WO2023075257A1 - 환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법 - Google Patents
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- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6571—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6571—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6574—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
- C07F9/65746—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus the molecule containing more than one cyclic phosphorus atom
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- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6571—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6574—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
- C07F9/65742—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus non-condensed with carbocyclic rings or heterocyclic rings or ring systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclic phosphine compound, and more particularly, when preparing a symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclic phosphine compound, it is possible to use a compound that is inexpensive compared to the prior art and has excellent storage stability of the reaction raw material, which is economical.
- 2,2'-oxybis (1,3,2-dioxaphospholane), 2,2'-oxybis (1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane), Symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclic phosphine compounds such as 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane or derivatives thereof are used.
- the symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclic phosphine compound is mainly prepared by coupling a cyclic halo phosphite compound with an alcohol-based compound under water (H 2 O) and an aromatic amine (eg, an imidazole compound or pyridine).
- an aromatic amine eg, an imidazole compound or pyridine.
- method a method of preparing by inducing an exchange reaction between a halogen group and an alkylsilane group by reacting with a compound containing a silanol group such as trimethylsilanol, and the like are known.
- the accessibility to the raw material is excellent, but due to the relatively low molecular weight of about 18 g/mol, the input amount control of the reactant, that is, the precision of quantitative control is relatively low, resulting in a large amount of side reactants.
- the input amount control of the reactant that is, the precision of quantitative control is relatively low, resulting in a large amount of side reactants.
- an excessive amount of water is added, an unwanted polymerization reaction occurs in succession to the desired reaction, resulting in a decrease in purity and yield.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a symmetric or asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound with easy reaction control and improved purity and yield.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclic phosphine compound that is economical, easy to industrialize, and has excellent expandability or substitution of a synthetic route.
- the present invention comprises the step of reacting a compound represented by the following formula (1) with an organic halogen compound under an oxo coupling agent, characterized in that the oxo coupling agent is a compound represented by the following formula (2) It provides a method for producing a cyclic phosphine compound to be.
- R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and the substitution is a monovalent or divalent double bond or triple bond unsaturated hydrocarbon group, halogen group, a hydroxyl group, an amine group, an oxide group, a sulfide group, and a thiol group, wherein n is an integer of 1 to 5, and X 1 is a halogen group.
- M is, for example, a monovalent or divalent metal, preferably a monovalent metal, a is, for example, 1 or 2, preferably 1, and b is, for example, 0 or 1, preferably is 1.
- the organic halogen compound is not particularly limited in the case of an organic halogen compound capable of being coupled in the technical field to which the present invention belongs, and may preferably be a compound represented by Formula 3 below.
- X 2 is a halogen group
- R 2 is a radical represented by C d H e X' f Y g Z h
- d is an integer from 1 to 15
- f is an integer from 0 to 31
- g is an integer from 0 to 5
- h is an integer from 0 to 5
- e is a value that satisfies the oxidation number of R 2
- X' is a halogen radical
- Y and Z are each independently P, O, Si , At least one selected from the group consisting of N and S.
- the oxidation number of R 2 may be +1, which may be the sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms included in R 2 .
- e when R 2 is C 2 H e Si, e must be 5 to satisfy +1, the oxidation number of R 2 .
- a radical refers to a compound or atomic group containing one electron used for covalent bonding, which may also be referred to as a group.
- the compound represented by Chemical Formula 3 may be one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following Chemical Formulas 3-1 to 3-12 (in addition, X 2 in each Chemical Formula is independent of each other).
- R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and the substitution is a monovalent or divalent double bond or triple bond Indicates that substituted with one or more selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated hydrocarbon group, a halogen group, a hydroxyl group, an amine group, an oxide group, a sulfide group, and a thiol group, wherein n' is an integer of 1 to 5.
- the compound represented by Chemical Formula 3-1 is preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 3-1a to 3-1e (provided that X 2 in each chemical formula is each independent). .
- the symmetric or asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound prepared from the above reaction may be a compound represented by Formula 4 below.
- R 1 , R 2 and n are as defined in Formula 1 and Formula 3, respectively.
- the X 1 may be, for example, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I), preferably chlorine or bromine.
- the equivalent ratio between the compound represented by Formula 1 and the oxo coupling agent may be 0.2 to 2.5:1.
- the equivalent ratio of the sum of the compound represented by Formula 1 and the organic halogen compound to the oxo coupling agent may be 0.5 to 2.2:1.
- the equivalent ratio between the compound represented by Formula 1 and the organic halogen compound may be 0.8 to 1.2:1.
- the reaction may proceed under an amine-based base, and the amine-based base is an aliphatic amine compound, and specific examples include triethylamine, tributylamine, diethylamine, dibutylamine, diethylmethylamine, diisopropylethylamine and It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of dimethylacetamide.
- the equivalent ratio of the amine-based base and the oxo coupling agent may be 0.2 to 1.5:1.
- the reaction may be carried out at -10 to 30 °C temperature.
- the reaction is one selected from the group consisting of an ether-based solvent having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a haloalkane-based solvent, a haloalkene-based solvent, a ketone-based solvent, an acetate-based solvent having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. It can be carried out under the organic solvent above.
