WO2023151604A1 - 一种叠层太阳能电池及其应用 - Google Patents

一种叠层太阳能电池及其应用 Download PDF

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WO2023151604A1
WO2023151604A1 PCT/CN2023/075061 CN2023075061W WO2023151604A1 WO 2023151604 A1 WO2023151604 A1 WO 2023151604A1 CN 2023075061 W CN2023075061 W CN 2023075061W WO 2023151604 A1 WO2023151604 A1 WO 2023151604A1
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layer
solar cell
combination
type
thickness
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French (fr)
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丁晓兵
夏锐
陈艺绮
柳伟
张学玲
陈达明
陈奕峰
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Trina Solar Co Ltd
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Trina Solar Co Ltd
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Priority to EP23752384.0A priority Critical patent/EP4478860A4/en
Priority to US18/837,266 priority patent/US20250176348A1/en
Publication of WO2023151604A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023151604A1/zh
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    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H10K30/00Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/50Photovoltaic [PV] devices
    • H10K30/57Photovoltaic [PV] devices comprising multiple junctions, e.g. tandem PV cells
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    • H10FINORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F10/00Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
    • H10F10/10Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
    • H10F10/14Photovoltaic cells having only PN homojunction potential barriers
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    • H10K30/00Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/10Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
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    • H10F10/00Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
    • H10F10/10Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
    • H10F10/16Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers
    • H10F10/164Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells
    • H10F10/165Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells the heterojunctions being Group IV-IV heterojunctions, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC photovoltaic cells
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    • H10F10/00Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
    • H10F10/10Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
    • H10F10/19Photovoltaic cells having multiple potential barriers of different types, e.g. tandem cells having both PN and PIN junctions
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    • H10FINORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F71/00Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F71/121The active layers comprising only Group IV materials
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    • H10F77/00Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/20Electrodes
    • H10F77/206Electrodes for devices having potential barriers
    • H10F77/211Electrodes for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K19/00Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic element specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching, covered by group H10K10/00
    • H10K19/20Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic element specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching, covered by group H10K10/00 comprising components having an active region that includes an inorganic semiconductor
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    • H10K30/00Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80Constructional details
    • H10K30/81Electrodes
    • H10K30/82Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
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    • H10K30/00Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80Constructional details
    • H10K30/84Layers having high charge carrier mobility
    • H10K30/85Layers having high electron mobility, e.g. electron-transporting layers or hole-blocking layers
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    • H10K30/00Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80Constructional details
    • H10K30/84Layers having high charge carrier mobility
    • H10K30/86Layers having high hole mobility, e.g. hole-transporting layers or electron-blocking layers
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    • H10K39/00Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic radiation-sensitive element covered by group H10K30/00
    • H10K39/10Organic photovoltaic [PV] modules; Arrays of single organic PV cells
    • H10K39/15Organic photovoltaic [PV] modules; Arrays of single organic PV cells comprising both organic PV cells and inorganic PV cells
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    • H10K85/00Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/50Organic perovskites; Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites [HOIP], e.g. CH3NH3PbI3
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of photovoltaics, and relates to a stacked solar cell and its application.
  • Photovoltaic power generation is one of the most promising ways to provide the world with sustainable, clean and low-cost energy. By improving the power conversion efficiency of modules per unit area, it is an effective means to reduce the total cost of photovoltaic power generation installations.
  • perovskite materials have attracted significant attention in photovoltaic research due to their excellent optoelectronic properties and low fabrication cost.
  • the perovskite/silicon tandem stack has rapidly developed into a new technology, and its reported photoelectric conversion efficiency has also exceeded the limit efficiency of crystalline silicon cells, while the theoretical efficiency can reach 44%, which is expected to become the next generation of new photovoltaic cells. technology.
  • perovskite/crystalline silicon stacked cells Based on perovskite/crystalline silicon stacked cells, its working principle is to use different band gaps to absorb different sunlight spectra to improve the conversion efficiency of the cell.
  • Wide band gap perovskite absorbs short-wavelength light, and longer-wavelength light transmits. Go in and let the narrow bandgap silicon solar cells absorb.
  • the bottom cell of the tandem cell mainly adopts the heterojunction formed on the base of N-type silicon, and the reported efficiency of the perovskite/heterojunction tandem cell reaches 29.8%.
  • p-type solar cells in the photovoltaic industry have a large production capacity and low cost. On this basis, there are obvious advantages in making perovskite and p-type stacks.
  • the prior art discloses a new type of solar cell based on perovskite and crystalline silicon back passivation tandem solar cell and its manufacturing method, including a bottom cell and a top cell, the upper electrode is fixedly connected to the top cell, and An intermediate layer is arranged between them, and the bottom cell is a crystalline silicon back passivation cell, wherein the crystalline silicon back passivation cell includes an n-type polysilicon film, a tunneling silicon oxide film, a p-type silicon substrate, a back passivation layer and a metal
  • the lower electrode, N-type silicon and perovskite stack has a high cost, not suitable for low Cost of mass production.
  • Another prior art discloses a perovskite/crystalline silicon stack cell and its preparation method.
  • the stack cell includes a perovskite top cell and a tunnel oxide layer passivation contact silicon bottom cell. Doped polysilicon and the hole transport layer of the perovskite cell directly form the tunnel junction of the stacked cell.
  • Another prior art discloses an N-type TOPCon battery with a quantum well structure and its manufacturing method, in which a P+ doped layer is superimposed on an n-type silicon substrate, but the front of the battery is p-type doped with the N-type TOPCon as the bottom In the region, there are many surface defects in the battery, and the perovskite connected in front will cause efficiency loss.
  • the purpose of this application is to provide a low-cost, large-scale and high-efficiency tandem solar cell and its application.
  • One of the purposes of the present application is to provide a stacked solar cell, which includes a p-type silicon layer, a connection layer, a perovskite layer and an electrode layer, and the connection layer includes a first connection layer, a second connection layer and The third connection layer, the electrodes include a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer.
  • the front side of the p-type silicon layer is provided with a first connection layer, a perovskite layer, a second connection layer and a first electrode layer connected in sequence, and the p-type silicon layer
  • the back side is provided with a third connection layer and a second electrode layer connected in sequence.
  • the stacked battery is used, and the efficiency is significantly improved compared with the single-junction battery, and the p-type silicon layer is selected.
  • the p-type silicon material is cheaper, and the p-type silicon material is used to form the stack, which can Effectively reduce production costs.
  • the p-type silicon layer includes p-type monocrystalline silicon and/or p-type polycrystalline silicon.
