WO2023085433A1 - ヒト細胞内でヒト人工染色体ベクターを作製する方法 - Google Patents
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing human cells, such as normal or aneuploid human cells, in which human artificial chromosome vectors derived from human chromosomes and substantially free of endogenous genes are formed.
- the present invention also relates to human cells containing the above human artificial chromosome vectors.
- mouse artificial chromosome vectors and human artificial chromosome vectors have been developed by the present inventors, for example, mice capable of producing human proteins (e.g., human antibodies, etc.) were created (Patent Document 1 ).
- Human artificial chromosome vector contains a human centromere, a long arm fragment near the centromere (many of the endogenous genes have been deleted), and a telomere produced by modifying the human chromosome, and a site for inserting a foreign gene Contains a specific recombinase recognition site.
- the production of such a vector involves fusing human fibroblasts with mouse A9 cells, introducing human chromosomes into chicken DT40 cells that are modifiable by homologous recombination, and generating as many human chromosomes as possible in the DT40 cells. It involves removing the endogenous gene region to create a human chromosomal vector (Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- Patent Documents 2 and 3 describe methods for site-specific DNA cleavage and homologous integration in mammalian cells such as human cells using genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9. It is
- Patent Document 3 also describes a method for producing human artificial chromosome vector-retaining cells using human cell-derived micronuclear cells. This method also uses mouse A9 cells and chicken DT40 cells to prepare human chromosome vectors from human cells as described in Patent Document 1, and then converts the vectors into MMCT (Microcell-Mediated introduction into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by Chromosome Transfer).
- MMCT Microcell-Mediated introduction into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by Chromosome Transfer).
- the present inventors have now discovered a method for producing a highly safe human artificial chromosome vector using human cells instead of non-human animal cells.
- the invention includes the following features.
- a disomy human cell containing a pair of homologous human chromosomes or a trisomy human cell containing a trisomy of homologous human chromosomes one of the two chromosomes of the disomy, or one of the three chromosomes of the trisomy
- the long arm and short arm endogenous genes are substantially deleted from the two chromosomes, thereby including a human artificial chromosome vector having a long arm and a short arm portion substantially free of endogenous genes, a human centromere, and a telomere
- a method for producing human cells containing a human artificial chromosome vector comprising producing a cell population containing human cells and collecting human cells containing the human artificial chromosome vector from the cell population.
- a human cell containing one human chromosome and one or two human artificial chromosome vectors derived from human chromosomes homologous thereto, wherein the human artificial chromosome vector is substantially free of endogenous genes A human cell having arm and short arm segments, a human centromere and a telomere, and wherein said cell contains two copies of the haploinsufficiency gene.
- lane 1 shows the results of adding T7E to the PCR product of DNA derived from ribonucleoprotein complex (“RNP”)-introduced cells consisting of CRISPR-Cas9 protein.
- Lane 2 shows the results of PCR products of DNA derived from RNP-introduced cells without addition of T7E.
- Lane 3 shows the results of adding T7E to the PCR product of DNA derived from RNP-unintroduced cells.
- Lane 4 shows the result of not adding T7E to the PCR product of DNA derived from RNP-unintroduced cells.
- lane 5 shows a DNA size index marker (“Marker” in the figure), Gene ladder wide 2.
- Marker in the figure
- This figure shows the analysis results of PCR amplification products obtained by introducing a guide RNA (gRNA) into a human iPS cell line (201B7) for deletion of the long arm of human chromosome 21.
- Lane 1 is DNA ladder marker, Gene ladder wide 2.
- Lane 2 shows the results of PCR using untreated wild-type 201B7 cell-derived DNA ("201B7 wt" in the figure).
- Lane 3 to Lane 8 show the analysis results using genomic DNA collected 48 hours and 1 week after introduction of the combination of gRNAs for deleting the long arm of chromosome 21 into 201B7. Even when the genomic DNA collected after 1 week was used, an amplified product specific to deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 was detected when using a sample amount of about 1500 cells corresponding to 10 ng of DNA. indicates In the figure, "100 ng", “10 ng", and "1 ng” each indicate the amount of template DNA used. These are the results of Example 3. This figure shows the results of determining the deletion of the long arm region in the human chromosome 21 long arm deleted cell population for the amplified product by the PCR method. Lane 1 shows DNA size index markers.
- Example 4 shows that in the determination of deletion of the long arm region in the human chromosome 21 long arm deletion cell population, when DNA derived from the 6F locus was used, no amplified product specific to the appearance of the long arm inversion on chromosome 21 was detected. indicates that These are the results of Example 4.
- This figure shows 12 subclones out of 49 subclones (#3, #10, #14, #18, #19, #21) for the cell population at the 6F locus in which the full length of the long arm of chromosome 21 has been deleted, by the PCR method. , #22, #27, #29, #32, #37, and #38), the target amplification product (245 bp) was confirmed.
- "201B7" indicates the results when untreated 201B7 cells were used, NC indicates the negative control, and PC indicates the positive control.
- This figure shows the presence of a chromosome fragment (?del(21)(q11.2q22.3)) indicating deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 in human iPS cells using the #10 clone using the G-Band method. shows the results confirmed by In the #10 clone, a chromosome fragment with deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 was observed as compared with the wild-type 201B7 cell. These are the results of Example 7. This figure shows that a chromosome fragment (?del (21) (q11.2q22.3) indicating deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 is present in human iPS cells using the #29 clone by the G-Band method.
- Example 8 shows the results of confirmation by the mBand method of the presence of a chromosome fragment indicating deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 in human iPS cells when #10 clone was used.
- white arrowheads large and white arrowheads (small) are the same as explained in FIG. 8-1.
- #10 clone a chromosomal fragment with deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 was observed as compared with the wild-type 201B7 (FIG. 8-1).
- Example 8 shows the result of confirming by the mBand method that a chromosome fragment indicating deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 exists in human iPS cells when #29 clone was used.
- white arrowheads large
- white arrowheads small
- FIG. 8-1 white arrowheads
- a chromosomal fragment showing deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 was observed as compared with the wild-type 201B7 (FIG. 8-1).
- This figure shows the results of determining the deletion of the long arm region in a cell population of human trisomy 21 iPS cell lines with deletion of the long arm region of human chromosome 21 for amplification products by the PCR method. It shows that amplification products specific for chromosome long arm deletion were obtained for DNAs derived from 96-well Nos. 59, 64, 66, 71 and 78 loci. These are the results of Example 9.
- This figure shows the results of determining the deletion of the long arm region in a cell population of human trisomy 21 iPS cell lines with deletion of the long arm region of human chromosome 21 for amplification products by the PCR method. DNA from 96-well No.
- 59, 64, 66, 71, 78 loci shows no amplification products specific for chromosomal length inversions.
- This figure shows that the target amplification product (245 bp) was confirmed in 4 subclones (#8, 17, 24, 26) out of 26 subclones for the human chromosome 21 long arm deleted cell population.
- These are the results of Example 9.
- This figure shows the results of confirmation by the DAPI staining method that a chromosomal fragment indicating deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 is present in human iPS cells when the trisomy strain (2767-4) is used.
- Example 10 shows the analysis results using genomic DNA collected 48 hours and 1 week after introduction of a combination of gRNAs for deleting the short arm of chromosome 13 into normal karyotype iPS cells (201B7). . Even when the genomic DNA collected after one week was used, an amplification product specific to deletion of the short arm of chromosome 13 was detected when using a sample amount of about 1500 cells corresponding to 10 ng of DNA. indicates These are the results of Example 11.
- This figure shows the result of determination of deletion of the short arm region in a normal karyotype iPS cell line (201B7) in which the long arm of human chromosome 13 was deleted, using PCR amplification products.
- 11 locus-derived DNAs (4B to 8G, 10A, 10C, 11D), including 96-well numbers 4C and 5C, show that human chromosome 13 short arm deletion-specific amplification products were obtained.
- These are the results of Example 12.
- This figure shows the results of determination of deletion of the short arm region in a human chromosome 13 short arm deletion cell population in a normal karyotype iPS cell line (201B7) for amplified products by PCR.
- Example 12 shows that no chromosomal short-arm inversion-specific amplification products were obtained for DNA from 96-well No. 4C, 5C loci. These are the results of Example 12.
- This figure shows 96 wells #4, 10, 22, 23, 25, 31, 39, 47, 52, 62 in human chromosome 13 long arm deleted subclones in a normal karyotype iPS cell line (201B7). , shows that chromosomal short-arm deletion-specific amplification products were obtained for DNA derived from 63 loci. These are the results of Example 13.
- This figure shows the DNA from subclones #2, 4, 5 from the 96-well number #4 locus in the human chromosome 13 long arm deletion subclone in a normal karyotype iPS cell line (201B7). This indicates that a good amplification product was obtained. These are the results of Example 13. This figure shows the results of confirmation by the G-Band method that a chromosome fragment and a chromosome showing deletion of the 13th short arm exist in human iPS cells when using the disomy strain (201B7).
- Lanes 2 to 7 show the analysis results using genomic DNA collected 48 hours and 1 week after introduction of the combination of gRNAs for deleting the short arm of chromosome 21.
- Lane 1 is a DNA ladder marker (“Marker” in the figure). In the figure, "100 ng", “10 ng”, and “1 ng” each indicate the amount of template DNA used.
- the upper row shows the results when using 201B7 cells (“201B7” in the figure), which is a disomy human iPS cell line, and the lower row shows the results when using 2767-4 cells (“2767-4” in the figure), which is a trisomy human iPS cell line. ) is used. It was found that the efficiency of deleting the short arm of chromosome 21 was increased by using a trisomy cell line.
- human centromere and to produce a cell population containing human cells containing a human artificial chromosome vector having a telomere, further comprising recovering human cells containing the human artificial chromosome vector from the cell population , provides a method for making human cells containing a human artificial chromosome vector.
- Human chromosomes that can be used in the above method may be any of human chromosomes 1 to 22 and sex chromosomes (X and Y), and the trisomy is human chromosomes 1 to 22 and sex chromosomes Any trisomy.
- a “disomy” herein is a pair of homologous human chromosomes, which may be a pair of normal chromosomes, or have a mutation in one gene of an allele and thus are produced from that gene. It may be a pair of human chromosomes containing a gene (referred to as a "haploinsufficiency gene") involved in so-called haploinsufficiency, a phenomenon in which the amount of a protein to be produced is insufficient and the function is impaired.
- trisomy refers to a human cell exhibiting an aneuploid chromosomal abnormality that includes an extra homologous chromosome in addition to a pair of homologous chromosomes.
- chromosomal abnormalities are known in humans, for example, trisomy 21, trisomy 19, trisomy 18, trisomy 16, trisomy 13, trisomy 7, and the like. contains three chromosome 21 homologous to
- the methods of the present invention can be performed in human cells from one of the two chromosomes of a disomy comprising a pair of homologous human chromosomes of interest (or of interest) or from a trisomy of three chromosomes of interest (or interest). It is characterized by comprising producing a human artificial chromosome vector from one or two chromosomes. This vector has human centromeres and telomeres, but the long and short arms are substantially free of endogenous genes.
- substantially means one or more genes excluding causative genes that cause chromosomal abnormalities when the human cells of the present invention are used for treatment, for example, 30 or less, 20 or less, 10 or less, 5 It means that it can contain no more or no more than two genes. However, in the present invention, it is preferred that the vector does not contain any endogenous genes in the long and short arms in consideration of therapeutic safety.
- a disomic human cell can be a cell containing a pair of homologous chromosomes of interest (or of interest), or can be a human cell containing a haploinsufficient gene, as described above.
- Trisomy human cells are, for example, cell lines derived from trisomy human patients as described above, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells generated from trisomy human patient-derived cells, or human normal cells with one human chromosome. Including artificial trisomy human cells that are artificially produced by introduction. Human cells may optionally contain a haploinsufficient gene.