- the method for producing the cyclic phosphine compound includes i) reacting the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 with an oxo coupling agent to form a metal salt or hydroxide, and ii) reacting the metal salt or hydroxide with an organic halogen compound to obtain the chemical formula 2 It may include generating a compound represented by
- the compound represented by Formula 1, the organic halogen compound, and/or the oxo coupling agent may be dissolved in the organic solvent and then mixed.
- the reaction may be a protic compound-free reaction, and specific examples may be an alcohol-free reaction and/or a water-free reaction.
- the protic compound-free reaction means a reaction that does not use a protic compound as a reactant, but may include a protic compound produced as a by-product or by-product.
- the method for producing a symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclic phosphine compound according to the present invention can be synthesized using a compound that is inexpensive compared to the prior art, is economical due to excellent storage stability of reaction raw materials, is easy to control the reaction, and does not generate by-products. Not only can the productivity and yield be improved, but it is easy to apply on an industrial scale, and there is an effect of excellent expandability or substitution of the synthesis route.
- Example 1 is a 1 H NMR spectrum of a product prepared in Example 2 of the present invention.
- the inventors of the present invention while studying a method for preparing a high-purity symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclic phosphine compound more stably and economically, when reacting using predetermined reaction conditions and reaction pathways, all of the above objects can be achieved. After confirming what could be possible, and based on this, further research was devoted to completion of the present invention.
- the method for producing a symmetric or asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound of the present invention includes reacting a compound represented by Formula 1 with an organic halogen compound under an oxo coupling agent, wherein the oxo coupling agent is represented by Formula 2 below It is characterized in that it is a compound, and in this case, it is possible to use a compound that is inexpensive compared to the prior art, it is economical because the storage stability of the reaction raw material is excellent, and the reaction control is easy and the generation of by-products is small, so productivity and yield can be improved, and industrial It is easy to apply on a scale, and has the advantage of excellent scalability or substitution of synthetic routes.
- R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and the substitution is a monovalent or divalent double bond or triple bond unsaturated hydrocarbon group, halogen group , A hydroxyl group, an amine group, an oxide group, a sulfide group, and one or more selected from the group consisting of thiol refers to substituted, wherein n is an integer of 1 to 5, and X 1 is a halogen element.
- a monovalent or divalent double bond or triple bond unsaturated hydrocarbon group has a bond line with one (monovalent) or two (divalent) other atoms or atomic groups, and has a hydrocarbon atom group containing a double bond or triple bond therein.
- M is a monovalent or divalent metal
- a is 1 or 2
- b is 0 or 1.
- R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and the number of carbon atoms in the substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably may be 1 to 7, more preferably 2 to 6.
- the substituted or unsubstituted arylene group may have preferably 6 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the substitution refers to a substituted one or more selected from the group consisting of a monovalent or divalent double bond or triple bond unsaturated hydrocarbon group, a halogen group, a hydroxyl group, an amine group, an oxide group, a sulfide group, and a thiol group, preferably It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a halogen group, an amine group, an oxide group, a sulfide group, and a thiol group, and more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of a halogen group, a hydroxyl group, and an amine group.
- the halogen group of the substituent may preferably be at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorine and chlorine, more preferably fluorine.
- the substituent includes, for example, carbon
- the number of carbon atoms of the substituent may be preferably 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3.
- n is preferably an integer of 1 to 5, more preferably 1 to 3, and even more preferably 2 or 3.
- the X 1 is a halogen element (which can be expressed as a radical or a group), and may be, for example, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I), preferably chlorine or bromine, , more preferably chlorine.
- R 1 is an unsubstituted alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a substituent consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methyl fluoride group, a methyl chloride group, an alkylamine group, an oxide group, a sulfide group, and a thiol group. It is an alkylene group containing at least one selected from the group, and n may be a compound of 2 or 3.
- the compound represented by Formula 1 may be 2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (CP).
- M is a monovalent or divalent metal
- the monovalent metal means an alkali metal, specifically lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb) or cesium (Cs).
- the divalent metal means an alkaline earth metal, and specifically, may be beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), or barium (Ba).
- the M may be preferably an alkali metal, more preferably lithium, sodium or potassium, and even more preferably sodium.
- the a is, for example, 1 or 2, and may be preferably 1.
- the b is, for example, 0 or 1, and may be preferably 1.
- the compound represented by Formula 2 may be a compound in which M is lithium, sodium, or potassium, and a and b are each 1, and more preferably sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ).
- M lithium, sodium, or potassium
- a and b are each 1, and more preferably sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ).
- NaHCO 3 sodium bicarbonate
- the organic halogen compound may be preferably a compound represented by Formula 3 below.
- X 2 is a halogen group, for example, may be selected within the same range as X 1 , preferably chlorine or bromine, and more preferably chlorine.
- the X 2 may be the same element as the X 1 in a preferred example.
- R 2 is a radical represented by C d H e X' f Y g Z h , d is an integer from 1 to 15, preferably from 1 to 10, more preferably from 1 to 8, and f is 0 to 31, preferably 0 to 30, more preferably 0 to 10, even more preferably 0 to 3, still more preferably 0 to 1, and g is an integer from 0 to 5, preferably 0 to 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and h is an integer of 0 to 5, preferably 0 to 4, more preferably 0 to 3.