  • the resistivity of the p-type silicon layer is 0.0001-1000ohm ⁇ cm, wherein the resistivity can be 0.0001ohm ⁇ cm, 0.001ohm ⁇ cm, 0.005ohm ⁇ cm, 0.01ohm ⁇ cm, 0.05ohm ⁇ cm, 0.1ohm ⁇ cm, 0.5ohm ⁇ cm, 1ohm ⁇ cm, 10ohm ⁇ cm, 100ohm ⁇ cm, 200ohm ⁇ cm, 300ohm ⁇ cm, 400ohm ⁇ cm, 500ohm ⁇ cm, 600ohm ⁇ cm, 700ohm ⁇ cm, 800ohm ⁇ cm, 900ohm ⁇ cm cm or 1000ohm ⁇ cm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within this range are also applicable.
  • the thickness of the p-type silicon layer is 1-500 ⁇ m, wherein the thickness can be 1 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 150 ⁇ m, 200 ⁇ m, 250 ⁇ m, 300 ⁇ m, 350 ⁇ m, 400 ⁇ m, 450 ⁇ m or 500 ⁇ m, etc., but not limited to the listed Numerical values, other unlisted numerical values within this numerical range are also applicable.
  • the structure of the material of the perovskite layer is a three-dimensional crystal structure.
  • the material of the perovskite layer is ABX 3 wherein, A includes any one or a combination of at least two of FA, MA, Cs or Rb, wherein the combination is typical but not limiting Examples include: the combination of FA and MA, the combination of MA and Cs, the combination of Cs and Rb or the combination of MA and Rb, etc., B includes any one of Pb, Sn or Sr or a combination of at least two, wherein all Typical but non-limiting examples of the combination are: a combination of Pb and Sn, a combination of Sn and Sr, or a combination of Pb and Sr, etc.
  • X includes any one of Br, I or CI or a combination of at least two of them, wherein Typical but non-limiting examples of the combination include: the combination of Br and I, the combination of I and CI or the combination of Br and CI, etc.
  • the thickness of the perovskite layer is 10-3000nm, wherein the thickness can be 10nm, 100nm, 200nm, 300nm, 400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm, 900nm, 1000nm, 1100nm , 1200nm, 1300nm, 1400nm, 1500nm, 1600nm, 1700nm, 1800nm, 1900nm, 2000nm, 2100nm, 2200nm, 2300nm, 2400nm, 2500nm, 2600nm, 2700nm, 2800nm, 2900nm or 3000nm, etc., but not limited to the listed value, the value Other unrecited values within the range also apply.
  • the first connection layer, the second connection layer and the third connection layer each independently include an n-type layer and/or a p-type layer.
  • the p-type layer includes a hole transport layer or a p-type polysilicon layer.
  • the n-type layer includes an electron transport layer or an n-type polysilicon layer.
  • the number of n-type layers ⁇ 1, wherein the number can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within this range are also applicable.
  • the material of the electron transport layer includes any one or a combination of at least two of SnO 2 , TiO 2 , ZnO, BaSnO 3 , C 60 , graphene or fullerene derivatives ,
  • said combination typical but non-limiting example has: the combination of SnO 2 and TiO 2 , the combination of TiO 2 and ZnO , the combination of ZnO and BaSnO 3 , the combination of BaSnO 3 and C 60 , the combination of C 60 and graphene or Combinations of graphene and fullerene derivatives, etc.
  • the material of the hole transport layer includes any one or at least two of P3HT , Spiro-meoTAD, PEDOT:PSS, nickel oxide, PTAA, MoO3 , CuSCN, Cu2O , CuI or Spiro-TTB Combinations, where typical but non-limiting examples of such combinations are: combinations of P3HT and Spiro-meoTAD, combinations of Spiro-meoTAD and PEDOT:PSS, combinations of PEDOT:PSS and nickel oxide, combinations of nickel oxide and PTAA, The combination of PTAA and MoO 3 , the combination of MoO 3 and CuSCN, the combination of CuSCN and Cu 2 O, the combination of Cu 2 O and CuI or the combination of CuI and Spiro-TTB, etc.
  • the thickness of the electron transport layer is 1-1000nm, wherein the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm , 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm or 1000nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within the range are also applicable.
  • the thickness of the hole transport layer is 1-1000nm, wherein the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm , 850nm, 900nm, 950nm or 1000nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within this range are also applicable.
  • the material of the n-type polysilicon layer includes n-type polysilicon.
  • the material of the p-type polysilicon layer includes p-type polysilicon.
  • the thickness of the n-type polysilicon layer is 1-200nm, wherein the thickness can be 20nm, 40nm, 60nm, 80nm, 100nm, 120nm, 140nm, 160nm, 180nm or 200nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, the values Other unrecited values within the range also apply.
  • the thickness of the p-type polysilicon layer is 1-200nm, wherein the thickness can be 20nm, 40nm, 60nm, 80nm, 100nm, 120nm, 140nm, 160nm, 180nm or 200nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, the values Other unrecited values within the range also apply.
  • phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon is used as the n-type polysilicon, which is activated at high temperature to form polysilicon.
  • the p-type polysilicon uses boron-doped amorphous silicon, which is activated at high temperature to form polysilicon.
  • the first connection layer, the second connection layer and the third connection layer also independently include a transparent conductive electrode layer, a buffer layer, a tunneling layer, a passivation layer or an anti-reflection layer. Any one or a combination of at least two, wherein the typical but non-limiting examples of the combination are: A combination of a bright conductive electrode layer and a buffer layer, a combination of a buffer layer and a tunneling layer, a combination of a tunneling layer and a passivation layer, or a combination of a passivation layer and an antireflection layer, etc.
  • the material of the transparent conductive electrode layer includes any one or a combination of at least two of ITO, IZO, AZO, BZO or silver nanowires, wherein the typical but non-limiting examples of the combination are : the combination of ITO and IZO, the combination of IZO and AZO, the combination of AZO and BZO or the combination of BZO and silver nanowires, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values in this range are also applicable.
  • the thickness of the transparent conductive electrode layer is 1-1000nm, wherein the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm or 1000nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within this range are also applicable.
  • the material of the buffer layer includes SnO 2 and/or MoO 3 .
  • the thickness of the buffer layer is 1-1000nm, wherein the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm or 1000nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within this range are also applicable.
  • the material of the tunneling layer includes any one or a combination of at least two of SiO 2 , nc-Si:H or nc-SiO 2 , wherein the combination is typical but not limiting Prominent examples are: the combination of SiO 2 and nc-Si:H, the combination of nc-Si:H and nc-SiO 2 or the combination of SiO 2 and nc-SiO 2 .
  • the thickness of the tunneling layer is 1-100nm, wherein the thickness can be 10nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm or 100nm, etc., but not only Limited to the listed numerical values, other unlisted numerical values within this numerical range are also applicable.
  • the tunneling layer in this application is composed of at least one layer of a single substance or a mixture, and has the function of collecting and transporting carriers.
  • the material of the passivation layer includes any one or a combination of at least two of PEAI, FPEAI, EDTA, PMMA, Al 2 O 3 , silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride, wherein Typical but non-limiting examples of such combinations are: combinations of PEAI and FPEAI, FPEAI and EDTA The combination of EDTA and PMMA, the combination of PMMA and Al 2 O 3 , the combination of Al 2 O 3 and silicon nitride or the combination of silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride, etc.