- iPS induced pluripotent stem
- the above trisomy human patient-derived cells include, but are not limited to, Down syndrome patient fibroblast cell lines such as JCRB9044 Detroit 532 (skin-derived), ATCC CCL-54 TM Detroit 532 (skin-derived), CORIELL Institute GM02767 (fibroblasts origin), etc.
- the iPS cells produced from the above trisomy human patient-derived cells include, but are not limited to, Down syndrome patient fibroblast-derived iPS cells, such as ATCC-DYP0730 IPS Cells (ACS-1003 TM ) (this cell is ATCC CCL-54 TM Detroit 532 (human Down's syndrome cell line) was reprogrammed (reprogrammed) under the expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc genes.), SKIP001644: ND50026 (SKiP Stemcell Search), etc.
- Down syndrome patient fibroblast-derived iPS cells such as ATCC-DYP0730 IPS Cells (ACS-1003 TM ) (this cell is ATCC CCL-54 TM Detroit 532 (human Down's syndrome cell line) was reprogrammed (reprogrammed) under the expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc genes.
- SKIP001644 ND50026 (SKiP Stemcell Search), etc.
- iPS cells can be produced by the following known methods. Specifically, the above iPS cells are somatic cells (including somatic stem cells), introduced with a specific reprogramming factor (DNA or protein), cultured in an appropriate medium, and further Colonies are formed in about 3-5 weeks by subculturing.
- Reprogramming factors are, for example, the combination consisting of Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc; the combination consisting of Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4; the combination consisting of Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28; , Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog and Lin28 are known (K. Takahashi and S.
- the above-mentioned culture is carried out, for example, by using mitomycin C-treated mouse fetal fibroblast cell lines (e.g., STO) as feeder cells, using a medium for ES cells on this feeder cell layer, and reprogramming factor-expressing vector-introduced somatic cells (about 10 4-10 5 cells/cm 2 ) at a temperature of about 37°C.
- mitomycin C-treated mouse fetal fibroblast cell lines e.g., STO
- reprogramming factor-expressing vector-introduced somatic cells about 10 4-10 5 cells/cm 2
- feeder cells are not necessarily required (Takahashi, K. et al., Cell; 131:861-872 (2007)).
- the basal medium is, for example, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM), Ham's F-12 medium, RPMI-1640 medium, Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM), mixed medium thereof, etc., and human iPS
- DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- EMEM Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium
- RPMI-1640 medium RPMI-1640 medium
- Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium iPS
- a primate ES cell medium Reprocell, Japan
- Feeder cells are not necessarily required.
- MMCT Microcell-Mediated Chromosome Transfer
- human cells are cultured in a medium containing a micronucleus formation inducer (e.g., a microtubule polymerization inhibitor) to produce human cell-derived micronucleated cells (WO2020/075823).
- a micronucleus formation inducer e.g., a microtubule polymerization inhibitor
- Micronucleated cells containing any of the human chromosomes can be generated by this method and fused with human cells using the MMCT method similar to the method of Nawata et al. to generate trisomy human cells.
- Trisomy human cells can be identified, for example, by Karyotype analysis.
- one of the chromosomes in disomy human cells, or one or two of the three homologous chromosomes that constitute trisomy in trisomy human cells for example, genome editing (e.g., CRISPR / Cas system), telomere cleavage method, site-specific recombination enzyme / using techniques such as recombination method by the enzyme recognition site system, the endogenous gene of the long arm and short arm is substantially deleted, and in some cases the foreign gene Site-specific DNA insertion sequences for loading (eg, site-specific recombinase recognition sequences), and optionally foreign genes or DNA can be inserted.
- genome editing e.g., CRISPR / Cas system
- telomere cleavage method e.g., telomere cleavage method
- site-specific recombination enzyme / using techniques such as recombination method by the enzyme recognition site system
- Site-specific DNA insertion sequences for loading eg, site-specific
- a phenomenon that certain enzymes recognize specific recognition sites and specifically cause recombination of DNA at the recognition sites is known, and the human artificial chromosome in the present invention
- a target foreign gene or DNA can be inserted using a system consisting of such an enzyme and its recognition site.
- Such systems include, for example, a system of Cre enzyme derived from bacteriophage P1 and a loxP sequence as its recognition site (Cre/loxP system; B.
- telomere editing a foreign gene or DNA sequence can be knocked into a target site by using, for example, the CRISPR/Cas9 system shown below together with a donor vector containing the foreign gene or DNA sequence.
- the foreign gene or DNA is, for example, a human gene or DNA useful for the treatment of human diseases or disorders, in some cases, a reporter gene (for example, a gene encoding a fluorescent protein such as GFP, EGFP, or YFP), a selection marker gene (for example, it may contain drug resistance genes such as Neo R , Amp R , BSR , etc.).
- a reporter gene for example, a gene encoding a fluorescent protein such as GFP, EGFP, or YFP
- a selection marker gene for example, it may contain drug resistance genes such as Neo R , Amp R , BSR , etc.
- any human foreign gene or DNA that can be used in regenerative medicine or gene therapy that is promising for treatment of chromosomal abnormalities or genetic diseases.
- human cells include, for example, somatic cells, progenitor cells, stem cells, and cells derived therefrom, including cultured cells, cell lines, passaged cells, Artificially induced cells (eg, iPS cells) and the like are included.
- Cell types are not limited, and examples include skin cells, lung cells, renal cells, hepatocytes, intestinal cells, renal cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, and bone marrow cells.
- human stem cells include tissue stem cells (having self-renewal ability and differentiating into cells in tissues), somatic stem cells (having differentiating into multiple cells in vivo, eg, mesenchymal stem cells), and the like.
- Examples of preferred cells include human-derived somatic cells, progenitor cells, iPS cells, and stem cells such as mesenchymal stem cells.
- Mesenchymal stem cells can be obtained from bone marrow, cord blood, adipose tissue, and the like.
- the following describes how to convert one or two chromosomes into human artificial chromosome vectors by genome editing in disomy or trisomy human cells.
- Genome editing is a technique for editing genomic DNA and genetic modification using artificial cleavage enzymes such as TALEN (Transcription Activator-Like Effector nuclease), ZFN (Zinc Finger nuclease), CRISPR-Cas system, and the like. Any technique of genome editing can be used in the method of the present invention, but preferably the CRISPR-Cas system is used.
- the CRISPR / Cas9 system in particular was discovered from the adaptive immune system against viruses and plasmids of bacteria and archaea, but the construction of vectors is relatively simple and multiple genes can be modified at the same time.
- This system has a Cas9 nuclease that cleaves double-stranded DNA on the genome and a guide RNA (sgRNA or crRNA (CRISPR RNA) + tracrRNA (trans-activating CRISPR RNA)).
- the most currently used Cas9 protein is the SpCas9 type, and the PAM sequence is NGG, so there are few restrictions on the mutation introduction position.
- the sites on the long and short arms of the human chromosome targeted by the guide RNA are sites that allow deletion of endogenous gene regions. Such sites are, for example, in the case of the long arm of human chromosome 21, for example, NC — 000021.9, Homo sapiens chromosome 21, GRCh38. p13 Primary Assembly: NC — 000021.9, Homo sapiens chromosome 21, GRCh38.
- p13 Primary Assembly sites such that the region from nucleotide numbers 5,011,894 to 10,540,501 is deleted, that is, sites 13,084,315 and 46,670,306 in the long arm, and the short 5,011,894 and 10,540,501 sites on the arm.
- the guide RNA sequences for cleavage of the long arm of human chromosome 21 and the short arm of human chromosome 13 and their target sequences are, without limitation, for example the following sequences.
- thymine (T) is uracil (U) in the case of RNA.
- the target sequence is a nucleotide sequence in which the indicated PAM sequence is bound to the 3' end of each sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4. Note that the PAM sequence is added intracellularly.
- gRNA near Cen: 5'-GACAGGTAAGGATTACTAGG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1) + (AGG)-PAM
- gRNA near Tel: 5'-TAAAGATGTGCTCCTTCCCG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 2) + (AGG)-PAM
- gRNA near Cen: 5'-AGAACTGAAGCATCACTCAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 3) + (TGG)-PAM
- gRNA near Tel: 5'-AGAAGCGAATCCTGCTTGCA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 4) + (GGG)-PAM
- the guide RNA sequence for cleavage of the short arm of human chromosome 21 and its target sequence are non-limiting, for example, the following sequences.
- thymine (T) is uracil (U) in the case of RNA.
- the target sequence is a nucleotide sequence in which the indicated PAM sequence is bound to the 3' end of each sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 15 and 16.
- gRNA for human chromosome 21 long arm: gRNA (near Tel): 5'-AGACTGTAGCCTTGACCCAG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 15) + (AGG)-PAM gRNA (near Cen): 5'-CTGTGGACGTATTAACTTAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 16) + (TGG)-PAM
- human chromosomes other than human chromosomes 21 and 13 as described in the examples below, in the same way as in the case of human chromosomes 21 and 13, for example, by a method such as genome editing Endogenous genes can be deleted from the long and short arms, thereby forming a human artificial chromosome vector.
- Genomic sequence information for human chromosomes is available from databases such as the NCBI in the United States.
- Human cells containing the human artificial chromosome vector of interest for example, human cells containing a pair of homologous human chromosomes and one human chromosome-derived human artificial chromosome vector homologous thereto, the human artificial chromosome vector is an endogenous gene Human cells having substantially free long and short arm portions, human centromeres, and telomeres.
- human cells containing the human artificial chromosome vector of interest for example, human cells containing one human chromosome and one or two human artificial chromosome vectors derived from human chromosomes homologous thereto, the human artificial The chromosomal vector is a human cell having long and short arm portions substantially free of endogenous genes, a human centromere and a telomere, and wherein said cell contains two copies of a haploinsufficient gene.
- a site-specific DNA insertion sequence and/or a foreign gene or DNA can be further inserted into the long-arm and short-arm portions of the artificial chromosome vector using, for example, genome editing or site-specific recombination technology.
- Human artificial chromosome vector of interest from a cell population containing human cells containing a human artificial chromosome vector having a long arm and short arm portion, human centromere, and telomere produced by the above method, substantially free of endogenous genes Harvesting human cells containing
- Animal cell culture media such as EMEM, DMEM, IMDM, RPMI164 and Ham's F12 media can be used as culture conditions for human cells.
- pluripotent stem cells such as iPS cells, it is preferable to use a medium for primate ES cells.
- the medium contains amino acids, vitamins, inorganic salts, trace elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, etc.), nucleosides and bases, substances for energy metabolism (glucose, galactose, Coenzyme A, etc.), antibiotics, cytokines (growth factors , hormones, etc.), supplements, lipids, and, if necessary, serum (fetal bovine serum, etc.) and the like can be appropriately selected and included.
- a serum-free medium a medium containing the above-described medium components can be used, except that serum is replaced with an alternative serum (human serum albumin, etc.).
- pH 7.4 can usually be used for culturing human cells.
- the culture temperature is usually 37°C.
- Culturing for cloning usually uses a solid culture, such as an agar or agarose medium. Cultivation can be performed in the presence of 5-7% CO 2 in the atmosphere using containers such as petri dishes, multi-well plates and flasks.
- a solid culture such as an agar or agarose medium. Cultivation can be performed in the presence of 5-7% CO 2 in the atmosphere using containers such as petri dishes, multi-well plates and flasks.
- containers such as petri dishes, multi-well plates and flasks.
- culture for example R. I. Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, A Manual of Basic Technique and Specialized, Applications, Six Ed. , 2010, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc. described in detail.
- nucleic acid For each colony that appears on the medium, nucleic acid (DNA) is isolated and gene amplified by PCR to identify the deletion of the long- and short-arm endogenous genes, as described in the Examples below. Analysis such as confirmation of chromosomal disruption can be performed to isolate colonies containing the desired human artificial chromosome vector. Furthermore, after the colonies are further purified by solid culture, the target cell clones can be grown and isolated by culturing in a liquid medium containing the above culture components.
