WO2023127830A1 - 複合活物質 - Google Patents
複合活物質 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023127830A1 WO2023127830A1 PCT/JP2022/048024 JP2022048024W WO2023127830A1 WO 2023127830 A1 WO2023127830 A1 WO 2023127830A1 JP 2022048024 W JP2022048024 W JP 2022048024W WO 2023127830 A1 WO2023127830 A1 WO 2023127830A1
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composite active material, an electrode mixture containing the same, a coating composition, an electrode, and a solid battery.
- Solid-state batteries are safer than batteries that use a liquid electrolyte due to the use of a solid electrolyte as the electrolyte.
- Patent Document 2 A solid electrolyte of a sulfur-based compound made of glass ceramics is also known (Patent Document 2). This document proposes coating the surface of the active material with a sulfur-based compound made of glass ceramics for the purpose of improving the output of the battery.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a composite active material capable of obtaining good battery performance.
- the present invention has an active material and a surface portion disposed on the surface of the active material and containing a sulfur-containing compound,
- a composite active material is provided in which the sulfur-containing compound includes a crystal phase having an aldirodite-type crystal structure.
- FIG. 1(a) and 1(b) are schematic diagrams showing the composite active material of the present invention.
- 2 shows measurement results of X-ray diffraction of the composite active materials obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- FIG. 3 is a scanning electron microscope image of the composite active material obtained in Example 1.
- the present invention relates to a composite active material having an active material and a surface portion arranged on the surface of the active material.
- the active material and the surface portion of the composite active material of the present invention are described below.
- the active material is a site that mainly contributes to the electrode reaction in the composite active material of the present invention.
- the active material may be either a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material.
- the active material is typically in the form of particles, and the entire particle may be composed of a single material, or may be composed of a core particle and a coating portion disposed on the surface of the core particle. may have.
- the composite active material of the present invention has a structure having a core particle, a covering portion arranged on the surface of the core particle, and a surface portion arranged on the surface of the covering portion. ing.
- a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material can be used as the core particles. Whether to use the positive electrode active material or the negative electrode active material may be determined according to the specific application of the composite active material of the present invention.
- a positive electrode active material When a positive electrode active material is used as the core particles, conventionally known positive electrode active materials can be used without particular limitation.
- a material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- examples of such a positive electrode active material include, but are not limited to, compounds having a layered rock salt crystal structure, compounds having a spinel crystal structure, and compounds having an olivine crystal structure.
- the layered rocksalt crystal structure include lithium-transition metal composite oxides such as lithium cobaltate and lithium nickelate.
- compounds having a spinel crystal structure include lithium-transition metal composite oxides such as lithium manganate and lithium nickel manganate.
- Compounds having an olivine-type crystal structure include, for example, phosphates such as lithium iron phosphate.
- negative electrode active material When a negative electrode active material is used as the core particles, conventionally known negative electrode active materials can be used without particular limitation.
- negative electrode active materials include carbon materials such as graphite, silicon, and silicon oxides, which are substances capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions.
- the positive electrode active material as the core particles from the viewpoint of improving the performance of the battery containing the composite active material of the present invention.
- particles made of a lithium metal composite oxide containing lithium (Li) element and M element are preferable as the positive electrode active material.
- the details of the M element are as described below.
- the lithium metal composite oxide is a particle made of a lithium metal composite oxide having a layered rock salt crystal structure represented by the general formula (1): Li 1+x M 1-x O 2
- the composite of the present invention It is preferable from the viewpoint of further improving the performance of the battery containing the active material.
- M is (i) one or a combination of two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and Al; (ii) one or a combination of two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and Al, and a transition metal element existing between the elements of Group 3 to Group 11 of the periodic table; and any one or a combination of two or more of the group consisting of typical metal elements from the second period to the fourth period of the periodic table.
- x satisfies ⁇ 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.09.
- Li 1+x M 1-x O 2 , "1+x" is preferably 0.95 or more and 1.09 or less, more preferably 0.97 or more and 1.07 or less, It is more preferably 0.98 or more and 1.05 or less.
- M in the general formula (1) is one or a combination of two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and Al, or consists of Ni, Co, Mn and Al
- One or a combination of two or more elements selected from the group, a transition metal element existing between Group 3 elements to Group 11 elements of the periodic table, and Period 2 to Period 4 of the periodic table Any one or a combination of two or more of the group consisting of typical metal elements up to the period is preferable.
- transition metal elements present between elements of Group 3 to Group 11 of the periodic table and typical metal elements of period 2 to period 4 of the periodic table include Al, P, V, Fe, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ga, Cu, Zn, Nb, Zr, Mo, W, Ta, Re and the like can be mentioned.
- constituent element M for example, one or a combination of two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and Al, or selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and Al one or a combination of two or more elements and any one of the group consisting of P, V, Fe, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ga, Cu, Zn, Nb, Zr, Mo, W, Ta and Re Any element containing one or a combination of two or more thereof may be used.
- M in the general formula (1) preferably contains the three elements of Mn, Co and Ni.
- M may be composed of only the three elements Mn, Co and Ni, or the three elements may contain one or more of the other elements.
- the atomic ratio of the oxygen content is described as “2" for convenience, but it may have some non-stoichiometric properties. That is, the atomic ratio of the oxygen amount may be "2- ⁇ ". "- ⁇ " indicates oxygen deficiency, and ⁇ is preferably 0 or more or 0.2 or less, more preferably 0.1 or less, and more preferably 0.05 or less.
- the lithium metal composite oxide may contain impurities.
- the content of impurities is not particularly limited as long as the active material can exhibit desired performance, but for example, it is preferably 0.20% by mass or less, more preferably 0.17% by mass or less. When the impurity content is within this range, the lithium metal composite oxide can exhibit excellent properties as an active material.
- the lithium metal composite oxide has a layered rock salt type crystal structure is determined, for example, by fitting with a hexagonal crystal structure model of the space group R-3m, and Rwp representing the degree of agreement between the observed intensity and the calculated intensity and S in the range of Rwp ⁇ 10 or S ⁇ 2.5, it can be determined to be a layered rocksalt crystal structure.
- the primary particles of the lithium metal composite oxide may be single crystals or polycrystals, and are preferably polycrystals.
- a single crystal means a particle in which a primary particle is composed of one crystallite
- a polycrystal means a particle in which a plurality of crystallites are present in the primary particle.
- Whether or not the lithium metal composite oxide is polycrystalline can be confirmed by observing the cross section of the primary particles, for example, by electron beam backscattering diffraction (EBSD). In the case of polycrystals, it can be confirmed that crystals having multiple orientations are present in the primary particles.
- EBSD electron beam backscattering diffraction
- the active material constituting the composite active material of the present invention preferably has a core particle and a covering portion. Since the active material has the covering portion, contact between the core particles and the surface portion can be suppressed in the composite active material. In other words, the core particles, the covering portion, and the surface portion are arranged in this order. As a result, it is possible to suppress the problem that a resistance layer is formed at the interface between the core particle and the surface portion, and it is possible to suppress the problem that the transfer of lithium ions by the resistance layer is inhibited.
- the coating portion contains lithium (Li) element, A element (A is titanium (Ti) element, zirconium (Zr) element, tantalum (Ta) element, niobium (Nb) element and aluminum ( Al) element) and an oxygen (O) element are preferable from the viewpoint of improving the performance of the battery containing the composite active material of the present invention.
- the A element is preferably at least one of Ta and Nb.
- the A element is preferably at least Nb, and it is particularly preferable that the A element is Nb.
- the composition of the coating portion can be represented by, for example, Li x AO y when the A element is at least one of Ta and Nb.
- x and y in the formula can take any values within a range corresponding to the valence of the element.
- a composition in which Li is contained in excess of 1 mol with respect to 1 mol of the A element (1 ⁇ x) is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of improving the performance of the battery containing the composite active material of the present invention. .
