WO2023120671A1 - 二次電池用正極活物質および二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用正極活物質および二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to positive electrode active materials for secondary batteries and secondary batteries.
- Secondary batteries especially lithium-ion secondary batteries, have high output and high energy density, so they are expected to be used as power sources for small consumer applications, power storage devices, and electric vehicles.
- a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal eg, cobalt
- a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery. Replacing part of the cobalt with nickel makes it possible to increase the capacity.
- Li-excess type lithium metal composite oxides based on Li 1+x Mn 1-x O 2 having a rock salt structure have been attracting attention in response to the demand for high energy density.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a composition formula Li 1+x Nb y Me z A p O 2 (Me is a transition metal containing Fe and/or Mn, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5, 0.25 ⁇ z ⁇ 1, A is an element other than Nb and Me, 0 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.2, provided that Li 1+p Fe 1-q Nb q O 2 and 0. 15 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.3 and 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 0.3).
- Patent Document 1 a high capacity is made possible by controlling the composition (that is, adding Nb). However, the capacity improvement effect is insufficient and there is still room for improvement.
- one aspect of the present disclosure includes a lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure based on a rock salt structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m, the lithium metal composite oxide containing the element A1 ,
- the element A 1 is at least the element A 1-1 of the element A 1-1 and the element A 1-2
- the element A 1-1 includes Fe, Cr , Na, Mg, Cu, Zn, Pb
- the element A 1-2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ca, Al, and Si
- the lithium metal composite oxide The content of the element A1 in the positive electrode active material for a secondary battery is 10 ppm by mass or more and 1000 ppm by mass or less with respect to the total amount of the lithium metal composite oxide.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure based on a rock salt structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m, the lithium metal composite oxide comprising a cation element and an anion containing at least oxygen.
- At least one element A1 selected from the group consisting of Zn, Pb, Sb, and W is included, and the content of the element A1 in the lithium metal composite oxide is equal to the total amount of the lithium metal composite oxide is 10 mass ppm or more and 1000 mass ppm or less, and the molar ratio of the cation elements excluding the element A1 to the anion element is greater than 1.
- Yet another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode includes the positive electrode active material for a secondary battery.
- a secondary battery with high energy density can be realized.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a partially cutaway secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery includes a lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure based on a rock salt structure belonging to space group Fm-3m. That is, this lithium metal composite oxide has a crystal structure similar to a rock salt structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m.
- the lithium metal composite oxide contains at least one element A1 selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ca, Cr, Na, Al, Si, Mg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb, and W.
- Element A 1 may be at least element A 1-1 of element A 1-1 and element A 1-2 .
- Element A1-1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Fe, Cr, Na, Mg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb and W.
- Element A 1-2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ca, Al, and Si.
- the content of element A1 in the lithium metal composite oxide is 10 mass ppm or more and 1000 mass ppm or less with respect to the total amount of the lithium metal composite oxide.
- the above content of element A1 can also be said to be the total content of Fe, Ca, Cr, Na, Al, Si, Mg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb, and W in the lithium metal composite oxide.
- the element A1 Since the element A1 is contained in a very small amount within the above range, the capacity is improved. Although the reason for this is not clear, the formation of the dielectric layer composed of the oxide of the element A1 on at least a part of the surface of the positive electrode active material causes the surface of the active material to change due to changes in the electric field distribution. It is thought that one of the reasons is that the electron orbital energy changes, and the electron tunneling (charge transfer reaction) accompanying the movement of lithium ions between the electrolyte and the active material is promoted. In this specification, the expression that the element A1 is in a trace amount means that the content of the element A1 in the lithium metal composite oxide is 1000 ppm by mass or less.
- the content of element A1 may be 50 mass ppm or more and 750 mass ppm or less (or 500 mass ppm or less).
- a lithium metal composite oxide contains a cationic element and an anionic element.
- Cationic elements include lithium and first metal elements other than lithium.
- the first metal element contains a trace amount of element A1 .
- the anion element contains at least oxygen.
- the above-mentioned lithium metal composite oxide has a crystal structure based on a rock salt structure, represented by NaCl, for example, and has an oxygen atom arranged at an anion site, and a Li atom and a first non-Li atom at a cation site. It can have a structure in which metal atoms (including element A1 ) are arranged irregularly.