- Karyotype analysis is performed by using a mitotic inhibitor such as colchicine, colcemid, etc.
- a mitotic inhibitor such as colchicine, colcemid, etc.
- Giemsa staining method FISH method
- each chromosome is identified based on the characteristic band pattern and shape of the chromosome, and the presence or absence of polyploidy, aneuploidy and translocation. Abnormalities such as structure and shape can be analyzed.
- the present invention also provides human cells containing the following human artificial chromosome vector.
- Haploinsufficiency is as explained in Section 1 above, and when a human chromosome contains a haploinsufficiency gene, it is necessary to contain two copies of the haploinsufficiency gene for the survival and maintenance of cells containing the chromosome. Therefore, the human cell of (2) above contains two copies of the haploinsufficient gene. In such a case, the human cell may contain two copies of the haploinsufficiency gene on one human chromosome, e.g., by translocation; A foreign gene vector loaded with DNA may be prepared and introduced into human cells containing the human artificial chromosome vector of interest described above so that the cells contain two copies of the haploinsufficiency gene.
- Such vectors are preferably vectors that can be used in humans, such as viral vectors (eg, adeno-associated virus, Sendai virus, etc.) and plasmid vectors.
- the human cells can be produced, for example, by the methods described in Section 1 above and Examples below.
- the human artificial chromosome vector can contain a site-specific DNA insertion sequence, or the vector can contain any foreign gene or DNA. It can optionally further include at least one of a reporter gene and a selectable marker gene. Examples of these genes are described in Section 1 above. Human cells can contain human artificial chromosome vectors containing human-derived foreign genes or DNA, which are useful, for example, in gene therapy.
- Gene therapy includes, but is not limited to, therapeutic methods for resolving deterioration or insufficiency of protein function due to genomic gene mutation, and therapeutic methods for acquired diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
- the human cells of the present invention are, for example, cells as described in Section 1 above, and are somatic cells or stem cells.
- Preferred human-derived stem cells are iPS cells or mesenchymal stem cells.
- Human-derived stem cells such as iPS cells and mesenchymal stem cells containing the human artificial chromosome vector can produce various progenitor cells and differentiated cells by inducing differentiation from these cells, so gene therapy / regenerative medicine Useful.
- progenitor cells, differentiated cells, or other cells are also included in the human cells of the present invention.
- Example 1 Design of guide RNA for deletion of entire gene region on human chromosome 21 long arm , POTED (chr21: 13, 609, 777-13, 645, 823), a translated gene closest to the centromere, and PRMT2 (chr21: 46, chr21: 46, 635, 156-46, 665, 685), the POTED gene start point (chr21: 13, 609, 777), the centromere downstream, the long arm start point (chr21: 12,915,808) and between the PRMT2 gene end (chr21: positions 46,665,685) and the telomeric sequence start (chr21: positions 46,699,983).
- gRNA guide RNA sequence
- CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- GRCh38/hg38 The edition of the genome database follows GRCh38/hg38, which is the latest edition currently available.
- gRNA-21q-01 was designed as a gRNA that cleaves near the centromere.
- gRNA-21q-TeloT9 was designed as a gRNA that cleaves near telomeres.
- the target sequences of each gRNA are as follows.
- gRNA-21q-01 5′-GACAGGTAAGGATTACTAGGAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5)
- gRNA-21q-TeloT9 5′-TAAAAGATGTGCTCCTTCCCGAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6)
- gRNAs that can target these sequences Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. It was produced by crRNAXT artificial synthesis service in Alt-R (registered trademark) CRISPR-Cas9 crRNA provided by.
- telomere guide RNA for deletion of entire gene region on human chromosome 21 long arm crRNA containing the target sequence specified by gRNA-21q-TeloT9 has target sequence-specific cleavage activity
- human iPS cells 201B7 RIKEN BioResource Research Center Cell Material Development Office, HPS0063 strain
- CRISPR-Cas9 protein by the following method Ribonucleoprotein complex ("RNP") was performed and T7 endonuclease analysis was performed.
- RNP Ribonucleoprotein complex
- RNP CRISPR-Cas9 protein complex
- 201B7 was cultured on a 6-well plate (ThermoFisher) using StemFit AK02N (Reprocell) and iMatrix-511 Silk (Matrixome). In advance, 10 ⁇ M Y-27632 (Fujifilm Wako) was added to the culture medium. Cells were incubated for 1 hour at 37°C. After that, 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells of 201B7 cells were collected as introduced cells, suspended in 10 mL of Opti-MEM (ThemoFisher), centrifuged at 700 rpm for 10 minutes, and washed.
- Opti-MEM ThemoFisher
- RNP introduction into 201B7 was carried out by electroporation using a super electroporator NEPA21 manufactured by Nepagene Co., Ltd. as an apparatus. Electroporation conditions were as follows: Poring Pulse: Voltage 150 V, Pulse Length 5.0 msec, Pulse Interval 50.0 msec, Number of Pulses 2, Decay Rate 10%, Polarity +/-, and Set Parameters: Volta ge 20.0V , Pulse Length 50.0 msec, Pulse Interval 50.0 msec, Number of Pulses 5, Decay Rate 40%, and Polarity +/-.
- 201B7 was seeded in 1 well of a 6-well plate in 2 mL of StemFit AK02N medium supplemented with 10 ⁇ M Y-27632 and 4.8 ⁇ L of iMatrix-511 silk. One day after electroporation, the medium was changed to regular StemFit AK02N medium. Two days after electroporation, genomic DNA derived from the electroporated 201B7 cells was extracted and amplified by PCR using Re-21q tel F3 and Re-21q tel R3 as a template.
- PCR amplification was performed using approximately 100 ng of genomic DNA.
- KOD One (registered trademark) PCR Master Mix manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd. was used as the DNA polymerase, and the reaction conditions were 35 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 10 seconds, annealing at 60°C for 5 seconds, and extension at 68°C for 5 seconds.
- Amplified products were detected by ethidium bromide staining after electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel. As a result, an amplification product of around the expected length (507 bp) was detected.
- the amplified product was subjected to T7 endonuclease analysis using T7 Endnuclease I reaction Mix (Nippon Gene).
- Primers were prepared using Primer3Plus based on nucleotide sequences obtained from the NCBI database. The names and sequences of the primers are shown below.
- Re-21q tel F3 5'-AACTGAGCCCCTTTCTTCGG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 7)
- Re-21q tel R3 5'- AGGATTCTCTGCTCCCCCAT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 8)
- T7 endonuclease analysis was performed by the following method.
- a PCR solution containing the amplified product was subjected to denaturation and annealing of the amplified product using a thermal cycler.
- 1 ⁇ L of 1 M NaCl was added to 8 ⁇ L of the amplified product, and the reaction conditions were denaturation at 95° C. for 5 minutes, annealing at 95° C. ⁇ 85° C. at 2° C./second, and 85° C. ⁇ 25° C. at 0.1° C./second.
- 9 ⁇ L of the substrate DNA fragment and 1 ⁇ L of T7 Endonuclease I reaction Mix (T7E) were mixed together and reacted at 37° C. for 1 hour.
- reaction products were detected by ethidium bromide staining after electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel. As a result, reaction products of expected lengths (before cleavage: around 507 bp, after cleavage: around 364 bp, around 143 bp) were detected (Fig. 1).
- Lane 1 (RNP+, T7E+) in FIG. 1 shows the results of adding T7E to the PCR product of DNA derived from RNP-introduced cells.
- Lane 2 shows the results of PCR products of DNA derived from RNP-introduced cells without addition of T7E.
- Lane 3 shows the results of adding T7E to the PCR product of DNA derived from RNP-unintroduced cells.
- Lane 4 shows the results of adding T7E to the PCR product of DNA derived from RNP-unintroduced cells.
- Lane 5 shows a DNA size index marker, Gene ladder wide 2 (Nippon Gene). From this, the gRNA-21q-TeloT9 cleavage efficiency was about 12.19% and was chosen for use. On the other hand, gRNA-21q-01 was used without evaluating the cleavage activity efficiency.
- Example 3 Introduction of gRNA into a human iPS cell line for deletion of the long arm of human chromosome 21 Telomere of the long arm of human chromosome 21 designed and evaluated for cleavage activity in Examples 1 and 2 gRNA-21q-TeloT9, which cleaves near the centromere, and gRNA-21q-01, which cuts near the centromere on the long arm of human chromosome 21, were introduced into human iPS cell line 201B7 by electroporation.
- gRNA-21q-TeloT9 2.5 ⁇ L of gRNA-21q-TeloT9, 2.5 ⁇ L of 200 ⁇ M gRNA-21q-01 and 5 ⁇ L of 200 ⁇ M tracRNA were mixed in the same microtube and heated at 95° C. for 3 minutes. After heating, the temperature was returned to room temperature. After this, it was performed in the same manner as the CRISPR-Cas9-RNP electroporation procedure described in Example 2. Next, after culturing the RNP-introduced human iPS cells for 2 days (48 hours) and 1 week, genomic DNA was extracted, and this genome was used as a template.
- 21q-01 F (5'-GTGCAACTGTCAGACCAAAACA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 9)) and human chromosome 21 long arm telomere vicinity-specific reverse primer Re-21q tel R3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) were used for amplification by PCR. gone.
- the amount of template DNA used for one reaction was 100 ng, 10 ng, and 1 ng.
- KOD One (registered trademark) PCR Master Mix manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd. was used as the DNA polymerase, and the reaction conditions were 35 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 10 seconds, annealing at 65°C for 5 seconds, and extension at 68°C for 5 seconds.
- the amplified product was detected by ethidium bromide staining after electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel. Genomic DNA after one week confirmed the expected amplification product (about 245 bp) at 100 ng and 10 ng (Fig. 2). A DNA ladder marker, Gene ladder wide 2, was set in lane 1 (Marker). Lane 2 (201B7 wt) shows PCR results using untreated wild-type 201B7-derived DNA. Lane 3 to Lane 5 (After 48H; 100 ng, 10 ng, 1 ng) show the analysis results using genomic DNA collected 48 hours after introduction of the combination of gRNAs for deleting the long arm of chromosome 21 into 201B7. show.
- a specific sequence generated when the long arm of chromosome 21 was deleted as intended was obtained as a result of PCR.
- the deletion efficiency of the long arm of chromosome 21 can be calculated from the amount of template DNA used in which the amplified product was detected.
- 1 ng of template DNA template DNA for about 150 cells
- an amplification product specific to deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 was detected, so deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 in at least 1 cell out of 150 cells is thought to have occurred.
- the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 occurred at a frequency of 1 cell or more in approximately 150 cells corresponding to 1 ng of DNA for the minimum amount of template DNA used, 1 ng.
- Lanes 6 to 8 show analysis results using genomic DNA collected 1 week after introduction of the gRNA combination for deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 into 201B7. indicate. 48 hours after RNP introduction, deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 occurred in more than 1 cell (0.67%) out of about 150 cells corresponding to 100 ng, 10 ng, and 1 ng of DNA. was done.
- the culture was continued for a further week, and the DNA after growing the cells was used as a template DNA to perform detection specific to the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21.
- the DNA after growing the cells was used as a template DNA to perform detection specific to the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21.
- the expected results were obtained.
- As many specific recombinant bands were detected. This suggested that deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 occurred in more than 1 cell (0.067%) out of about 1500 cells.
- Example 4 Acquisition of human chromosome 21 long arm deleted clone and determination of long arm region deletion by PCR method For isolation and establishment, the RNP-introduced 201B7 cell population for deletion of the long arm region was seeded in 96 wells so that 10 cells per well of a 96 well plate, and about 960 cells were selected. After culturing for 7 to 9 days, cells were collected sequentially from wells in which proliferation was observed. The cells were collected by washing with 100 ⁇ L of 1 mM EDTA-added PBS, adding 100 ⁇ L of 1 mM EDTA-added PBS, allowing to stand at 37° C. for 5 minutes, and then removing the supernatant.