  • the material of the passivation layer in the present application independently includes any one or a combination of at least two of terminal functional groups such as -COOH, -OH, -NH 2 , -SH, -CN, -SCN.
  • terminal functional groups such as -COOH, -OH, -NH 2 , -SH, -CN, -SCN.
  • Typical but non-limiting examples of the combination are: the combination of -COOH and -OH, the combination of -OH and -NH 2 , the combination of -NH 2 and -SH, the combination of -SH and -CN or the combination of -CN and - Combinations of SCNs, etc.
  • the material of the antireflection layer includes LiF and/or MgF 2 .
  • the thickness of the antireflection layer is 1-500nm, wherein the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm or 500nm, etc., but not only Limited to the listed numerical values, other unlisted numerical values within this numerical range are also applicable.
  • the material of the electrode layer includes any one or a combination of at least two of silver, aluminum, gold, copper, titanium, chromium, nickel or palladium, wherein the combination is typical but not Limiting examples are: combinations of silver and aluminum, aluminum and gold, gold and copper, copper and titanium, titanium and chromium, chromium and nickel or nickel and palladium, and the like.
  • the thickness of the electrode layer is 1-1000nm, wherein the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm or 1000nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within this range are also applicable.
  • the second purpose of the present application is to provide an application of the tandem solar cell according to the first purpose, and the tandem solar cell is applied in the photovoltaic field.
  • the solar cell prepared by the present application is compatible with the production process of the existing p-type solar cell.
  • the perovskite/p-type crystalline silicon stacked solar cell prepared in the present application has lower production cost.
  • the solar cell prepared by the present application can solve the efficiency bottleneck problem of p-type silicon.
  • Fig. 1 is a structural diagram of a tandem solar cell provided in a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 2 is a structural diagram of a tandem solar cell in Example 1 of the present application.
  • Fig. 3 is a structural diagram of a tandem solar cell in Example 2 of the present application.
  • Fig. 4 is a structural diagram of a tandem solar cell in Example 3 of the present application.
  • the application provides a stacked solar cell (as shown in Figure 1), the solar cell includes a p-type silicon layer 1, a connection layer, a perovskite layer 2 and an electrode layer, the connection layer includes a first connection layer 3, The second connection layer 4 and the third connection layer 5 , the electrodes include a first electrode layer 6 and a second electrode layer 7 .
  • the front side of the p-type silicon layer 1 is provided with a first connection layer 3, a perovskite layer 2, a second connection layer 4 and a first electrode layer 6 connected in sequence, and the back side of the p-type silicon layer 1 is provided with a connection layer connected in sequence.
  • the stacked battery is used, and the efficiency is significantly improved compared with the single-junction battery, and the p-type silicon layer 1 is selected.
  • the p-type silicon material is cheaper than the n-type silicon material, and the p-type silicon material is used to form the stack. Can effectively reduce production costs.
  • the p-type silicon layer 1 includes p-type single crystal silicon.
  • the resistivity of the p-type silicon layer 1 is 0.001 ⁇ 1000 ohm ⁇ cm.
  • the resistivity of the p-type silicon layer is 0.0001-1000ohm ⁇ cm, wherein the resistivity can be 0.0001ohm ⁇ cm, 0.001ohm ⁇ cm, 0.005ohm ⁇ cm, 0.01ohm ⁇ cm, 0.05ohm ⁇ cm, 0.1ohm ⁇ cm, 0.5ohm ⁇ cm, 1ohm ⁇ cm, 10ohm ⁇ cm, 100ohm ⁇ cm, 200ohm ⁇ cm, 300ohm ⁇ cm, 400ohm ⁇ cm, 500ohm ⁇ cm, 600ohm ⁇ cm, 700ohm ⁇ cm, 800ohm ⁇ cm, 900ohm ⁇ cm cm or 1000ohm ⁇ cm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within this range are also applicable.
  • the p-type silicon layer 1 has a thickness of 1-500 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness can be 1 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 150 ⁇ m, 200 ⁇ m, 250 ⁇ m, 300 ⁇ m, 350 ⁇ m, 400 ⁇ m, 450 ⁇ m or 500 ⁇ m, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within this range are also applicable.
  • the material structure of the perovskite layer 2 is a three-dimensional crystal structure.
  • the material of the perovskite layer 2 is ABX 3 , wherein A includes any one or a combination of at least two of FA, MA, Cs or Rb. Wherein, A includes any one or a combination of at least two of FA, MA, Cs or Rb, B includes any one or a combination of at least two of Pb, Sn or Sr, and X includes Br, I or CI any one or a combination of at least two.
  • Typical but non-limiting examples of combinations are: the combination of FA and MA, the combination of MA and Cs, the combination of Cs and Rb or the combination of MA and Rb, etc.
  • B includes any one or at least two of Pb, Sn or Sr
  • the combination wherein the typical but non-limiting examples of the combination are: the combination of Pb and Sn, the combination of Sn and Sr or the combination of Pb and Sr, etc.
  • X includes any one or at least two of Br, I or CI
  • the typical but non-limiting examples of the combination are: the combination of Br and I, the combination of I and CI or the combination of Br and CI, etc.
  • the thickness of the perovskite layer 2 is 10-3000 nm.
  • the thickness of the perovskite layer is 10-3000nm, wherein the thickness can be 10nm, 100nm, 200nm, 300nm, 400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm, 900nm, 1000nm, 1100nm, 1200nm, 1300nm, 1400nm, 1500nm, 1600nm, 1700nm, 1800nm, 1900nm, 2000nm, 2100nm, 2200nm, 2300nm, 2400nm, 2500nm, 2600nm, 2700nm, 2800nm, 2900nm or 3000nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within the range are also applicable .
  • first connection layer 3 , the second connection layer 4 and the third connection layer 5 each independently include an n-type layer and/or a p-type layer.
  • the p-type layer includes a hole transport layer or a p-type polysilicon layer.
  • the n-type layer includes an electron transport layer or an n-type polysilicon layer.
  • the number of the p-type layers is ⁇ 1. Wherein said number may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, etc., but not limited to the enumerated numerical values, and other unenumerated numerical values within this numerical range are also applicable.
  • the material of the electron transport layer includes any one or a combination of at least two of SnO 2 , TiO 2 , ZnO, BaSnO 3 , C 60 , graphene or fullerene derivatives.
  • Typical but non-limiting examples of the combinations are: the combination of SnO 2 and TiO 2 , the combination of TiO 2 and ZnO, the combination of ZnO The combination of BaSnO 3 , BaSnO 3 and C 60 , the combination of C 60 and graphene or the combination of graphene and fullerene derivatives, etc.
