xMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4-nD n,所述壳包括包覆所述内核的第一包覆层、包覆所述第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆所述第二包覆层的第三包覆层,所述第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h,所述第二包覆层包括磷酸盐XPO 4,所述第三包覆层包括碳,其中,所述A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如权利要求1至51任一项中所述,所述Q、X、f、g和h的定义如权利要求20中所述。
  60. 根据权利要求58或59所述的方法,其还包括以下的步骤:
    第一包覆步骤:将元素Q的源、磷源和酸以及任选地锂源,溶于溶剂中,得到包含Li fQP 2O 7和/或Q g(P 2O 7) h的第一包覆层悬浊液;将内核与第一包覆层悬浊液充分混合,干燥,烧结,得到第一包覆层包覆的材料;
    第二包覆步骤:将元素X的源、磷源和酸溶于溶剂中,得到包含XPO 4的第二包覆层悬浊液;将第一包覆步骤中获得的第一包覆层包覆的材料与第二包覆层悬浊液充分混合,干燥,烧结,得到两层包覆层包覆的材料;
    第三包覆步骤:将碳源溶于溶剂中,充分溶解得到第三包覆层溶液;然后将第二包覆步骤中获得的两层包覆层包覆的材料加入所述第三包覆层溶液中,混合均匀,干燥,然后烧结得到三层包覆层包覆的 材料,即正极活性材料。
  61. 根据权利要求52至54中任一项所述的方法,其还包括以下的步骤:
    分别提供焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c粉末、选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种粉末以及碳源粉末和/或掺杂碳源粉末;
    将内核与上述所有的粉末混合并研磨,干燥,得到正极活性材料;其中,
    所述正极活性材料包括内核及包覆所述内核的壳,
    所述内核包括Li aMn 1-yB yP 1-zC zO 4,所述壳包括包覆内核的第一包覆层、包覆第一包覆层的第二包覆层以及包覆第二包覆层的第三包覆层,所述第一包覆层包括焦磷酸盐M b(P 2O 7) c,所述第二包覆层包括选自磷酸盐X m(PO 4) q、氧化物M′ dO e和硼化物中的一种或多种,所述第三包覆层选自碳和掺杂碳中的一种或多种,其中,所述A、B、C、D、a、x、y、z和n的定义如权利要求1至51任一项中所述,所述M、X、M′、b、c、d、e、m、q的定义如权利要求17或18或20中所述;
    可选地,通过喷雾造粒干燥机进行干燥。
  62. 根据权利要求54至61中任一项所述的方法,其还包括如下步骤:
    提供聚合物,所述聚合物包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种;
    将正极活性材料与所述聚合物通过干法包覆或湿法包覆,得到的材料包括内核及包覆所述内核的壳;
    所述壳中与所述内核距离最远的一个或多个包覆层各自独立地包括选自聚硅氧烷、多糖及多糖衍生物中的一种或多种。
  63. 根据权利要求52至62中任一项所述的方法,其中,
    元素A的源选自元素A的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐、和硫酸盐中的至少一种;和/或,
    元素B的源选自元素B的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氢氧化物和硫酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素B的单质、氧化物、磷酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐和硫酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素B的单质、硫酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物和氢氧化物中的至少一种,可选为选自元素B的单质、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化盐、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物和氢氧化物中的至少一种;和/或,
    元素C的源选自元素C的单质、卤化物、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物、无机酸、有机酸、硫酸盐、硼酸盐、硝酸盐和硅酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素C的硫酸盐、硼酸盐、硝酸盐和硅酸盐中的至少一种,可选为选自元素C的单质、硫酸盐、卤化物、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物和无机酸中的至少一种,可选为选自元素C的无机酸、有机酸、硫酸盐、氯化盐、硝酸盐、有机酸盐、氧化物、氢氧化物中的至少一种;和/或,
    元素D的源选自元素D的单质和铵盐中的至少一种。
  64. 根据权利要求52至63中任一项所述的方法,其中,在制备所述掺杂了元素B锰盐的步骤中,
    搅拌在20-120℃范围内的温度下进行,可选为在25-80℃或40-120℃范围内的温度下进行,进一步可选为在60-120℃范围内的温度下进行,和/或,