- the cells were suspended in 25 ⁇ L of PBS containing Y-27632. 15 ⁇ L of the cell solution was subcultured in a 96-well plate, 10 ⁇ L was mixed with 10 ⁇ L of proteinase K solution, incubated overnight at 55° C., and then heated at 95° C. for 3 minutes to extract genomic DNA.
- the Proteinase K solution used was a mixture of 471 ⁇ L of sterilized water, 25 ⁇ L of ExTaq buffer (TAKARA), and 4 ⁇ L of 10 mg/mL Proteinase K (Fujifilm Wako).
- PCR primers that specifically detect the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 using the resulting genomic DNA as a template, Re-21q tel R3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) and 21q-01 F (SEQ ID NO: 9), Amplification was performed by the PCR method. As a result, an expected amplified product (245 bp) was confirmed when the cell-derived DNA of the 96-well plate 6F locus shown in lane 10 was used as a template (Fig. 3). As a positive control (PC), DNA derived from a cell population 48 hours after RNP introduction was used as a template. Lane 1 (Marker) shows a DNA size index marker, Gene ladder wide 2 (Nippon Gene). When DNAs derived from loci other than 6F shown in lanes 2 to 9 and 11 to 13 in order from the right of lane 1 were used, no amplification product specific to deletion of the long arm of the chromosome was obtained.
- PC positive control
- 21q-01 R (sequence No. 10), and human chromosome 21 long arm telomere vicinity-specific forward primer, Re-21q tel F3 (SEQ ID NO: 7), amplified by PCR method, and the presence of chromosome 21 long arm inversion was evaluated. .
- Re-21q tel F3 (SEQ ID NO: 7)
- the reverse primer specific to the vicinity of the centromere on the long arm of human chromosome 21 is shown below with the name of the primer and the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
- Example 5 Acquisition of human chromosome 21 long arm deleted clone and determination of long arm region deletion by PCR method From the results of Example 4, the cell population at the 6F locus (cell population 6F) has the full length of the chromosome 21 long arm It was suggested that there is a population in which is deleted. Based on this result, it was decided to clone cells in which the long arm of chromosome 21 was deleted. Since the 6F locus-derived cell population is a population formed from about 10 cells, 150 cells were seeded per plate in a 96-well plate for single cloning. Colonies that arose after 10 days were picked. The pick-up method was the same as the procedure using Proteinase K solution described above.
- Example 6 Evaluation of improvement in efficiency of human trisomy 21 long arm deletion in human trisomy 21 iPS cell line Human cells are usually disomy with two chromosomes 21, but trisomy syndrome with three chromosomes 21 , human Down's disease patient-derived iPS cell line 2767-4 was used to delete the long arm of chromosome 21.
- the expected amplification product was not observed when 1 ng of template DNA was used for DNA derived from RNP-introduced cells (Fig. 2). From this result, the appearance frequency of cells with the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 when using the trisomy cell line was approximately 1 cell per 150 cells. Furthermore, when the human iPS cell line 201B7 was used, the appearance frequency of cells with the long arm deletion of chromosome 21 was about 1 per 1,500 cells. This suggested that the efficiency of deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 when using the trisomy cell line was 10 times higher than that of the human iPS cell line 201B7.
- Example 7 Verification by G-band chromosome analysis for the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21
- G-band chromosome analysis by the GTG method was performed.
- 12 subclones 2 subclones (#10 and #29) were expanded and cultured on a 6 cm dish for 11 to 13 days.
- Metaphase Arresting Solution (Genial Genetic Solutions)
- Chromosome Resolution Additive (Genial Genetic Solutions) were added to the cells in logarithmic growth phase to a final concentration of 0.25 ⁇ g/mL and 0.1 ⁇ L/mL, respectively.
- a motorized upright microscope AxioImager Z2 (CarlZeiss microscopy) equipped with a CoolCube1m CCD camera (MetaSystems) and Metafer Slide Scanning System software (MetaSystems) were used to search for metaphase cells, and randomly selected 20 cells were subjected to Ikaros G-band chromosome analysis was performed with Karyotyping System software (MetaSystems).
- MethodaSystems Karyotyping System software
- #10 and #29 have a partial deletion of the long arm, which is thought to be caused by the intended long arm deletion in all 20 cells analyzed. Chromosome 21, ? del(21) (q11.2q22.3) was detected.
- Example 8 Verification by mBand chromosomal analysis for the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 Structural chromosomal abnormalities detected in Example 5, ?
- mBand chromosomal analysis of two subclones was performed to identify details of structural abnormalities such as breakpoints.
- the Carnoy-fixed floating specimen prepared in Example 5 was developed on a slide glass and stained using Human mBAND Probes XCyte 21 (MetaSystems) according to the protocol attached to the product.
- Metaphase cells were searched in the same manner as in Example 5, and three randomly selected cells were subjected to mBand chromosome analysis using Isis FISH Imaging System software (MetaSystems). Were both #10 and #29 detected in Example 5 in all three analyzed cells? Chromosomes with DAPI images similar to del (21) (q11.2q22.3) and der (21) were detected, and by comparison with the mBand signal seen on normal chromosome 21 of wild-type 201B7 that was simultaneously stained ,? del(21) (q11.2q22.3) lacks the chromosomal region 21q11.2-q22.3, and der(21) contains the chromosomal region 21q11.2-q22.3 at the end of the long arm.
- Figs. 8-1 to 8-3 The chromosomal structural abnormality detected in der(21) is ? Structural abnormality caused by reverse insertion or translocation of the chromosomal region deleted in del (21) (q11.2q22.3), 21q11.2 to q22.3, to the end of the long arm of chromosome 21, ? ins(21;21)(q22.3;q22.3q11.2), assumed to result from a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21? It was concluded that del(21) (q11.2q22.3) was obtained.
- Example 9 Acquisition of human chromosome 21 long arm deletion clone by improving human chromosome 21 long arm deletion efficiency in human trisomy 21 iPS cell line (2767-4) and determination of long arm region deletion by PCR Example 3 Similarly, in order to isolate and establish a long arm region deleted cell line from the 2767-4 cell population that has been RNP-introduced for deletion of the long arm region, the RNP-introduced 2767-4 cell population is per well of a 96-well plate. 96 wells were seeded so as to contain 10 cells, and approximately 960 cells were sorted. After culturing for 7 to 9 days, cells were collected sequentially from wells in which proliferation was observed, genomic DNA was extracted, and some of the cells were continuously cultured.
- PCR primers that specifically detect the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 using the resulting genomic DNA as a template, Re-21q tel R3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) and 21q-01 F (SEQ ID NO: 9), Amplification was performed by the PCR method.
- expected amplification products were obtained in 5 wells out of 96 wells (well numbers 59, 64, 66, 71 and 78) (Fig. 9).
- lanes 2 to 17 of each gel show the results of clones of loci with different 96-well numbers.
- no specific amplification product was detected in all 5 wells (well numbers 59, 64, 66, 71 and 78) (Fig.
- a trisomy cell line was used to confirm that the cell populations of well numbers 59, 64, 66, 71, and 78 contained a population in which the entire length of the long arm of chromosome 21 was deleted. In the case, it was decided to clone the chromosome 21 long arm deletion cell. Since the well number 59-derived cell population (cell population 59) is a population formed from about 10 cells, 150 cells were seeded per plate in a 96-well plate for single cloning. Colonies that arose after 10 days were picked. The pick-up method was the same as the technique using the proteinase K solution described above.
- Example 10 Verification of Trisomy Chromosome 21 Long Arm Deletion by Chromosome Analysis by DAPI Staining
- a subclone of cell population 59 obtained in Example 9 is identified by a cytogenetic method with chromosome 21 long arm deletion. Therefore, DAPI chromosome analysis was performed. After each subclone was expanded and cultured on a 6-cm dish, a Carnoy-fixed floating specimen was prepared and spread on a slide glass. The procedure from expansion culture to Carnoy fixation was the same as the procedure performed for the G-band chromosome analysis described above.
- gRNA-13p-T142 5'- AGAACTGAAGCATCACTCAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 3) + (TGG)
- gRNA-13p-TeloT3 5'-AGAAGCGAATCCTGCTTGCA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 4) + (GGG)
- genomic DNA was extracted, and using this genome as a template, a forward primer specific to the vicinity of the centromere of the short arm of human chromosome 13 13p-T142R (5'-TGACAGGCATCCATGGGAAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 11)) and human chromosome 13 short arm telomere vicinity-specific reverse primer Re-Chr13p tel F2 (5'-CTCAGACCCGGAGCTTTCTC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 12)) Amplification was performed by the PCR method using. For PCR amplification, the amount of template DNA used for one reaction was 100 ng, 10 ng, and 1 ng.
- the expected amplification product (approximately 245 bp) was confirmed in 100 ng and 10 ng of genomic DNA after one week (Fig. 13).
- a DNA ladder marker Gene ladder wide 2
- Lane 1 shows PCR results using wild-type 201B7-derived DNA.
- Lane 3 to Lane 5 (After 48H; 100 ng, 10 ng, 1 ng) show the analysis results using genomic DNA collected 48 hours after introduction of the gRNA combination for deletion of the short arm of chromosome 13 into 201B7. show. 48 hours after the introduction of RNP, when template DNAs of 100 ng, 10 ng, and 1 ng of DNA were used, a specific sequence generated when the short arm of chromosome 13 was deleted as intended was observed.
- a PCR result was obtained indicating that Lanes 3 to 8 show genomic DNA collected 48 hours (After 48H) and 1 week (After 1 week) after introduction of the combination of gRNAs for deleting the short arm of chromosome 13 into 201B7.
- the analysis results are shown. It was suggested that deletion of the short arm of chromosome 13 occurred in 1 or more cells (0.0067%) out of about 15000 cells (0.0067%) corresponding to 100 ng of DNA 48 hours after RNP introduction.
- the culture was continued for a further week, and the DNA obtained after growing the cells was used as a template DNA to perform detection specific to deletion of the short arm of chromosome 13.
- 100 ng and 10 ng of the template DNA were used, the expected results were obtained. As many specific recombinant bands were detected. This suggested that deletion of the short arm of chromosome 13 occurred in more than 1 cell (0.067%) out of about 1500 cells (corresponding to 10 ng of DNA).
- Example 12 Acquisition of human chromosome 13 short arm deleted clone and determination of short arm region deletion by PCR method For isolation and establishment, the RNP-introduced 201B7 cell population for deletion of the short arm region was seeded in 96 wells so that 10 cells per well of a 96 well plate, and about 960 cells were selected. After culturing for 7 to 9 days, cells were collected sequentially from wells in which proliferation was observed. The cells were collected by washing with 100 ⁇ L of 1 mM EDTA-added PBS, adding 100 ⁇ L of 1 mM EDTA-added PBS, allowing to stand at 37° C. for 5 minutes, and then removing the supernatant.
- the cells were suspended in 25 ⁇ L of PBS containing Y-27632. 15 ⁇ L of the cell solution was subcultured in a 96-well plate, 10 ⁇ L was mixed with 10 ⁇ L of proteinase K solution, incubated overnight at 55° C., and then heated at 95° C. for 3 minutes to extract genomic DNA.
- the Proteinase K solution used was a mixture of 471 ⁇ L of sterilized water, 25 ⁇ L of ExTaq buffer (TAKARA), and 4 ⁇ L of 10 mg/mL Proteinase K (Fujifilm Wako).
- forward primer 13p-T142R (5'-TGACAGGCATCCATGGGAAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 11)) specific to the vicinity of the human chromosome 13 short arm telomere and specific to the vicinity of the human chromosome 13 short arm telomere Amplification was performed by PCR using a reverse primer Re-Chr13p tel F2 (5'-CTCAGACCCGGAGCTTTCTC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 12)).