- the first metal element may contain, as a main component, a transition metal element other than the transition metal element contained in element A1 .
- the first metal element preferably contains Mn as a main component.
- the main component means a component (element) having the largest molar ratio in the first metal element. That is, the lithium metal composite oxide may be based on a Li and Mn composite oxide.
- Such Li and Mn composite oxides include, for example, Li 1+x Mn 1 ⁇ x O 2 .
- the lithium metal composite oxide contains excess lithium.
- excess lithium means that the molar ratio of lithium to the first metal element excluding a trace amount of element A1 is greater than 1 in the lithium metal composite oxide.
- the molar ratio of lithium to the first metal element excluding the trace element A1 may be, for example, 1.1 or more and 1.8 or less, or 1.2 or more and 1.55. It may be below.
- the lithium metal composite oxide preferably has an excess of cations. In this case, the capacity can be easily improved. Although the detailed reason for this is unknown, it is speculated that a slight excess of cations moderately affects the arrangement of cations at tetrahedral sites, resulting in improved Li ion diffusibility.
- the term "cation excess" means that the molar ratio of cationic elements, excluding a trace amount of element A1 , to anionic elements is greater than 1 in the lithium metal composite oxide.
- the molar ratio of the cationic element excluding the trace element A1 to the anionic element may be, for example, 1.01 or more and 1.1 or less, 1.02 or more and 1.075. It may be below.
- the lithium metal composite oxide preferably contains fluorine (F). That is, the anion element preferably contains oxygen and fluorine. Fluorine can replace the oxygen atom at the anion site in the crystal structure. In this case, the average discharge potential rises, and high capacity is easily obtained. In addition, when the lithium metal composite oxide is lithium-excess, the lithium-excess state is stabilized, and high capacity is easily obtained.
- F fluorine
- the lithium metal composite oxide is more preferably lithium-excess and cation-excess, more preferably lithium-excess and cation-excess, and anion elements containing oxygen and fluorine.
- lithium metal composite oxides having excess lithium and excess cations and containing oxygen and fluorine as anion elements include, for example, lithium metal composite oxides represented by the composition formula Li a Mn b Mc O 2-d Fd . mentioned.
- M is at least one metal element excluding Li and Mn, and includes at least element A1 , and 2.000 ⁇ a+b+c ⁇ 2.195, b+c ⁇ a, 1.0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.4, 0.4 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.9, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.2, 0.2 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.6.
- the lithium metal composite oxide represented by the above composition formula has a crystal structure similar to a rock salt structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m.
- the crystal structure may have a crystal structure in which Li ions are introduced into the tetrahedral sites around the octahedral sites in addition to the octahedral sites of the rock salt structure.
- the crystal structure of the lithium metal composite oxide is an X-ray diffraction pattern measured using a powder X-ray diffractometer (for example, desktop X-ray diffractometer MiniFlex manufactured by Rigaku Corporation, X-ray source: CuK ⁇ ). identified from a powder X-ray diffractometer (for example, desktop X-ray diffractometer MiniFlex manufactured by Rigaku Corporation, X-ray source: CuK ⁇ ). identified from
- the lithium metal composite oxide represented by the above composition formula has an excess of cations, and (a + b + c), which indicates the molar ratio of the cation elements, is greater than 2 and is 2.01 or more (or 2.02 or more). good.
- (a+b+c) may be 2.01 or more (or 2.02 or more) and 2.195 or less, or may be 2.01 or more (or 2.02 or more) and 2.150 or less.
- the lithium metal composite oxide represented by the above composition formula has excess lithium, and a/(b+c) is greater than 1 and may be 1.1 or more and 1.8 or less, 1.2 or more, It may be 1.55 or less.
- (a + b), which indicates the total molar ratio of Li and Mn is preferably more than 1.900 and 2.195 or less, and more preferably 1.950 or more and 2.150 or less.
- a which indicates the molar ratio of Li
- b which indicates the molar ratio of Mn
- (a+b) a, and b are within the above ranges, the effect of improving discharge characteristics becomes more pronounced.
- the metal element M contains at least a trace amount of the element A1 , so c indicating the molar ratio of the metal element M is greater than zero.