  • the material of the hole transport layer includes any one or a combination of at least two of P3HT, Spiro-meoTAD, PEDOT:PSS, NiOx, PTAA, MoO 3 , CuSCN, Cu 2 O, CuI or Spiro-TTB.
  • the thickness of the electron transport layer is 0-1000 nm, excluding 0.
  • the thickness of the electron transport layer is 1-1000nm, wherein the thickness may be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm or 1000nm, etc., but not limited to the enumerated numerical values, other unenumerated numerical values within this numerical range are also applicable.
  • the thickness of the hole transport layer is 1-1000nm.
  • the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm or 1000nm, etc., but not limited to For the listed values, other unlisted values within the range of values are also applicable.
  • the material of the n-type polysilicon layer includes n-type polysilicon.
  • the n-type polysilicon layer has a thickness of 1-200 nm.
  • the thickness of the n-type polysilicon layer is 1-200nm, wherein the thickness can be 20nm, 40nm, 60nm, 80nm, 100nm, 120nm, 140nm, 160nm, 180nm or 200nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, the values Other unrecited values within the range also apply.
  • the material of the p-type polysilicon layer includes p-type polysilicon.
  • the thickness of the p-type polysilicon layer is 1-200nm.
  • the thickness of the p-type polysilicon layer is 1-200nm, wherein the thickness can be 20nm, 40nm, 60nm, 80nm, 100nm, 120nm, 140nm, 160nm, 180nm or 200nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, the values Other unrecited values within the range also apply.
  • phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon is used as the n-type polysilicon, which is activated at high temperature to form polysilicon.
  • the p-type polysilicon uses boron-doped amorphous silicon, which is activated at high temperature to form polysilicon.
  • first connection layer 3, the second connection layer 4 and the third connection layer 5 also independently include any one of a transparent conductive electrode layer, a buffer layer, a tunneling layer, a passivation layer or an anti-reflection layer one or a combination of at least two.
  • Typical but non-limiting examples of the combinations are: transparent conductive A combination of an electrode layer and a buffer layer, a combination of a buffer layer and a tunneling layer, a combination of a tunneling layer and a passivation layer, or a combination of a passivation layer and an anti-reflection layer, etc.
  • the material of the transparent conductive electrode layer includes any one or a combination of at least two of ITO, IZO, AZO, BZO or silver nanowires.
  • Typical but non-limiting examples of combinations include: the combination of ITO and IZO, the combination of IZO and AZO, the combination of AZO and BZO or the combination of BZO and silver nanowires, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other values within the range Values not listed also apply.
  • the thickness of the transparent conductive electrode layer is 1-1000 nm.
  • the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm or 1000nm, etc., but not limited to For the listed values, other unlisted values within the range of values are also applicable.
  • the material of the buffer layer includes SnO 2 and/or MoO 3 .
  • the buffer layer has a thickness of 1-1000 nm.
  • the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm or 1000nm, etc., but not limited to For the listed values, other unlisted values within the range of values are also applicable.
  • the material of the tunneling layer includes any one of SiO 2 , nc-Si:H or nc-SiOx or a combination of only two of them.
  • the thickness of the tunneling layer is 1-100 nm. Wherein the thickness can be 10nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm or 100nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within this range are also applicable.
  • the tunneling layer in this application is composed of at least one layer of a single substance or a mixture, and has the function of collecting and transporting carriers.
  • the material of the passivation layer includes any one or a combination of at least two of PEAI, FPEAI, EDTA, PMMA, Al 2 O 3 , SiNx or silicon oxynitride.
  • said combination typical but non -limiting example has: the combination of PEAI and FPEAI, the combination of FPEAI and EDTA, the combination of EDTA and PMMA, the combination of PMMA and Al2O3 , the combination of Al2O3 and silicon nitride or Combinations of silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride, etc.
  • the materials of the passivation layer in this application independently include -COOH, -OH, -NH 2 , -SH, Any one or a combination of at least two of terminal functional groups such as -CN and -SCN.
  • Typical but non-limiting examples of the combination are: the combination of -COOH and -OH, the combination of -OH and -NH 2 , the combination of -NH 2 and -SH, the combination of -SH and -CN or the combination of -CN and - Combinations of SCNs, etc.
  • the material of the anti-reflection layer includes LiF and/or MgF 2 .
  • the thickness of the anti-reflection layer is 1-500 nm. Wherein the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm or 500nm, etc., but not limited to the listed values, other unlisted values within this range are also applicable.
  • the material of the electrode layer includes any one or a combination of at least two of silver, aluminum, gold, copper, titanium, chromium, nickel or palladium.
  • the thickness of the electrode layer is 1-1000 nm.
  • the thickness can be 50nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm or 1000nm, etc., but not limited to For the listed values, other unlisted values within the range of values are also applicable.
  • This embodiment provides a method for preparing a tandem solar cell as shown in Figure 2:
  • the p-type single crystal silicon with a thickness of 180 ⁇ m is used as a substrate, and conventional texturing, hydrofluoric acid and RCA standard cone cleaning are performed.
  • a silicon nitride layer with a thickness of 75 nm is deposited on the p-type polysilicon by PECVD equipment.
  • Ag electrodes are formed on the back surface by screen printing.
  • a 20nm electron transport layer SnO 2 is deposited on the buffer layer by ALD equipment.
  • This embodiment provides a method for preparing a tandem solar cell as shown in Figure 3:
  • the p-type single crystal silicon with a thickness of 180 ⁇ m is used as a substrate, and conventional texturing, hydrofluoric acid and RCA standard cone cleaning are performed.
  • a layer of ultra-thin tunneling silicon dioxide with a thickness of 2nm is prepared on both sides of single crystal silicon by APCVD.
  • a silicon nitride layer with a thickness of 50 nm is deposited on the p-type doped polysilicon layer by PECVD equipment.
  • Ag electrodes are formed on the back surface by screen printing.
  • a 20nm electron transport layer SnO 2 is deposited on the buffer layer by ALD equipment.
  • This embodiment provides a method for preparing a tandem solar cell as shown in Figure 4:
  • the p-type single crystal silicon with a thickness of 180 ⁇ m is used as a substrate, and conventional texturing, hydrofluoric acid and RCA standard cone cleaning are performed.
  • a layer of ultra-thin tunneling silicon oxide with a thickness of 2nm is simultaneously prepared on the front and back of the single crystal silicon substrate.
  • a silicon nitride layer with a thickness of 100 nm is deposited on the n-type doped polysilicon layer by PECVD equipment.
  • a 50nm electron transport layer SnO 2 is deposited on the p-type doped polysilicon layer by spin coating.
  • a hole transport layer Spiro-meoTAD was deposited on the perovskite layer by spin coating with a thickness of 200 nm.
  • a buffer layer MoO 3 with a thickness of 18 nm is deposited on the hole transport layer by thermal evaporation equipment.