- the blending amount of the lithium raw material with respect to the A element raw material is changed to the composition expected to be produced, such as LiAO 3 A method of blending such that Li is in excess of the stoichiometric composition ratio of .
- LiAO 3 A method of blending such that Li is in excess of the stoichiometric composition ratio of .
- the coating portion may exist as particles on the surface of the core particles, may exist as aggregated particles formed by aggregating particles, or may exist in the form of a layer. "Present by forming a layer” means a state in which the constituent material of the covering part exists with a thickness.
- the thickness of the covering portion covering the surface of the core particle may be uniform or non-uniform. It can be confirmed by observing the surface of the core particle with an electron microscope, for example, that the surface of the core particle is covered with the coating portion.
- the coating portion may exist at least on the surface of the core particle, and the coverage of the coating portion is not particularly limited. In the present invention, the coverage of the core particles by the covering portion is preferably, for example, 50% or more, particularly preferably 70% or more, particularly preferably 80% or more, and further preferably 90% or more. , particularly preferably 95% or more.
- the covering portion may be crystalline or amorphous, but is preferably amorphous.
- the coating part exists as a buffer layer between the core particle of the present invention and the surface part, and reaction resistance can be reduced.
- Whether the coating portion is crystalline or amorphous can be determined, for example, by confirming whether a halo pattern is obtained by selected area electron diffraction.
- a halo pattern refers to a broad diffraction pattern at low angles with no distinct diffraction peaks.
- the covering portion can be formed, for example, by the method described below. That is, it can be formed by adding core particles to a mixed solution of a lithium raw material and an A element raw material dissolved in a solvent, followed by drying and firing under predetermined conditions.
- this method is a preferable example, and the method is not limited to such a method.
- the amount of the covering portion covering the surface of the core particles can be expressed as the ratio of the A element in the composite active material of the present invention.
- the proportion of element A in the composite active material is, for example, preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and even more preferably 1.0% by mass or more.
- the ratio is, for example, preferably 5.0% by mass or less, more preferably 3.0% by mass or less, and even more preferably 2.0% by mass or less.
- the surface portion covers the surface of the active material described above.
- This surface portion comprises a sulfur-containing compound.
- This sulfur-containing compound contains a crystalline phase having an aldirodite-type crystal structure.
- a battery containing the composite active material of the present invention has a low internal resistance and an improved output performance.
- the above-mentioned Patent Document 2 discloses a technique of coating the surface of an active material with a glass ceramic made of a sulfur-containing compound.
- the sulfur-containing compound contains a crystal phase having an aldirodite-type crystal structure.
- a sulfur-containing compound containing a crystal phase having an aldirodite-type crystal structure is superior in ion conductivity to glass-ceramics.
- sulfur-containing compounds containing a crystal phase having an aldirodite-type crystal structure tend to be harder and less crushable than glass ceramics. Therefore, it is natural to consider glass-ceramics to be suitable as the sulfur-containing compound to be employed in the surface portion of the composite active material.
- interfacial contact between the active material and the solid electrolyte is particularly insufficient compared to batteries employing glass ceramics as a solid electrolyte.
- the present inventors have found that the use of a sulfur-containing compound containing a crystal phase having an algyrodite-type crystal structure in the surface portion has the unexpected effect of lowering the internal resistance and improving the performance of the battery. Found it. The reason why such an effect is obtained is, for example, as shown in the schematic diagrams of FIGS. It is conceivable to become In addition, it is considered that the fact that the sulfur-containing compound contained in the surface portion 3 has high lithium ion conductivity contributes to the improvement of the battery performance.
- the coverage of the active material by the surface portion is, for example, preferably 50% or more, more preferably 80% or more, and 90% or more. is more preferable.
- the surface portion may cover the entire area of the active material. That is, the coverage of the active material by the surface portion may be 100%. Since the surface portion is covered with the active material at this coverage rate, the interfacial contact area between the active material and the surface portion increases, and lithium ions are transported more smoothly, which is preferable. A method for measuring the coverage of the active material by the surface portion will be described in Examples described later.
- the thickness of the surface portion is, for example, greater than 0 nm, preferably 50 nm or more, further preferably 70 nm or more, and 100 nm or more. is more preferable. By covering the active material with this thickness, the formation of voids between particles of the composite active material is effectively suppressed, and the lithium ion conductivity of the composite active material is further improved. .
- the thickness of the surface portion is, for example, preferably 500 nm or less, more preferably 300 nm or less, and even more preferably 200 nm or less. Since the surface portion covers the active material with this thickness, the battery performance is further improved from the viewpoint of ensuring electron conductivity between the active materials. A method for measuring the thickness of the surface portion will be described in Examples described later.
- the surface portion is coated with the active material means that the exposed portion of the surface of the core particle is small, and is defined by the above-described coverage rate.
- the surface portion contains a sulfur-containing compound as described above.
- This sulfur-containing compound contains a crystalline phase having an aldirodite-type crystal structure.
- the aldirodite-type crystal structure is a crystal structure possessed by a group of compounds derived from minerals represented by the chemical formula: Ag 8 GeS 6 .
- the sulfur-containing compound contains lithium (Li) element, phosphorus (P) element, sulfur (S) element and halogen (X) element.
- the sulfur-containing compound has a composition formula (I): Li a PS b X c (X is fluorine (F) element, chlorine (Cl) element, bromine (Br) element, iodine (I) element is at least one kind.) is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the lithium ion conductivity between the composite active materials.
- a representing the molar ratio of the Li element is preferably 3.0 or more and 6.5 or less, more preferably 4.0 or more and 5.9 or less, and even more preferably 5.0 or more and 5.0 or more. 6 or less.
- the cubic aldirodite crystal structure is stable near room temperature (25° C.), and sufficient lithium ion vacancies can be introduced into the structure, so that lithium ion conductivity is improved. can be enhanced.
- b is preferably 3.5 or more and 5.5 or less, more preferably 4, from the viewpoint of stabilizing the algyrodite-type crystal structure near room temperature (25° C.) and increasing lithium ion conductivity. .0 or more and 4.9 or less, and even more preferably 4.2 or more and 4.7 or less.
- composition formula (I) is preferably 0.1 or more and 2.5 or less, more preferably 1.1 or more and 2.0 or less, and even more preferably 1.4 or more and 1.8 or less.
- the sulfur-containing compound may be represented by the compositional formula (II): Li 7-d PS 6-d X d .
- the composition represented by the compositional formula (II) is the stoichiometric composition of the aldirodite-type crystal phase.
- X has the same meaning as in composition formula (I).
- composition formula (II) is preferably 0.4 or more and 2.2 or less, more preferably 0.8 or more and 2.0 or less, and even more preferably 1.2 or more and 1.8 or less.
- the sulfur-containing compound may be represented by compositional formula (III): Li 7-d-2e PS 6-d-e X d .
- the algyrodite-type crystal phase having the composition represented by the composition formula (III) is obtained, for example, by reacting the algyrodite-type crystal phase having the composition represented by the composition formula (II) with P 2 S 5 (diphosphorus pentasulfide) Generated by
- e is a value indicating the deviation of the Li 2 S component from the stoichiometric composition represented by composition formula (II). e is preferably -0.9 or more (-d+2) or less, more preferably -0.6 or more (-d+1.6) or less, still more preferably -0.3 or more (-d+1.0) It is below.
- part of P is at least one or more of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, B, Al, Ga, As, Sb and Bi may be substituted with an element of In this case, the composition formula (I) becomes Li a (P 1-y M y )S b X c , and the composition formula (II) becomes Li 7-d (P 1-y M y )S 6-d X d , and the composition formula (III) becomes Li 7-d-2e (P 1-y M y )S 6-d-e X d .
- M is one or more elements selected from Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, B, Al, Ga, As, Sb and Bi.