- c which indicates the molar ratio of the metal element M, is preferably more than 0 and 0.15 or less, more preferably more than 0 and 0.12 or less.
- the metal element M includes a trace amount of element A 1 , Ni, Co, Sn, Nb, Mo, Bi, V, Y, Zr, K, Pt, Au, Ag, and at least one selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ta, La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Eu, Dy, and Er.
- the metal element M preferably contains a trace amount of the element A1 and at least one selected from the group consisting of Ni, Sn, Mo, and Ti.
- d which indicates the molar ratio (substitution ratio) of F
- d is preferably 0.2 or more and 0.5 or less, and more preferably 0.20 or more and 0.35. It is below. In this case, the effect of improving the discharge characteristics becomes more pronounced.
- the lithium metal composite oxide is produced by, for example, mixing lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium manganate (LiMnO 2 ), and an oxide of element A1 in an inert gas atmosphere such as Ar by a planetary ball mill. It can be synthesized by Li 2 O and Mn 2 O 3 may be used as raw materials. Instead of a planetary ball mill, a mixer capable of imparting similar stirring shear forces to the powder may be used and the powder may be heated during the mixing process. The composition and the like of the composite oxide can be adjusted within a desired range by changing, for example, the mixing ratio of LiF and LiMnO 2 and the mixing conditions (rotational speed, treatment time, treatment temperature, etc.).
- the element A1 contained in the lithium metal composite oxide may be derived from the raw material used in synthesizing the lithium metal composite oxide, or may be derived from the material constituting the processing container during the mixing process.
- Ca and Na may be derived from lithium raw materials used in synthesizing the lithium metal composite oxide.
- Si and Al may originate from the materials that make up the processing vessel during the mixing process.
- a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, and the positive electrode includes the positive electrode active material for a secondary battery.
- secondary batteries according to embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail.
- the positive electrode includes, for example, a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer carried on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode mixture layer can be formed, for example, by applying a positive electrode slurry in which a positive electrode mixture is dispersed in a dispersion medium to the surface of the positive electrode current collector and drying the slurry. The dried coating film may be rolled if necessary.
- the positive electrode material mixture layer may be formed on one surface of the positive electrode current collector, or may be formed on both surfaces.
- the positive electrode mixture contains a positive electrode active material as an essential component, and may contain a binder, a conductive agent, etc. as optional components. Known materials can be used as the binder and the conductive agent.
- the positive electrode active material contains the above lithium metal composite oxide.
- a composite oxide is, for example, a secondary particle formed by agglomeration of a plurality of primary particles.
- the particle size of the primary particles is generally 0.05 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the composite oxide is, for example, 3 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, preferably 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the composite oxide means the median diameter (D50) at which the cumulative frequency is 50% in the volume-based particle size distribution, and is measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer.
- the content of the elements constituting the composite oxide is measured by an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), or the like. be able to.
- ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer
- EPMA electron probe microanalyzer
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer
- the positive electrode active material may further contain lithium metal composite oxides other than the lithium metal composite oxides described above.
- Other lithium metal composite oxides include, for example , LiaCoO2 , LiaNiO2 , LiaMnO2 , LiaCobNi1 - bO2 , LiaCobM1 - bOc , Li aNi1 - bMbOc , LiaMn2O4 , LiaMn2 - bMbO4 , LiMePO4 , Li2MePO4F and the like .
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Na, Mg, Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb and B.
- Me contains at least a transition element (for example, contains at least one selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni).
- 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.9, and 2.0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2.3 Note that the value a, which indicates the molar ratio of lithium, increases or decreases due to charging and discharging.
- a non-porous conductive substrate metal foil, etc.
- a porous conductive substrate meh body, net body, punching sheet, etc.
- Examples of materials for the positive electrode current collector include stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, and titanium.
- the negative electrode includes, for example, a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer carried on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode mixture layer can be formed, for example, by applying a negative electrode slurry in which a negative electrode mixture is dispersed in a dispersion medium to the surface of the negative electrode current collector and drying the slurry. The dried coating film may be rolled if necessary.
- the negative electrode mixture layer may be formed on one surface of the negative electrode current collector, or may be formed on both surfaces.