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Abstract

本申请提供一种叠层太阳能电池及其应用。所述太阳能电池包括p型硅层(1)、连接层、钙钛矿层(2)和电极层,所述连接层包括第一连接层(3)、第二连接层(4)和第三连接层(5),所述电极包括第一电极层(6)和第二电极层(7);沿远离所述p型硅层(1)的方向,所述p型硅层(1)的正面设置有依次连接的第一连接层(3)、钙钛矿层(2)、第二连接层(4)和第一电极层(6),所述p型硅层(1)的背面设置有依次连接的第三连接层(5)和第二电极层(7)。本申请中使用叠层电池,与单结电池相比效率得到显著提升,并且选用p型硅层(1)构成叠层,可以有效的降低生产成本。

Description

一种叠层太阳能电池及其应用
本申请要求于2022年02月10日提交中国专利局、申请号为202210123990.2、申请名称为“一种叠层太阳能电池及其应用”的中国专利申请的优先权,其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及光伏领域,涉及一种叠层太阳能电池及其应用。
背景技术
光伏发电是最有希望为世界提供可持续、清洁和低成本能源的方法之一。通过提高单位面积模块的功率转化效率,是降低光伏发电装机总成本的有效手段。近年来钙钛矿材料由于其优异的光电性能和低的制备成本,受到光伏研究的显著关注。最近钙钛矿/硅串联叠层已经迅速发展成为一种新技术,其报道的光电转换效率也超过了晶硅电池的极限效率,而理论效率可达44%,有希望成为下一代新型光伏电池技术。
基于钙钛矿/晶硅叠层电池,其工作原理是利用不同的带隙吸收不同的太阳光光谱,提高电池的转化效率,宽带隙钙钛矿吸收短波长的光,波长较长的光透射进去让窄带隙的硅太阳能电池吸收。目前,叠层电池的底电池主要采用以N型硅为基底形成的异质结,其报道的钙钛矿/异质结叠层电池效率达到了29.8%。而现在光伏产业p型太阳能电池产能大,成本低,在此基础上做钙钛矿与p型叠层有明显优势。
在现有的技术方案中,大多数叠层串联电池的研究是基于n型异质结电池,其中间层氢化非晶硅的热稳定性直接限制了顶部钙钛矿,这只占太阳能市场的一小部分,在过去的几十年里,p型c-Si太阳能电池已经占据了全球90%以上的市场份额。
现有技术公开了一种新型基于钙钛矿和晶硅背钝化叠层太阳电池及其制造方法,包括底层电池和顶层电池,上电极固定连接在顶层电池上,在底层电池和顶层电池之间设置有中间层,底层电池为晶硅背钝化电池,其中,晶硅背钝化电池包括依次连接的n型多晶硅薄膜、隧穿氧化硅薄膜、p型硅基体、背钝化层和金属下电极,N型硅与钙钛矿叠层具有较高的成本,不适用于低 成本大规模化生产。
另一现有技术公开了一种钙钛矿/晶硅叠层电池及其制备方法,叠层电池包括钙钛矿顶电池和隧穿氧化层钝化接触硅底电池,通过TOPCon电池的n型掺杂多晶硅与钙钛矿电池的空穴传输层直接形成叠层电池的隧穿结。另一现有技术公开了一种具有量子阱结构的N型TOPCon电池及其制作方法,在n型硅衬底上叠加P+掺杂层,但是以N型TOPCon为底电池正面为p型掺杂区域,该电池表面缺陷较多,正面串联钙钛矿将会造成效率损失。
如何制备一种低成本大规模高效率的太阳能电池,是本领域重要的研究方向。
发明内容
本申请的目的在于提供一种低成本大规模高效率的叠层太阳能电池及其应用。
为达到此申请目的,本申请采用以下技术方案:
本申请的目的之一在于提供一种叠层太阳能电池,所述太阳能电池包括p型硅层、连接层、钙钛矿层和电极层,所述连接层包括第一连接层、第二连接层和第三连接层,所述电极包括第一电极层和第二电极层。
沿远离所述p型硅层的方向,所述p型硅层的正面设置有依次连接的第一连接层、钙钛矿层、第二连接层和第一电极层,所述p型硅层的背面设置有依次连接的第三连接层和第二电极层。
本申请中使用叠层电池,与单结电池相比效率得到显著提升,并且选用p型硅层,p型硅材料相比与n型硅材料更便宜,使用p型硅材料构成叠层,可以有效的降低生产成本。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述p型硅层包括p型单晶硅和/或p型多晶硅。
所述p型硅层的电阻率为0.0001~1000ohm·cm,其中所述电阻率可以是0.0001ohm·cm、0.001ohm·cm、0.005ohm·cm、0.01ohm·cm、0.05ohm·cm、0.1ohm·cm、0.5ohm·cm、1ohm·cm、10ohm·cm、100ohm·cm、200ohm·cm、300ohm·cm、400ohm·cm、500ohm·cm、600ohm·cm、700ohm·cm、800ohm·cm、900ohm·cm或1000ohm·cm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
所述p型硅层的厚度为1~500μm,其中所述厚度可以是1μm、10μm、50μm、100μm、150μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、450μm或500μm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述钙钛矿层的材料的结构为三维晶体结构。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述钙钛矿层的材料为ABX3其中,A包括FA、MA、Cs或Rb中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:FA和MA的组合、MA和Cs的组合、Cs和Rb的组合或MA和Rb的组合等,B包括Pb、Sn或Sr中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:Pb和Sn的组合、Sn和Sr的组合或Pb和Sr的组合等,X包括Br、I或CI中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:Br和I的组合、I和CI的组合或Br和CI的组合等。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述钙钛矿层的厚度为10~3000nm,其中所述厚度可以是10nm、100nm、200nm、300nm、400nm、500nm、600nm、700nm、800nm、900nm、1000nm、1100nm、1200nm、1300nm、1400nm、1500nm、1600nm、1700nm、1800nm、1900nm、2000nm、2100nm、2200nm、2300nm、2400nm、2500nm、2600nm、2700nm、2800nm、2900nm或3000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述第一连接层、第二连接层和第三连接层分别独立地包括n型层和/或p型层。
所述p型层包括空穴传输层或p型多晶硅层。
所述n型层包括电子传输层或n型多晶硅层。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述p型层的数量≥1,其中所述数量可以是1、2、3、4、5或6等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。所述n型层的数量≥1,其中所述数量可以是1、2、3、4、5或6等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述电子传输层的材料包括SnO2、TiO2、ZnO、BaSnO3、C60、石墨烯或富勒烯衍生物中的任意一种或至少两种的组合, 其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:SnO2和TiO2的组合、TiO2和ZnO的组合、ZnO和BaSnO3的组合、BaSnO3和C60的组合、C60和石墨烯的组合或石墨烯和富勒烯衍生物的组合等。
所述空穴传输层的材料包括P3HT、Spiro-meoTAD、PEDOT:PSS、氧化镍、PTAA、MoO3、CuSCN、Cu2O、CuI或Spiro-TTB中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:P3HT和Spiro-meoTAD的组合、Spiro-meoTAD和PEDOT:PSS的组合、PEDOT:PSS和氧化镍的组合、氧化镍和PTAA的组合、PTAA和MoO3的组合、MoO3和CuSCN的组合、CuSCN和Cu2O的组合、Cu2O和CuI的组合或CuI和Spiro-TTB的组合等。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述电子传输层的厚度为1~1000nm,其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm或1000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
所述空穴传输层的厚度为1~1000nm,其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm或1000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
所述n型多晶硅层的材料包括n型多晶硅。所述p型多晶硅层的材料包括p型多晶硅。