- b is a value that satisfies the oxidation number of R 2
- the oxidation number of R 2 may be +1, which may be the sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms included in R 2 .
- R 2 is C 2 H
- e Si that is, when d is 1, f and h are each 0, Y is Si, and g is 1, e must be 5 to satisfy +1, the oxidation number of R 2 .
- the X' is a halogen element, preferably fluorine or chlorine, more preferably fluorine.
- Y and Z may each independently be at least one selected from the group consisting of P, O, Si, N, and S, Y may preferably be P or Si, and Z is preferably O, N And it may be one or more selected from the group consisting of S.
- the element directly bonded to X 2 may be, for example, C or Y, and as a specific example, may be one selected from the group consisting of C, P, O, Si, N, and S, preferably. It can be C, P or Si.
- the R 2 may have, for example, a linear, branched or cyclic structure, and may include, for example, a double bond or triple bond unsaturated hydrocarbon group.
- the sum of g and h may be, for example, 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 6, and more preferably 1 to 4.
- the R 2 may be the same as the R 1 , for example.
- the compound represented by Chemical Formula 3 may be one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following Chemical Formulas 3-1 to 3-12 (provided that X 2 in each Chemical Formula is independent of each other).
- R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and R 3 is a preferred example having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, It may be preferably a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the substitution refers to a substituted one or more selected from the group consisting of a monovalent or divalent double bond or triple bond unsaturated hydrocarbon group, a halogen group, a hydroxyl group, an amine group, an oxide group, a sulfide group, and a thiol group, preferably It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a halogen group, an amine group, an oxide group, a sulfide group, and a thiol group, and more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of a halogen group, a hydroxyl group, and an amine group.
- the halogen group of the substituent may preferably be at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorine and chlorine, more preferably fluorine.
- the substituent includes, for example, carbon
- the number of carbon atoms of the substituent may be preferably 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3.
- the n' may be preferably an integer of 1 to 5, more preferably 1 to 3, and even more preferably 2 or 3.
- the compound represented by Chemical Formula 3-1 is preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 3-1a to 3-1e (provided that X 2 in each chemical formula is each independent). .
- the symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclic phosphine compound prepared from the above reaction may preferably be a compound represented by Formula 4 below.
- R 1 and n are as defined in Formula 1, respectively, and R 2 is as defined in Formula 3 above.
- the R 2 may be, for example, the same as R 1 .
- the organic halogen compound is the same compound as the compound represented by Formula 1, and in this case, a symmetrical cyclic phosphine compound may be obtained.
- the cyclic phosphine compound represented by Formula 4 is, for example, 2,2'-oxybis (1,3,2-dioxaphospholane), 2,2'-oxybis (1,3,2-dioxaphospholane), phosphinane) and 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane.
- the cyclic phosphine compound may be otherwise referred to as a cyclic phosphite compound, a cyclic pyrophosphite compound, and the like, as long as the definitions of the present invention are followed.
- the reaction may preferably proceed in the presence of an amine-based base, and the amine-based base may preferably be an aliphatic amine.
- the aliphatic amine may be preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of triethylamine, tributylamine, diethylamine, dibutylamine, diethylmethylamine, diisopropylethylamine and dimethylacetamide, and more Preferably, it may be triethylamine, and in this case, the problem of yield reduction due to by-products such as X 1 H and X 2 H generated in the reaction process is prevented, the reaction control is easier, and there are economic advantages. .
- the method for producing a symmetric or asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound of the present invention is to react the compound represented by Formula 1 and an organic halogen compound under the oxo coupling agent represented by Formula 2 to obtain a cyclic compound represented by Formula 4 It may include synthesizing a phosphine compound.
- the reaction may proceed through a reaction pathway represented by Reaction Scheme 1 below, for example.
- the compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 1 and 2 may be coupled by reacting under the oxo coupling agent to form the cyclic phosphine compound represented by Chemical Formula 4.
- the reaction may more specifically include the following Reaction Scheme 1a and Reaction Scheme 1b.
- the steps of Scheme 1a and Scheme 1b may be performed simultaneously or sequentially.
- X 1 of the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 reacts with the oxo coupling agent after the reaction is initiated to generate an organic carbonate.
- the organic carbonate is converted into a metal salt or hydroxide form as CO 2 is separated from its -O C (O) O - due to its unstable binding force, and the metal salt or hydroxide couples with the organic halogen compound represented by Formula 3
- the ring reaction produces a (R 1 ) n -(OPO)-OR 2 structure, that is, a symmetric or asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound represented by Chemical Formula 4 (a product of Reaction Scheme 1b).
- a byproduct such as hydrochloric acid may be formed, but since it reacts with the oxo-coupling agent and precipitates, it can be easily removed by an evaporation process or a filtering process.
- the reaction may be carried out in an organic solvent, for example.