- the negative electrode mixture layer may be a negative electrode active material layer. Also, a lithium metal foil or a lithium alloy foil may be attached to the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode mixture contains a negative electrode active material as an essential component, and may contain a binder, a conductive agent, etc. as optional components. Known materials can be used as the binder and the conductive agent.
- the negative electrode active material includes materials that electrochemically absorb and release lithium ions, lithium metal, and/or lithium alloys.
- Carbon materials, alloy materials, and the like are used as materials that electrochemically occlude and release lithium ions.
- Examples of the carbon material include graphite, graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), and the like. Among them, graphite is preferable because it has excellent charging/discharging stability and low irreversible capacity.
- Examples of alloy-based materials include those containing at least one metal capable of forming an alloy with lithium, such as silicon, tin, silicon alloys, tin alloys, and silicon compounds. Silicon oxide, tin oxide, or the like in which these are combined with oxygen may also be used.
- a lithium ion conductive phase and a silicon composite material in which silicon particles are dispersed in the lithium ion conductive phase can be used.
- the lithium ion conductive phase for example, a silicon oxide phase, a silicate phase and/or a carbon phase can be used.
- a major component (eg, 95-100% by weight) of the silicon oxide phase can be silicon dioxide.
- a composite material composed of a silicate phase and silicon particles dispersed in the silicate phase is preferable because of its high capacity and low irreversible capacity.
- the silicate phase may contain, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of Group 1 elements and Group 2 elements of the long period periodic table.
- Group 1 elements of the long period periodic table and Group 2 elements of the long period periodic table include lithium (Li), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca). , strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and the like.
- the lithium silicate phase is preferable because of its small irreversible capacity and high initial charge/discharge efficiency.
- the lithium silicate phase may be an oxide phase containing lithium (Li), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O), and may contain other elements.
- the carbon phase can be composed of, for example, amorphous carbon with low crystallinity (that is, amorphous carbon).
- Amorphous carbon may be, for example, hard carbon, soft carbon, or otherwise.
- the shape of the negative electrode current collector can be selected from shapes conforming to the positive electrode current collector.
- Examples of materials for the negative electrode current collector include stainless steel, nickel, nickel alloys, copper, copper alloys, and the like.
- An electrolyte includes a solvent and a solute dissolved in the solvent.
- a solute is an electrolyte salt that ionically dissociates in an electrolyte.
- Solutes can include, for example, lithium salts.
- Components of electrolytes other than solvents and solutes are additives.
- the electrolyte may contain various additives.
- the electrolyte is usually used in a liquid state, but may be in a state where the fluidity is restricted by a gelling agent or the like.
- aqueous solvent or a non-aqueous solvent is used as the solvent.
- non-aqueous solvents include cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, cyclic carboxylates, chain carboxylates, and the like.
- Cyclic carbonates include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), vinylene carbonate (VC) and the like.
- Chain carbonates include diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and the like.
- Examples of cyclic carboxylic acid esters include ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) and ⁇ -valerolactone (GVL).
- Chain carboxylic acid esters include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate (MP), ethyl propionate (EP) and the like.
- the non-aqueous solvent may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- non-aqueous solvents include cyclic ethers, chain ethers, nitriles such as acetonitrile, and amides such as dimethylformamide.
- cyclic ethers examples include 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4- dioxane, 1,3,5-trioxane, furan, 2-methylfuran, 1,8-cineol, crown ether and the like.
- linear ethers examples include 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, dihexyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, methylphenyl ether, ethylphenyl ether, butylphenyl ether.
- pentylphenyl ether methoxytoluene, benzyl ethyl ether, diphenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, o-dimethoxybenzene, 1,2-diethoxyethane, 1,2-dibutoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, 1,1-dimethoxymethane, 1,1-diethoxyethane, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether and the like.
- These solvents may be fluorinated solvents in which some of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms.
- Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) may be used as a fluorinated solvent.
- lithium salts include lithium salts of chlorine-containing acids ( LiClO4 , LiAlCl4 , LiB10Cl10, etc.), lithium salts of fluorine- containing acids ( LiPF6 , LiPF2O2 , LiBF4 , LiSbF6 , LiAsF6 , LiCF3SO3 , LiCF3CO2 , etc.