所述n型多晶硅层的厚度为1~200nm,其中所述厚度可以是20nm、40nm、60nm、80nm、100nm、120nm、140nm、160nm、180nm或200nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
所述p型多晶硅层的厚度为1~200nm,其中所述厚度可以是20nm、40nm、60nm、80nm、100nm、120nm、140nm、160nm、180nm或200nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
本申请n型多晶硅采用磷掺杂的非晶硅,经过高温激活形成多晶硅,所述p型多晶硅采用硼掺杂的非晶硅,经过高温激活形成多晶硅。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述第一连接层、第二连接层和第三连接层还分别独立的包括透明导电电极层、缓冲层、隧穿层、钝化层或减反射层中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:透 明导电电极层和缓冲层的组合、缓冲层和隧穿层的组合、隧穿层和钝化层的组合或钝化层和减反射层的组合等。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述透明导电电极层的材料包括ITO、IZO、AZO、BZO或银纳米线中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中组合典型但非限制性实例有:ITO和IZO的组合、IZO和AZO的组合、AZO和BZO的组合或BZO和银纳米线的组合等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述透明导电电极层的厚度为1~1000nm,其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm或1000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述缓冲层的材料包括SnO2和/或MoO3
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述缓冲层的厚度为1~1000nm,其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm或1000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述隧穿层的材料包括SiO2、nc-Si:H或nc-SiO2中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:SiO2和nc-Si:H的组合、nc-Si:H和nc-SiO2的组合或SiO2和nc-SiO2的组合等。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述隧穿层的厚度为1~100nm,其中所述厚度可以是10nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、60nm、70nm、80nm、90nm或100nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
本申请中的隧穿层由至少一层单一物或混合物构成,具有收集和传输载流子的功能。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述钝化层的材料包括PEAI、FPEAI、EDTA、PMMA、Al2O3、氮化硅或氮氧化硅中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:PEAI和FPEAI的组合、FPEAI和EDTA 的组合、EDTA和PMMA的组合、PMMA和Al2O3的组合、Al2O3和氮化硅的组合或氮化硅和氮氧化硅的组合等。
本申请中的钝化层的材料分别独立的包括-COOH、-OH、-NH2、-SH、-CN、-SCN等末端功能团中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:-COOH和-OH的组合、-OH和-NH2的组合、-NH2和-SH的组合、-SH和-CN的组合或-CN和-SCN的组合等。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述减反射层的材料包括LiF和/或MgF2
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述减反射层的厚度为1~500nm,其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm或500nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述电极层的材料包括银、铝、金、铜、钛、铬、镍或钯中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:银和铝的组合、铝和金的组合、金和铜的组合、铜和钛的组合、钛和铬的组合、铬和镍的组合或镍和钯的组合等。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述电极层的厚度为1~1000nm,其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm或1000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
本申请制备太阳能电池选择LPCVD法、旋涂法、热蒸发、磁控溅射等常规的技术手段进行叠层的制备,所用的方法均为常规手段,在此不做过多限定。
本申请的目的之二在于提供一种如目的之一所述的叠层太阳能电池的应用,所述叠层电池应用于光伏领域。
相对于现有技术,本申请具有以下有益效果:
(1)本申请制备的太阳能电池与现有p型太阳能电池的生产工艺兼容。
(2)本申请具有较低的生产设备投入,简单的生产制程的优点。
(3)本申请制备的钙钛矿/p型晶硅叠层太阳能电池与N型硅/钙钛矿叠层相比,具有更低的生产成本。
(4)本申请制备的太阳能电池能够解决p型硅效率瓶颈问题。
附图说明
图1是本申请一个具体实施方式中提供的叠层太阳能电池的结构图。
图2是本申请实施例1中叠层太阳能电池的结构图。
图3是本申请实施例2中叠层太阳能电池的结构图。
图4是本申请实施例3中叠层太阳能电池的结构图。
图中:1-p型硅层;2-钙钛矿层;3-第一连接层;4-第二连接层;5-第三连接层;6-第一电极层;7-第二电极层。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施方式来进一步说明本申请的技术方案。本领域技术人员应该明了,所述实施例仅仅是帮助理解本申请,不应视为对本申请的具体限制。
本申请提供一种叠层太阳能电池(如图1所示),所述太阳能电池包括p型硅层1、连接层、钙钛矿层2和电极层,所述连接层包括第一连接层3、第二连接层4和第三连接层5,所述电极包括第一电极层6和第二电极层7。
所述p型硅层1的正面设置有依次连接的第一连接层3、钙钛矿层2、第二连接层4和第一电极层6,所述p型硅层1的背面设置有依次连接的第三连接层5和第二电极层7。
本申请中使用叠层电池,与单结电池相比效率得到显著提升,并且选用p型硅层1,p型硅材料相比与n型硅材料更便宜,使用p型硅材料构成叠层,可以有效的降低生产成本。
进一步地,所述p型硅层1包括p型单晶硅。
进一步地,所述p型硅层1的电阻率为0.001~1000ohm·cm。所述p型硅层的电阻率为0.0001~1000ohm·cm,其中所述电阻率可以是0.0001ohm·cm、0.001ohm·cm、0.005ohm·cm、0.01ohm·cm、0.05ohm·cm、0.1ohm·cm、0.5ohm·cm、1ohm·cm、10ohm·cm、100ohm·cm、200ohm·cm、300ohm·cm、400ohm·cm、500ohm·cm、600ohm·cm、700ohm·cm、800ohm·cm、900ohm·cm或1000ohm·cm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
进一步地,所述p型硅层1的厚度为1~500μm。其中所述厚度可以是1μm、10μm、50μm、100μm、150μm、200μm、250μm、300μm、350μm、400μm、 450μm或500μm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
进一步地,所述钙钛矿层2的材料的结构为三维晶体结构。
进一步地,所述钙钛矿层2的材料为ABX3其中,A包括FA、MA、Cs或Rb中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。其中,A包括FA、MA、Cs或Rb中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,B包括Pb、Sn或Sr中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,X包括Br、I或CI中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。组合典型但非限制性实例有:FA和MA的组合、MA和Cs的组合、Cs和Rb的组合或MA和Rb的组合等,B包括Pb、Sn或Sr中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:Pb和Sn的组合、Sn和Sr的组合或Pb和Sr的组合等,X包括Br、I或CI中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:Br和I的组合、I和CI的组合或Br和CI的组合等。
