WO2023163084A1 - 中空粒子、樹脂組成物、及び樹脂成形体 - Google Patents
中空粒子、樹脂組成物、及び樹脂成形体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023163084A1 WO2023163084A1 PCT/JP2023/006624 JP2023006624W WO2023163084A1 WO 2023163084 A1 WO2023163084 A1 WO 2023163084A1 JP 2023006624 W JP2023006624 W JP 2023006624W WO 2023163084 A1 WO2023163084 A1 WO 2023163084A1
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
- C08F212/34—Monomers containing two or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals
- C08F212/36—Divinylbenzene
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
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- C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
- C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
- C08F212/06—Hydrocarbons
- C08F212/12—Monomers containing a branched unsaturated aliphatic radical or a ring substituted by an alkyl radical
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- C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
- C08F222/10—Esters
- C08F222/1006—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols
- C08F222/102—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols of dialcohols, e.g. ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate or 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate
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- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/0405—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres
- C08J5/042—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres with carbon fibres
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- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/0405—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres
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- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
- C08J5/241—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using inorganic fibres
- C08J5/243—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using inorganic fibres using carbon fibres
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- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
- C08J5/241—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using inorganic fibres
- C08J5/244—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using inorganic fibres using glass fibres
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- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
- C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
- C08K7/04—Fibres or whiskers inorganic
- C08K7/06—Elements
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- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
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- C08K7/14—Glass
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- C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L35/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical, and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L35/06—Copolymers with vinyl aromatic monomers
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- C08L63/00—Compositions of epoxy resins; Compositions of derivatives of epoxy resins
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2363/00—Characterised by the use of epoxy resins; Derivatives of epoxy resins
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2425/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2425/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/14—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing polymeric additives characterised by shape
- C08L2205/18—Spheres
- C08L2205/20—Hollow spheres
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to hollow particles, and resin compositions and resin moldings containing the hollow particles.
- Hollow particles have cavities inside the particles, so they are used by being added to resins, paints, various moldings, etc. for the purpose of weight reduction, heat insulation, low dielectric constant, etc.
- Applications include automobiles, bicycles, aviation, electricity, electronics, architecture, home appliances, containers, stationery, tools, and footwear.
- Patent Document 1 discloses hollow particles having an average particle diameter of 10 to 150 nm and a gel fraction of 95% or more, and whose shell contains an organic-inorganic hybrid vinyl resin containing a silicon component.
- Patent Document 2 discloses hollow polymer particles composed of a polymer containing vinyl monomer units and phosphate ester monomer units and having a volume average particle diameter of 0.5 to 1000 ⁇ m.
- the hollow particles disclosed in Patent Document 1 are obtained by an emulsion polymerization method, and the hollow particles disclosed in Patent Document 2 are obtained by a suspension polymerization method.
- hollow particles are generally produced through a step of introducing a non-reactive hydrophobic solvent into the inside of the particles and then removing the hydrophobic solvent.
- the present inventors have found that the drying process for removing the hydrophobic solvent contained in the particles sometimes deteriorates the shell and deteriorates the performance of the hollow particles. On the other hand, there is a problem that a large amount of the hydrophobic solvent remains inside the hollow particles under drying conditions that do not deteriorate the shell.
- An object of the present disclosure is to provide hollow particles from which the hydrophobic solvent contained within the particles can be removed at low temperatures. Furthermore, an object of the present disclosure is to provide a resin composition and a resin molding having improved lightness and heat insulation by containing the hollow particles.
- the present inventors have found that when the ratio of the measured BET specific surface area to the theoretical BET specific surface area of the hollow particles is a specific value or more, the hydrophobic solvent in the particles can be easily removed at low temperature, so that deterioration of the shell can be prevented. It has been found that the performance of the hollow particles can be improved by being able to suppress them.
- the present disclosure provides a hollow particle comprising a shell containing a resin and a hollow portion surrounded by the shell,
- the volume average particle diameter Dv is 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 30.0 ⁇ m or less, Having only one hollow portion inside the particle,
- the ratio (SA(m)/SA(t)) of the actually measured BET specific surface area SA(m) to the theoretical BET specific surface area SA(t) calculated from the apparent density D1 and the volume average particle diameter Dv is 3.0 or more
- a hollow particle is provided.
- the present disclosure provides a resin composition comprising the hollow particles of the present disclosure and a matrix resin. Further, the present disclosure provides a resin molding obtained from the resin composition of the present disclosure.
- the present disclosure as described above provides hollow particles from which the hydrophobic solvent contained within the particles can be removed at low temperatures. Furthermore, the present disclosure provides a resin composition and a resin molded article having improved lightness and heat insulation by containing the hollow particles.
- a polymerizable monomer is a compound having a functional group capable of addition polymerization (in the present disclosure, sometimes simply referred to as a polymerizable functional group).
- a compound having an ethylenically unsaturated bond as a functional group capable of addition polymerization is generally used as the polymerizable monomer.
- a polymerizable monomer having only one polymerizable functional group is referred to as a non-crosslinkable monomer
- a polymerizable monomer having two or more polymerizable functional groups is referred to as a crosslinkable monomer.
- a crosslinkable monomer is a polymerizable monomer that forms a crosslinked bond in a resin by a polymerization reaction.
- the hollow particle of the present disclosure is a hollow particle comprising a shell containing a resin and a hollow portion surrounded by the shell,
- the volume average particle diameter Dv is 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 30.0 ⁇ m or less, Having only one hollow portion inside the particle,
- the ratio (SA(m)/SA(t)) of the actually measured BET specific surface area SA(m) to the theoretical BET specific surface area SA(t) calculated from the apparent density D1 and the volume average particle diameter Dv is 3.0 or more It is characterized by
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure are particles having a shell (outer shell) containing a resin and only one hollow portion surrounded by the shell.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure may contain, as impurities, a small amount of hollow particles having two or more hollow portions or particles having no hollow portions.
- the number ratio of particles having only one hollow portion is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more.
- the hollow portion is a hollow space clearly distinguished from the shell of the hollow particles formed by resin material.
- the shell of the hollow particle may have a porous structure, in which case the hollow portion has a size that can be clearly distinguished from a large number of minute spaces uniformly distributed within the porous structure. have.
- the hollow portion of the hollow particles can be confirmed, for example, by SEM observation of the cross section of the particles or by TEM observation of the particles as they are.
- the hollow portion of the hollow particles of the present disclosure may be filled with gas such as air, may be in a vacuum or reduced pressure state, or may contain a solvent.
- the hollow portion is preferably filled with gas in order to obtain effects such as weight reduction by the hollow particles.
- the hydrophobic solvent contained in the particles during the manufacturing process tends to remain in the particles. There is a need to. Therefore, there is a problem that the shell of the hollow particles deteriorates in the drying process for removing the hydrophobic solvent, and as a result, performances such as pressure resistance and dielectric properties of the hollow particles deteriorate. Under drying conditions that do not deteriorate the shell, a large amount of the hydrophobic solvent remains inside the hollow particles. Compositions containing hollow particles in which a large amount of hydrophobic solvent remains in the particles may cause foaming or ignition due to volatilization of the hydrophobic solvent remaining in the hollow particles during kneading or mixing.
- the ratio (SA(m)/SA(t)) of the measured BET specific surface area SA(m) to the theoretical BET specific surface area SA(t) is 3.0 or more. Therefore, the hydrophobic solvent in the particles can be easily removed even under conditions that do not deteriorate the shell, such as low temperatures of 100° C. or less, preferably 50° C. or less.
- SA(m)/SA(t) can be used as an index of the porosity of the shell, and the larger the value of SA(m)/SA(t), the more fine pores are present in the shell.
- the SA(m)/SA(t) is 3.0 or more, so that the porosity of the shell is sufficiently high, and the hydrophobic solvent can easily permeate the shell. Even with drying, the hydrophobic solvent in the particles can be easily removed.
- the hydrophobic solvent contained in the particles in the manufacturing process can be easily removed under conditions that do not deteriorate the shell, so the deterioration of the shell is suppressed. It can be a hollow particle with a small amount.