- the organic solvent is 1 selected from the group consisting of an ether-based solvent having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a haloalkane-based solvent, a haloalkene-based solvent, a ketone-based solvent, an acetate-based solvent having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent having 6 to 10 carbon atoms It can be carried out in the presence of at least one organic solvent, preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of ether-based solvents having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, haloalkane-based solvents, haloalkene-based solvents and ketone-based solvents, more preferably having 1 carbon atom It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of ether-based solvents and haloalkane-based solvents of 6 to 6.
- the ether-based solvent is preferably dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, dimethyl ether, ethylmethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, It may be one selected from the group consisting of 1,4-dioxane and cyclopentylmethyl ether, more preferably one selected from the group consisting of dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, dimethyl ether and ethylmethyl ether It may be, more preferably dimethyl ether or diethyl ether.
- the reaction can proceed stably due to excellent solubility in reactants, and in particular, when synthesizing a symmetrical cyclic phosphine compound, there is an advantage in that the coupling reaction proceeds stably.
- the haloalkane-based solvent may be, for example, a haloalkane-based solvent having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, preferably dichloromethane, trichloromethane, or tetrachloromethane, and more preferably dichloromethane. Since it has excellent solubility in reactants, the coupling reaction can proceed stably, and in particular, when synthesizing an asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound, there is an advantage in that the coupling reaction proceeds stably.
- the haloalkene-based solvent may be, for example, a haloalkene-based solvent containing an alkenyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be trichlorethylene as a specific example.
- the ketone-based solvent may be, for example, a ketone-based solvent containing an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and as a specific example, may be at least one selected from the group consisting of acetone and methyl ethyl ketone.
- the acetate-based solvent may be, for example, an acetate-based solvent containing an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and may be ethyl acetate as a specific example.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon solvent may be, for example, an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and for example, one or more selected from the group consisting of benzene and toluene.
- reaction temperature for the above reaction Equivalent ratios of reactants, amine-based bases and organic solvents; Reaction conditions such as the above can be explained by dividing the case where the organic halogen compound is the same compound as the compound represented by Formula 1 and the case where it is not the same.
- the organic halogen compound is the same compound as the compound represented by Formula 1, after the reaction starts, about 50% of a predetermined organic carbonate is formed (see Reaction Scheme 1a), and the organic carbonate thus formed is a metal salt or After being converted into a hydroxide, a coupling reaction is performed again with the unreacted compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 to form the compound represented by Chemical Formula 4 (see Chemical Formula 1b above). Therefore, in this case, the compound represented by Formula 1 and the organic halogen compound are not separately added, but only the compound represented by Formula 1 is added under the oxo coupling agent and only the reaction conditions are controlled to obtain a cyclic phosphine compound having a symmetrical structure. can be manufactured
- the reaction temperature may be controlled differently from each other in the step of forming the organic carbonate and the step of forming the compound represented by Chemical Formula 4.
- the oxo coupling agent and the amine-based base are introduced into a reaction zone, respectively, and the temperature of the reaction zone is -10 to 5 ° C, more preferably -5 to 5 ° C can be adjusted
- the compound represented by Formula 1 is introduced into the reaction zone and the temperature is -10 to 5°C, more preferably -5 to 5°C for 10 minutes to 7 hours.
- the temperature of the reaction zone is raised to 20 to 35° C., preferably 20 to 26° C. It may be carried out including a step of conducting the reaction while maintaining the temperature for 30 minutes to 24 hours, preferably 1 to 10 hours (a step in which the compound represented by Chemical Formula 4 is formed).
- the equivalent ratio of the compound represented by Formula 1 and the oxo coupling agent may be, for example, 1.5 to 2.5: 1, preferably 1.8 to 2.3: 1, more preferably 1.9 to 2.2: 1, within this range, there is an advantage of suppressing the formation of side reactants and improving yield and number.
- the equivalent ratio of the amine base and the oxo coupling agent may be, for example, 0.8 to 1.5: 1, preferably 0.8 to 1.3: 1, and more preferably 1.9 to 1.2: 1, and within this range, side reactants It has the advantage of inhibiting formation and improving yield and number.
- the molar ratio of the organic solvent and the oxo coupling agent is, for example, 25 to 35, preferably 28 to 34, and more preferably 28 to 32, and the reaction proceeds smoothly within this range to increase yield and purity. There are benefits to improving.
- the organic solvent may preferably be an ether-based solvent, and in this case, yield and purity are higher.
- the reaction may be performed by introducing the compound represented by Formula 1 and the oxo coupling agent into the reaction zone, respectively, and initiating the reaction. It can be carried out by introducing a halogen compound into the reaction zone, in which case it is possible to prepare a cyclic phosphine compound with an asymmetric structure.
- the reaction temperature may be, for example, -10 to 30 ° C, preferably -10 to 5 ° C, more preferably -5 to 5 ° C, and within this range, side reactions are suppressed and the reaction is easily controlled. There is one advantage.
- the reaction of forming the asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound is, as a specific example, introducing the oxo coupling agent and the amine-based base into the reaction zone, respectively, setting the temperature of the reaction zone to -10 to 5 ° C, more preferably adjusting to -5 to 5 ° C, and introducing the compound represented by Formula 1 into the reaction zone and maintaining the temperature within -10 to 5 ° C for 10 minutes to 5 hours, preferably 30 minutes to 3 hours and initiating the reaction, introducing the organohalogen compound into the reaction zone and raising the temperature to -10 to 5°C, more preferably -5 to 5°C for 10 minutes to 3 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 2 hours. It may be carried out including the step of proceeding with the reaction while maintaining within ° C. In this case, there is an advantage in that reaction control is easier and side reactions are suppressed to produce an asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound in higher yield and purity.