进一步地,所述钙钛矿层2的厚度为10~3000nm。所述钙钛矿层的厚度为10~3000nm,其中所述厚度可以是10nm、100nm、200nm、300nm、400nm、500nm、600nm、700nm、800nm、900nm、1000nm、1100nm、1200nm、1300nm、1400nm、1500nm、1600nm、1700nm、1800nm、1900nm、2000nm、2100nm、2200nm、2300nm、2400nm、2500nm、2600nm、2700nm、2800nm、2900nm或3000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
进一步地,所述第一连接层3、第二连接层4和第三连接层5分别独立地包括n型层和/或p型层。
进一步地,所述p型层包括空穴传输层或p型多晶硅层。所述n型层包括电子传输层或n型多晶硅层。
进一步地,所述p型层的数量≥1。其中所述数量可以是1、2、3、4、5或6等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。所述n型层的数量≥1,其中所述数量可以是1、2、3、4、5或6等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
进一步地,所述电子传输层的材料包括SnO2、TiO2、ZnO、BaSnO3、C60、石墨烯或富勒烯衍生物中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:SnO2和TiO2的组合、TiO2和ZnO的组合、ZnO 和BaSnO3的组合、BaSnO3和C60的组合、C60和石墨烯的组合或石墨烯和富勒烯衍生物的组合等。
所述空穴传输层的材料包括P3HT、Spiro-meoTAD、PEDOT:PSS、NiOx、PTAA、MoO3、CuSCN、Cu2O、CuI或Spiro-TTB中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
进一步地,进一步地,所述电子传输层的厚度为0~1000nm,不包括0。示例性的,所述电子传输层的厚度为1~1000nm,其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm或1000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
所述空穴传输层的厚度为1~1000nm。其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm或1000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
进一步地,所述n型多晶硅层的材料包括n型多晶硅。
进一步地,所述n型多晶硅层的厚度为1~200nm。所述n型多晶硅层的厚度为1~200nm,其中所述厚度可以是20nm、40nm、60nm、80nm、100nm、120nm、140nm、160nm、180nm或200nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
进一步地,所述p型多晶硅层的材料包括p型多晶硅。所述p型多晶硅层的厚度为1~200nm。所述p型多晶硅层的厚度为1~200nm,其中所述厚度可以是20nm、40nm、60nm、80nm、100nm、120nm、140nm、160nm、180nm或200nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
本申请n型多晶硅采用磷掺杂的非晶硅,经过高温激活形成多晶硅,所述p型多晶硅采用硼掺杂的非晶硅,经过高温激活形成多晶硅。
进一步地,所述第一连接层3、第二连接层4和第三连接层5还分别独立的包括透明导电电极层、缓冲层、隧穿层、钝化层或减反射层中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:透明导电 电极层和缓冲层的组合、缓冲层和隧穿层的组合、隧穿层和钝化层的组合或钝化层和减反射层的组合等。
进一步地,所述透明导电电极层的材料包括ITO、IZO、AZO、BZO或银纳米线中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。其中组合典型但非限制性实例有:ITO和IZO的组合、IZO和AZO的组合、AZO和BZO的组合或BZO和银纳米线的组合等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
进一步地,所述透明导电电极层的厚度为1~1000nm。其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm或1000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
进一步地,所述缓冲层的材料包括SnO2和/或MoO3
进一步地,所述缓冲层的厚度为1~1000nm。其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm或1000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
进一步地,所述隧穿层的材料包括SiO2、nc-Si:H或nc-SiOx中的任意一种或只说了两种的组合。
进一步地,所述隧穿层的厚度为1~100nm。其中所述厚度可以是10nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、60nm、70nm、80nm、90nm或100nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
本申请中的隧穿层由至少一层单一物或混合物构成,具有收集和传输载流子的功能。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述钝化层的材料包括PEAI、FPEAI、EDTA、PMMA、Al2O3、SiNx或氮氧化硅中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:PEAI和FPEAI的组合、FPEAI和EDTA的组合、EDTA和PMMA的组合、PMMA和Al2O3的组合、Al2O3和氮化硅的组合或氮化硅和氮氧化硅的组合等。
本申请中的钝化层的材料分别独立的包括-COOH、-OH、-NH2、-SH、 -CN、-SCN等末端功能团中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。其中所述组合典型但非限制性实例有:-COOH和-OH的组合、-OH和-NH2的组合、-NH2和-SH的组合、-SH和-CN的组合或-CN和-SCN的组合等。
进一步地,所述减反射层的材料包括LiF和/或MgF2
进一步地,所述减反射层的厚度为1~500nm。其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm或500nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述电极层的材料包括银、铝、金、铜、钛、铬、镍或钯中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
进一步地,所述电极层的厚度为1~1000nm。其中所述厚度可以是50nm、100nm、150nm、200nm、250nm、300nm、350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm、750nm、800nm、850nm、900nm、950nm或1000nm等,但不仅限于所列举的数值,该数值范围内其他未列举的数值同样适用。
本申请制备太阳能电池选择LPCVD法、旋涂法、热蒸发、磁控溅射等常规的技术手段进行叠层的制备,所用的方法均为常规手段,在此不做过多限定。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种如图2所示的叠层太阳能电池的制备方法:
(1)将厚度为180μm的p型单晶硅作为衬底,进行常规的制绒,氢氟酸和RCA标椎清洗。
(2)采用扩散炉设备在单晶硅衬底的正面进行磷扩散,形成n型发射极。
(3)采用LPCVD在单晶硅衬底的背面制备一层厚度为1nm超薄遂穿二氧化硅和硼掺杂的非晶硅,高温激活形成p型多晶硅。
(4)采用PECVD设备在p型多晶硅上沉积厚度为75nm的氮化硅层。
(5)采用丝网印刷在背面形成Ag电极。
(6)通过磁控溅射N型发射极上沉积一层15nm的ITO。
(7)通过旋涂法在ITO上沉积一层40nm的空穴传输层PTAA。