- Patent Document 1 states that if the ratio of the BET specific surface area to the theoretical specific surface area of the hollow particles is greater than 2.5, desired properties (light scattering properties, heat insulation properties, light reflectivity, etc.) may not be obtained.
- desired properties light scattering properties, heat insulation properties, light reflectivity, etc.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure have a volume average particle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 30.0 ⁇ m or less, which is significantly different from the hollow particles of Patent Document 1 having an average particle diameter of 10 to 150 nm.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure have a volume average particle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 30.0 ⁇ m or less, they have a sufficient shell thickness, so even if SA (m) / SA (t) is 3.0 or more When added to various molded products, it is excellent in effects such as weight reduction. Further, Patent Document 2 discloses porous particles having SA(m)/SA(t) of 3.0 or more. However, when porous particles are added to a molded article such as a curable resin, the resin or the like easily penetrates into the particles compared to hollow particles having only one hollow portion in the particles, and the air layer in the particles , there is a problem that effects such as low dielectric, thermal insulation, weight reduction, etc. due to the addition of particles cannot be sufficiently obtained.
- the theoretical BET specific surface area SA(t) of hollow particles is calculated by the following formula (A) from the apparent density D1 and volume average particle diameter Dv of hollow particles.
- SA(t) 6/(Dv ⁇ D 1 )
- Formula (A) How to obtain the apparent density D1 and the volume average particle diameter Dv of the hollow particles will be described later in detail.
- the measured BET specific surface area SA (m) of the hollow particles is measured by a nitrogen adsorption method (BET method) using a BET specific surface area measuring device (for example, product name: Macsorb HM model-1208 manufactured by Mountech Co., Ltd.). measured by The more fine pores present in the shell, the easier it is for nitrogen gas to permeate the shell, which increases the ratio of the measured BET specific surface area SA(m) to the theoretical BET specific surface area SA(t).
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure have a ratio (SA(m)/SA(t)) of the actual BET specific surface area SA(m) to the theoretical BET specific surface area SA(t) of 3.0 or more.
- SA(m)/SA(t) of the hollow particles of the present disclosure is preferably 3.5 or more, more preferably 4.0 or more, and still more preferably from the viewpoint of further facilitating removal of the hydrophobic solvent in the particles. is greater than or equal to 4.5.
- the upper limit of SA (m) / SA (t) of the hollow particles of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of ease of production, it is preferably 100 or less, more preferably 80 or less, and still more preferably 70 or less. .
- Hollow particles in which SA(m)/SA(t) is within the above range can be obtained, for example, by appropriately selecting the types of polymerizable monomers and hydrophobic solvents used in the production of the hollow particles, and further by adjusting the porosity of the hollow particles. is 50% or more. Specifically, in the method for producing hollow particles of the present disclosure, which will be described later, a preferred combination of a polymerizable monomer and a hydrophobic solvent is used, and the amount of the hydrophobic solvent added is adjusted so that the porosity is 50% or more. Adjustments are effective.
- the theoretical BET specific surface area SA(t) of the hollow particles of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.50 or more, more preferably 1.00 or more, while preferably 12.00 or less, It is more preferably 10.00 or less, still more preferably 8.00 or less.
- the measured BET specific surface area SA (m) of the hollow particles of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2.00 or more, more preferably 5.00 or more, while preferably 500 or less, more preferably 400 It is below.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure preferably have a porosity of 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more, and even more preferably 65% or more.
- the porosity is at least the above lower limit, the SA (m) / SA (t) of the hollow particles is likely to be 3.0 or more, and excellent effects such as low dielectric, heat insulation, and weight reduction are achieved. It becomes hollow particles.
- the upper limit of the porosity of the hollow particles is not particularly limited, it is preferably 90% or less, more preferably 85% or less, and still more preferably 80% or less from the viewpoint of suppressing a decrease in pressure resistance of the hollow particles.
- the porosity of the hollow particles is calculated from the apparent density D1 and the true density D0 of the hollow particles.
- the method for measuring the apparent density D1 of hollow particles is as follows. First, a measuring flask with a volume of 100 cm 3 is filled with about 30 cm 3 of hollow particles, and the mass of the filled hollow particles is accurately weighed. The volumetric flask filled with hollow particles is then filled precisely to the marked line with isopropanol, taking care not to introduce air bubbles. Accurately weigh the mass of isopropanol added to the volumetric flask, and calculate the apparent density D 1 (g/cm 3 ) of the hollow particles based on the following formula (I).
- Apparent density D 1 [mass of hollow particles]/(100-[mass of isopropanol]/[specific gravity of isopropanol at measurement temperature])
- the apparent density D1 corresponds to the specific gravity of the entire hollow particle when the hollow portion is regarded as part of the hollow particle.
- the method for measuring the true density D0 of the hollow particles is as follows. After pre-pulverizing the hollow particles, about 10 g of pulverized pieces of the hollow particles are filled into a volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 cm 3 , and the mass of the filled pulverized pieces is accurately weighed. After that, isopropanol is added to the volumetric flask in the same manner as the above apparent density measurement, the mass of isopropanol is accurately weighed, and the true density D 0 (g/cm 3 ) of the hollow particles is calculated based on the following formula (II). do.
- Formula (II): True density D 0 [mass of pulverized pieces of hollow particles]/(100-[mass of isopropanol]/[specific gravity of isopropanol at measurement temperature])
- the true density D0 corresponds to the specific gravity of only the shell portion of the hollow particles. As is clear from the above measurement method, the hollow portion is not considered part of the hollow particle when calculating the true density D0 .
- the porosity (%) of the hollow particles is calculated by the following formula (III) from the apparent density D1 and the true density D0 of the hollow particles.
- Formula (III): Porosity (%) 100 - (apparent density D 1 / true density D 0 ) x 100
- the volume average particle diameter of the hollow particles of the present disclosure is 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 30.0 ⁇ m or less, the lower limit is preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or more, and the upper limit is preferably It is 20.0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 10.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the volume average particle diameter of the hollow particles is at least the above lower limit, it is easy to achieve both a high porosity and excellent pressure resistance, and the cohesion between the hollow particles is reduced, so that excellent dispersibility can be exhibited. can be done.
- the volume average particle diameter of the hollow particles is equal to or less than the above upper limit, the uniformity of the shell is likely to be improved, so that hollow particles having excellent pressure resistance are likely to be obtained.
- the particle size of the hollow particles of the present disclosure can be adjusted, for example, by adjusting the content of the dispersion stabilizer with respect to the total mass of the polymerizable monomer and the hydrophobic solvent.
- the particle size distribution (volume average particle size (Dv)/number average particle size (Dn)) of the hollow particles may be, for example, 1.1 or more and 2.5 or less. When the particle size distribution is 2.5 or less, particles with little variation in compressive strength characteristics and heat resistance among particles can be obtained. In addition, when the particle size distribution is 2.5 or less, for example, when manufacturing a sheet-like compact to which the hollow particles of the present disclosure are added, a product having a uniform thickness can be manufactured.
- the volume average particle diameter (Dv) and number average particle diameter (Dn) of the hollow particles are obtained, for example, by measuring the particle diameter of the hollow particles with a particle size distribution analyzer and calculating the number average and volume average, respectively. The values can be the number average particle size (Dn) and the volume average particle size (Dv) of the particles.
- the particle size distribution is obtained by dividing the volume average particle size by the number average particle size.
- the shape of the hollow particles of the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it has only one hollow inside, and examples thereof include a spherical shape, an elliptical shape, and an irregular shape. Among these, a spherical shape is preferable from the viewpoint of ease of manufacture, pressure resistance, and the like.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure may have an average circularity of 0.950 to 0.995.
- An example of the image of the shape of the hollow particles of the present disclosure is a bag made of a thin film and inflated with gas, the cross-sectional view of which is shown as hollow particles 10 in (4) of FIG.
- the particle shape can be confirmed by, for example, SEM or TEM.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure preferably have a small percentage of particles with a degree of circularity of 0.85 or less.
- Particles with a circularity of 0.85 or less are typically particles with deformation such as dents or cracks, and are sometimes referred to as "irregularly shaped particles" in the present disclosure.