- the equivalent ratio of the compound represented by Formula 1 and the oxo coupling agent may be, for example, 0.2 to 1.5: 1, preferably 0.2 to 1: 1, and more preferably 0.3 to 0.8: 1, within this range. It has the advantage of suppressing the formation of side reactants and greatly improving yield and purity.
- the equivalent ratio of the compound represented by Formula 1 and the organic halogen compound may be, for example, 0.8 to 1.2: 1, preferably 0.9 to 1.2: 1, more preferably 0.9 to 1.1: 1, and one preferred embodiment.
- it may be 1: 1, and there is an advantage of suppressing the formation of side reactants and improving yield and purity within this range.
- the equivalent ratio of the amine-based base to the oxo coupling agent may be, for example, 0.8 to 1.2: 1, preferably 0.9 to 1.2: 1, more preferably 0.9 to 1.1: 1, and in a preferred embodiment 1 : It may be 1, and there is an advantage of suppressing the formation of side reactants and improving yield and purity within this range.
- the molar ratio of the organic solvent to the oxo coupling agent is 2 to 25, preferably 3 to 20, and more preferably 3 to 15, and within this range, the formation of side reactants is suppressed and the yield and purity are improved.
- a nucleophilic substitution reaction inducing agent of the compound represented by Formula 1 that is, a coupling agent It is characterized in that a symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclic phosphine compound is synthesized by using the carbonate-based compound represented by Formula 2, preferably by inducing a coupling reaction using a carbonate-based compound having a specific structure under an amine-based base.
- reaction control is easier, compared to the case of using a compound containing a silanol group, inexpensive reaction raw materials can be used, and the storage stability of the reaction raw materials is excellent, so there are economical advantages.
- it is easy to expand the reaction pathway compared to the prior art, so there is an advantage that various synthesis pathway designs are possible.
- the reaction is a protic compound-free reaction, preferably It may be an alcohol-free reaction, that is, a reaction that does not use an alcohol-based compound including a silanol group-containing compound.
- the reaction may be carried out under an inert atmosphere in order to stably proceed the reaction, for example, and the inert atmosphere may preferably use one or more inert gases selected from the group consisting of nitrogen gas, argon gas, and helium gas, , More preferably, economical nitrogen gas can be used.
- the inert atmosphere may preferably use one or more inert gases selected from the group consisting of nitrogen gas, argon gas, and helium gas, , More preferably, economical nitrogen gas can be used.
- the inert atmosphere may mean, for example, that 60 vol% or more, preferably 70 vol% or more, and more preferably 80 vol% or more of the entire air inside the reactor is filled with the inert gas.
- the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, the organic halogen compound, and the oxo coupling agent may be introduced into the reaction zone in a state of being dissolved in the organic solvent, and in this case, reaction efficiency may be further improved.
- CO 2 may be generated by using the carbonate-based compound represented by Formula 2 as a nucleophilic substitution reaction inducing agent of the compound represented by Formula 1, that is, a coupling agent, which may be generated during the reaction or after completion of the reaction. Since it can be naturally removed by diffusion into the atmosphere in the form of CO 2 , there is an advantage in that a separate CO 2 removal process is not required.
- the yield of the cyclic phosphine compound may be 70% or more, 75 to 99%, or 80 to 98%.
- the purity of the symmetric or asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound prepared according to the method for preparing the cyclic phosphine compound of the present disclosure may be, for example, 90% or more, 90 to 99.5%, or 95 to 99%.
- the method for producing the cyclic phosphine compound may include, for example, purification after completion of the reaction.
- the purification may include, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of a filtration process, an evaporation process, a recrystallization process, and a washing process.
- the filtration, evaporation, recrystallization and washing may be performed according to a method commonly practiced in the art to which the present invention belongs.
- the filtration is, for example, filtering the reaction product after the reaction is completed, and solid by-products and the like can be removed.
- the evaporation is, for example, distillation under reduced pressure of the filtrate from which solid by-products are removed after the filtration, and solvents and volatile substances may be removed.
- the vacuum distillation may be carried out at a temperature of, for example, 25 to 250 ° C, preferably 30 to 200 ° C, more preferably 50 to 95 ° C, and still more preferably 70 to 90 ° C, and, for example, 0.001 to 200 ° C. 760 Torr, preferably 0.01 to 700 Torr, more preferably 0.01 to 500 Torr, and even more preferably 0.1 to 100 Torr.
- the recrystallization is a process that can be selected as needed, and the solid purified product obtained after the evaporation is water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, diethyl ether, THF, toluene and xylene.
- the solid purified product obtained after the evaporation is water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, diethyl ether, THF, toluene and xylene.
- the present invention also provides a battery electrolyte containing a symmetric or asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound prepared according to the method for preparing the cyclic phosphine compound and a secondary battery including the same.