(8)通过一步旋涂法在电子传输层上沉积钙钛矿吸光层 Cs0.25FA0.75Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3,带隙约为1.68ev,厚度为750nm。
(9)通过旋涂法在钙钛矿层上沉积5nm的缓冲层C60
(10)采用ALD设备在缓冲层上沉积一层20nm的电子传输层SnO2
(11)采用磁控溅射设备在电子传输层上沉积一层厚度为100nm的透明导电层ITO。
(12)最后采用热蒸发设备在顶部沉积一层厚度为100nm的Ag电极。
实施例2
本实施例提供一种如图3所示的叠层太阳能电池的制备方法:
(1)将厚度为180μm的p型单晶硅作为衬底,进行常规的制绒,氢氟酸和RCA标椎清洗。
(2)采用扩散炉设备在单晶在硅衬底的正面进行磷扩,形成n型发射极。
(3)采用APCVD在单晶硅双面制备一层厚度为2nm超薄遂穿二氧化硅。
(4)采用LPCVD设备在单晶在硅衬底的正面的超薄遂穿氧化硅上沉积硼掺杂多晶硅层,得到n型多晶硅,厚度为50nm;在单晶在硅衬底的背面的超薄遂穿氧化硅上沉积磷掺杂多晶硅层,得到p型多晶硅,厚度为150nm。
(5)采用PECVD设备在p型掺杂多晶硅层上沉积厚度为50nm的氮化硅层。
(6)采用丝网印刷在背面形成Ag电极。
(7)通过旋涂法在N型多晶硅上沉积一层30nm的空穴传输层PTAA。
(8)通过一步旋涂法在电子传输层上沉积钙钛矿吸光层Cs0.25FA0.75Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3,带隙约为1.68ev,厚度为500nm。
(9)通过旋涂法在钙钛矿层上沉积2.5nm的缓冲层C60。
(10)采用ALD设备在缓冲层上沉积一层20nm的电子传输层SnO2
(11)采用磁控溅射设备在电子传输层上沉积一层厚度为100nm的透明导电层ITO。
(12)最后采用热蒸发设备在顶部沉积一层厚度为100nm的Ag电极。
实施例3
本实施例提供一种如图4所示的叠层太阳能电池的制备方法:
(1)将厚度为180μm的p型单晶硅作为衬底,进行常规的制绒,氢氟酸和RCA标椎清洗。
(2)在单晶硅衬底的正面和背面同时制备一层厚度为2nm超薄遂穿氧化硅。
(3)采用LPCVD设备在单晶在硅衬底的正面的超薄遂穿氧化硅上沉积硼掺杂多晶硅层;在单晶硅衬底的背面的超薄遂穿氧化硅上沉积磷掺杂多晶硅层,厚度为100nm。
(4)采用PECVD设备在n型掺杂多晶硅层上沉积厚度为100nm的氮化硅层。
(5)通过旋涂法在p型掺杂多晶硅层上沉积一层50nm的电子传输层SnO2
(6)通过一步旋涂法在电子传输层上沉积钙钛矿吸光层Cs0.25FA0.75Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3,带隙约为1.68ev,厚度为500nm。
(7)通过旋涂法在钙钛矿层上沉积一层空穴传输层Spiro-meoTAD,厚度为200nm。
(8)采用热蒸发设备在空穴传输层上沉积一层厚度为18nm的缓冲层MoO3
(9)采用磁控溅射设备在缓冲层上沉积一层厚度为100nm的透明导电层ITO。
(10)最后在叠层电池的两面都采用热蒸发设备沉积一层厚度为100nm的Ag电极。
申请人声明,以上所述仅为本申请的具体实施方式,但本申请的保护范围并不局限于此,所属技术领域的技术人员应该明了,任何属于本技术领域的技术人员在本申请揭露的技术范围内,可轻易想到的变化或替换,均落在本申请的保护范围和公开范围之内。

Claims (20)

  1. 一种叠层太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述太阳能电池包括p型硅层(1)、连接层、钙钛矿层(2)和电极层,所述连接层包括第一连接层(3)、第二连接层(4)和第三连接层(5),所述电极包括第一电极层(6)和第二电极层(7);
    沿远离所述p型硅层(1)的方向,所述p型硅层(1)的正面设置有依次连接的所述第一连接层(3)、钙钛矿层(2)、第二连接层(4)和第一电极层(6);所述p型硅层(1)的背面设置有依次连接的第三连接层(5)和第二电极层(7)。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述p型硅层(1)包括p型单晶硅和/或p型多晶硅。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述p型硅层(1)的电阻率为0.0001~1000ohm·cm;所述p型硅层(1)的厚度为1~500μm。
  4. 根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述钙钛矿层(2)的材料的结构为三维晶体结构。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述钙钛矿层(2)的材料为ABX3,其中,A包括FA、MA、Cs或Rb中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,B包括Pb、Sn或Sr中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,X包括Br、I或CI中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述钙钛矿层(2)的厚度为10~3000nm。
  7. 根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述第一连接层(3)、第二连接层(4)和第三连接层(5)分别独立地包括n型层和/或p型层;
    所述p型层包括空穴传输层或p型多晶硅层;
    所述n型层包括电子传输层或n型多晶硅层。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述p型层的数量≥1;所述n型层的数量≥1。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述电子传输层的材料包括SnO2、TiO2、ZnO、BaSnO3、C60、石墨烯或富勒烯衍生物中的任意一种或至少两种的组合;
    所述空穴传输层的材料包括P3HT、Spiro-meoTAD、PEDOT:PSS、氧化镍、PTAA、MoO3、CuSCN、Cu2O、CuI或Spiro-TTB中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述电子传输层的厚度为1~1000nm;
    所述空穴传输层的厚度为1~1000nm。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述n型多晶硅层的材料包括n型多晶硅;
    所述p型多晶硅层的材料包括p型多晶硅。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述n型多晶硅层的厚度为1~200nm;
    所述p型多晶硅层的厚度为1~200nm。
  13. 根据权利要求7~12任一项所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述第一连接层(3)、第二连接层(4)和第三连接层(5)还分别独立的包括透明导电电极层、缓冲层、隧穿层、钝化层或减反射层中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述透明导电电极层的材料包括ITO、IZO、AZO、BZO或银纳米线中的任意一种或至少两种的组合.
    所述缓冲层的材料包括SnO2和/或MoO3
    所述隧穿层的材料包括SiO2、nc-Si:H或nc-SiO2中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述透明导电电极层的厚度为1~1000nm;所述缓冲层的厚度为1~1000nm;所述隧穿层的厚度为1~100nm。
  16. 根据权利要求13~15任一项所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述钝化层的材料包括PEAI、FPEAI、EDTA、PMMA、Al2O3、氮化硅或氮氧化硅中的任意一种或至少两种的组合;所述减反射层的材料包括LiF和/或MgF2
  17. 根据权利要求16所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述减反射层的厚度为1~500nm。
  18. 根据权利要求1-17任一项所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述电 极层的材料包括银、铝、金、铜、钛、铬、镍或钯中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
  19. 根据权利要求18所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述电极层的厚度为1~1000nm。
  20. 一种如权利要求1-19任一项所述的叠层太阳能电池的应用,其特征在于,所述叠层电池应用于光伏领域。
PCT/CN2023/075061 2022-02-10 2023-02-08 一种叠层太阳能电池及其应用 Ceased WO2023151604A1 (zh)

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