- Such irregular-shaped particles are inferior to spherical particles in pressure resistance due to the fact that external pressure is likely to be applied locally.
- irregularly shaped particles tend to agglomerate when dispersed in a matrix resin, resulting in poor dispersibility compared to spherical particles.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure may contain, as an impurity, a small amount of particles with a low degree of circularity in which particle cracking, deformation, etc. have occurred, but the degree of circularity is 0.85 or less in 100% by mass of the hollow particles of the present disclosure.
- Circularity is defined as the value obtained by dividing the diameter of a circle having the same area as the projected image of the particle (equivalent circle diameter) by the diameter of the circle having the same perimeter as the projected image of the particle (equivalent perimeter diameter). be done. If the particle is a perfect sphere, the circularity is 1, and the more complicated the surface shape of the particle, the smaller the circularity. In the present disclosure, circularity is measured using a flow particle image measurement device with an image resolution of 0.185 ⁇ m/pixel.
- the flow type particle image measuring device for example, product name "IF-3200" manufactured by Jusco International Co., Ltd. can be preferably used.
- IF-3200 manufactured by Jusco International Co., Ltd.
- a mixture of 0.10 to 0.12 g of hollow particles in an aqueous solution (concentration of 0.3%) of sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate is dispersed with an ultrasonic cleaner for 5 minutes.
- the average circularity is the average circularity of 1000 to 3000 arbitrarily selected particles.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure preferably have a thermal decomposition initiation temperature of 150 to 400°C, more preferably 200 to 350°C. Hollow particles having a thermal decomposition initiation temperature within the above range are excellent in heat resistance.
- the thermal decomposition start temperature of the hollow particles is the temperature at which the weight is reduced by 5%, under the conditions of an air atmosphere, an air flow rate of 230 mL / min, and a heating rate of 10 ° C. / min. can be measured by
- the shell contains a polymer as a resin.
- the polymer is typically a polymer of polymerizable monomers used in the method for producing hollow particles of the present disclosure, which will be described later.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure contain the polymer as the main component of the shell, and the polymer forms the skeleton of the shell of the hollow particles.
- the specific contents of the polymerizable monomers used for synthesizing the polymer are as described later in the method for producing hollow particles of the present disclosure.
- the polymer contained in the shell is not particularly limited, but preferably contains 10 parts by mass or more of hydrocarbon monomer units in 100 parts by mass of all monomer units, and has a specific gravity of 1.18 g/cm 3 or less. It is more preferable to contain 10 parts by mass or more of the monomer units derived from the hydrocarbon monomer. As a result, SA(m)/SA(t) of the hollow particles tends to be 3.0 or more.
- a hydrocarbon monomer having a specific gravity of 1.18 g/cm 3 or less may be referred to as a low specific gravity hydrocarbon monomer, and a monomer unit derived from the low specific gravity hydrocarbon monomer is sometimes referred to as a low specific gravity hydrocarbon monomer unit.
- the low specific gravity hydrocarbon monomer those having a specific gravity of 1.00 g/cm 3 or less are more preferable.
- a polymer containing a hydrocarbon monomer unit in a proportion of 10 parts by mass or more is likely to precipitate finely when synthesized by a suspension polymerization method. formed in a row. Therefore, the shell containing a polymer containing a hydrocarbon monomer unit at a ratio of 10 parts by mass or more has a reduced specific gravity and an increased gas permeability, so that the SA(m)/SA(t) of the hollow particles is It is estimated that it is likely to be 3.0 or more.
- the content of the hydrocarbon monomer unit or the content of the low specific gravity hydrocarbon monomer unit is It may be 10 parts by mass or more and 100 parts by mass or less in 100 parts by mass of body units.
- a hydrocarbon monomer is a polymerizable monomer composed of carbon and hydrogen
- a crosslinkable monomer composed of carbon and hydrogen is referred to as a crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer.
- a non-crosslinking monomer consisting of hydrogen is referred to as a non-crosslinking hydrocarbon monomer.
- the polymer contained in the hollow particles of the present disclosure may consist of hydrocarbons and may contain heteroatoms.
- the heteroatom include oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom and the like.
- the heteroatom is preferably at least one selected from oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms.
- SA(m)/SA(t) of the hollow particles tends to be 3.0 or more.
- the polymer contains a functional group such as a phosphate ester group.
- the content of the monomer unit is preferably 0.1% by mass or less in 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer unit, and more preferably not contained.
- the amount of functional groups is large, the measured BET specific surface area SA(m) of the hollow particles tends to be low, and SA(m)/SA(t) is less likely to be 3.0 or more.
- the content of the hydrocarbon monomer unit preferably exceeds 50 parts by mass, more preferably 60 parts by mass in 100 parts by mass of the total monomer units of the polymer. Above, more preferably 70 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 80 parts by mass or more, and particularly preferably 90 parts by mass or more.
- the specific gravity is not particularly limited.
- the content of the hydrocarbon monomer unit is, for example, 95 mass parts per 100 parts by mass of the total monomer units of the polymer. parts or less, or 90 parts by mass or less.
- the polymer contained in the shell may contain acrylic monomer units. This may improve the pressure resistance of the hollow particles.
- the content of the acrylic monomer unit may be, for example, 10 parts by mass or more in 100 parts by mass of the total monomer units of the polymer. From the viewpoint of sufficiently containing the monomer units, it is preferably 90 parts by mass or less.
- the polymer contained in the shell has a total content of hydrocarbon monomer units and acrylic monomer units in 100 parts by mass of all monomer units, preferably 80 parts by mass or more, more preferably It is 90 parts by mass or more, more preferably 98 parts by mass or more, and even more preferably 99 parts by mass or more.
- an acrylic monomer is a polymerizable monomer having a (meth)acryloyl group as a polymerizable functional group, and a crosslinkable monomer having a (meth)acryloyl group as a polymerizable functional group.
- the monomer is called a crosslinkable acrylic monomer
- a non-crosslinkable monomer having a (meth)acryloyl group as a polymerizable functional group is called a noncrosslinkable acrylic monomer.
- at least one polymerizable functional group may be a (meth)acryloyl group, but all polymerizable functional groups are preferably (meth)acryloyl groups.
- the polymer contained in the shell may contain a crosslinkable monomer unit because it is easy to obtain hollow particles having only one hollow portion and the pressure resistance is improved.
- the content of the crosslinkable monomer unit is preferably more than 50 parts by mass, more preferably 60 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 70 parts by mass or more, Even more preferably, it is 80 parts by mass or more.
- the polymer may contain a non-crosslinkable monomer unit within a range that does not impair the effects of the present disclosure. In that case, the content of the crosslinkable monomer unit is For example, it may be 98 parts by mass or less, 96 parts by mass or less, or 90 parts by mass or less in 100 parts by mass of the total monomer units.
- the polymer contained in the shell contains 50 parts by mass of crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer units out of 100 parts by mass of all monomer units. It is preferred to include an excess.
- the content of the crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer unit is more preferably 60 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 70 parts by mass or more, even more preferably 80 parts by mass or more, and particularly preferably 90 parts by mass or more.
- the upper limit of the content of the crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer unit is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 98 parts by mass or less, or 96 parts by mass in 100 parts by mass of the total monomer units of the polymer. It may be below.
- the polymer contained in the shell is a bifunctional crosslinkable monomer unit derived from a bifunctional crosslinkable monomer, and a trifunctional or higher functional It is also preferable to include in combination with a trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomer unit derived from the crosslinkable monomer.
- a crosslinkable monomer unit derived from a bifunctional crosslinkable monomer may be referred to as a "bifunctional crosslinkable monomer unit”.
- a crosslinkable monomeric unit derived from a polymer may be referred to as a "trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomeric unit".
- the polymer contains a bifunctional crosslinkable monomer unit and a trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomer unit
- the bifunctional crosslinkable monomer unit and the trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomer unit of the total 100 parts by mass the content of trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomer units is preferably 5 parts by mass or more, more preferably 10 parts by mass or more, and still more preferably 20 parts by mass or more, while , preferably 50 parts by mass or less, more preferably 40 parts by mass or less.