- the expected amplification product (245 bp) was confirmed when cell-derived DNA at loci 4B, 4C, 5C, 6E, 6F, 6H, 7D, 8G, 10A, 10C, and 11D on the 96-well plate was used as a template.
- Fig. 14 As a positive control (PC), DNA derived from a cell population 48 hours after RNP introduction was used as a template.
- Lane 1 shows a DNA size index marker, Gene ladder wide 2 (Nippon Gene).
- 13p-T142F (5′ -GGCTCCATCCCATGTGAGAG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 13)) and a forward primer near the telomere of human chromosome 13 short arm, Chr13p tel F2 (5'-AGAACTGAAGCATCACTCACTGG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 14)) by PCR method. Amplified and assessed for the presence of the chromosome 21 short arm inversion. As a result, when DNA derived from the 4C and 5C loci was used, no amplified product specific to the appearance of the short-arm inversion on chromosome 13 was detected.
- Example 13 Acquisition of human chromosome 13 short arm deleted clone and determination of short arm region deletion by PCR method From the results of Example 12, the cell population at the 5C locus (cell population 5C) has the full length of the short arm of chromosome 13 It was suggested that there is a population in which is deleted. Based on this result, it was decided to clone cells in which the short arm of chromosome 13 was deleted. Since the 5C locus-derived cell population is a population formed from about 10 cells, 150 cells per plate were seeded in a 96-well plate for single cloning. Colonies that arose after 10 days were picked. The pick-up method was the same as the procedure using Proteinase K solution described above.
- a forward primer 13p-T142R (5'-TGACAGGCATCCATGGGAAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 11)) specific to the vicinity of the human chromosome 13 short arm telomere and the vicinity of the human chromosome 13 short arm telomere Amplification was performed by PCR using a specific reverse primer Re-Chr13p tel F2 (5'-CTCAGACCCGGAGCTTTCTC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 12)).
- Example 14 Verification by G-band chromosomal analysis for deletion of the short arm of chromosome 13 For subclones of the cell population 5C obtained in Example 13, deletion of the short arm of chromosome 13 is identified by a cytogenetic method , G-band chromosome analysis by the GTG method was performed. Of the 12 subclones, 2 subclones (#4-2, #10-8) were expanded and cultured in a 6 cm dish for 11 to 13 days. Metaphase Arresting Solution (Genial Genetic Solutions) and Chromosome Resolution Additive (Genial Genetic Solutions) were added to the cells in logarithmic growth phase to a final concentration of 0.25 ⁇ g/mL and 0.1 ⁇ L/mL, respectively.
- a motorized upright microscope AxioImager Z2 (CarlZeiss microscopy) equipped with a CoolCube1m CCD camera (MetaSystems) and Metafer Slide Scanning System software (MetaSystems) were used to search for metaphase cells, and randomly selected 20 cells were subjected to Ikaros G-band chromosome analysis was performed with Karyotyping System software (MetaSystems). Compared to wild-type 201B7 cells with a normal karyotype, both #4-2 and #10-8 showed partial deletion of the long arm, which is thought to have occurred due to the intended deletion of the short arm, in all 20 analyzed cells. Associated chromosome 13 del(13)(p11.2) was detected (FIG. 18).
- Example 15 Introduction of gRNA into a human iPS cell line for deletion of the long arm of human chromosome 13 As in Example 11, for the long arm of human chromosome 13, A gRNA that specifically cleaves can be designed and introduced into a disomy human iPS cell line or a trisomy iPS cell line to delete the entire long arm region.
- Example 16 Acquisition of human chromosome 13 long arm deletion clone and determination of short arm region deletion by PCR method As in Example 12, in Example 15 of human chromosome 13, toward deletion of human chromosome 13 long arm Human chromosome 13 long arm deletion cell line was detected by PCR method using primers that can specifically detect long arm deletion in cells into which gRNA was introduced into disomy human cell lines and trisomy human cell lines. It is possible to examine to what extent they appear in the cell population.
- Example 17 Acquisition of human chromosome 13 long arm deleted clone and determination of long arm region deletion by PCR method
- cells obtained from each well using a specific probe indicating long arm deletion Clones can be selected by the PCR method to obtain a single clone with deletion of the long arm of human chromosome 13.
- Example 18 Verification by G-band chromosome analysis for deletion of chromosome 13 long arm
- the deletion of chromosome 13 long arm of the produced subclone is identified by a cytogenetic method. Therefore, the Carnoy-fixed floating specimen prepared in the same manner as in Example 5 was developed on a slide glass, trypsinized with an ice-cold 0.05% trypsin solution for 20 to 50 seconds, and then stained with a 2% Giemsa staining solution. dyed.
- Metaphase cells were searched using an electric upright microscope AxioImager Z2 (CarlZeiss microscopy) equipped with a CoolCube 1m CCD camera (MetaSystems) and Metafer Slide Scanning System software (MetaSystems). typing G-band chromosomal analysis of subclones can be performed with System software (MetaSystems).
- Example 19 Verification by m-Band chromosome analysis for deletion of chromosome 13 long arm
- structural abnormalities such as breakpoints regarding chromosomal structural abnormalities in the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 of the produced subclones
- mBand chromosomal analysis of generated subclones is performed to identify the details of .
- a Carnoy-fixed floating specimen prepared in the same manner as in Example 5 is developed on a slide glass, and stained using Human mBAND Probes XCyte 21 (MetaSystems) according to the protocol attached to the product. Metaphase cells are searched in the same manner as in Example 5, and mBand chromosome analysis of subclones can be performed on randomly selected cells using Isis FISH Imaging System software (MetaSystems).
- Example 20 Evaluation of improvement in efficiency of deletion of human chromosome 21 short arm in human trisomy 21 iPS cell line '(SEQ ID NO: 15) + (AGG)) and gRNA-21p-T94 (5'-CTGTGGACGTATTAACTTAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 16) + (TGG)) that cleaves near the centromere of the short arm of human chromosome 21 into human iPS cells It was introduced into strain 201B7 and human trisomy 21 iPS cell line 2767-4 by electroporation.
- gRNA-21p-TeloT6 2.5 ⁇ L of 200 ⁇ M gRNA-21p-T94 and 5 ⁇ L of 200 ⁇ M tracRNA were mixed in the same microtube and heated at 95° C. for 3 minutes. After heating, the temperature was returned to room temperature. After this, it was performed in the same manner as the CRISPR-Cas9-RNP electroporation procedure described in Example 2.
- the target sequences of each gRNA are as follows.
- gRNA-21p-TeloT6 5'-AGACTGTAGCCTTGACCCAG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 15) + (AGG)
- gRNA-21p-T94 5'-CTGTGGACGTATTAACTTAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 16) + (TGG)
- the amount of template DNA used for one reaction was 100 ng, 10 ng, and 1 ng.