- y is preferably 0.01 or more and 0.7 or less, more preferably 0.02 or more and 0.4 or less, and still more preferably 0.05 or more and 0.2 or less.
- the atomic ratio X/P of the halogen (X) element to the phosphorus (P) element in the sulfur-containing compound is preferably greater than, for example, 1.0, and is preferably 1.1 or more. More preferably, it is more preferably 1.2 or more, and even more preferably 1.4 or more.
- the atomic number ratio X/P is, for example, preferably 2.5 or less, more preferably 2.3 or less, and even more preferably 2.2 or less.
- the lithium ion conductivity of the composite active material is further improved. For example, it can be measured by high frequency inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP emission spectrometry) and SEM-EDS analysis.
- the halogen (X) element includes at least the chlorine (Cl) element and the bromine (Br) element
- the atomic number ratio (Cl+Br) of the total of the chlorine (Cl) element and the bromine (Br) element to the phosphorus (P) element /P is, for example, preferably greater than 1.0, more preferably 1.1 or more, still more preferably 1.2 or more, and even more preferably 1.4 or more.
- the atomic number ratio (Cl+Br)/P is, for example, preferably 2.5 or less, more preferably 2.3 or less, and even more preferably 2.0 or less.
- the lithium ion conductivity of the composite active material is further improved, which is preferable.
- it can be measured by high-frequency inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP emission spectrometry) or elemental analysis using an EDS-equipped scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS).
- the sulfur-containing compound is particularly preferably represented by the compositional formula (IV) Li 7-d PS 6-d Cl d1 Br d2 .
- the ratio (d2/d1) of the molar ratio of Br to the molar ratio of Cl is, for example, preferably 0.1 or more and 10 or less, more preferably 0.3 or more and 5 or less. It is more preferably 0.5 or more and 3 or less.
- d2/d1 is within the above range, the lithium ion conductivity can be further enhanced.
- d1 indicating the molar ratio of Cl preferably satisfies, for example, 0.3 or more and 1.5 or less, more preferably 0.4 or more and 1.2 or less, and especially 0.6 or more. Alternatively, it is more preferably 1.0 or less.
- d1 is at least the lower limit, the lithium ion conductivity can be further enhanced.
- d1 is equal to or less than the upper limit, the sulfur-containing compound can be easily obtained.
- d2 indicating the molar ratio of Br preferably satisfies, for example, 0.3 or more and 1.5 or less, preferably 0.4 or more and 1.2 or less, especially 0.6 or more or It is more preferably 1.0 or less.
- d2 is equal to or higher than the lower limit, the sulfur-containing compound can be easily obtained.
- d2 is equal to or less than the upper limit, the lithium ion conductivity can be further enhanced.
- the sulfur-containing compound is any of the composition formulas (I), (II), (III) and (IV)
- the halogen (X) element contains bromine (Br) element, This is preferable because it further improves the lithium ion conductivity between the composite active materials.
- the proportion of the surface portion is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention can be obtained. % or more, more preferably 2.0 mass % or more. When the proportion of the surface portion is within the above range, the lithium ion conductivity of the composite active material can be effectively enhanced.
- the ratio is, for example, preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less, and even more preferably 8% by mass or less.
- the energy density of the all-solid-state battery using the composite active material of the present invention can be increased when the ratio of the surface portion is within the above range.
- the proportion of the surface portion in the composite active material of the present invention can be measured, for example, by high frequency inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP emission spectrometry).
- the method for forming the surface portion is, for example, a method of dry mixing the particles of the active material and the particles of the substance constituting the surface portion containing the sulfur-containing compound.
- a wet mixing method may be used.
- the aldirodite-type solid electrolyte may be dissolved in a solvent such as ethanol and re-deposited by removing the solvent. In that case, there is a problem that a different phase such as lithium halide is generated and the lithium ion conductivity is lowered.
- dry mixing that does not use a solvent, it is possible to suppress the formation of lithium halide or the like in the surface portion when forming the surface portion, and as a result, it is possible to obtain good lithium ion conductivity. can.
- the atomic number ratio X/P of the halogen (X) element to the phosphorus (P) element in the sulfur-containing compound becomes larger than 1.0, the above-mentioned effect becomes remarkable. Therefore, when using a sulfur-containing compound having a large atomic number ratio X/P, it is particularly preferable to employ dry mixing. Dry mixing is preferably carried out under conditions of shear, compression and/or impact.
- the surface portion can be firmly formed on the surface of the active material.
- a dry particle compounding device Nobilta (registered trademark) manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation
- Nobilta registered trademark manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation
- the amount of lithium halide in the surface portion is, for example, preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and 1% by mass with respect to the compound exhibiting a crystal phase having an aldirodite crystal structure. % or less.
- the amount of lithium halide is within the above range, good lithium ion conductivity can be obtained.
- Lithium halides include LiCl, LiBr, LiCl 1-x Br x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiI, LiF and the like. The presence or absence of lithium halide can be determined, for example, from XRD measurement.
- the peaks derived from the (111) and (200) planes are 30.0 ⁇ 0.5° and 34.8 ⁇ 0.5° for LiCl and 28° for LiBr when the X-ray source is CuK ⁇ 1 rays. .0 ⁇ 0.5°, 32.5 ⁇ 0.5°, and LiCl 0.5 Br 0.5 at 29.0 ⁇ 0.5°, 33.8 ⁇ 0.5°.
- the abundance of lithium halide can also be determined from the peak intensity ratio of XRD diffraction measurement.
- the position of 27.0 ° is the background count number A
- the maximum count number of 30.0 ° ⁇ 1.0 ° derived from the aldirodite type crystal structure. is B
- the maximum count number of the peak position derived from the (200) plane of lithium halide is C
- the formula representing the abundance ratio of lithium halide to the aldirodite crystal structure (CA) / (B- A) is preferably 0.5 or less, more preferably 0.2 or less, and even more preferably 0.1 or less.
- (CA)/(BA) is 0.1 or less, it can be determined that there is no lithium halide peak.
- the composite active material of the present invention preferably has a particle size of, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more, expressed as a volume cumulative particle size D50 at a cumulative volume of 50% by volume measured by a laser diffraction scattering particle size distribution measurement method. It is more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more. On the other hand, the volume cumulative particle size D50 is, for example, preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less. When the particle size of the composite active material of the present invention is within this range, the contact between the particles of the composite active material is sufficiently high, and the lithium ion transport between the particles of the composite active material is further improved.
- the composite active material of the present invention preferably has a BET specific surface area of, for example, 0.1 m 2 /g or more, more preferably 0.2 m 2 /g or more, and more preferably 0.3 m 2 /g or more. More preferably.
- the BET specific surface area of the composite active material of the present invention is within this range, contact points between particles of the composite active material are increased, and lithium ion transport between particles of the composite active material is further improved.
- the BET specific surface area is, for example, preferably 10 m 2 /g or less, more preferably 5.0 m 2 /g or less, and even more preferably 4.0 m 2 /g or less.
- the BET specific surface area of the composite active material of the present invention is within this range, it is preferable from the viewpoint of facilitating uniform dispersion of the composite active material when producing an all-solid-state battery.
- the particle size of the active material constituting the composite active material of the present invention is controlled, or the coating amount and coating state of the surface portion coated with the active material are controlled. You can do it.
- the BET specific surface area of the composite active material relative to the BET specific surface area of the active material is, for example, preferably 0.01 or more, more preferably 0.1 or more, and 0.2 or more. is more preferred.
- the BET specific surface area of the composite active material relative to the BET specific surface area of the active material is, for example, preferably 1.2 or less, more preferably 1.0 or less, and even more preferably 0.8 or less. .
- the fact that the BET specific surface area of the composite active material relative to the BET specific surface area of the active material of the present invention is within this range means that the surface portion uniformly covers the active material.