- the content of the polymer of the polymerizable monomer used in the method for producing the hollow particles of the present disclosure is preferably 96% by mass or more in 100% by mass of the total solid content of the shell. , more preferably 97% by mass or more.
- the content of the polymer is preferably 4% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the total solid content of the shell. is.
- Components other than the polymer contained in the hollow particles of the present disclosure include, for example, a polymerizable monomer that remains unreacted, a polymer that is different from the polymer of the polymerizable monomer, and a polymer that initiates polymerization. Examples include decomposition products of agents, low-molecular-weight compounds contained as impurities in raw materials of polymerizable monomers, and the like.
- Hollow particles of the present disclosure are, for example, A step of preparing a mixed solution containing a polymerizable monomer, a hydrophobic solvent, a polymerization initiator, a dispersion stabilizer and an aqueous medium; By suspending the mixture, a suspension is prepared in which droplets of a monomer composition containing the polymerizable monomer, the hydrophobic solvent and the polymerization initiator are dispersed in the aqueous medium.
- a precursor composition which includes precursor particles having a hollow portion surrounded by a resin-containing shell and encapsulating the hydrophobic solvent in the hollow portion.
- process and It can be obtained by the method for producing hollow particles of the present disclosure, which includes a step of removing the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles.
- the polymerizable monomer and the hydrophobic solvent are A suspension is prepared in which droplets having phase separation and a distribution structure in which the polymerizable monomer is unevenly distributed on the surface side and the hydrophobic solvent is unevenly distributed in the center are dispersed in an aqueous medium, and the suspension is It follows the basic technique of subjecting a liquid to a polymerization reaction to harden the surface of the droplets to form hollow particles having a hollow space filled with a hydrophobic solvent.
- the polymerizable monomer and the hydrophobicity of the droplets of the monomer composition dispersed in the suspension are When the solvent is sufficiently phase-separated and the suspension is subjected to a polymerization reaction, the polymer of the polymerizable monomer is finely precipitated to form a shell, thereby forming a highly porous shell. , SA(m)/SA(t) of 3.0 or more.
- the method for producing hollow particles of the present disclosure includes the steps of preparing a mixed liquid, preparing a suspension, subjecting the suspension to a polymerization reaction, and removing a hydrophobic solvent, and Steps other than these may be included. Moreover, as long as it is technically possible, two or more of the above steps and other additional steps may be performed simultaneously as one step, or their order may be changed. For example, the preparation and suspension of the mixed solution may be performed simultaneously in one step, such as by adding the materials for preparing the mixed solution while simultaneously suspending the mixture.
- a preferable example of the method for producing hollow particles of the present disclosure is a production method including the following steps.
- Suspension step By suspending the mixture, droplets of a monomer composition containing a polymerizable monomer, a hydrophobic solvent and a polymerization initiator are dispersed in an aqueous medium.
- a step of preparing (3) Polymerization step By subjecting the suspension to a polymerization reaction, a precursor composition comprising precursor particles having a hollow portion surrounded by a shell containing a resin and containing a hydrophobic solvent in the hollow portion (4) Solvent removal step A step of removing the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles.
- hollow particles whose hollow portions are filled with a hydrophobic solvent are sometimes referred to as "precursor particles", considering them as intermediates of hollow particles whose hollow portions are filled with a gas.
- precursor composition means a composition comprising precursor particles.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the manufacturing method of the present disclosure.
- (1) to (4) in FIG. 1 correspond to the above steps (1) to (4).
- White arrows between each figure indicate the order of each step.
- FIG. 1 is only a schematic diagram for explanation, and the manufacturing method of the present disclosure is not limited to the one shown in the diagram. Also, the structures, dimensions and shapes of the materials used in the manufacturing methods of the present disclosure are not limited to the structures, dimensions and shapes of the various materials in these figures.
- (1) of FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing one embodiment of the liquid mixture in the liquid mixture preparation step. As shown in this figure, the mixture contains an aqueous medium 1 and a low-polarity material 2 dispersed in the aqueous medium 1 .
- the low-polarity material 2 means a material that has low polarity and is difficult to mix with the aqueous medium 1 .
- Low polarity material 2 in the present disclosure includes a polymerizable monomer, a hydrophobic solvent and a polymerization initiator.
- (2) of FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing one embodiment of the suspension in the suspension step.
- the suspension comprises an aqueous medium 1 and droplets 8 of a monomer composition dispersed in the aqueous medium 1 .
- the droplets 8 of the monomer composition contain a polymerizable monomer, a hydrophobic solvent and a polymerization initiator, but the distribution within the droplets is non-uniform.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a precursor composition obtained by a polymerization step and containing precursor particles containing a hydrophobic solvent in their hollow portions.
- the precursor composition includes an aqueous medium 1 and precursor particles 9 dispersed in the aqueous medium 1 and containing a hydrophobic solvent 4a in their hollow portions.
- the shell 6 forming the outer surface of the precursor particle 9 is formed by polymerization of the polymerizable monomer in the droplet 8 of the monomer composition. Coalescence is included as a resin.
- FIG. 1(4) is a schematic cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of hollow particles after the solvent removal step.
- FIG. 1(4) shows the state in which the hydrophobic solvent 4a is removed from the state of FIG. 1(3).
- hollow particles 10 in which hollow portions 7 of shells 6 are filled with gas are obtained.
- This step is a step of preparing a mixed solution containing a polymerizable monomer, a hydrophobic solvent, a polymerization initiator, a dispersion stabilizer, and an aqueous medium.
- the mixed liquid may further contain other materials as long as the effects of the present disclosure are not impaired.
- the materials of the mixed solution are described in order of (A) polymerizable monomer, (B) hydrophobic solvent, (C) polymerization initiator, (D) dispersion stabilizer, and (E) aqueous medium.
- (A) Polymerizable monomer As the polymerizable monomer, a known polymerizable monomer that has been conventionally used for producing hollow particles can be used, and is not particularly limited. Since m) / SA (t) is likely to be 3.0 or more, it preferably contains 10 parts by mass or more of a hydrocarbon monomer in 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer, and a low specific gravity hydrocarbon monomer is more preferably contained in an amount of 10 parts by mass or more.
- low specific gravity hydrocarbon monomers examples include aromatic divinyl monomers such as divinylbenzene, divinylbiphenyl, and divinylnaphthalene; styrene, vinyltoluene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, ethylvinylbenzene, ethylvinyl Aromatic monovinyl monomers such as biphenyl and ethylvinylnaphthalene; linear or branched diene monomers such as isoprene, butadiene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, pentadiene and hexadiene; dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentadiene, Alicyclic olefins such as ethylidenetetracyclododecene, vinylcyclohexane, norbornene, and tricyclododecene can be preferably used.
- these monomers can be used either alone or in combination of two or more.
- at least one selected from divinylbenzene, styrene, and ethylvinylbenzene is preferable because the SA(m)/SA(t) of the hollow particles tends to be 3.0 or more.
- Divinylbenzene is more preferable from the viewpoint of improving dielectric properties.
- the content of the hydrocarbon monomer or the low specific gravity hydrocarbon monomer is 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer , 10 parts by mass or more and 100 parts by mass or less.
- the content of the hydrocarbon monomer in 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer is preferably more than 50 parts by mass, more preferably 60 parts by mass or more, and even more preferably 70 parts by mass or more, more preferably 80 parts by mass or more, and particularly preferably 90 parts by mass or more.
- the content of the hydrocarbon monomer is, for example, 95 parts by mass or less in 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer. It may be present, or it may be 90 parts by mass or less.
- the hydrocarbon monomer may be a crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer or a non-crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer.
- crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomers include aromatic divinyl monomers such as divinylbenzene, divinyldiphenyl, and divinylnaphthalene; and diene monomers such as butadiene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, pentadiene, and hexadiene.
- Dicyclopentadiene alicyclic olefins such as ethylidenetetracyclododecene; Bifunctional crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomers such as; Polymer type crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomers such as block copolymers of isoprene (SIS) and the like are included.
- alicyclic olefins such as ethylidenetetracyclododecene
- Bifunctional crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomers such as
- Polymer type crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomers such as block copolymers of isoprene (SIS) and the like are included.