- lithium salts of fluorine-containing acid imides LiN( FSO2 ) 2 , LiN( CF3SO2 ) 2 , LiN( CF3SO2 ) ( C4F9SO 2 ) , LiN ( C2F5SO2 ) 2, etc.
- lithium halides LiCl, LiBr, LiI, etc.
- Lithium salts may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolyte may be 1 mol/liter or more and 2 mol/liter or less, or may be 1 mol/liter or more and 1.5 mol/liter or less.
- the lithium salt concentration is not limited to the above.
- the electrolyte may contain other known additives.
- Additives include 1,3-propanesultone, methylbenzenesulfonate, cyclohexylbenzene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, fluorobenzene and the like.
- a separator is preferably interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator has high ion permeability and moderate mechanical strength and insulation.
- a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, or the like can be used as the separator.
- Polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene are preferable as the material of the separator.
- the secondary battery may include, for example, a wound electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound with a separator interposed therebetween, or a laminated electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated with a separator interposed therebetween. You may prepare.
- the secondary battery may be of any shape, for example, cylindrical, square, coin, button, laminate, or the like. In the present disclosure, the type, shape, etc. of the secondary battery are not particularly limited.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway schematic perspective view of a prismatic secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the battery includes a prismatic battery case 4 with a bottom, and a wound electrode group 1 and a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown) housed in the battery case 4 .
- the electrode group 1 has a long strip-shaped negative electrode, a long strip-shaped positive electrode, and a separator interposed therebetween.
- the negative electrode current collector of the negative electrode is electrically connected to a negative electrode terminal 6 provided on a sealing plate 5 via a negative electrode lead 3 .
- the negative electrode terminal 6 is insulated from the sealing plate 5 by a resin gasket 7 .
- the positive current collector of the positive electrode is electrically connected to the rear surface of the sealing plate 5 via the positive lead 2 . That is, the positive electrode is electrically connected to the battery case 4 which also serves as a positive electrode terminal.
- the peripheral edge of the sealing plate 5 is fitted into the open end of the battery case 4, and the fitted portion is laser-welded.
- the sealing plate 5 has an electrolyte injection hole, which is closed by a sealing plug 8 after injection.
- the mixed powder is put into a planetary ball mill (Premium-Line P7 manufactured by Fritsch, rotation speed: 600 rpm, container: 45 mL, ball: ⁇ 5 mm Zr ball), and operated for 35 hours at room temperature in an Ar atmosphere (operated for 1 hour After that, a cycle of resting for 10 minutes was repeated 35 times) to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide having a predetermined composition.
- a planetary ball mill Premium-Line P7 manufactured by Fritsch, rotation speed: 600 rpm, container: 45 mL, ball: ⁇ 5 mm Zr ball
- the resulting lithium metal composite oxide, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed at a solid content mass ratio of 7:2:1, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was used as a dispersion medium. , to prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry was applied onto a positive electrode core made of aluminum foil, the coating film was dried and compressed, and then cut into a predetermined electrode size to obtain a positive electrode.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte was prepared by adding LiPF6 as a lithium salt to a mixed solvent obtained by mixing ethylene carbonate (EC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) in a predetermined volume ratio.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethylmethyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- test cell A test cell was produced using the positive electrode described above and a negative electrode counter electrode made of lithium metal foil.
- An electrode body was constructed by arranging the positive electrode and the negative electrode counter electrode so as to face each other with a separator interposed therebetween, and the electrode body was housed in a coin-shaped outer can. After the electrolyte was injected into the outer can, the outer can was sealed to obtain a coin-shaped secondary battery for testing.
- lithium metal composite oxides X1 and X2 having different compositions were synthesized, and secondary battery A1 using lithium metal composite oxide X1 as a positive electrode active material and lithium metal composite oxide X2 as a positive electrode active material were used.
- a secondary battery A2 used for the substance was produced.
- Secondary batteries A1 and A2 correspond to Examples 1 and 2, respectively.
- the composition of the composite oxide was identified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
- ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
- the composition of the lithium metal composite oxide X1 was evaluated to be approximately Li1.21Mn0.81O1.7F0.3 , containing 20 ppm by mass of Cr, 30 ppm by mass of Na, and 100 ppm by mass of Cu. , 200 ppm Si and 100 ppm W, respectively.