- KOD One (registered trademark) PCR Master Mix manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd. was used as the DNA polymerase, and the reaction conditions were 35 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 10 seconds, annealing at 65°C for 5 seconds, and extension at 68°C for 5 seconds. Amplified products were detected by ethidium bromide staining after electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel. The names and sequences of the primers are shown below.
- a DNA ladder marker, Gene ladder wide 2 was set in Lane 1 from the left. Lanes 2 to 4 (After 48H; 100 ng, 10 ng, 1 ng) show analysis results using genomic DNA collected 48 hours after the introduction of the combination of gRNAs for deleting the short arm of chromosome 21. 48 hours after RNP introduction, a specific sequence (21 A PCR result was obtained that an amplification product specific to deletion of chromosome No. 3 short arm) appeared.
- an amplification product specific to deletion of the short arm of chromosome 21 was detected only when the amount of template DNA used was 100 ng (upper). This suggested that deletion of the short arm of chromosome 21 occurred at a frequency of 1 cell or more (0.0067%) in about 15000 cells (corresponding to 100 ng of template DNA). On the other hand, in 2767-4 cells, an amplification product specific to deletion of the short arm of chromosome 21 was detected when the amounts of template DNA used were 100 ng and 10 ng (bottom).
- the present invention provides a method for producing human cells that retain a human artificial chromosome vector that does not contain non-human cell components, so it will be a useful technology for safe cell pharmaceutical production for regenerative medicine and gene therapy. There is expected.
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Abstract
Description
本発明はまた、上記ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞に関する。
[1] 一対の相同ヒト染色体を含むダイソミーヒト細胞、又は相同ヒト染色体のトリソミーを含むトリソミーヒト細胞において、前記ダイソミーの2つの染色体のうち1つの染色体、又は前記トリソミーの3つの染色体のうち1つ若しくは2つの染色体から長腕及び短腕の内在遺伝子を実質的に削除し、それによって内在遺伝子を実質的に含まない長腕及び短腕部分、ヒトセントロメア、並びにテロメアを有するヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞を含有する細胞集団を作製し、さらに、前記細胞集団から前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞を回収することを含む、ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞の作製方法。
[2] 前記ダイソミーヒト細胞又はトリソミーヒト細胞がハプロ不全を有する場合、前記回収されたヒト細胞がハプロ不全遺伝子を2コピー含む、[1]に記載の方法。
[3] 前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターに、部位特異的DNA挿入配列を挿入することをさらに含む、[1]又は[2]に記載の方法。
[4] 前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターに、外来遺伝子又はDNAを挿入することをさらに含む、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[5] 前記トリソミーヒト細胞が、トリソミーヒト患者由来の細胞、又はダイソミー細胞から人工的に作製したトリソミー細胞である、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[6] 前記ヒト細胞が、体細胞、前駆細胞又は幹細胞である、[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[7] 一対の相同ヒト染色体及び、それと相同な1つのヒト染色体由来ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞であって、前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターが、内在遺伝子を実質的に含まない長腕及び短腕部分、ヒトセントロメア、及びテロメアを有する、ヒト細胞。
[8] 一本のヒト染色体及び、それと相同なヒト染色体由来の1つ若しくは2つのヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞であって、前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターが、内在遺伝子を実質的に含まない長腕及び短腕部分、ヒトセントロメア、及びテロメアを有する、かつ、前記細胞がハプロ不全遺伝子2コピーを含む、ヒト細胞。
[9] 前記ヒト細胞が、[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の方法によって作製されるヒト細胞である、[7]又は[8]に記載のヒト細胞。
[10] 前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターが、部位特異的DNA挿入配列を含む、[7]~[9]のいずれかに記載のヒト細胞。
[11] 前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターが、外来遺伝子若しくはDNAを含む、[7]~[10]のいずれかに記載のヒト細胞。
[12] 前記ヒト細胞が、体細胞、前駆細胞若しくは幹細胞である、[7]~[11]のいずれかに記載のヒト細胞。
[13] 前記幹細胞が、iPS細胞又は間葉系幹細胞である、[12]に記載のヒト細胞。
本明細書は本願の優先権の基礎となる日本国特許出願番号2021-185959号の開示内容を包含する。
1.ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞の作製方法
本発明は、第1の態様において、一対の相同ヒト染色体を含むダイソミーヒト細胞、又は相同ヒト染色体のトリソミーを含むトリソミーヒト細胞において、前記ダイソミーの2つの染色体のうち1つの染色体、又は前記トリソミーの3つの染色体のうち1つ若しくは2つの染色体から長腕及び短腕の内在遺伝子を実質的に削除し、それによって内在遺伝子を実質的に含まない長腕及び短腕部分、ヒトセントロメア、並びにテロメアを有するヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞を含有する細胞集団を作製し、さらに、前記細胞集団から前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞を回収することを含む、ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞の作製方法を提供する。
<ダイソミー若しくはトリソミーヒト細胞>
ダイソミーヒト細胞は、上記のとおり、対象(若しくは、目的)の一対の相同染色体を含む細胞であってもよいし、或いは、ハプロ不全遺伝子を含むヒト細胞であってもよい。
上記ダイソミー若しくはトリソミーヒト細胞からヒト人工染色体ベクターを作製する方法について説明する。
上記システムのうち特にCRISPR/Cas9システムは、細菌や古細菌のウイルスやプラスミドに対する適応免疫機構から発見されたが、ベクターの構築が比較的簡便であり、複数の遺伝子を同時に改変することが可能である(Jinek et al.,Science,17,337(6096):816-821,2012;Sander et al.,Nature biotechnology,32(4):347-355,2014)。このシステムは、ゲノム上の二本鎖DNAを切断するCas9ヌクレアーゼと、ゲノム上の標的配列を認識する約20塩基対の配列をもつガイドRNA(sgRNA又は、crRNA(CRISPR RNA)+tracrRNA(trans-activating CRISPR RNA))とを含む。細胞内でこれらを共発現させることにより、gRNAが標的配列近傍のPAM配列を認識して標的ゲノムDNAと特異的に結合し、Cas9タンパク質がPAM配列(NGG(N=C,G,A若しくはT))の5’側上流で二本鎖切断(DSB)を誘導する。現在最も使用されているCas9タンパク質はSpCas9型であり、PAM配列がNGGであることから変異導入位置の制約が少ない。本発明では、ガイドRNAが標的とするヒト染色体の長腕及び短腕上の部位は、内在遺伝子領域を削除することを可能にする部位である。
そのような部位は、例えばヒト21番染色体の長腕の場合、例えばNC_000021.9, Homo sapiens chromosome 21,GRCh38.p13 Primary Assembly:ヌクレオチド番号13,084,315~46,670,306の領域が削除されるような部位、及び、短腕の場合、NC_000021.9,Homo sapiens chromosome 21,GRCh38.p13 Primary Assembly:ヌクレオチド番号5,011,894~10,540,501の領域が削除されるような部位、すなわち、長腕では13,084,315及び46,670,306の各部位、並びに、短腕では5,011,894及び10,540,501の各部位である。
gRNA(Cen近傍): 5’-GACAGGTAAGGATTACTAGG-3’(配列番号1)+(AGG)-PAM
gRNA(Tel近傍): 5’-TAAAGATGTGCTCCTTCCCG-3’(配列番号2)+(AGG)-PAM
gRNA(Cen近傍): 5’-AGAACTGAAGCATCACTCAC-3’(配列番号3)+(TGG)-PAM
gRNA(Tel近傍): 5’-AGAAGCGAATCCTGCTTGCA-3’(配列番号4)+(GGG)-PAM
gRNA(Tel近傍): 5’-AGACTGTAGCCTTGACCCAG-3’(配列番号15)+(AGG)-PAM
gRNA(Cen近傍): 5’-CTGTGGACGTATTAACTTAC-3’(配列番号16)+(TGG)-PAM
本発明はまた、第2の態様において、下記のヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞を提供する。
(1)一対の相同ヒト染色体及びそれと相同な1つのヒト染色体由来ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞であって、前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターが、内在遺伝子を実質的に含まない長腕及び短腕部分、ヒトセントロメア、及びテロメアを有する、ヒト細胞。
(2)一本のヒト染色体及び、それと相同なヒト染色体由来の1つ若しくは2つのヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞であって、前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターが、内在遺伝子を実質的に含まない長腕及び短腕部分、ヒトセントロメア、及びテロメアを有する、かつ、前記細胞がハプロ不全遺伝子2コピーを含む、ヒト細胞。
本実施例では、ヒト21番染色体における長腕(chr21:12,915,808-46,699,983位)において、セントロメアと最も近接する、被翻訳遺伝子であるPOTED(chr21:13,609,777-13,645,823位)、及び、テロメアと最も近接する、被翻訳遺伝子であるPRMT2(chr21:46,635,156-46,665,685位)間の全遺伝子領域を削除することを目的として、POTED遺伝子開始点(chr21:13,609,777位)と、セントロメア下流、長腕開始点(chr21:12,915,808位)の間、及び、PRMT2遺伝子終了点(chr21:46,665,685位)とテロメア配列開始点(chr21:46,699,983位)の間に、配列特異的にDNA二重鎖切断可能なClustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPR)/Cas9を形成しうる、ガイドRNA(gRNA)配列を設計した。ゲノムデータベースの版は現在利用可能な最新版である、GRCh38/hg38に準ずる。セントロメア近傍を切断するgRNAとしてgRNA-21q-01を設計した。また、テロメア近傍を切断するgRNAとしてgRNA-21q-TeloT9を設計した。各gRNAの標的配列は以下のとおりである。
gRNA-21q-01:5’- GACAGGTAAGGATTACTAGGAGG -3’(配列番号5)
gRNA-21q-TeloT9:5’- TAAAGATGTGCTCCTTCCCGAGG -3’(配列番号6)