- the specific surface area of the active material can be calculated, for example, by dissolving the algyrodite-type solid electrolyte of the coating portion in ethanol or the like and measuring the specific surface area of the particles after washing.
- the composite active material of the present invention can be made into an electrode mixture by mixing it with a solid electrolyte and a conductive material.
- This electrode mixture is useful for forming a battery electrode (positive electrode or negative electrode).
- the solid electrolyte contained in this electrode mixture may be the same as or different from the sulfur-containing compound used in the surface portion constituting the composite active material.
- the solid electrolyte may or may not contain a crystal phase having an aldirodite crystal structure. Materials used in conventional solid batteries can be appropriately selected as such a solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte contains a crystal phase having an aldirodite-type crystal structure
- the above description of the sulfur-containing compound is applied as appropriate, and the description is omitted here.
- the solid electrolyte may be, for example, a sulfur-containing compound made of glass ceramics, an oxide-based solid electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity, or a nitride. system solid electrolytes, and the like.
- the conductive material a conductive substance made of, for example, a carbon material can be used.
- the electrode mixture can be mixed with a binder and a solvent to form a coating composition.
- This coating composition is useful, for example, from the viewpoint of forming an electrode (positive electrode or negative electrode) by coating it on the surface of a current collector.
- An electrode can be formed on the surface of the current collector by, for example, coating the coating composition on the surface of the current collector and drying the coating film thus formed to remove the solvent.
- the electrode thus formed contains the electrode mixture and binder described above.
- the binder and solvent contained in this coating composition those conventionally used in the relevant technical field can be used without particular limitation.
- a battery comprising the composite active material of the present invention has a structure having, for example, a positive electrode layer, a negative electrode layer, and a solid electrolyte layer positioned between the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer, that is, a solid battery.
- a positive electrode layer will contain the composite active material of this invention.
- the composite active material of the present invention is the negative electrode active material
- the negative electrode layer contains the composite active material of the present invention.
- the solid electrolyte contained in the solid electrolyte layer in the battery may be the same as or different from the sulfur-containing compound used in the surface portion constituting the composite active material. The description of the solid electrolyte is omitted here because it can be the same as that described in the section on the electrode mixture.
- a composite active material comprising: an active material; and a surface portion disposed on the surface of the active material and containing a sulfur-containing compound, wherein the sulfur-containing compound contains a crystal phase having an aldirodite-type crystal structure.
- the active material is at least one of lithium (Li) element and M element
- M element is at least one of nickel (Ni) element, cobalt (Co) element, manganese (Mn) element and aluminum (Al) element, or at least one element selected from nickel (Ni) element, cobalt (Co) element and aluminum (Al) element, and a transition metal element existing between Group 3 elements to Group 11 elements of the periodic table
- M element is at least one of lithium (Li) element and M element
- M element is at least one of nickel (Ni) element, cobalt (Co) element, manganese (Mn) element and aluminum (Al) element, or at least one element selected from nickel (Ni) element, cobalt (Co) element and aluminum (Al) element, and a transition metal element existing between Group 3 elements to Group 11 elements of the periodic table
- the composite active material according to [1] which is a combination with at least one element of typical metal elements from the second period to the fourth period of the periodic table.
- the coating portion includes at least lithium (Li) element, A element (A is titanium (Ti) element, zirconium (Zr) element, tantalum (Ta) element, niobium (Nb) element, and aluminum (Al) element. 1 type.) and an oxygen (O) element, the composite active material according to [4].
- the halogen (X) element contains at least chlorine (Cl) element and bromine (Br) element, and the atomic number ratio (Cl+Br)/P of the total of chlorine (Cl) element and bromine (Br) element to phosphorus (P) element is greater than 1.0, the composite active material according to any one of [8] to [10].
- An electrode mixture comprising the composite active material according to any one of [1] to [11], a solid electrolyte, and a conductive material.
- a coating composition comprising the electrode mixture according to [12] or [13], a binder and a solvent.
- An electrode comprising the electrode mixture according to [12] or [13] and a binder.
- a battery having a positive electrode layer, a negative electrode layer, and a solid electrolyte layer between the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer, A battery, wherein the positive electrode layer contains the composite active material according to any one of [1] to [11].
- the solid electrolyte layer contains a solid electrolyte, The battery according to [16], wherein the sulfur-containing compound and the solid electrolyte are made of different materials.
- Example 1 (1) Preparation of core particles
- the core particles contain Ni:Co:Mn in an element ratio of 5:2:3 and have a specific surface area of 0.6 m 2 /g Lithium transition metal composite oxide (hereinafter “NCM ) was used.
- NCM Lithium transition metal composite oxide
- the liquid was decanted, it was washed three times with 600 mL of a 0.14 mol/L lithium sulfate solution. Then, after drying at 120° C., heat treatment was performed at 200° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain the desired active material.
- the volume cumulative particle diameter D50 of the obtained active material was 4.9 ⁇ m.
- the Nb content in the active material measured by ICP emission spectrometry was 1.2%.
- Li 2 S powder, P 2 S 5 powder, LiCl powder, and LiBr powder were mixed so that the composition was Li 5.4 PS 4.4 Cl 0.8 Br 0.8 .
- This mixed powder is filled in a carbon container, and heated in a tubular electric furnace at a temperature raising/lowering rate of 200° C./h while H 2 S gas (purity 100%) is circulated at 1.0 L/min, It was fired at 500° C. for 4 hours to obtain a fired body.
- This sintered body was pulverized and sized with a sieve having an opening of 53 ⁇ m to obtain raw material powder for molding the surface portion.
- the volume cumulative particle size D50 of the obtained raw material powder was 0.7 ⁇ m. It was confirmed that the ion conductivity at room temperature was 4.4 mS/cm. Weighing, mixing, setting in an electric furnace, removal from the electric furnace, pulverization, and sizing were all performed in a glove box replaced with sufficiently dried Ar gas (dew point ⁇ 60° C. or less). XRD measurement of the obtained raw material powder confirmed that it had an aldirodite type crystal structure. 4.8 g of the raw material powder on the surface thus obtained and 40 g of the active material particles obtained in (2) above are mixed using a dry particle compounding apparatus NOB-MINI manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation.
- FIG. 3 shows a scanning electron microscope image of the composite active material.
- Example 2 In Example 1, the amount of the raw material powder charged to the surface of the active material particles was as shown in Table 1 below. Particles of composite active material were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for this. When the obtained composite active material was subjected to X-ray diffraction measurement, the presence of an aldirodite type crystal structure was confirmed. No peak derived from lithium halide was observed. Elemental analysis by SEM-EDS confirmed that the (Cl+Br)/P atomic ratio was over 1.0.
- Example 3 In forming the surface portion in Example 1, raw material powder was adjusted so that the composition of the surface portion was Li 5.8 PS 4.8 Cl 1.2 . Particles of composite active material were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for this.
- Example 2 In forming the surface portion in Example 1, the raw material powder for the surface portion and the particles of the active material were mixed using a mortar. Particles of composite active material were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for this.
- Excitation X-ray AlK ⁇ ray (1486.6 eV) Tube voltage: 15kV Tube current: 3.3mA X-ray irradiation area: 200 ⁇ m ⁇ X-ray scanning area: 1000 ⁇ m ⁇ 300 ⁇ m Pass energy: 112.0 eV Energy step: 0.1 eV Detection angle: 45° Measurement temperature: -80°C or less Measurement elements: Li1s, P2p, S2p, Cl2p, Br3d, Mn2p1/2, Co2p1/2, Ni2p1/2, Nb3d Ion gun conditions: 4 kV Ion beam raster range: 2mm x 2mm Sputtering speed: 8.5 nm/min (in terms of SiO2 ) The maximum measurement depth should be greater than or equal to the depth of the reduced saturation region (plateau region) in the S2p semi-quantitative profile from the surface toward the inside.