- the composition of the lithium metal composite oxide X2 was evaluated to be approximately Li1.15Mn0.85O1.6F0.4 , containing 10 mass ppm Cr, 50 mass ppm Na, 20 mass ppm It contained Cu, 80 ppm Si, and 50 ppm W, respectively.
- Lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium manganate (LiMnO2 ) , chromium ( III) oxide ( Cr2O3 ), sodium oxide ( Na2O ), copper(II) oxide (CuO), oxide Aluminum (III) (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), and tungsten oxide (VI) (WO 3 ) were mixed in a predetermined weight ratio.
- the mixed powder was put into a planetary ball mill in the same manner as in Example 1 and treated at room temperature in an Ar atmosphere to obtain a lithium metal composite oxide having a predetermined composition. Using the obtained lithium metal composite oxide, a positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a secondary battery for testing.
- the composition of the composite oxide was identified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
- ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
- the composition of the lithium metal composite oxide Y1 was evaluated to be approximately Li1.21Mn0.71Cu0.1O1.8F0.2 , containing 20 mass ppm of Cr, 30 mass ppm of Na, and 75,000 mass ppm of Na . It contained mass ppm of Cu, 100 ppm of Si and 40 ppm of W, respectively.
- the composition of the lithium metal composite oxide Y2 was evaluated to be approximately Li1.15Mn0.76Si0.1O1.7F0.3 , containing 10 ppm by mass of Cr, 40 ppm by mass of Na, It contained 40 ppm Cu, 33000 ppm Si, and 30 ppm W, respectively.
- the composition of lithium metal composite oxide Y3 was evaluated to be approximately Li1.25Mn0.66W0.1O1.7F0.3 , containing 20 ppm by mass of Cr , 60 ppm by mass of Na, It contained 20 mass ppm Cu, 60 mass ppm Si and 191000 mass ppm W, respectively.
- the composition of the lithium metal composite oxide Y4 was evaluated to be approximately Li1.15Mn0.75Cu0.1O1.6F0.4 , containing 10 ppm by mass of Cr , 50 ppm by mass of Na, It contained 75000 mass ppm Cu, 100 ppm Si and 40 ppm W, respectively.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composite oxide was measured and analyzed using a powder X-ray diffractometer. It was confirmed that the oxide has a crystal structure based on a rock salt structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m.
- Table 1 shows the evaluation results of the initial discharge capacity C0 together with the composition of the lithium metal composite oxide used as the positive electrode active material and the contents of Cr, Na, Cu, Si and W in each battery.
- the discharge capacity was improved by using the lithium metal composite oxide containing a trace amount of the element A1 as the positive electrode active material.
- the lithium metal composite oxide containing more than 1000 ppm by mass of the element A1 was used as the positive electrode active material, so the discharge capacity decreased.
- Battery A1 When comparing Battery A1 and Battery A2 using a lithium metal composite oxide in which the content of element A1 is 1000 ppm by mass or less, Battery A1 has an excess of cations relative to Battery A2, resulting in an increase in discharge capacity. improved by about 8% (A2 ⁇ A1). The value of about 8% is calculated by ⁇ (C A1 ⁇ C A2 )/C A2 ⁇ 100, where C A1 is the discharge capacity of battery A1 and C A2 is the discharge capacity of battery A2. value.
- the battery B1 When comparing the battery B1 and the battery B4 using a lithium metal composite oxide containing more than 1000 ppm by mass of the element A1 , the battery B1 has an excess of cations with respect to the battery B4, so that the discharge capacity is increased. It improved by about 4.7% (B4 ⁇ B1). The value of about 4.7% is calculated by ⁇ (C B1 ⁇ C B4 )/C B4 ⁇ 100, where C B1 is the discharge capacity of battery B1 and C B4 is the discharge capacity of battery B4. value.
- battery A2 Comparing battery B4 and battery A2 in which the molar ratio of (cationic element/anion element excluding trace element A1 ) in the lithium metal composite oxide is 2.00/2, battery A2 has a higher concentration than battery B4.