gRNA-21q-TeloT9にて指定する標的配列を含むcrRNAが標的配列特異的に切断活性を有することを検証するために、ヒトiPS細胞201B7(理化学研究所バイオリソース研究センター細胞材料開発室、HPS0063株)に対して、下記の手法にてCRISPR-Cas9タンパクからなるリボヌクレオプロテイン複合体(「RNP」)の導入を実施し、T7エンドヌクレアーゼ解析を行った。まず、gRNA-21q-TeloT9にてcrRNAXT製品について、200μM(終濃度)とするように超純水にて溶解した。次にCRISPR-Cas9タンパク複合体(「RNP」)を形成させるために、5μLの200μM gRNA-21q-TeloT9と5μLの200μM tracRNA(Integrated DNA Technologies社)を混合し、95℃にて3分間、加熱した。加熱後、室温に戻した。また、PBS10.5μLとガイドRNA6μL、Cas9酵素8.5μLを添加し、緩やかにピペッティングを行い、混合した。これを室温で15分間、静置し、RNPを形成させた。細胞については、201B7を6-Wellプレート(ThermoFisher社)にStemFit AK02N(リプロセル社)とiMatrix-511 Silk(マトリクソーム社製)を用いて培養した。事前に、10μM Y-27632(FujifilmWako社)を培養液中に添加した。細胞は、1時間、37℃にて培養した。その後、導入細胞として、201B7細胞を2×106個の細胞を回収し、Opti-MEM(ThemoFisher社)、10mLで懸濁後、700rpm、10min間遠心し、細胞を洗浄した。201B7へのRNP導入には、エレクトロポーレーションを用い、機器としてネッパジーン株式会社製品、スーパーエレクトロポレーターNEPA21を用いて行った。エレクトロポーレーション条件は、Poring Pulseとして、Voltage 150V、Pulse Length 5.0msec、Pulse Interval 50.0msec、Number of Pulses 2、Decay Rate 10%、Polarity +/-、また、Set Parametersとして、Voltage 20.0V、Pulse Length 50.0msec、Pulse Interval 50.0msec、Number of Pulses 5、Decay Rate 40%、Polarity +/-に設定した。上述の細胞について、細胞沈殿を残し、Opti-MEMの上清を除去し、RNP溶液を加え、混合し、NEPAキュベット電極セットへ移した。エレクトロポーレーション後、201B7を、10μM Y-27632及びiMatrix-511 silk 4.8μLを添加した2mLのStemFit AK02N培地にて6wellプレート1wellに播種した。エレクトロポーレーションから1日後に、通常のStemFit AK02N培地に交換した。エレクトロポーレーションから2日後に、エレクトロポーレーションされた201B7細胞由来ゲノムDNAを抽出し、このゲノムを鋳型とし、Re-21q tel F3及びRe-21q tel R3を用いてPCR法で増幅した。PCR増幅は約100ngのゲノムDNAを使用し、行った。DNA polymeraseは東洋紡社製KOD One(登録商標)PCR Master Mixを用い、反応条件は、変性98℃10秒、アニーリング60℃5秒、伸長68℃5秒を35サイクル行った。増幅産物は2%アガロースゲルにて電気泳動した後、エチジウムブロマイド染色して検出した。その結果、期待される長さ(507bp)付近の増幅産物が検出された。増幅産物をT7 Endnuclease I reaction Mix(ニッポンジーン社)を使用してT7エンドヌクレアーゼ解析を行った。プライマーはNCBIのデータベースより入手した塩基配列をもとにPrimer3Plusを用い作製した。プライマーの名称及び、配列は以下で示した。
Re-21q tel F3 : 5’- AACTGAGCCCCTTTCTTCGG -3’(配列番号7)
Re-21q tel R3 : 5’- AGGATTCTCTGCTCCCCCAT -3’(配列番号8)
増幅産物を含むPCR溶液をサーマルサイクラーにて、増幅産物の変性、アニーリング操作を行った。増幅産物8μLにて1M NaCl1μLを添加し、反応条件は、変性95℃5分、アニーリング95℃→85℃ 2℃/秒、85℃→25℃ 0.1℃/秒で行った。ここに、基質DNA断片9μL、T7 Endonuclease I reaction Mix 1μL(T7E)で混和し、37℃で1時間反応させた。反応産物は2%アガロースゲルにて電気泳動した後、エチジウムブロマイド染色し検出した。その結果、期待される長さ(切断前:507bp付近、切断後:364bp付近、143bp付近)の反応産物が検出された(図1)。図1のレーン1(RNP+,T7E+)には、RNP導入細胞由来DNAのPCR産物に対して、T7Eを加えた結果を示す。レーン2(RNP+,T7E-)には、RNP導入細胞由来DNAのPCR産物に対して、T7Eを加えなかった結果を示す。レーン3(RNP-,T7E+)には、RNP非導入細胞由来DNAのPCR産物に対してT7Eを加えた結果を示す。レーン4(RNP-,T7E-)には、RNP非導入細胞由来DNAのPCR産物に対してT7Eを加えた結果を示す。レーン5(Marker)には、DNAサイズ指標マーカー、Gene ladder wide 2(ニッポンジーン社)を示す。ここから、gRNA-21q-TeloT9切断効率は約12.19%であったため、これを使用することとした。一方で、gRNA-21q-01については、切断活性効率を評価せずに用いた。
実施例1及び実施例2にて、設計、切断活性評価を実施したヒト21番染色体長腕のテロメア近傍を切断するcrRNAXT、gRNA-21q-TeloT9とヒト21番染色体長腕セントロメア近傍を切断するgRNA-21q-01をヒトiPS細胞株201B7に、エレクトロポーレーションにより導入した。方法として、まずは、2.5μLのgRNA-21q-TeloT9と2.5μLの200μM gRNA-21q-01と5μLの200μM tracRNAを同一マイクロチューブ内にて混合し、95℃にて3分間、加熱した。加熱後、室温に戻した。この後は実施例2にて記載したCRISPR-Cas9-RNPエレクトロポーレーションの手法と同様に実施した。次に、RNPを導入されたヒトiPS細胞を2日間(48時間)及び1週間培養した後、ゲノムDNAを抽出し、このゲノムを鋳型とし、ヒト21番染色体長腕セントロメア近傍特異的なフォワードプライマー21q-01 F(5’- GTGCAACTGTCAGACCAAAACA -3’(配列番号9))及びヒト21番染色体長腕テロメア近傍特異的なリバースプライマーRe-21q tel R3(配列番号8)を用いてPCR法で増幅を行った。PCR増幅は1反応に用いる鋳型DNAの量を100ng、10ng、1ngとした。DNA polymeraseは東洋紡社製KOD One(登録商標)PCR Master Mixを用い、反応条件は、変性98℃10秒、アニーリング65℃5秒、伸長68℃5秒を35サイクル行った。ヒト21番染色体長腕セントロメア近傍特異的なフォワードプライマーについて、プライマーの名称及び、配列番号9の配列は以下で示した。
21q-01 F: 5’- GTGCAACTGTCAGACCAAAACA -3’(配列番号9)
実施例2において長腕領域削除にむけたRNP導入201B細胞集団より、長腕領域削除細胞株を単離、樹立するために、長腕領域削除用RNP導入201B7細胞集団を96wellプレートの1wellあたり10個細胞が入るように、96well分播種し、およそ960個細胞の選別を行った。7~9日間培養し、増殖の見られたwellから順次、細胞を回収した。回収方法は、1mM EDTAを添加したPBS100μLで洗浄し、1mM EDTAを添加したPBSを100μL加えて37℃で5分静置した後、上清を除いた。さらに、PBS 100μLで洗浄した後、Y-27632を添加したPBS25μLで懸濁した。その細胞液中15μLを96wellプレートに継代し、10μLをProteinase K溶液10μLで混合し、55℃で一晩保温したのち95℃で3分間加熱することで、ゲノムDNAを抽出した。Proteinase K溶液は、471μLの滅菌水、25μLのExTaqバッファー(TAKARA社)、及び4μLの10mg/mL Proteinase K(Fujifilm Wako社)を混合したものを用いた。得られたゲノムDNAを鋳型として21番染色体長腕削除を特異的に検出するPCRプライマーである、Re-21q tel R3(配列番号8)、及び21q-01 F(配列番号9)を用いて、PCR法で増幅を行った。結果として、レーン10に示される、96wellプレート6F座位の細胞由来DNAを鋳型にした場合に、想定される増幅産物(245bp)が確認された(図3)。陽性対照(PC)として、RNP導入後、48時間後の細胞集団由来のDNAを鋳型として用いた。レーン1(Marker)は、DNAサイズ指標マーカー、Gene ladder wide 2(ニッポンジーン社)を示す。レーン1の右から順番にレーン2~9,11~13において示される6F以外の座位由来のDNAを用いた場合には、染色体長腕削除特異的な増幅産物は得られなかった。
21q-01 R: 5’-TGCCTGACTGAAAAGATGAGT -3’(配列番号10)
実施例4の結果より、6F座位の細胞集団(細胞集団6F)には、21番染色体長腕全長が削除された集団が存在することが示唆された。この結果から、21番染色体長腕を削除された細胞をクローン化することとした。6F座位由来細胞集団は10個程度の細胞から形成された集団であるため、シングルクローン化するために、96wellプレートに1プレート当たり150個の細胞を播種した。10日後に生じたコロニーをピックアップした。ピックアップ方法は、上述のProteinase K溶液を用いる手法と同一であった。96wellプレートから得られたゲノムDNAを鋳型としてヒト21番染色体長腕削除を検出できるプライマーRe-21q tel R3(配列番号8)、及び21q-01 F(配列番号9)を用いて、PCR法で増幅を行った。その結果49サブクローン中12サブクローンにおいて期待される増幅産物(245bp)が確認された(図5)。このことから、201B7を用いた際の、ヒト21番染色体長腕削除効率は、最初から順を追って考えると、10細胞を96wellに播種して、96well中1wellについてヒト21番染色体長腕削除特異的なPCR増幅産物が確認され、さらに、サブクローニングによって49個のサブクローニングをスクリーニングし、最終的に12サブクローン(図中のレーン#3~#38)では、21番染色体長腕削除特異的なPCR増幅産物が得られていたことから、RNP導入した201B7を1週間培養した集団における21番染色体削除効率は、0.03%であると結論付けた。
ヒト細胞は通常、21番染色体を2本持つダイソミーであるが、21番染色体を3本もつトリソミー症候群である、ヒトDown症患者由来iPS細胞株2767-4を用いて21番染色体長腕削除を実施した。実施例2と同様に、エレクトロポーレーション法による21番染色体長腕削除用RNPの導入及び、RNP導入48時間後、1週間後にDNA回収を行い、PCR法にて21番染色体長腕削除特異的増幅産物の有無を検証した。その結果、21番トリソミー細胞株2767-4を用いた場合、48時間後(After 48H)、1週間後(After 1 week)に取得したRNP導入細胞由来DNAについて100ng、10ng、1ng分の鋳型DNAを用いた際において期待される増幅産物(245bp)が確認された(図6)。一方で、ダイソミー株である201B7を用いた場合は、RNP導入48時間後に取得したRNP導入細胞由来DNAについて100ng、10ng、1ng分の鋳型DNAを用いた際において期待される増幅産物(245bp)が確認された(図2)。しかしながら、RNP導入細胞由来DNAについて1ng分の鋳型DNAを用いた際において期待される増幅産物は見られなかった(図2)。この結果より、トリソミー細胞株を用いた場合の21番染色体長腕削除細胞の出現頻度は、およそ150個あたり1個であった。また、ヒトiPS細胞株201B7を用いた場合21番染色体長腕削除細胞の出現頻度はおよそ1500個あたり1個であった。このことから、ヒトiPS細胞株201B7と比較してトリソミー細胞株を用いた際の21番染色体長腕削除効率は、10倍の効率であると示唆された。
実施例4において得られた細胞集団6Fのサブクローンについて21番染色体長腕削除を細胞遺伝学的手法にて同定するため、GTG法によるG-band染色体解析を実施した。12サブクローンのうち2サブクローン(#10、#29)について11~13日間にかけて6cmディッシュに拡大培養した。対数増殖期の細胞にMetaphase Arresting Solution(Genial Genetic Solutions社)とChromosome Resolution Additive(Genial Genetic Solutions社)を、それぞれ最終濃度が0.25μg/mL及び0.1μL/mLとなるよう培養液中に適量加え、90分、37℃にて培養した。細胞を回収後、0.075M KCl、5mLで懸濁し、15分、室温にて低張液処理した。1500rpm、5分間遠心後、上清を除去し、酢酸とメタノールが1:3となるように混合したカルノア液、5mLで懸濁してカルノア固定浮遊標本を作製した。カルノア固定浮遊標本をスライドガラスに展開し、氷冷した0.05%トリプシン溶液で20~50秒、トリプシン処理したのち、2%ギムザ染色液にてギムザ染色した。CoolCube1m CCDカメラ(MetaSystems社)を備えた電動正立顕微鏡AxioImagerZ2(CarlZeiss microscopy社)及びMetafer Slide Scanning Systemソフトウェア(MetaSystems社)にて分裂中期細胞を検索し、ランダムに選択した20細胞を対象に、Ikaros Karyotyping Systemソフトウェア(MetaSystems社)にてG-band染色体解析を実施した。正常核型である野生型201B7と比較して、#10、#29ともに、解析した20細胞全てにおいて、目的通りの長腕削除により生じたと考えられる長腕の部分欠失を伴う21番染色体、?del(21)(q11.2q22.3)が検出された。他方の21番染色体長腕端部には付加セグメントを伴う派生21番染色体、der(21)が検出され、付加セグメントに見られたG-bandの縞模様により、?del(21)(q11.2q22.3)で削除された染色体領域、21q11.2~q22.3がder(21)において逆位挿入(又は転座)されていることが示唆された。また、それ以外の染色体数的異常、及び構造異常は検出されなかった(図7-1~図7-3)。
実施例5において検出された染色体構造異常、?del(21)(q11.2q22.3)及びder(21)について、切断点など構造異常の詳細を同定するため、2サブクローン(#10、#29)のmBand染色体解析を実施した。実施例5にて作製したカルノア固定浮遊標本をスライドガラスに展開し、Human mBAND Probes XCyte 21(MetaSystems社)を使用して、製品に付属のプロトコルに基づき染色処理を実施した。実施例5と同様に分裂中期細胞を検索し、ランダムに選択した3細胞を対象に、Isis FISH Imaging Systemソフトウェア(MetaSystems社)にてmBand染色体解析を実施した。#10、#29ともに、解析した3細胞全てにおいて、実施例5で検出された?del(21)(q11.2q22.3)及びder(21)と同様のDAPI像を持つ染色体が検出され、同時に染色処理した野生型201B7の正常21番染色体に見られたmBandシグナルとの比較により、?del(21)(q11.2q22.3)は染色体領域、21q11.2~q22.3が欠失しており、またder(21)は長腕端部に染色体領域、21q11.2~q22.3が逆位で付加していることが確認された(図8-1~図8-3)。なお、図中、上段は2本の21番染色体のmBand染色体解析の結果を示し、中段及び下段はそれぞれ各染色体の詳細な結果を示す。この結果より、der(21)において検出された染色体構造異常は、?del(21)(q11.2q22.3)で削除された染色体領域、21q11.2~q22.3が、21番染色体長腕の端部に逆位挿入又は転座したことで生じた構造異常、?ins(21;21)(q22.3;q22.3q11.2)であり、21番染色体長腕削除によって生ずると想定された?del(21)(q11.2q22.3)が得られたと結論付けた。
実施例3と同様に、長腕領域削除にむけてRNP導入した2767-4細胞集団より、長腕領域削除細胞株を単離、樹立するために、RNP導入した2767-4細胞集団を96wellプレートの1wellあたり10個細胞が入るように、96well分播種し、およそ960個細胞の選別を行った。7~9日間培養し、増殖の見られたwellから順次、細胞を回収し、ゲノムDNAを抽出し、一部を継続して培養した。得られたゲノムDNAを鋳型として21番染色体長腕削除を特異的に検出するPCRプライマーである、Re-21q tel R3(配列番号8)、及び21q-01 F(配列番号9)を用いて、PCR法で増幅を行った。その結果、96well中5well(ウェル番号59、64、66、71、78)で期待される増幅産物が得られた(図9)。なお、図中、各ゲルのレーン2~17は96ウェル番号の異なる座位のクローンの結果を示す。同様に21番染色体長腕逆位の判定を行ったところ5well(ウェル番号59、64、66、71、78)全てで特異的な増幅産物は検出されなかった(図10)。この結果より、トリソミー細胞株である2767-4ではヒト21番染色体長腕の削除効率は、96 well 中5wellの確率であった。実施例3より、ダイソミー株である201B7を用いた際のヒト21番染色体長腕の削除効率は、96well中1wellであった。このことから、トリソミー細胞株を用いた際には、21番染色体長腕削除効率は、5倍上昇したと言えた。