- the slope when linearly approximating two or more continuous measurement points in a range of 100 nm or more is -0.002 or more for the first time from the surface to the inside.
- the depth is set to the declining saturation region.
- the XPS data was analyzed using data analysis software (“Multipack Ver9.9” manufactured by ULVAC-Phi, Inc.) to calculate the semi-quantitative value of each element in the depth direction. Background mode used Shirley. For example, charging correction was performed at the Nb3d5/2 peak (206.7 eV). Since the Br3d peak interferes with the Ni3p peak, the Br semi-quantitative value was calculated using the peak area from which the Ni3p interference component was removed by waveform separation analysis. Since the specific waveform separation parameters vary depending on the coating compound and the core compound, for example, the Br3d and Ni3p spectra are measured for each of the coating compound and the uncoated core compound, and the peak parameters that reproduce each spectrum are determined and used. is desirable.
- (P+S+Cl+Br) is the element contained in the raw material powder used for the surface portion.
- P+S+Cl+Br+Nb+Ni+Co+Mn is an element containing elements contained in the raw material powder used in the surface portion, elements contained in the coating portion, and elements contained in the core particles other than oxygen. The coverage can be calculated by the above-described method regardless of the types of elements contained in the surface portion, coated portion, and core particles.
- the depth value that is the intermediate value between the maximum value and the minimum value was calculated as the thickness of the coating layer. If the depth that is the middle value between the maximum and minimum values of the S2p semi-quantitative value does not match the depth of the measurement point, use the linear approximation formula of the two measurement points before and after the middle value to find the depth value that is the middle value. Calculated.
- the negative electrode mixture was obtained by mortar-mixing graphite powder and the solid electrolyte produced for forming the coating portion at a mass ratio of 50:50.
- An electrode was attached to the upper opening, and uniaxial press molding was performed at about 0.8 tf/cm 2 to produce a solid electrolyte layer.
- the upper electrode was once removed, the positive electrode mixture was poured onto the solid electrolyte layer, the positive electrode mixture was smoothed, and then the upper electrode was attached again.
- the lower electrode was temporarily removed, and the negative electrode mixture was poured onto the solid electrolyte layer.
- the lower electrode was reattached and uniaxially pressed at about 4.6 tf/cm 2 .
- the upper electrode and the lower electrode were sandwiched with a clamp and restrained with a torque pressure of 4 N ⁇ m to produce an all-solid-state battery equivalent to 1.5 mAh.
- the manufacturing process of the all-solid-state battery was performed in a glove box replaced with dry air having an average dew point of -70°C.
- the battery thus obtained was placed in an environmental tester maintained at 25° C., connected to a charge/discharge measuring device, and evaluated.
- the CC-CV method with the upper limit voltage of 4.4V was used for charging, and the CC method with the lower limit voltage of 3.0V was used for discharging.
- Repeat charging and discharging at a current density of 0.1 C from the first cycle to the third cycle, charge at a current density of 0.1 C from the fourth cycle, and current densities of 1.0 C, 2 C, 3 C, 5 C, and 8 C was discharged with The discharge capacity retention rate was calculated by dividing the discharge capacity when discharged at a current density of 8C by the discharge capacity at 0.1C in the third cycle.
- reaction resistance In the measurement of the discharge capacity retention rate, after the third cycle of discharge, CC charging was performed at 0.1 C so that the charging capacity was 0.75 mAh. Impedance measurement was performed on the charged battery using a SOLARTRON1255B FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYZER manufactured by Toyo Technica Co., Ltd. The measurement conditions were set to AC amplitude: 10 mV and frequency range: 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 Hz. The reaction resistance ( ⁇ ) was calculated from the intersection with the horizontal axis in the Cole-Cole plot, which is a complex impedance plane plot obtained by the measurement.
- Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 shown in FIG. 2 are the results of offsetting the obtained count numbers by 30000 counts and 15000 counts, respectively.