- the addition of a small amount of element A1 improved the discharge capacity by about 28.1% (B4 ⁇ A2).
- the value of about 28.1% is calculated by ⁇ (C A2 ⁇ C B4 )/C B4 ⁇ 100, where C A2 is the discharge capacity of battery A2 and C B4 is the discharge capacity of battery B4. value.
- the content of the element A1 was set to 10 to 1000 ppm by mass and the cation was excessive in the battery B4, so that the discharge capacity was improved by about 38.4% (B4 ⁇ A1). .
- the value of about 38.4% is calculated by ⁇ (C A1 ⁇ C B4 )/C B4 ⁇ 100, where C A1 is the discharge capacity of battery A1 and C B4 is the discharge capacity of battery B4. value. From these results, it can be seen that by setting the content of the element A1 to 10 to 1000 ppm by mass and making the cation excess, the effect of improving the discharge capacity can be obtained more significantly.
- a secondary battery according to the present disclosure is useful as a main power source for mobile communication devices, portable electronic devices, and the like.
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Abstract
Description
以下、本開示の実施形態に係る二次電池について詳述する。
正極は、例えば、正極集電体と、正極集電体の表面に担持された正極合剤層とを具備する。正極合剤層は、例えば、正極合剤を分散媒に分散させた正極スラリーを、正極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を、必要により圧延してもよい。正極合剤層は、正極集電体の一方の表面に形成してもよく、両方の表面に形成してもよい。
負極は、例えば、負極集電体と、負極集電体に担持された負極合剤層とを具備する。負極合剤層は、例えば、負極合剤を分散媒に分散させた負極スラリーを、負極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を、必要により圧延してもよい。負極合剤層は、負極集電体の一方の表面に形成してもよく、両方の表面に形成してもよい。負極合剤層は、負極活物質層であってもよい。また、リチウム金属箔あるいはリチウム合金箔を負極集電体に貼り付けてもよい。
電解質は、溶媒と、溶媒に溶解した溶質とを含む。溶質は、電解質中でイオン解離する電解質塩である。溶質は、例えば、リチウム塩を含み得る。溶媒および溶質以外の電解質の成分は添加剤である。電解質には、様々な添加剤が含まれ得る。電解質は、通常、液状のまま用いられるが、ゲル化剤等で流動性が制限された状態であってもよい。
正極と負極との間には、セパレータが介在していることが望ましい。セパレータは、イオン透過度が高く、適度な機械的強度および絶縁性を備えている。セパレータとしては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等を用いることができる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィンが好ましい。
電池は、有底角形の電池ケース4と、電池ケース4内に収容された巻回型の電極群1および非水電解質(図示せず)とを備えている。電極群1は、長尺帯状の負極と、長尺帯状の正極と、これらの間に介在するセパレータとを有する。負極の負極集電体は、負極リード3を介して、封口板5に設けられた負極端子6に電気的に接続されている。負極端子6は、樹脂製ガスケット7により封口板5から絶縁されている。正極の正極集電体は、正極リード2を介して、封口板5の裏面に電気的に接続されている。すなわち、正極は、正極端子を兼ねる電池ケース4に電気的に接続されている。封口板5の周縁は、電池ケース4の開口端部に嵌合し、嵌合部はレーザー溶接されている。封口板5には電解質の注入孔があり、注液後に封栓8により塞がれる。
[正極の作製]
フッ化リチウム(LiF)、マンガン酸リチウム(LiMnO2)、酸化クロム(III)(Cr2O3)、酸化ナトリウム(Na2O)、酸化銅(II)(CuO)、酸化アルミニウム(III)(Al2O3)、二酸化ケイ素(SiO2)、および酸化タングステン(VI)(WO3)を、所定の質量比で混合した。当該混合粉体を、遊星ボールミル(Fritsch製のPremium-Line P7、回転数:600rpm、容器:45mL、ボール:φ5mmのZr製ボール)に投入し、Ar雰囲気中、室温で35時間(1時間運転後、10分間休止するサイクルを35回)処理することにより、所定の組成を有するリチウム金属複合酸化物を得た。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、および、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)を所定の体積比で混合した混合溶媒に、リチウム塩としてLiPF6を加え、非水電解質を調製した。
上記の正極と、リチウム金属箔からなる負極対極を用いて、試験セルを作製した。セパレータを介して上記正極と負極対極を対向配置して電極体を構成し、コイン形の外装缶に電極体を収容した。外装缶に電解質を注入した後、外装缶を封止してコイン形の試験用の二次電池を得た。