- the electrolyte solution is an electrolyte solution of a non-aqueous lithium secondary battery, and includes the symmetric or asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound as an electrolyte solution additive, and includes a predetermined organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the cyclic phosphine compound prepared according to the manufacturing method of the cyclic phosphine compound of the present description has a high purity as described above, and thus, when added as an electrolyte solution additive for a secondary battery, has an excellent effect of improving the cycle characteristics of the battery. .
- the symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclic phosphine compound may be preferably included in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.2 to 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, and within this range, the battery has more excellent cycle characteristics. There is an advantage.
- the organic solvent is not particularly limited when it is an organic solvent commonly used as a battery electrolyte in the technical field to which the present invention belongs, but may be, for example, a carbonate-based organic solvent, specifically ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate ( DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), propylene carbonate (PC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), butylene carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, and ethylpropyl carbonate. It may be an organic solvent that
- the organic solvent may be, for example, one type or a mixed solvent of two or more types.
- an organic solvent having a high dielectric constant and a high dielectric constant so as to improve the charge/discharge performance of the battery and the viscosity of the solvent are suitable for application to the battery. It may be a mixture of a low-viscosity organic solvent that can be adjusted to have an appropriate viscosity.
- EC and/or PC may be used as the high dielectric constant organic solvent, and at least one selected from the group consisting of EMC, DMC, and DEC may be used as the low viscosity organic solvent. It is preferable to mix the high dielectric constant and low viscosity organic solvent in a volume part of 2:8 to 8:2. More specifically, the organic solvent may be a ternary mixed solvent of EC or PC, EMC and DEC, wherein the ratio of EC or PC:EMC:DEC may be 3:3 to 5:2 to 4.
- the organic solvent contains water
- lithium ions in the electrolyte may be hydrolyzed, so the water in the organic solvent is preferably controlled to 150 ppm or less, preferably 100 ppm or less.
- any compound capable of providing lithium ions used in a lithium secondary battery may be used as the lithium salt, and specifically, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiClO 4 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , CH 3 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li, and (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi. there is.
- the lithium salt When the lithium salt is dissolved in the electrolyte solution, the lithium salt functions as a source of lithium ions in the lithium secondary battery and can promote the movement of lithium ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Accordingly, the lithium salt is preferably included in a concentration of about 0.6 mol% to 2 mol% in the electrolyte solution. When the concentration of the lithium salt is less than 0.6 mol%, the conductivity of the electrolyte may be lowered and electrolyte performance may be deteriorated, and when the concentration exceeds 2 mol%, the mobility of lithium ions may be reduced due to an increase in viscosity of the electrolyte. Considering the conductivity of the electrolyte and the mobility of lithium ions, the lithium salt may be included in the electrolyte in an amount of preferably 0.7 mol% to 1.6 mol%, more preferably 0.8 mol% to 1.5 mol%.
- the electrolyte solution for a battery of the present invention for example, in addition to the electrolyte salt prepared through the electrolyte salt manufacturing method, may be generally used as an additive ( hereinafter referred to as other additives) may be further included.
- a metal phosphate-based compound may be included.
- the metal phosphate-based compound is, for example, a group consisting of lithium difluoro (bisoxalato) phosphate (LiDFOP), lithium tetrafluoro oxalato phosphate (LiTFOP), lithium difluorophosphate and lithium trioxalato phosphate. It is one or more selected from
- the metal phosphate-based compound is a component added to improve performance of a lithium secondary battery, a lithium ion capacitor, and the like, and may be included in an electrolyte solution in an amount of 0.3 to 1.5% by weight, preferably 0.7 to 1.2% by weight.
- an electrolyte solution in an amount of 0.3 to 1.5% by weight, preferably 0.7 to 1.2% by weight.
- the present invention may provide a secondary battery including the electrolyte solution, wherein the secondary battery includes a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a separator interposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and the battery electrolyte. .
- the cathode may be prepared by preparing a composition for forming a cathode active material layer by mixing a cathode active material, a binder, and optionally a conductive agent, and then applying the composition to a cathode current collector such as aluminum foil.
- the cathode active material may be a conventional NCM (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, LiNiMnCoO 2 ) cathode active material used in lithium secondary batteries, and specifically, has the chemical formula Li[NixCo 1-xy Mn y ]O 2 (here 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5), but may be a lithium composite metal oxide in the form, but is not limited thereto.
- NCM lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide
- LiNiMnCoO 2 lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide
- variables x and y of the formula Li[NixCo 1-xy Mn y ]O 2 of the lithium composite metal oxide are, for example, independently 0.0001 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0.0001 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5, or 0.001 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3, 0.001 ⁇ y may be ⁇ 0.3.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used as the cathode active material.
- the negative electrode may be prepared by preparing a composition for forming a negative electrode active material layer by mixing a negative electrode active material, a binder, and optionally a conductive agent, and then applying the composition to a negative electrode current collector such as copper foil.
- the negative electrode active material for example, a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used.
- the negative electrode active material may be a carbonaceous material such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, or amorphous carbon.
- a metallic compound capable of alloying with lithium or a composite including a metallic compound and a carbonaceous material may also be used as an anode active material, and for example, graphite may be used.