実施例9において得られた細胞集団59のサブクローンについて21番染色体長腕削除を細胞遺伝学的手法にて同定するため、DAPI染色体解析を実施した。各サブクローンを6cmディッシュに拡大培養したのち、カルノア固定浮遊標本を作製し、スライドガラスに展開した。拡大培養からカルノア固定法までの手法は、上述のG-band染色体解析で実施した手法と同一であった。DAPI(4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)染色法として、DAPI(同仁化学社)1μg/mLを添加したSlowFadeTM Gold antifade reagent with DAPI(Invitrogen社)を染色体標本上に塗り、カバーグラスにて封入した。検鏡により、ランダムに選択した20細胞を対象にQ-band染色体解析を実施した。実施例5と同様に、本手法により、21番染色体長腕削除により生じると想定される染色体異常を検出し、評価した。サブクローン#59-26(細胞集団59のサブクローン26)においては、由来元であるトリソミー細胞株2767-4と比較して、正常21番染色体を二本、及び、目的通りの長腕削除により生じたと考えられる長腕の部分欠失を伴う21番染色体を認めた(図12)。
ヒト13番染色体短腕のテロメア近傍を切断するcrRNAXT、gRNA-13p-TeloT3(5’- AGAAGCGAATCCTGCTTGCA -3’(配列番号4)+(GGG))とヒト13番染色体短腕セントロメア近傍を切断するgRNA-13p-T142(5’- AGAACTGAAGCATCACTCAC -3’(配列番号3)+(TGG))をヒトiPS細胞株201B7に、エレクトロポーレーションにより導入した。方法として、まずは、2.5μLのgRNA-13p-TeloT3と2.5μLの200μM gRNA-13p-T142と5μLの200μM tracRNAを同一マイクロチューブ内にて混合し、95℃にて3分間、加熱した。加熱後、室温に戻した。この後は実施例2にて記載したCRISPR-Cas9-RNPエレクトロポーレーションの手法と同様に実施した。各gRNAの標的配列は以下のとおりである。
gRNA-13p-T142:5’- AGAACTGAAGCATCACTCAC -3’(配列番号3)+(TGG)
gRNA-13p-TeloT3:5’- AGAAGCGAATCCTGCTTGCA -3’(配列番号4)+(GGG)
13p-T142R:5’-TGACAGGCATCCATGGGAAC -3’(配列番号11)
Re-Chr13p tel F2:5’-CTCAGACCCGGAGCTTTCTC -3’(配列番号12)
実施例11において短腕領域削除に向けたRNP導入201B細胞集団より、短腕領域削除細胞株を単離、樹立するために、短腕領域削除用RNP導入201B7細胞集団を96wellプレートの1wellあたり10個細胞が入るように、96well分播種し、およそ960個細胞の選別を行った。7~9日間培養し、増殖の見られたwellから順次、細胞を回収した。回収方法は、1mM EDTAを添加したPBS100μLで洗浄し、1mM EDTAを添加したPBSを100μL加えて37℃で5分静置した後、上清を除いた。さらに、PBS100μLで洗浄した後、Y-27632を添加したPBS25μLで懸濁した。その細胞液中15μLを96wellプレートに継代し、10μLをProteinase K溶液10μLで混合し、55℃で一晩保温したのち95℃で3分間加熱することで、ゲノムDNAを抽出した。Proteinase K溶液は、471μLの滅菌水、25μLのExTaqバッファー(TAKARA社)、及び4μLの10mg/mL Proteinase K(Fujifilm Wako社)を混合したものを用いた。得られたゲノムDNAを鋳型としてヒト13番染色体短腕セントロメア近傍特異的なフォワードプライマー13p-T142R(5’-TGACAGGCATCCATGGGAAC -3’(配列番号11))及びヒト13番染色体短腕テロメア近傍特異的なリバースプライマーRe-Chr13p tel F2(5’-CTCAGACCCGGAGCTTTCTC -3’(配列番号12))を用いてPCR法で増幅を行った。
13p-T142F:5’-GGCTCCATCCCATGTGAGAG -3’(配列番号13)
Chr13p tel F2:5’-AGAACTGAAGCATCACTCACTGG -3’(配列番号14)
実施例12の結果より、5C座位の細胞集団(細胞集団5C)には、13番染色体短腕全長が削除された集団が存在することが示唆された。この結果から、13番染色体短腕が削除された細胞をクローン化することとした。5C座位由来細胞集団は10個程度の細胞から形成された集団であるため、シングルクローン化するために、96wellプレートに1プレート当たり150個細胞を播種した。10日後に生じたコロニーをピックアップした。ピックアップ方法は、上述のProteinase K溶液を用いる手法と同一であった。96wellプレートから得られたゲノムDNAを鋳型としてヒト13番染色体短腕セントロメア近傍特異的なフォワードプライマー13p-T142R(5’-TGACAGGCATCCATGGGAAC -3’(配列番号11))及びヒト13番染色体短腕テロメア近傍特異的なリバースプライマーRe-Chr13p tel F2(5’-CTCAGACCCGGAGCTTTCTC -3’(配列番号12))を用いてPCR法で増幅を行った。
実施例13において得られた細胞集団5Cのサブクローンについて13番染色体短腕削除を細胞遺伝学的手法にて同定するため、GTG法によるG-band染色体解析を実施した。12サブクローンのうち2サブクローン(#4-2、#10-8)について11~13日間にかけて6cmディッシュに拡大培養した。対数増殖期の細胞にMetaphase Arresting Solution(Genial Genetic Solutions社)とChromosome Resolution Additive(Genial Genetic Solutions社)を、それぞれ最終濃度が0.25μg/mL及び0.1μL/mLとなるよう培養液中に適量加え、90分、37℃にて培養した。細胞を回収後、0.075M KCl、5mLで懸濁し、15分、室温にて低張液処理した。1500rpm、5分間遠心後、上清を除去し、酢酸とメタノールが1:3となるように混合したカルノア液、5mLで懸濁してカルノア固定浮遊標本を作製した。カルノア固定浮遊標本をスライドガラスに展開し、氷冷した0.05%トリプシン溶液で20~50秒、トリプシン処理したのち、2%ギムザ染色液にてギムザ染色した。CoolCube1m CCDカメラ(MetaSystems社)を備えた電動正立顕微鏡AxioImagerZ2(CarlZeiss microscopy社)及びMetafer Slide Scanning Systemソフトウェア(MetaSystems社)にて分裂中期細胞を検索し、ランダムに選択した20細胞を対象に、Ikaros Karyotyping Systemソフトウェア(MetaSystems社)にてG-band染色体解析を実施した。正常核型である野生型201B7細胞と比較して、#4-2、#10-8ともに、解析した20細胞全てにおいて、目的通りの短腕削除により生じたと考えられる長腕の部分欠失を伴う13番染色体del(13)(p11.2)が検出された(図18)。
実施例11と同様に、ヒト13番染色体の長腕について、セントロメア近傍、或いは、テロメア側近傍について、特異的に切断するgRNAを設計し、ダイソミーヒトiPS細胞株やトリソミーiPS細胞株へと導入し、長腕領域全長を削除することができる。
実施例12と同様に、ヒト13番染色体の実施例15において、ヒト13番染色体長腕削除に向けたgRNAをダイソミーヒト細胞株やトリソミーヒト細胞株に対して導入した細胞に対して、長腕削除を特異的に検出可能なプライマーを用いたPCR法により、ヒト13番染色体長腕削除細胞株が細胞集団にどの程度出現しているかを調べることができる。
実施例13と同様に、長腕削除を示す特異的なプローブを用いて、各ウェルから取得した細胞クローンをPCR法により選別し、ヒト13番染色体長腕削除シングルクローンを取得できる。
実施例7の記載と同様に、作製されたサブクローンの13番染色体長腕削除を細胞遺伝学的手法にて同定するため、実施例5と同様に調製されたカルノア固定浮遊標本をスライドガラスに展開し、氷冷した0.05%トリプシン溶液で20~50秒、トリプシン処理したのち、2%ギムザ染色液にてギムザ染色した。CoolCube1m CCDカメラ(MetaSystems社)を備えた電動正立顕微鏡AxioImagerZ2(CarlZeiss microscopy社)及びMetafer Slide Scanning Systemソフトウェア(MetaSystems社)にて分裂中期細胞を検索し、ランダムに選択した細胞を対象に、Ikaros Karyotyping Systemソフトウェア(MetaSystems社)にて、サブクローンのG-band染色体解析を実施することができる。
実施例8の記載と同様に、作製されたサブクローンの13番染色体長腕削除における染色体構造異常について切断点など構造異常の詳細を同定するため、作製されたサブクローンのmBand染色体解析を実施する。実施例5と同様に作製されたカルノア固定浮遊標本をスライドガラスに展開し、Human mBAND Probes XCyte 21(MetaSystems社)を使用して、製品に付属のプロトコルに基づき染色処理を実施する。実施例5と同様に分裂中期細胞を検索し、ランダムに選択した細胞を対象に、Isis FISH Imaging Systemソフトウェア(MetaSystems社)にて、サブクローンのmBand染色体解析を実施することができる。
ヒト21番染色体短腕のテロメア近傍を切断するcrRNAXT、gRNA-21p-TeloT6(5’-AGACTGTAGCCTTGACCCAG -3’(配列番号15)+(AGG))とヒト21番染色体短腕セントロメア近傍を切断するgRNA-21p-T94(5’-CTGTGGACGTATTAACTTAC -3’(配列番号16)+(TGG))をヒトiPS細胞株201B7及びヒト21番トリソミーiPS細胞株2767-4に、エレクトロポーレーションにより導入した。方法として、まずは、2.5μLのgRNA-21p-TeloT6と2.5μLの200μM gRNA-21p-T94と5μLの200μM tracRNAを同一マイクロチューブ内にて混合し、95℃にて3分間、加熱した。加熱後、室温に戻した。この後は実施例2にて記載したCRISPR-Cas9-RNPエレクトロポーレーションの手法と同様に実施した。各gRNAの標的配列は以下のとおりである。
gRNA-21p-TeloT6:5’-AGACTGTAGCCTTGACCCAG -3’(配列番号15)+(AGG)
gRNA-21p-T94:5’-CTGTGGACGTATTAACTTAC -3’(配列番号16)+(TGG)
Chr21p-arm telo F7:5’-TGTGCAACCAGCTTTGGAAC-3’(配列番号17)
Re21p-T94R:5’-ACCATTAGAGGACTCTGTCAGTG -3’(配列番号18)
レーン5からレーン7は、21番染色体短腕削除用gRNAの組み合わせを導入後から、1週間後(After 1 week;100ng,10ng,1ng)に回収したゲノムDNAを用いた解析結果を示す。ダイソミーの201B7細胞においては、鋳型DNA使用量が100ngでのみ21番染色体短腕削除特異的な増幅産物が検出された(上段)。このことから、約15000細胞(鋳型DNA100ng分に相当)中に1細胞以上(0.0067%)の頻度で21番染色体短腕の削除が生じたと示唆された。一方、2767-4細胞においては、鋳型DNA使用量が100ng及び10ngで21番染色体短腕削除特異的な増幅産物が検出された(下段)。このことから、トリソミーの2767-4細胞においては、約1500細胞(鋳型DNA10ngに相当)中に1細胞以上(0.067%)の頻度で、21番染色体短腕の削除が生じたと示唆された。このことから、ヒトiPS細胞株201B7と比較してトリソミー細胞株を用いた際の21番染色体短腕削除効率は、10倍の効率であると示唆された。
配列番号15及び16:プライマー
本明細書で引用した全ての刊行物、特許及び特許出願はそのまま引用により本明細書に組み入れられるものとする。
Claims (13)
- 一対の相同ヒト染色体を含むダイソミーヒト細胞、又は相同ヒト染色体のトリソミーを含むトリソミーヒト細胞において、前記ダイソミーの2つの染色体のうち1つの染色体、又は前記トリソミーの3つの染色体のうち1つ若しくは2つの染色体から長腕及び短腕の内在遺伝子を実質的に削除し、それによって内在遺伝子を実質的に含まない長腕及び短腕部分、ヒトセントロメア、並びにテロメアを有するヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞を含有する細胞集団を作製し、さらに、前記細胞集団から前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞を回収することを含む、ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞の作製方法。
- 前記ダイソミーヒト細胞又はトリソミーヒト細胞がハプロ不全を有する場合、前記回収されたヒト細胞がハプロ不全遺伝子を2コピー含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターに、部位特異的DNA挿入配列を挿入することをさらに含む、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターに、外来遺伝子若しくはDNAを挿入することをさらに含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記トリソミーヒト細胞が、トリソミーヒト患者由来の細胞、又はダイソミー細胞から人工的に作製したトリソミー細胞である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記ヒト細胞が、体細胞、前駆細胞又は幹細胞である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 一対の相同ヒト染色体及び、それと相同な1つのヒト染色体由来ヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞であって、前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターが、内在遺伝子を実質的に含まない長腕及び短腕部分、ヒトセントロメア、及びテロメアを有する、ヒト細胞。
- 一本のヒト染色体及び、それと相同なヒト染色体由来の1つ若しくは2つのヒト人工染色体ベクターを含むヒト細胞であって、前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターが、内在遺伝子を実質的に含まない長腕及び短腕部分、ヒトセントロメア、及びテロメアを有する、かつ、前記細胞がハプロ不全遺伝子2コピーを含む、ヒト細胞。
- 前記ヒト細胞が、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の方法によって作製されるヒト細胞である、請求項7又は8に記載のヒト細胞。
- 前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターが、部位特異的DNA挿入配列を含む、請求項7~9のいずれか1項に記載のヒト細胞。
- 前記ヒト人工染色体ベクターが、外来遺伝子若しくはDNAを含む、請求項7~10のいずれか1項に記載のヒト細胞。
- 前記ヒト細胞が、体細胞、前駆細胞若しくは幹細胞である、請求項7~11のいずれか1項に記載のヒト細胞。
- 前記幹細胞が、iPS細胞又は間葉系幹細胞である、請求項12に記載のヒト細胞。
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