正極の作製において、フッ化リチウム(LiF)、マンガン酸リチウム(LiMnO2)、酸化クロム(III)(Cr2O3)、酸化ナトリウム(Na2O)、酸化銅(II)(CuO)、酸化アルミニウム(III)(Al2O3)、二酸化ケイ素(SiO2)、および酸化タングステン(VI)(WO3)を、所定の質量比で混合した。当該混合粉体を、実施例1と同様にして、遊星ボールミルに投入し、Ar雰囲気中、室温で処理することにより、所定の組成を有するリチウム金属複合酸化物を得た。得られたリチウム金属複合酸化物を用いて、実施例1と同様にして正極を作製し、試験用の二次電池を得た。
(初期放電容量)
二次電池を、常温環境下、0.05Cの定電流で電池電圧4.95Vまで定電流充電を行った。その後、20分間休止し、0.2Cの定電流で電池電圧2.5Vまで定電流放電を行い、放電容量を測定した。正極活物質(リチウム金属複合酸化物)の質量当たりの放電容量を求め、初期放電容量C0とした。
比較例1~比較例4の電池B1~B4では、元素A1の含有量が1000質量ppmよりも大きいリチウム金属複合酸化物を正極活物質に用いたため、放電容量は低下した。
Claims (6)
- 空間群Fm-3mに属する岩塩構造をベースとする結晶構造を有するリチウム金属複合酸化物を含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、元素A1を含み、
前記元素A1は、元素A1-1および元素A1-2のうち少なくとも元素A1-1であり、
前記元素A1-1は、Fe、Cr、Na、Mg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Sb、およびWからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
前記元素A1-2は、Ca、Al、およびSiからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物中の前記元素A1の含有量は、前記リチウム金属複合酸化物の総量に対して、10質量ppm以上、1000質量ppm以下である、二次電池用正極活物質。 - 空間群Fm-3mに属する岩塩構造をベースとする結晶構造を有するリチウム金属複合酸化物を含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、カチオン元素と、少なくとも酸素を含むアニオン元素と、を含み、
前記カチオン元素は、リチウムと、前記リチウムを除く第1金属元素と、を含み、
前記第1金属元素は、Fe、Ca、Cr、Na、Al、Si、Mg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Sb、およびWからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素A1を含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物中の前記元素A1の含有量は、前記リチウム金属複合酸化物の総量に対して、10質量ppm以上、1000質量ppm以下であり、
前記アニオン元素に対する、前記元素A1を除く前記カチオン元素のモル比は、1よりも大きい、二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記元素A1を除く前記第1金属元素に対する前記リチウムのモル比は、1よりも大きい、請求項2に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、組成式LiaMnbMcO2-dFdで表され、
式中、Mは、LiおよびMnを除く、少なくとも1種の金属元素であり、かつ、少なくとも元素A1を含み、
2.000<a+b+c≦2.195、b+c<a、1.0<a≦1.4、0.4≦b≦0.9、0<c≦0.2、0.2≦d≦0.6を満たす、請求項3に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 式中、Mは、前記元素A1と、Ni、Sn、Mo、およびTiからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種と、を含む、請求項4に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 正極と、負極と、電解質と、を備え、
前記正極は、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質を含む、二次電池。
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| US18/721,348 US20250062334A1 (en) | 2021-12-24 | 2022-12-22 | Positive electrode active material for secondary battery and secondary battery |
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| WO2022070893A1 (ja) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-04-07 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 二次電池用正極活物質および二次電池 |
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| WO2025069844A1 (ja) * | 2023-09-29 | 2025-04-03 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 二次電池用正極活物質および二次電池 |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| EP4456193A4 (en) | 2025-10-22 |
| US20250062334A1 (en) | 2025-02-20 |
| JPWO2023120671A1 (ja) | 2023-06-29 |
| EP4456193A1 (en) | 2024-10-30 |
| CN118402095A (zh) | 2024-07-26 |
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