- non-crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomers include aromatic monovinyl monomers such as styrene, vinyltoluene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, ethylvinylbenzene, ethylvinylbiphenyl, and ethylvinylnaphthalene; ethylene, monoolefin monomers such as propylene and butylene; alicyclic monoolefins such as vinylcyclohexane, norbornene and tricyclododecene; and the like. These monomers can be used either alone or in combination of two or more.
- hydrocarbon monomers those having a vinyl group as a polymerizable functional group are preferable from the viewpoint of good reactivity, and aromatic divinyl monomers or aromatic monovinyl monomers are more preferable, and divinyl monomers are more preferable. At least one selected from benzene, ethylvinylbenzene and styrene is more preferred, and at least one selected from divinylbenzene and ethylvinylbenzene is even more preferred.
- the polymerizable monomer may contain an acrylic monomer. This may improve the pressure resistance of the hollow particles.
- the acrylic monomer may be a crosslinkable acrylic monomer or a non-crosslinkable acrylic monomer.
- crosslinkable acrylic monomers include allyl (meth) acrylate, vinyl (meth) acrylate, ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol di (meth) acrylate, tricyclode bifunctional crosslinkable acrylic monomers such as candimethanol di(meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxy-3-(meth)acryloyloxypropyl (meth)acrylate, polyphenylene ether having both ends (meth)acryl-modified; And, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, ditrimethylolpropane tetra(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol
- non-crosslinkable acrylic monomers examples include (meth)acryls such as methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, and lauryl (meth)acrylate.
- non-crosslinkable macromers such as terminally (meth)acrylic-modified polystyrene and terminally (meth)acrylic-modified polymethyl methacrylate can also be used. These monomers can be used either alone or in combination of two or more.
- the polymerizable monomer contains an acrylic monomer
- the content of the acrylic monomer may be, for example, 10 parts by mass or more in 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer. From the viewpoint of sufficiently containing the monomer, it is preferably 90 parts by mass or less.
- the total content of the hydrocarbon monomer and the acrylic monomer in 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer is preferably 80 parts by mass or more, more preferably 90 parts by mass or more, and even more preferably 98 parts by mass or more, more preferably 99 parts by mass or more.
- the polymerizable monomer may further contain polymerizable monomers other than the hydrocarbon monomer and the acrylic monomer as long as the effects of the present disclosure are not impaired.
- polymerizable monomers include, for example, carboxylic acid vinyl ester monomers such as vinyl acetate; halogenated aromatic vinyl monomers such as halogenated styrene; halogenated vinyl monomers such as vinyl chloride; vinylidene halide monomer such as vinylidene; vinylpyridine monomer;
- the polymerizable monomer preferably contains a crosslinkable monomer.
- the crosslink density of the shell can be increased, so that a shell with excellent strength is easily formed, the hollow particles are easily spherical, and the particles are formed from the shell. Only one distinct hollow is likely to be formed.
- the content of the crosslinkable monomer is preferably more than 50 parts by mass, more preferably 60 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 70 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 80 parts by mass in 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer. Part by mass or more.
- Polymer-type crosslinkable monomers such as ethers can also be used.
- the polymerizable monomer may contain a non-crosslinkable monomer.
- the content of the crosslinkable monomer is 100 mass of the polymerizable monomer. Among the parts, for example, it may be 98 parts by mass or less, or may be 96 parts by mass or less.
- the content of the crosslinkable monomer is the total content of the bifunctional crosslinkable monomer and the trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomer.
- the content of the crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer in 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer is preferably more than 50 parts by mass, more preferably 60 parts by mass. Above, more preferably 70 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 80 parts by mass or more, and particularly preferably 90 parts by mass or more.
- the upper limit of the content of the crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer is not particularly limited. good.
- the polymerizable monomer preferably contains a combination of a bifunctional crosslinkable monomer and a trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomer.
- a bifunctional crosslinkable monomer at least one selected from the group consisting of the above-mentioned bifunctional crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomers and bifunctional crosslinkable acrylic monomers is preferable.
- the bifunctional crosslinkable acrylic monomers ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate and pentaerythritol di(meth)acrylate are preferable, and ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate is more preferable.
- Divinylbenzene is particularly preferred as the bifunctional crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer.
- the above-mentioned tri- or more functional cross-linkable acrylic monomer is preferable, and among them, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, ethoxylated trimethylol Propane tri(meth)acrylate, ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol poly(meth)acrylate are preferred, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, and trimethylolpropane tri( More preferred are meth)acrylates.
- the polymerizable monomer contains a bifunctional crosslinkable monomer and a trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomer
- the sum of the bifunctional crosslinkable monomer and the trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomer In 100 parts by mass, the content of the trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomer is preferably 5 parts by mass or more, more preferably 10 parts by mass or more, and still more preferably 20 parts by mass or more. 50 parts by mass or less, more preferably 40 parts by mass or less.
- the content of the polymerizable monomer in the mixed liquid is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of the balance between the porosity of the hollow particles, the particle size and the mechanical strength, the total mass of the components in the mixed liquid excluding the aqueous medium is 100.
- the lower limit is preferably 30% by mass or more, more preferably 40% by mass or more, and the upper limit is preferably 60% by mass or less, more preferably 50% by mass or less.
- the content of the polymerizable monomer with respect to 100% by mass of the total solid content excluding the hydrophobic solvent among the materials that become the oil phase in the mixed liquid is preferably 96% by mass or more, more preferably 97% by mass or more.
- the solid content is all components except the solvent, and the liquid polymerizable monomer and the like are included in the solid content.
- hydrophobic solvent used in the production method of the present disclosure is a non-polymerizable and sparingly water-soluble organic solvent. Hydrophobic solvents act as spacer materials that form cavities inside the particles.
- a suspension is obtained in which droplets of the monomer composition containing the hydrophobic solvent are dispersed in the aqueous medium.
- the hydrophobic solvent with low polarity tends to gather inside the droplets of the monomer composition.
- the hydrophobic solvent is distributed inside and the other materials other than the hydrophobic solvent are distributed around the periphery according to their respective polarities. Then, in the polymerization step to be described later, an aqueous dispersion containing precursor particles encapsulating a hydrophobic solvent is obtained. That is, a hollow portion filled with the hydrophobic solvent is formed inside the obtained precursor particles by gathering the hydrophobic solvent inside the particles.
- the hydrophobic solvent can be appropriately selected from known hydrophobic solvents and is not particularly limited. Examples include esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate and propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate. and hydrocarbon solvents, among which hydrocarbon solvents are preferred. Examples of hydrocarbon solvents include chain hydrocarbon solvents such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, 2-methylbutane and 2-methylpentane, and cyclic hydrocarbon solvents such as cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and cycloheptane. and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene. These hydrophobic solvents can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the phase separation between the polymerizable monomer and the hydrophobic solvent is likely to occur in the droplets of the monomer composition, the hollow part is likely to be formed in the particle, and the SA (m) / SA (t ) is likely to be 3.0 or more, it is preferable to select an organic solvent having a lower solubility in water than the crosslinkable monomer contained in the polymerizable monomer as the hydrophobic solvent. Further, from the same point of view, it is preferable to select a hydrophobic solvent so that the HSP distance between the crosslinkable monomer contained in the polymerizable monomer and the hydrophobic solvent is 5.00 or more and 8.00 or less. .
- the HSP distance is more preferably 5.15 or more and 7.75 or less, still more preferably 5.30 or more and 7.50 or less.
- the HSP distance is an index representing the solubility between substances using the Hansen Solubility Parameter (HSP), and it can be determined that the closer the HSP distance is to 0, the higher the compatibility between substances.
- HSP is expressed as a vector in a three-dimensional space (Hansen space) with coordinate axes of the dispersion term dD, the polarity term dP, and the hydrogen bond term dH.
- the three parameters dD, dP and dH show unique values for each material.
- HSPiP Hansen Solubility Parameter in Practice
- HSP distance ⁇ 4(dD 1 -dD 2 ) 2 +(dP 1 -dP 2 ) 2 +(dH 1 -dH 2 ) 2 ⁇ 0.5
- HSPiP the values of dD, dP and dH are expressed in significant digits to the first decimal place, and the HSP distance value is expressed in significant digits to the second decimal place.