- the metal capable of alloying with lithium for example, at least one of Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, Si alloy, Sn alloy, or Al alloy may be used.
- a metal lithium thin film may be used as the anode active material.
- the negative electrode active material one or more selected from the group consisting of crystalline carbon, amorphous carbon, carbon composites, lithium metal, and lithium-containing alloys may be used in view of high stability.
- the secondary battery of the present invention employs an electrolyte solution additive containing the symmetric or asymmetric cyclic phosphine compound of the present invention, such as battery cycle characteristics, battery charging resistance, output characteristics, capacity recovery characteristics at low and high temperatures, life characteristics, etc. There is an effect of further improving the battery characteristics improvement effect.
- thermometer was installed in a 250 mL three-necked reaction vessel, and under a nitrogen atmosphere, 90 ml of water-dried diethyl ether, 11 ml (78.92 mmol, 1.05eq) of triethylamine, and 6.32 g (75.23 mmol, 1eq) of NaHCO 3 was added and cooled to 0°C.
- thermometer was installed in a 250 mL three-necked reaction vessel, and under a nitrogen atmosphere, 40 ml of water-dried dichloromethane, 5.8 ml (41.5 mmol, 1.05eq) of triethylamine, and 8.3 g (98.8 mmol, 2.5eq) of NaHCO 3 was added and cooled to 0°C.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (17)
- 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 화합물을 옥소 커플링제 하에 유기 할로겐 화합물과 반응시키는 단계;를 포함하고,상기 옥소 커플링제는 하기 화학식 2로 표시되는 화합물인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.[화학식 1](상기 화학식 1에서, R1은 탄소수 1 내지 10의 치환 또는 비치환된 알킬렌기 또는 탄소수 6 내지 20의 아릴렌기이고, 상기 치환은 1가 또는 2가의 이중 결합 또는 삼중 결합의 불포화 탄화수소기, 할로겐기, 히드록시기, 아민기, 옥사이드기, 설파이드기 및 티올기로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1종 이상으로 치환된 것을 가리키고, 상기 n은 1 내지 5의 정수이고, X1은 할로겐 원소이다.)[화학식 2]MaHbCO3(상기 화학식 2에서 M은 1가 또는 2가의 금속이고, a는 1 또는 2이고, b는 0 또는 1이다.)
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 화학식 2에서 M은 1가의 알칼리 금속이고, a는 1이고, b는 1인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 유기 할로겐 화합물은 하기 화학식 3으로 표시되는 화합물인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.[화학식 3]X2-R2(상기 화학식 3에서, X2는 할로겐기이고, R2는 CdHeX'fYgZh로 표시되는 라디칼이며, d는 1 내지 15의 정수이고, f는 0 내지 31의 정수이며, g는 0 내지 5의 정수이고, h는 0 내지 5의 정수이며, e는 R2의 산화수를 만족하게 하는 값이고, X'는 할로겐 라디칼이며, Y 및 Z는 각각 독립적으로 P, O, Si, N 및 S로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1종 이상이다.)
- 제3항에 있어서,상기 화학식 3으로 표시되는 화합물은 하기 화학식 3-1 내지 3-12으로 표시되는 화합물(단, 각각의 화학식에서 X2는 각각 독립적임)로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.[화학식 3-1](상기 화학식 3-1에서, R3는 탄소수 1 내지 10의 치환 또는 비치환된 알킬렌기 또는 탄소수 6 내지 20의 치환 또는 비치환된 아릴렌기이고, 상기 치환은 1가 또는 2가의 이중 결합 또는 삼중 결합의 불포화 탄화수소기, 할로겐기, 히드록시기, 아민기, 옥사이드기, 설파이드기 및 티올기로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1종 이상으로 치환된 것을 가리키고, 상기 n'은 1 내지 5의 정수이다.)[화학식 3-2][화학식 3-3][화학식 3-4][화학식 3-5][화학식 3-6][화학식 3-7][화학식 3-8][화학식 3-9][화학식 3-10][화학식 3-11][화학식 3-12]
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 반응으로부터 제조되는 환형 포스핀 화합물은 하기 화학식 4로 표시되는 화합물인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.[화학식 4](상기 화학식 4에서, R1 및 n은 각각 상기 화학식 1에서 정의된 바와 같고, R2는 CdHeX'fYgZh로 표시되는 라디칼이고, d는 1 내지 15의 정수이고, f는 0 내지 31의 정수이며, g는 0 내지 5의 정수이고, h는 0 내지 5의 정수이며, e는 R2의 산화수를 만족하게 하는 값이고, X'는 할로겐 원소이며, Y 및 Z는 각각 독립적으로 P, O, Si, N 및 S로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1종 이상이다.)