    通过在200-800rpm的搅拌速率下进行,可选为在400-700rpm下进行1-9小时,更可选为在500-700rpm下进行60-420分钟,进一步可选地为进行3-7小时或120-360分钟。
  65. 根据权利要求52至64中任一项所述的方法,其中,在制备所述浆料的步骤中,所述研磨并混合进行1-15小时,可选为8-15小时;可选地,在20-120℃、更可选为40-120℃的温度下进行混合1-10 h。
  66. 根据权利要求52至65中任一项所述的方法,其中,在制得所述内核的步骤中,所述烧结在600-900℃的温度范围内进行6-14小时。
  67. 根据权利要求52至66中任一项所述的方法,其中,在制备浆料的步骤中还包括:向反应容器中加入碳源一起进行研磨并混合。
  68. 根据权利要求56或57所述的方法,其中,
    所述MP 2O 7粉末通过以下方法制备:
    将元素M的源和磷的源添加到溶剂中,得到混合物,调节混合物的pH为4-6,搅拌并充分反应,然后经干燥、烧结获得,其中M选自Li、Fe、Ni、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ag、Zr、Nb和Al中的一种或多种。
  69. 根据权利要求68所述的方法,其中,制备所述MP 2O 7粉末的方法中,
    所述干燥步骤为在100-300℃、可选150-200℃下干燥4-8h。
  70. 根据权利要求68或69所述的方法,其中,制备所述MP 2O 7粉末的方法中,
    所述烧结步骤为在500-800℃、可选650-800℃下,在惰性气体气氛下烧结4-10h。
  71. 根据权利要求55至70中任一项所述的方法,其中,
    所述包覆步骤中的烧结温度为500-800℃,烧结时间为4-10h。
  72. 根据权利要求60所述的方法,其中,所述第一包覆步骤中,
    控制溶解有元素Q的源、磷源和酸以及任选地锂源的溶液pH为3.5-6.5,然后搅拌并反应1-5h,然后将所述溶液升温至50-120℃,并保持该温度2-10h,和/或,
    所述烧结在650-800℃下进行2-6小时。
  73. 根据权利要求60或72所述的正极活性材料的制备方法,其中,所述第二包覆步骤中,
    将元素X的源、磷源和酸溶于溶剂后,搅拌并反应1-10h,然后将所述溶液升温至60-150℃,并保持该温度2-10h,和/或,
    烧结在500-700℃下进行6-10小时。
  74. 根据权利要求60或72或73所述的正极活性材料的制备方法,其中,所述第三包覆步骤中的烧结在700-800℃下进行6-10小时。
  75. 一种正极极片,其包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面的正极膜层,所述正极膜层包括第一正极活性材料,所述第一正极活性材料为权利要求1至51中任一项所述的正极活性材料或通过权利要求52至74中任一项所述的方法制备的正极活性材料;可选地,所述正极活性材料在所述正极膜层中的含量为90-99.5重量%,更可选为95-99.5重量%,基于所述正极膜层的总重量计。
  76. 根据权利要求75所述的正极极片,其还包括第二正极活性材料,并且,所述第二正极活性材料不同于所述第一正极活性材料。
  77. 根据权利要求75或76所述的正极极片,其中,所述第二正极活性材料包括选自LiE tCo sF (1-t-s)O 2、尖晶石型锰酸锂和尖晶石型钛酸锂中的一种或多种,其中,E包括选自VIII族的一种或多种元素,F包括选自IIIA和VIIB的一种或多种元素,t选自0至0.9的范围,t与s之和选自0.3至1的范围。
  78. 根据权利要求77所述的正极极片,其中,E包括选自Ni、Fe、Ru和Rh中的一种或多种元素,F包括选自Mn、Al、Ga和In中的一种或多种元素。
  79. 根据权利要求76至78中任一项所述的正极极片,其中,
    所述第二正极活性材料包括选自LiNi tCo sMn (1-t-s)O 2、LiNi tCo sAl (1- t-s)O 2、LiCoO 2、尖晶石型锰酸锂和尖晶石型钛酸锂中的一种或多种;其中,t独立地选自0.3-0.9、可选为0.33-0.8,t与s之和独立地选自0.3-0.9、可选为0.66-0.9。
  80. 根据权利要求76至79中任一项所述的正极极片,其中,所述第一活性材料与所述第二活性材料的质量比为1:7-7:1,可选为1:4-4:1。
  81. 根据权利要求79或80所述的正极极片,其中,所述第二正极活性材料中,
    LiNi tCo sMn (1-t-s)O 2中的t、(1-t-s)和s的比值为5:2:3或3:1:1或8:1:1;和/或,
    LiNi tCo sAl (1-t-s)O 2中的t、s和(1-t-s)的比值为5:2:3或3:1:1或8:1:1。
  82. 根据权利要求76至81中任一项所述的正极极片,其中,所述第一正极活性材料和所述第二正极活性材料的质量之和占所述正极极片的质量的88%-98.7%。
  83. 一种二次电池,包括权利要求1至51中任一项所述的正极材料或通过权利要求52至74中任一项所述的方法制得的正极活性材料或权利要求75至82中任一项所述的正极极片。
  84. 一种电池模块,包括权利要求83所述的二次电池。
  85. 一种电池包,包括权利要求84所述的电池模块。
  86. 一种用电装置,包括选自权利要求83所述的二次电池、权利要求84所述的电池模块和权利要求85所述的电池包中的至少一种。
PCT/CN2022/126778 2021-10-22 2022-10-21 正极活性材料及制备方法、正极极片、二次电池、电池模块、电池包及用电装置 Ceased WO2023066386A1 (zh)

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