- the content of the crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer exceeds 50 parts by mass in 100 parts by mass of the crosslinkable monomer, it is preferable to use a chain hydrocarbon solvent as the hydrophobic solvent.
- a chain hydrocarbon solvent having 5 to 8 carbon atoms is preferred, and at least one selected from the group consisting of pentane, hexane, heptane and octane is more preferred.
- the content of the crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer is 50 parts by mass or less, and when the crosslinkable acrylic monomer is included, the hydrophobic solvent is carbon It is preferable to use a hydrocarbon-based solvent having 4 to 7 carbon atoms, and more preferably a hydrocarbon-based solvent having 5 to 7 carbon atoms.
- the hydrocarbon-based solvent may be aromatic hydrocarbons or aliphatic hydrocarbons. At least one selected from the group consisting of is more preferable. Hollow particles having SA(m)/SA(t) of 3.0 or more can be easily obtained by using the combination of the crosslinkable monomer and the hydrophobic solvent.
- the boiling point of the hydrophobic solvent is preferably 130° C. or lower, more preferably 100° C. or lower, because it is easily removed in the solvent removal step described later.
- the temperature is preferably 50° C. or higher, more preferably 60° C. or higher, because it is easy to heat.
- the hydrophobic solvent is a mixed solvent containing a plurality of types of hydrophobic solvents and has a plurality of boiling points
- the boiling point of the solvent with the highest boiling point among the solvents contained in the mixed solvent is the above upper limit value or less. It is preferable that the boiling point of the solvent with the lowest boiling point among the solvents contained in the mixed solvent is equal to or higher than the above lower limit.
- the hydrophobic solvent used in the production method of the present disclosure preferably has a dielectric constant at 20° C. of 2.5 or less, more preferably 2.0 or less.
- the relative dielectric constant is one of the indices that indicate the degree of polarity of a compound.
- phase separation proceeds rapidly in droplets of the monomer composition, and hollow portions are likely to be formed.
- Examples of hydrophobic solvents having a dielectric constant of 2.0 or less at 20° C. are as follows. The value in parenthesis is the relative permittivity value. Pentane (1.8), Hexane (1.9), Heptane (1.9), Octane (1.9), Cyclohexane (2.0).
- dielectric constant at 20 ° C. As a method for measuring the dielectric constant at 20°C, for example, a dielectric constant test conforming to 23 of JIS C 2101:1999 and performed at a measurement temperature of 20°C may be mentioned.
- the porosity of the hollow particles can be adjusted by changing the amount of the hydrophobic solvent in the mixture.
- the polymerization reaction proceeds in a state where the oil droplets containing the polymerizable monomer and the like enclose the hydrophobic solvent. tends to be higher.
- the content of the hydrophobic solvent in the mixed liquid is 50 parts by mass or more and 500 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer, so that the particle diameter of the hollow particles can be easily controlled. It is preferable because it is easy to increase the porosity while maintaining the strength of the hollow particles, and it is easy to reduce the amount of residual hydrophobic solvent in the particles.
- the content of the hydrophobic solvent in the mixed liquid is more preferably 70 parts by mass or more and 300 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably 90 parts by mass or more and 200 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer. is.
- the mixture preferably contains an oil-soluble polymerization initiator as a polymerization initiator.
- the oil-soluble polymerization initiator is not particularly limited as long as it is lipophilic and has a solubility in water of 0.2% by mass or less.
- organic peroxides such as noate, t-butylperoxydiethylacetate, t-butylperoxypivalate; 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), azobisisobutyronitrile, 2, Azo compounds such as 2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and the like can be mentioned.
- the content of the polymerization initiator is preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 7 parts by mass, and even more preferably 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer in the mixed liquid. 1 to 5 parts by mass.
- the content of the polymerization initiator is at least the above lower limit value, the polymerization reaction can proceed sufficiently, and when it is at most the above upper limit value, there is little possibility that the oil-soluble polymerization initiator will remain after the polymerization reaction is completed. There is also little possibility that undesired side reactions will proceed.
- the dispersion stabilizer is an agent that disperses droplets of the monomer composition in the aqueous medium in the suspension step.
- examples of dispersion stabilizers include inorganic dispersion stabilizers, organic or inorganic water-soluble polymer stabilizers, and surfactants.
- it is easy to control the particle size of the droplets in the suspension the particle size distribution of the resulting hollow particles can be narrowed, and the strength of the hollow particles is improved by suppressing the shell from becoming too thin. From the viewpoint of suppressing the decrease, it is preferable to use an inorganic dispersion stabilizer as the dispersion stabilizer.
- inorganic dispersion stabilizers examples include sulfates such as barium sulfate and calcium sulfate; carbonates such as barium carbonate, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate; phosphates such as calcium phosphate; metals such as aluminum oxide and titanium oxide. oxides; metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide and ferric hydroxide; and inorganic compounds such as silicon dioxide. These inorganic dispersion stabilizers can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- water-insoluble inorganic dispersion stabilizers are preferred, and water-insoluble metal salts such as the above-mentioned sulfates, carbonates, phosphates, and metal hydroxides are more preferred. is more preferred, and magnesium hydroxide is particularly preferred.
- poor water solubility means that the solubility in 100 g of water is preferably 0.5 g or less.
- the poorly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer is dispersed in an aqueous medium in the form of colloidal particles, that is, the colloidal dispersion containing the poorly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer colloidal particles. It is preferable to use it in the state As a result, the particle size distribution of the droplets of the monomer composition can be narrowed, and the residual amount of the inorganic dispersion stabilizer in the resulting hollow particles can be easily reduced by washing.
- the colloidal dispersion containing the sparingly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer colloidal particles includes, for example, at least one selected from alkali metal hydroxides and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and a water-soluble polyvalent metal salt (hydroxide excluding alkaline earth metal salts) in an aqueous medium.
- Alkali metal hydroxides include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like.
- Alkaline earth metal hydroxides include barium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.
- the water-soluble polyvalent metal salt may be any water-soluble polyvalent metal salt other than the compounds corresponding to the alkaline earth metal hydroxides. Examples include magnesium chloride, magnesium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, and the like.
- magnesium metal salts such as calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium acetate and calcium sulfate; aluminum metal salts such as aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate; barium salts such as barium chloride, barium nitrate and barium acetate; zinc chloride and zinc nitrate , zinc salts such as zinc acetate; Among these, magnesium metal salt, calcium metal salt, and aluminum metal salt are preferred, magnesium metal salt is more preferred, and magnesium chloride is particularly preferred.
- the method of reacting at least one selected from the alkali metal hydroxides and alkaline earth metal hydroxides described above with the water-soluble polyvalent metal salt described above in an aqueous medium is not particularly limited.
- a method of mixing an aqueous solution of at least one selected from alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal hydroxides with an aqueous solution of a water-soluble polyvalent metal salt can also be used as a colloidal dispersion containing colloidal particles of a poorly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer.
- organic water-soluble polymer stabilizers include polyvinyl alcohol, polycarboxylic acids (polyacrylic acid, etc.), celluloses (hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, etc.), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylimide, polyethylene oxide.
- a surfactant is a compound having both a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group in one molecule, and includes known anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants and ionic surfactants such as amphoteric surfactants, and nonionic surfactants. activators and the like.
- the content of the dispersion stabilizer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5 to 15 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the polymerizable monomer and the hydrophobic solvent. is.
- the content of the dispersion stabilizer is equal to or higher than the above lower limit, the droplets of the monomer composition can be sufficiently dispersed so as not to coalesce in the suspension.
- the content of the dispersion stabilizer is equal to or less than the above upper limit, it is possible to prevent the viscosity of the suspension from increasing during granulation, and to avoid the problem of the suspension clogging the granulator. can.
- the content of the dispersion stabilizer is preferably 0.5 to 15 parts by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the aqueous medium.
- an aqueous medium means a medium selected from the group consisting of water, hydrophilic solvents, and mixtures of water and hydrophilic solvents.