- the solid batteries containing the composite active materials obtained in each example have a lower reaction resistance and a higher discharge capacity retention rate than the solid batteries of the comparative examples.
- a composite active material capable of obtaining good battery performance is provided.
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Abstract
Description
したがって本発明の課題は、良好な電池性能を得ることが可能な複合活物質を提供することにある。
前記硫黄含有化合物が、アルジロダイト型結晶構造を有する結晶相を含む、複合活物質を提供するものである。
本発明は、活物質と、該活物質の表面に配置された表面部とを有する複合活物質に関するものである。以下、本発明の複合活物質における活物質及び表面部についてそれぞれ説明する。
活物質は本発明の複合活物質において主として電極反応に寄与する部位である。本発明においては、活物質が、正極活物質及び負極活物質のいずれであってもよい。活物質は典型的には粒子状の形態をしており、粒子全体が単一の物質から構成されていてもよく、あるいは、コア粒子と、該コア粒子の表面に配置された被覆部とを有していてもよい。活物質が後者である場合、本発明の複合活物質は、コア粒子と、該コア粒子の表面に配置された被覆部と、該被覆部の表面に配置された表面部とを有する構造になっている。
コア粒子としては、正極活物質及び負極活物質のいずれを用いることもできる。正極活物質を用いるか、あるいは負極活物質を用いるかは、本発明の複合活物質の具体的な用途に応じて決定すればよい。
層状岩塩型結晶構造としては、例えばコバルト酸リチウムやニッケル酸リチウムなどのリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物が挙げられる。
スピネル型結晶構造を有する化合物としては、例えばマンガン酸リチウムやニッケルマンガン酸リチウムなどのリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物が挙げられる。
オリビン型結晶構造を有する化合物としては、例えばリン酸鉄リチウムなどのリン酸塩が挙げられる。
(i)Ni、Co、Mn及びAlからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素の組み合わせであるか、
(ii)Ni、Co、Mn及びAlからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素の組み合わせと、周期律表の第3族元素から第11族元素の間に存在する遷移金属元素、及び、周期律表の第2周期から第4周期までの典型金属元素からなる群のうちのいずれか1種あるいは2種以上の組み合わせである。
また一般式(1)中、xは、-0.05≦x≦0.09である。
よって、構成元素Mとしては、例えばNi、Co、Mn及びAlからなる群から選択される一種若しくは二種以上の元素の組み合わせであるか、又は、Ni、Co、Mn及びAlからなる群から選択される一種若しくは二種以上の元素の組み合わせと、P、V、Fe、Ti、Mg、Cr、Ga、Cu、Zn、Nb、Zr、Mo、W、Ta及びReからなる群のうちのいずれか1種若しくは2種以上の組み合わせとを含む元素であればよい。
本発明の複合活物質を構成する活物質は、コア粒子と被覆部とを有することが好ましい。活物質が被覆部を有することで、複合活物質においてコア粒子と表面部の接触を抑制することができる。換言すると、コア粒子、被覆部、表面部がこの順で配置されることとなる。これにより、コア粒子と表面部との界面に抵抗層が形成されるといった不具合を抑制でき、抵抗層によるリチウムイオンの授受が阻害されるといった不具合を抑制できる。
前記被覆部が結晶質であるか非晶質であるかは、例えば、制限視野電子回折によりハローパターンが得られるかを確認することで判断できる。ハローパターンとは、明瞭な回折ピークのない低角でのブロードな回折図形のことを示す。
本発明の複合活物質において、表面部は、上述した活物質の表面を被覆している。この表面部は、硫黄含有化合物を含んで構成されている。この硫黄含有化合物は、アルジロダイト型結晶構造を有する結晶相を含んでいる。本発明の複合活物質を含む電池は、その内部抵抗が低くなり、電池の出力性能が向上する。
ところで、上述した特許文献2には、活物質の表面を硫黄含有化合物からなるガラスセラミックスで被覆する技術が開示されている。一方、本発明においては、硫黄含有化合物がアルジロダイト型結晶構造を有する結晶相を含む。アルジロダイト型結晶構造を有する結晶相を含む硫黄含有化合物は、ガラスセラミックスに比べてイオン伝導性に優れる。しかしながら、アルジロダイト型結晶構造を有する結晶相を含む硫黄含有化合物は、ガラスセラミックスに比べて、硬く潰れにくい傾向にある。そのため、複合活物質の表面部に採用させる硫黄含有化合物としては、ガラスセラミックスが好適と考えるのが自然である。また、アルジロダイト型結晶構造を有する結晶相を含む硫黄含有化合物を固体電解質として採用した電池では、ガラスセラミックスを固体電解質として採用した電池に比べて、活物質と固体電解質との界面接触が特に不十分となり、界面抵抗がより一層高くなる傾向がある。このような状況下、本発明者は、アルジロダイト型結晶構造を有する結晶相を含む硫黄含有化合物を表面部に用いることで、内部抵抗が低くなり、電池の性能が向上するという予想外の効果を見出した。このような効果が得られる理由としては、例えば図1(a)及び(b)の模式図に示すとおり、活物質2と表面部3の界面接触面積が増大し、リチウムイオンの輸送がより円滑になることが考えられる。また、表面部3に含まれる硫黄含有化合物が高いリチウムイオン伝導性を有することが、電池性能が向上に寄与していると考えられる。加えて、表面部3が変形し、複合活物質1の粒子間に空隙が形成されることが抑制され、複合活物質1と固体電解質(図示せず)との間のリチウムイオンの輸送がより円滑になることが考えられる。
前記組成式(IV)において、Cl及びBrの合計モル比d(=d1+d2)は、1.0<d≦1.9を満足することが好ましい。Cl及びBrの合計モル比d(=d1+d2)が1.0より大きく且つ1.9以下であれば、リチウムイオン伝導性を一層高めることができる。特にdが1.9以下であれば、異相の生成を制御することができ、イオン伝導率の低下を抑えることができる。この観点から、前記組成式(IV)におけるdは1.0より大きく且つ1.9以下であることが好ましく、中でも1.2以上あるいは1.8以下、その中でも1.4以上あるいは1.7以下であることが更に好ましい。
本発明の複合活物質は、その粒径が、レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法による累積体積50容量%における体積累積粒径D50で表して、例えば0.1μm以上であることが好ましく、0.5μm以上であることが更に好ましく、1.0μm以上であることが一層好ましい。一方、前記体積累積粒径D50は、例えば、20μm以下であることが好ましく、15μm以下であることが更に好ましく、10μm以下であることが一層好ましい。本発明の複合活物質の粒径がこの範囲内であることによって、複合活物質の粒子どうしの接触が十分に高くなり、複合活物質の粒子間でのリチウムイオン輸送が一層向上する。
活物質の比表面積は、例えば、被覆部のアルジロダイト型固体電解質をエタノール等に溶解させて、洗浄した後の粒子の比表面積を測定することで算出することができる。
導電材としては、例えば炭素材料からなる導電性物質を用いることができる。
〔1〕
活物質と、該活物質の表面に配置され且つ硫黄含有化合物を含む表面部とを有し、前記硫黄含有化合物が、アルジロダイト型結晶構造を有する結晶相を含む、複合活物質。
〔2〕
前記活物質が、リチウム(Li)元素及びM元素(M元素は、ニッケル(Ni)元素、コバルト(Co)元素、マンガン(Mn)元素及びアルミニウム(Al)元素のうちの少なくとも一種であるか、又は、ニッケル(Ni)元素、コバルト(Co)元素及びアルミニウム(Al)元素のうちの少なくとも一種の元素と、周期律表第3族元素から第11族元素の間に存在する遷移金属元素、及び周期律表第2周期から第4周期までの典型金属元素のうちの少なくとも一種の元素との組み合わせである。)を含む、〔1〕に記載の複合活物質。
〔3〕
前記M元素が、少なくともニッケル(Ni)元素、コバルト(Co)元素及びマンガン(Mn)元素を含む、〔2〕に記載の複合活物質。
〔4〕
前記活物質が、コア粒子と、前記コア粒子の表面に配置された被覆部とを有する、〔1〕ないし〔3〕のいずれか一に記載の複合活物質。
〔5〕
前記被覆部が、リチウム(Li)元素、A元素(Aは、チタン(Ti)元素、ジルコニウム(Zr)元素、タンタル(Ta)元素、ニオブ(Nb)元素及びアルミニウム(Al)元素のうちの少なくとも1種である。)及び酸素(O)元素を含む、〔4〕に記載の複合活物質。
〔6〕
前記表面部による前記活物質の被覆率が50%以上100%以下である、〔1〕ないし〔5〕のいずれか一に記載の複合活物質。
〔7〕
前記表面部の厚みが0nm超500nm以下である、〔1〕ないし〔6〕のいずれか一に記載の複合活物質。
〔8〕
前記硫黄含有化合物が、リチウム(Li)元素、リン(P)元素、硫黄(S)元素及びハロゲン(X)元素を含む、〔1〕ないし〔7〕のいずれか一に記載の複合活物質。
〔9〕
前記ハロゲン(X)元素が、少なくとも臭素(Br)元素を含む、〔8〕に記載の複合活物質。
〔10〕
リン(P)元素に対するハロゲン(X)元素の原子数比X/Pが1.0より大きい、〔8〕又は〔9〕に記載の複合活物質。
〔11〕
前記ハロゲン(X)元素が少なくとも塩素(Cl)元素及び臭素(Br)元素を含み、リン(P)元素に対する、塩素(Cl)元素及び臭素(Br)元素合計の原子数比(Cl+Br)/Pが1.0より大きい、〔8〕ないし〔10〕のいずれか一に記載の複合活物質。
〔12〕
〔1〕ないし〔11〕のいずれか一に記載の複合活物質と、固体電解質と、導電材とを含む電極合剤。