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 X1는 불소(F), 염소(Cl), 브롬(Br) 또는 아이오딘(I)인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 화학식 1로 표시되는 화합물 및 상기 옥소 커플링제의 당량비는 0.2 내지 2.5 : 1인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 화학식 1로 표시되는 화합물 및 상기 유기 할로겐 화합물의 총합과 상기 옥소 커플링제의 당량비는 0.8 내지 1.2 : 1인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 반응은 아민계 염기 하에 진행되는 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
- 제10항에 있어서,상기 아민계 염기는 지방족 아민 화합물인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법은 i) 상기 화학식 1로 표시되는 화합물과 옥소 커플링제를 반응시켜 금속염 또는 수산화물을 형성하는 단계; 및 ii) 상기 금속염 또는 수산화물과 상기 유기 할로겐 화합물을 반응시켜 하기 화학식 4로 표시되는 화합물을 생성하는 단계;를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.[화학식 4](상기 화학식 4에서, R1 및 n은 각각 상기 화학식 1에서 정의된 바와 같고, R2는 CdHeX'fYgZh로 표시되는 라디칼이고, d는 1 내지 15의 정수이고, f는 0 내지 31의 정수이며, g는 0 내지 5의 정수이고, h는 0 내지 5의 정수이며, e는 R2의 산화수를 만족하게 하는 값이고, X'는 할로겐 원소이며, Y 및 Z는 각각 독립적으로 P, O, Si, N 및 S로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1종 이상이다.)
- 제10항에 있어서,상기 아민계 염기 대 옥소 커플링제의 당량비는 0.2 내지 1.5 : 1인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 반응은 -10 내지 30℃ 온도 하에 수행되는 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 반응은 탄소수 1 내지 10의 에터계 용매, 할로알칸계 용매, 할로알켄계 용매, 케톤계 용매, 탄소수 2 내지 10의 아세테이트계 용매 및 탄소수 6 내지 10의 방향족 탄화수소 용매로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상의 유기용매 하에 수행되는 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
- 제15항에 있어서,상기 화학식 1로 표시되는 화합물 및 유기 할로겐 화합물은 각각 상기 유기용매에 녹인 후에 혼합되는 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 반응은 양성자성 화합물-프리 반응인 것을 특징으로 하는환형 포스핀 화합물의 제조방법.
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| US18/704,097 US20240409567A1 (en) | 2021-10-27 | 2022-10-18 | Method of preparing cyclic phosphine compound |
| EP22887453.3A EP4424691A4 (en) | 2021-10-27 | 2022-10-18 | Process for the preparation of a cyclic phosphine compound |
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| WO (1) | WO2023075257A1 (ko) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2722539A (en) | 1954-03-26 | 1955-11-01 | American Cyanamid Co | Derivatives of ethylene pyrophosphite |
| US20060019930A1 (en) * | 2002-05-15 | 2006-01-26 | Pepys Mark B | Treatment and prevention of tissue damage |
| KR20130003649A (ko) * | 2011-06-30 | 2013-01-09 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬이차전지용 전해액 첨가제, 이를 포함하는 비수성 전해액 및 리튬이차전지 |
| CN110563764A (zh) * | 2019-09-10 | 2019-12-13 | 恒大新能源科技集团有限公司 | 一种电解液阻燃添加剂及其制备方法和应用 |
| US20210273263A1 (en) * | 2018-07-06 | 2021-09-02 | Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh | Electrolyte comprising a phosphite as an additive or co-solvent, lithium rechargeable battery comprising said electrolyte, and method for producing the phosphite |
-
2021
- 2021-10-27 KR KR1020210145021A patent/KR20230060368A/ko active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-10-18 US US18/704,097 patent/US20240409567A1/en active Pending
- 2022-10-18 EP EP22887453.3A patent/EP4424691A4/en active Pending
- 2022-10-18 WO PCT/KR2022/015785 patent/WO2023075257A1/ko not_active Ceased
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2722539A (en) | 1954-03-26 | 1955-11-01 | American Cyanamid Co | Derivatives of ethylene pyrophosphite |
| US20060019930A1 (en) * | 2002-05-15 | 2006-01-26 | Pepys Mark B | Treatment and prevention of tissue damage |
| KR20130003649A (ko) * | 2011-06-30 | 2013-01-09 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬이차전지용 전해액 첨가제, 이를 포함하는 비수성 전해액 및 리튬이차전지 |
| US20210273263A1 (en) * | 2018-07-06 | 2021-09-02 | Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh | Electrolyte comprising a phosphite as an additive or co-solvent, lithium rechargeable battery comprising said electrolyte, and method for producing the phosphite |
| CN110563764A (zh) * | 2019-09-10 | 2019-12-13 | 恒大新能源科技集团有限公司 | 一种电解液阻燃添加剂及其制备方法和应用 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| CHERNYSHOV DENIS V., KRACHKOVSKIY SERGEY A., KAPYLOU ANDREI V., BOLSHAKOV IVAN A., SHIN WOO CHEOL, UE MAKOTO: "Substituted Dioxaphosphinane as an Electrolyte Additive for High Voltage Lithium-Ion Cells with Overlithiated Layered Oxide", JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 161, no. 4, 1 January 2014 (2014-01-01), pages A633 - A642, XP093062323, ISSN: 0013-4651, DOI: 10.1149/2.100404jes * |
| See also references of EP4424691A4 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP4424691A1 (en) | 2024-09-04 |
| EP4424691A4 (en) | 2025-03-12 |
| KR20230060368A (ko) | 2023-05-04 |
| US20240409567A1 (en) | 2024-12-12 |
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