- a mixture of water and a hydrophilic solvent it is important that the overall polarity of the mixture is not too low from the viewpoint of forming droplets of the monomer composition.
- the mass ratio of water and hydrophilic solvent may be 99:1 to 50:50.
- the hydrophilic solvent in the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it mixes well with water and does not cause phase separation. Examples of hydrophilic solvents include alcohols such as methanol and ethanol; tetrahydrofuran (THF); dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the like.
- the content of the aqueous medium is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of keeping the particle diameter and porosity of the hollow particles within the preferable ranges described later, the lower limit is is preferably 200 parts by mass or more, more preferably 400 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 600 parts by mass or more, and the upper limit is preferably 1000 parts by mass or less, more preferably 800 parts by mass or less.
- the mixed liquid may further contain other materials different from the materials (A) to (E) described above within a range that does not impair the effects of the present disclosure.
- a mixed solution can be obtained by mixing each of the above materials and, if necessary, other materials, and appropriately stirring the mixture.
- the oil phase containing (A) the polymerizable monomer, (B) the hydrophobic solvent and (C) a lipophilic material such as a polymerization initiator, (D) the dispersion stabilizer and (E)
- the particles are dispersed with a particle size of about several millimeters. Depending on the type of material, the state of dispersion of these materials in the mixed liquid can be observed with the naked eye.
- the mixed solution may be obtained by simply mixing the above-mentioned materials and, if necessary, other materials, and stirring them appropriately. It is preferable to separately prepare an oil phase containing a polymer, a hydrophobic solvent and a polymerization initiator and an aqueous phase containing a dispersion stabilizer and an aqueous medium in advance and mix them to prepare a mixed solution.
- a colloidal dispersion obtained by dispersing a sparingly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer in the form of colloidal particles in an aqueous medium can be preferably used as the aqueous phase.
- Suspension step is a step of preparing a suspension in which droplets of a monomer composition containing a hydrophobic solvent are dispersed in an aqueous medium by suspending the mixed solution described above.
- a suspending method for forming droplets of the monomer composition is not particularly limited, and a known suspending method can be employed.
- Dispersers used in preparing the suspension include, for example, Milder (: product name) manufactured by Pacific Machinery Co., Ltd., Cavitron (: product name) manufactured by Eurotech Co., Ltd., and Inline manufactured by IKA. Horizontal or vertical in-line dispersers such as dispersers (eg, DISPAX-REACTOR (registered trademark) DRS (: product name)); emulsifying dispersers such as homomixer MARK II series manufactured by Primix Corporation;
- droplets of the monomer composition containing the lipophilic material and having a particle size of about 1 to 30 ⁇ m are uniformly dispersed in the aqueous medium.
- Such droplets of the monomer composition are difficult to observe with the naked eye, and can be observed with a known observation instrument such as an optical microscope.
- the hydrophobic solvent with low polarity tends to collect inside the droplets.
- the resulting droplet has the hydrophobic solvent distributed inside and the material other than the hydrophobic solvent distributed around the periphery.
- the droplets of the monomer composition dispersed in the aqueous medium are formed by surrounding the oil-soluble monomer composition with the dispersion stabilizer.
- the droplets of the monomer composition contain an oil-soluble polymerization initiator, a polymerizable monomer and a hydrophobic solvent.
- the droplets of the monomer composition are fine oil droplets, and the oil-soluble polymerization initiator generates polymerization initiation radicals inside the fine oil droplets. Therefore, precursor particles having a desired particle size can be produced without excessively growing fine oil droplets.
- an oil-soluble polymerization initiator there is no opportunity for the polymerization initiator to come into contact with the polymerizable monomer dispersed in the aqueous medium. Therefore, by using an oil-soluble polymerization initiator, it is possible to suppress the by-production of excessive resin particles such as solid particles having a relatively small particle size in addition to the target resin particles having hollow portions.
- the suspension obtained by the suspension step described above is subjected to a polymerization reaction to have a hollow portion surrounded by a shell containing a resin, and a hydrophobic solvent in the hollow portion.
- the precursor particles are formed by polymerizing the polymerizable monomers contained in the droplets of the monomer composition, and the shells of the precursor particles contain the polymer of the polymerizable monomers as a resin.
- the polymerization system There is no particular limitation on the polymerization system, and for example, a batch system (batch system), a semi-continuous system, a continuous system, or the like can be employed.
- the polymerization temperature is preferably 40-90°C, more preferably 50-80°C.
- the polymerization reaction time is preferably 1 to 48 hours, more preferably 1.5 to 36 hours.
- the shell portion of the droplet of the monomer composition containing the hydrophobic solvent inside is polymerized. A hollow is formed.
- Solvent removal step This step is a step of removing the hydrophobic solvent included in the precursor particles.
- low-temperature or short-time drying can remove the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles. This makes it possible to obtain hollow particles in which deterioration of the shell is suppressed.
- the solvent removal step in the present disclosure is, for example, in a precursor composition in which precursor particles are dispersed in an aqueous medium, the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles is removed without separating the precursor particles from the aqueous medium. It can be done by a method of removing.
- a method for removing the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles without separating the precursor particles from the aqueous medium for example, a slurry-like precursor composition containing the precursor particles and the aqueous medium
- a method of bubbling an inert gas can be mentioned.
- the temperature during bubbling may be 100° C. or lower, but from the viewpoint of suppressing deterioration of the shell, it is preferably 95° C. or lower, more preferably 90° C. or lower, even more preferably 75° C. or lower, and even more preferably. 50°C or less.
- the lower limit of the temperature during bubbling is not particularly limited, it is preferably 30° C. or higher, more preferably 40° C. or higher, from the viewpoint of sufficiently removing the hydrophobic solvent.
- the bubbling inert gas is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include nitrogen and argon.
- the bubbling conditions are appropriately adjusted according to the type of the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles, and are not particularly limited. You may From the viewpoint of suppressing deterioration of the shell, the bubbling time is preferably 90 hours or less, more preferably 80 hours or less.
- a slurry is obtained in which the hollow particles whose hollow portions are filled with the inert gas are dispersed in the aqueous medium.
- the solid-liquid separation method is not particularly limited, and known methods can be used. Examples thereof include a centrifugal separation method, a filtration method, and a static separation method. Hollow particles obtained by solid-liquid separation are preferably dried to remove the aqueous medium contained in the shell because the shell is in a wet state.
- the method for drying the shell is not particularly limited, and known methods such as reduced pressure drying, heat drying, flash drying, or a combination of these methods can be used.
- the temperature at which the shell is dried is preferably 150° C. or lower, more preferably 100° C. or lower from the viewpoint of suppressing deterioration of the shell, and is preferably 30° C. or higher from the viewpoint of sufficiently removing the aqueous medium. , more preferably 40° C. or higher.
- the drying time for drying the shell is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of sufficiently removing the aqueous medium contained in the shell while suppressing deterioration of the shell, it is preferably 1 to 15 hours.
- the solvent removal step in the present disclosure may be performed by performing solid-liquid separation of the precursor composition obtained by the polymerization step, and then removing the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles in air. This replaces the hydrophobic solvent inside the precursor particles with air, resulting in hollow particles filled with gas.
- the term "in air” as used herein refers to an environment in which no liquid exists outside the precursor particles, and a very small amount of liquid outside the precursor particles that does not affect the removal of the hydrophobic solvent. It means an environment in which only a liquid portion exists.
- “In air” can be rephrased as a state in which the precursor particles are not present in the slurry, and can be rephrased as a state in which the precursor particles are present in the dry powder. That is, the environment is such that the precursor particles are in direct contact with an external gas.
- the above-described solid-liquid separation method can be employed as a method for solid-liquid separation of the precursor composition obtained by the polymerization step.
- the method for removing the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles in air may be any method as long as it is carried out in a temperature environment of 50° C. or less.
- a known drying method such as a flash drying method or a combination of these methods can be used.
- the temperature during drying is preferably 150° C. or lower, more preferably 100° C. or lower from the viewpoint of suppressing deterioration of the shell, and preferably 30° C. or higher from the viewpoint of sufficiently removing the hydrophobic solvent. , more preferably 40° C. or higher.