〔13〕
前記固体電解質が、前記硫黄含有化合物とは異なる材料である、〔12〕に記載の電極合剤。
〔14〕
〔12〕又は〔13〕に記載の電極合剤と、結合剤と、溶剤とを含む塗布用組成物。
〔15〕
〔12〕又は〔13〕に記載の電極合剤と、結合剤とを含む電極。
〔16〕
正極層と、負極層と、前記正極層及び前記負極層の間の固体電解質層とを有する電池であって、
前記正極層が、〔1〕ないし〔11〕のいずれか一に記載の複合活物質を含む、電池。
〔17〕
前記固体電解質層は固体電解質を含み、
前記硫黄含有化合物と前記固体電解質とが異なる材料である、〔16〕に記載の電池。
(1)コア粒子の準備
コア粒子にはNi:Co:Mn=5:2:3の元素比率で含有し、比表面積が0.6m2/gであるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物(以下「NCM」という。)を使用した。
リチウムイオン濃度を11.1g/Lに調整した450mLの水酸化リチウム水溶液に、水酸化ニオブ4.5gと30%の過酸化水素水10.7mLを溶解した混合水溶液を得た。この混合水溶液にコア粒子100gを添加してスラリーを調製した。スラリーを90℃以上に加熱し、20分間保持した。90℃以上で加熱することによってコア粒子の表面に吸着しやすい性質を持つLi-Nb-O系化合物が、該コア粒子の表面に生成した。液をデカンテーションした後、0.14mol/Lの硫酸リチウム溶液600mLで3回洗浄した。その後120℃で乾燥後、大気雰囲気下に200℃2時間熱処理して目的とする活物質を得た。得られた活物質の体積累積粒径D50は4.9μmであった。ICP発光分光分析法によって測定された活物質中のNb量は1.2%であった。
組成がLi5.4PS4.4Cl0.8Br0.8となるように、Li2S粉末と、P2S5粉末と、LiCl粉末と、LiBr粉末とをそれぞれを秤量し、ボールミルで6時間粉砕混合して混合粉を調製した。
この混合粉をカーボン製の容器に充填し、これを管状電気炉にてH2Sガス(純度100%)を1.0L/minで流通させながら、昇降温速度200℃/hで加熱し、500℃で4時間焼成し、焼成体を得た。この焼成体を粉砕し、目開き53μmの篩で整粒して、表面部の成形用の原料粉を得た。得られた原料粉の体積累積粒径D50は0.7μmであった。室温下におけるイオン伝導率が4.4mS/cmであることを確認した。秤量、混合、電気炉へのセット、電気炉からの取り出し、粉砕及び整粒作業はすべて、十分に乾燥されたArガス(露点-60℃以下)で置換されたグローブボックス内で実施した。得られた原料粉をXRD測定したところ、アルジロダイト型結晶構造を有していることが確認された。
このようにして得られた表面部の原料粉4.8gと、前項(2)で得られた活物質の粒子40gとを、ホソカワミクロン株式会社製の乾式粒子複合化装置NOB-MINIを用いて混合し、活物質の粒子の表面に、表面部の原料粉を強固に付着させた。混合はローター回転速度:4000rpm、処理時間:12.5min、ロータクリアランス:2mm、軸冷却用エア量:5L/min、露点:-50℃、雰囲気:乾燥空気中で実施した。このようにして複合活物質の粒子を得た。得られた複合活物質についてX線回折測定をしたところ、図2に示すとおり、アルジロダイト型結晶構造の存在を確認した。ハロゲン化リチウム由来のピークは観測されなかった。SEM―EDSにて元素分析をしたところ(Cl+Br)/P原子数比が1.0超であることを確認した。図3に、複合活物質の走査型電子顕微鏡像を示す。
実施例1において、活物質の粒子に対する表面部の原料粉の仕込量を、以下の表1に示すとおりとした。これ以外は実施例1と同様にして複合活物質の粒子を得た。得られた複合活物質についてX線回折測定をしたところ、アルジロダイト型結晶構造の存在を確認した。ハロゲン化リチウム由来のピークは観測されなかった。SEM―EDSにて元素分析をしたところ(Cl+Br)/P原子数比が1.0超であることを確認した。
実施例1における表面部の形成において、表面部の組成がLi5.8PS4.8Cl1.2となるように原料粉を調整した。これ以外は実施例1と同様にして複合活物質の粒子を得た。
(表面部の形成)
Li2S及びP2S5をそれぞれ1.91g及び3.09g秤量し、内容積80mlのジルコニアポットに入れた。へプタンと、10mmのジルコニアボール90gとを加えて、遊星ボールミルP-5(フリッチュ社製)にて370rpmで50時間メカノケミカル処理を実施した。室温真空乾燥にて溶剤を除去し、250μmの篩で整粒して表面部の原料粉を得た。この原料粉は、室温下におけるイオン伝導率が0.5mS/cmであることを確認した。
これ以外は実施例1と同様にして複合活物質の粒子を得た。得られた複合活物質についてX線回折測定をしたところ、アルジロダイト型結晶構造はされなかった。SEM―EDSにて元素分析をしたところ(Cl+Br)/P原子数比が1.0未満であることを確認した。
実施例1における表面部の形成において、表面部の原料粉と、活物質の粒子との混合を、乳鉢を用いて行った。これ以外は実施例1と同様にして複合活物質の粒子を得た。
実施例及び比較例で得られた複合活物質について、粒径D50及びBET比表面積を測定した。BET比表面積については、先に述べた方法で複合活物質から表面部を除去して得られた活物質についても測定した。
また、以下の方法で表面部の被覆率及び厚さを測定した。更に、以下の方法で複合活物質を含む固体電池における放電容量維持率及び反応抵抗を測定した。それらの結果を表1に示す。
アルバック・ファイ社製のXPS装置である、VersaProbeIIIを用いて、複合活物質の粒子表面から内部方向の深さ方向分析を行った。測定に使用した条件等は以下のとおりである。
励起X線:AlKα線(1486.6eV)
管電圧:15kV
管電流:3.3mA
X線照射面積:200μmφ
X線走査面積:1000μm×300μm
パスエネルギー:112.0eV
エネルギーステップ:0.1eV
検出角度:45°
測定温度:-80℃以下
測定元素:Li1s、P2p、S2p、Cl2p、Br3d、Mn2p1/2、Co2p1/2、Ni2p1/2、Nb3d
イオン銃条件:4kV
イオンビームラスター範囲:2mm×2mm
スパッタ速度:8.5nm/min(SiO2換算)
最大測定深さは、表面から内部方向のS2p半定量プロファイルにおいて、減少飽和領域(プラトー領域)となる深さ以上とする。具体的には、S2p半定量プロファイルにおいて、100nm以上の範囲において連続する2点以上の測定点について線形近似したときの傾きが、表面から内部に向かって初めて-0.002以上となる深さを減少飽和領域となる深さとする。
試料作製及び装置までの搬送については、露点-60℃以下のAr雰囲気で粉末試料をプレス機でペレット成形した後にXPS専用試料台に金属製治具で固定し、アルバック・ファイ社製の大気非曝露ベッセルを用いてXPS装置に搬送した。
Br3dピークは、Ni3pピークと干渉するため、Br半定量値は波形分離解析によりNi3pの干渉成分を除去したピーク面積を用いて算出した。具体的な波形分離パラメータは被覆化合物やコア化合物によって変わるため、例えば、被覆化合物と未被覆コア化合物それぞれについてBr3d及びNi3pスペクトルを測定し、それぞれのスペクトルを再現するピークパラメータを決定し、使用することが望ましい。
XPSによって算出された深さ方向の各元素の半定量値について、最表面(スパッタ深さ0nm)の各元素の半定量値から(P+S+Cl+Br)/(P+S+Cl+Br+Nb+Ni+Co+Mn)半定量比を算出し、被覆率とした。
XPSよって算出された深さ方向のS2p半定量プロファイルについて、最大値と最小値の中間値となる深さの値を被覆層の厚さとして算出した。S2p半定量値の最大値と最小値の中間値となる深さが測定点の深さと一致しない場合は、中間値を挟む前後2測定点の線形近似式から中間値となる深さの値を算出した。
実施例及び比較例で得られた複合活物質を用い、以下の手順で固体電池を作製した。実施例1及び3並びに比較例1及び2では、得られた複合活物質に対して、導電材(VGCF)を乳鉢にて混合し、活物質、固体電解質及び導電材が質量比で85.4:10.3:4.3となるように正極合剤を得た。複合活物質中の固体電解質以外は固体電解質を添加しなかった。
実施例2では得られた複合活物質に対して、被覆部の形成のために製造した前記固体電解質と、導電材(VGCF)とを乳鉢にて混合し、活物質:固体電解質:導電材=85.4:10.3:4.3となるように正極合剤を得た。
負極合剤は、グラファイト粉末と、被覆部の形成のために製造した前記固体電解質とを50:50の質量比で乳鉢混合することで得た。
上下端が開口したセラミック製の円筒(開口径10.5mm、高さ18mm)の下側開口部をSUS製の電極で閉塞した状態下に円筒内に0.05gの固体電解質を注いだ。上側開口部に電極を装着し、約0.8tf/cm2で一軸プレス成型し、固体電解質層を作製した。上側の電極を一旦取り外し、固体電解質層上に正極合剤を注ぎ、該正極合剤を平滑にならした後、上側の電極を再度装着した。次いで下側の電極を一旦取り外し、固体電解質層上に負極合剤を注いだ。下側の電極を再度装着し、約4.6tf/cm2で一軸プレス成型した。然る後、上側電極と下側電極との間をクランプではさみ込み、4N・mのトルク圧で拘束し、1.5mAh相当の全固体電池を作製した。全固体電池の作製工程は、平均露点-70℃の乾燥空気で置換されたグローブボックス内で行った。
初回サイクルから3サイクル目までを0.1Cの電流密度で充電と放電を繰り返し、4サイクル目以降は0.1Cの電流密度で充電し、1.0C、2C、3C、5C、8Cの電流密度で放電させた。
放電容量維持率は、8Cの電流密度で放電させたときの放電容量を3サイクル目の0.1Cの放電容量で除して算出した。
放電容量維持率の測定において、3サイクル目の放電の後、充電容量が0.75mAhとなるように0.1CでCC充電を行った。充電した電池に対して、東洋テクニカ(株)SOLARTRON1255B FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYZERを用いてインピーダンス測定を行った。測定条件は、交流振幅:10mV、周波数領域:1.0×10-6~1.0×10-1Hzに設定した。測定によって得られた複素インピーダンス平面プロットであるCole-Coleプロットにおける、横軸との交点から反応抵抗(Ω)を算出した。
結晶相の確認はX線回折測定によって行った。測定は、株式会社リガク製のX線回折装置「Smart Lab SE」を用いて行った。測定条件は、大気非曝露、走査軸:2θ/θ、走査範囲:20°以上40°以下、ステップ幅0.01°、走査速度0.1°/minとした。X線源はCuKα1線とした。管電圧は40kV、管電流は80mAとした。
Claims (17)
- 活物質と、該活物質の表面に配置され且つ硫黄含有化合物を含む表面部とを有し、前記硫黄含有化合物が、アルジロダイト型結晶構造を有する結晶相を含む、複合活物質。
- 前記活物質が、リチウム(Li)元素及びM元素(M元素は、ニッケル(Ni)元素、コバルト(Co)元素、マンガン(Mn)元素及びアルミニウム(Al)元素のうちの少なくとも一種であるか、又は、ニッケル(Ni)元素、コバルト(Co)元素及びアルミニウム(Al)元素のうちの少なくとも一種の元素と、周期律表第3族元素から第11族元素の間に存在する遷移金属元素、及び周期律表第2周期から第4周期までの典型金属元素のうちの少なくとも一種の元素との組み合わせである。)を含む、請求項1に記載の複合活物質。
- 前記M元素が、少なくともニッケル(Ni)元素、コバルト(Co)元素及びマンガン(Mn)元素を含む、請求項2に記載の複合活物質。
- 前記活物質が、コア粒子と、前記コア粒子の表面に配置された被覆部とを有する、請求項1に記載の複合活物質。
- 前記被覆部が、リチウム(Li)元素、A元素(Aは、チタン(Ti)元素、ジルコニウム(Zr)元素、タンタル(Ta)元素、ニオブ(Nb)元素及びアルミニウム(Al)元素のうちの少なくとも1種である。)及び酸素(O)元素を含む、請求項4に記載の複合活物質。
- 前記表面部による前記活物質の被覆率が50%以上100%以下である、請求項1に記載の複合活物質。
- 前記表面部の厚みが0nm超500nm以下である、請求項1に記載の複合活物質。
- 前記硫黄含有化合物が、リチウム(Li)元素、リン(P)元素、硫黄(S)元素及びハロゲン(X)元素を含む、請求項1に記載の複合活物質。
- 前記ハロゲン(X)元素が、少なくとも臭素(Br)元素を含む、請求項8に記載の複合活物質。
- リン(P)元素に対するハロゲン(X)元素の原子数比X/Pが1.0より大きい、請求項8に記載の複合活物質。
- 前記ハロゲン(X)元素が少なくとも塩素(Cl)元素及び臭素(Br)元素を含み、リン(P)元素に対する、塩素(Cl)元素及び臭素(Br)元素合計の原子数比(Cl+Br)/Pが1.0より大きい、請求項8に記載の複合活物質。
- 請求項1ないし11のいずれか一項に記載の複合活物質と、固体電解質と、導電材とを含む電極合剤。
- 前記固体電解質が、前記硫黄含有化合物とは異なる材料である、請求項12に記載の電極合剤。
- 請求項12に記載の電極合剤と、結合剤と、溶剤とを含む塗布用組成物。
- 請求項12に記載の電極合剤と、結合剤とを含む電極。
- 正極層と、負極層と、前記正極層及び前記負極層の間の固体電解質層とを有する電池であって、
前記正極層が、請求項1ないし11のいずれか一項に記載の複合活物質を含む、電池。 - 前記固体電解質層は固体電解質を含み、
前記硫黄含有化合物と前記固体電解質とが異なる材料である、請求項16に記載の電池。
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| JP2023571033A JPWO2023127830A1 (ja) | 2021-12-27 | 2022-12-26 | |
| EP22916053.6A EP4459708A4 (en) | 2021-12-27 | 2022-12-26 | COMPOSITE ACTIVE MATERIAL |
| KR1020247016832A KR20240128667A (ko) | 2021-12-27 | 2022-12-26 | 복합 활물질 |
| US18/712,496 US20250015270A1 (en) | 2021-12-27 | 2022-12-26 | Composite active material |
| CN202280079883.2A CN118339676A (zh) | 2021-12-27 | 2022-12-26 | 复合活性物质 |
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| EP (1) | EP4459708A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPWO2023127830A1 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20240128667A (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN118339676A (ja) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2025205723A1 (ja) * | 2024-03-29 | 2025-10-02 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | 活物質、並びにそれを含む電極合剤、電極層及び固体電池 |
| WO2026014435A1 (ja) * | 2024-07-08 | 2026-01-15 | 三井金属株式会社 | 固体電解質、活物質、電極合剤、固体電解質層及び固体電池 |
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| US20170250407A1 (en) | 2016-02-26 | 2017-08-31 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Composite active material, solid battery and producing method for composite active material |
| WO2019176895A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-12 | 2019-09-19 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | 硫化物系固体電解質粒子 |
| WO2021251347A1 (ja) * | 2020-06-10 | 2021-12-16 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | 固体電解質、電極合剤及び電池 |
| US20220029196A1 (en) | 2017-07-07 | 2022-01-27 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | Solid Electrolyte of Lithium Secondary Battery and Sulfide Compound for Said Solid Electrolyte |
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| JP7374664B2 (ja) * | 2019-08-29 | 2023-11-07 | マクセル株式会社 | 固体電解質シートおよび全固体リチウム二次電池 |
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- 2022-12-26 WO PCT/JP2022/048024 patent/WO2023127830A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2022-12-26 CN CN202280079883.2A patent/CN118339676A/zh active Pending
- 2022-12-26 EP EP22916053.6A patent/EP4459708A4/en active Pending
- 2022-12-26 US US18/712,496 patent/US20250015270A1/en active Pending
- 2022-12-26 JP JP2023571033A patent/JPWO2023127830A1/ja active Pending
- 2022-12-26 KR KR1020247016832A patent/KR20240128667A/ko active Pending
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| US20170250407A1 (en) | 2016-02-26 | 2017-08-31 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Composite active material, solid battery and producing method for composite active material |
| JP2017152347A (ja) * | 2016-02-26 | 2017-08-31 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 複合活物質、固体電池および複合活物質の製造方法 |
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| WO2026014435A1 (ja) * | 2024-07-08 | 2026-01-15 | 三井金属株式会社 | 固体電解質、活物質、電極合剤、固体電解質層及び固体電池 |
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| KR20240128667A (ko) | 2024-08-26 |
| US20250015270A1 (en) | 2025-01-09 |
| EP4459708A4 (en) | 2025-09-03 |
| CN118339676A (zh) | 2024-07-12 |
| JPWO2023127830A1 (ja) | 2023-07-06 |
| EP4459708A1 (en) | 2024-11-06 |
| TW202335960A (zh) | 2023-09-16 |
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