- the drying atmosphere is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected depending on the use of the hollow particles. Air, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, etc. can be considered as the dry atmosphere, for example.
- hollow particles whose insides are temporarily vacuumed can also be obtained by once filling the insides of the hollow particles with gas and then drying them under reduced pressure. Due to the drying operation in air, the hydrophobic solvent inside the precursor particles is replaced by the external gas, resulting in hollow particles in which the hollow portion is filled with gas.
- a method for obtaining hollow particles in which the hollow portions are filled with gas by removing the hydrophobic solvent in the precursor particles in the air after solid-liquid separation of the slurry-like precursor composition In a slurry containing an aqueous medium, after removing the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles, solid-liquid separation is performed, and the hollow part is filled with gas by removing the aqueous medium in the hollow particles in the air.
- the former method has the advantage that the hollow particles are less likely to be crushed in the step of removing the hydrophobic solvent, and the latter method is achieved by bubbling with an inert gas. There is an advantage that the amount of residual hydrophobic solvent is reduced.
- a method for removing the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles in a low temperature environment of 50 ° C. or less under a predetermined pressure (under high pressure, normal pressure or reduced pressure), precursor particles and an aqueous medium a method of evaporating and distilling the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles in the slurry containing can be introduced to evaporate and distill off the hydrophobic solvent contained in the precursor particles.
- washing step an acid or an alkali is added to remove the dispersion stabilizer remaining in the precursor composition containing the precursor particles before the solvent removal step. It is a process to do.
- the dispersion stabilizer used is an acid-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer, it is preferable to wash by adding an acid to the precursor composition containing the precursor particles.
- is an inorganic dispersion stabilizer that is soluble in alkali it is preferable to add an alkali to the precursor composition containing the precursor particles for washing.
- the acid is added to the precursor composition containing the precursor particles, and the pH is adjusted to preferably 6.5 or less, more preferably 6.5. It is preferable to adjust as follows.
- inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, and organic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid can be used. , particularly sulfuric acid, are preferred.
- the particle interior replacement step is a step of replacing the gas or liquid inside the hollow particles with another gas or liquid.
- the environment inside the hollow particles can be changed, molecules can be selectively confined inside the hollow particles, and the chemical structure inside the hollow particles can be modified according to the application.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure when added to a molded body, have excellent effects as a weight reduction material, a heat insulating material, a soundproof material, a damping material, etc., and are therefore suitable as an additive for a molded body.
- it is suitably used as an additive for resin moldings.
- the molded article containing the hollow particles of the present disclosure includes resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyurethane, epoxy resins, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins, acrylonitrile-styrene (AS) resins, Poly(meth)acrylate, polycarbonate, polyamide, polyimide, polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, maleimide resin, bismaleimide triazine resin, liquid crystalline polyester resin, phenol resin, vinyl ester resin, unsaturated polyester resin, Thermoplastic resins such as cyanate ester resins, polyether ketone ketone resins, and polyether imide resins or thermosetting resins may be contained.
- resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyurethane, epoxy resins,
- a curing agent such as amines, acid anhydrides, imidazoles, or the like or a catalyst may be appropriately mixed depending on the type of resin.
- the molded article containing the hollow particles of the present disclosure may contain a thermoplastic elastomer as the resin.
- thermoplastic elastomer thermoplastic elastic polymers conventionally used as molding resins can be used. Examples include urethane-based elastomers, styrene-based elastomers, olefin-based elastomers, amide-based elastomers and ester-based elastomers. mentioned.
- thermoplastic elastomer generally exhibits rubber elasticity at room temperature (25° C.) and has the property of being plasticized and moldable at high temperatures.
- the molded body containing the hollow particles of the present disclosure is not limited to a resin molded body, and may be, for example, a rubber molded body, or may contain a mixture of resin and rubber.
- Molded articles containing hollow particles of the present disclosure include, for example, natural rubber (NR), isoprene rubber (IR), butadiene rubber (BR), styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer rubber.
- the molded article containing the hollow particles of the present disclosure may further contain organic or inorganic fibers such as carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, and polyethylene fibers.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure can be contained as a filler in molded bodies formed using resin or rubber, and molded bodies formed using resin or rubber and a material further containing fibers.
- inventions of the resin molded article or rubber molded article containing the hollow particles of the present disclosure include, for example, light reflecting materials, heat insulating materials, and sound insulating materials used in various fields such as automobiles, electricity, electronics, construction, aviation, and space.
- Materials and members such as low dielectric materials, food containers, sports shoes, footwear such as sandals, home appliance parts, bicycle parts, stationery, tools, filaments for 3D printers, and the like.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure are excellent in dielectric properties, they are also useful as an additive to insulating resin sheets used for manufacturing electronic components such as printed wiring boards.
- the insulating resin sheet containing the hollow particles of the present disclosure is prepared by mixing the above-described thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin, thermoplastic elastomer, or mixture thereof with the hollow particles of the present disclosure. , the composition can be coated on one or both sides of a sheet-like substrate and dried, extruded, or formed into a sheet by transfer or the like.
- the resin or elastomer contained in the insulating resin sheet has adhesive properties
- the insulating resin sheet can be used as an adhesive sheet, specifically, for example, as a bonding sheet.
- a bonding sheet is an insulating adhesive layer-forming material used for bonding a conductor layer and an organic insulating layer when manufacturing a multilayer printed wiring board.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure have a high porosity, are resistant to crushing, and have excellent heat resistance, so they satisfy the heat insulation and cushioning properties (cushion properties) required for undercoat materials, and are immediately suitable for thermal paper applications. It also satisfies the required heat resistance.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure are also useful as plastic pigments with excellent gloss, hiding power, and the like.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure can enclose useful ingredients such as fragrances, chemicals, agricultural chemicals, and ink ingredients inside by means of immersion treatment, reduced pressure or pressure immersion treatment, etc. Therefore, various It can be used for various purposes.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure are also suitable for use as a rust inhibitor.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure are also useful as an additive that reduces electrical conductivity. It can be used as a paint (paint base, lubricating paint, etc.).
- the hollow particles added to the antirust paint can contain an antirust additive.
- the resin composition of the present disclosure contains the hollow particles of the present disclosure and a resin (matrix resin).
- the resin composition of the present disclosure is usually used as a molding material for a resin molded body to be described later, and may be, for example, liquid or pellet, or prepreg.
- the liquid resin composition include those containing a liquid matrix resin before curing reaction, and those obtained by dissolving or dispersing each component in a solvent.
- the resin composition may be liquefied by melting the matrix resin.
- a prepreg is obtained, for example, by impregnating a substrate with a liquid resin composition and drying the substrate.
- the resin composition in the form of pellets include those obtained by melt-kneading a resin composition containing a thermoplastic matrix resin and hollow particles, and forming pellets by cooling and solidifying.
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure are those in which deterioration of performance such as pressure resistance due to deterioration of the shell is suppressed. Since the hollow particles of the present disclosure are excellent in pressure resistance, voids inside the hollow particles are easily maintained during kneading or mixing of the resin composition of the present disclosure and subsequent molding. Therefore, the resin molded article obtained from the resin composition of the present disclosure is excellent in lightness and heat insulation.
- the matrix resin contained in the resin composition of the present disclosure examples include the same resins as those used in the molded article containing the hollow particles of the present disclosure described above. A more detailed description is provided below.
- the matrix resin contained in the resin composition of the present disclosure may be, for example, a curable resin such as a thermosetting resin, a photocurable resin, a room temperature curable resin, or a thermoplastic resin.
- the matrix resin contained in the resin composition of the present disclosure may be an unreacted monomer, prepolymer or macromonomer, may be a polymer, or may be a cured resin such as polyamic acid. is not particularly limited.
- the matrix resin contained in the resin composition of the present disclosure functions as a binder (binding agent) by, for example, heating, light irradiation, or curing using a curing agent, a polymerization initiator, a catalyst, or the like.
- a binder binding agent
- thermosetting resin known ones can be used, and there is no particular limitation, but examples include phenol resin, melamine resin, urea resin, unsaturated polyester resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, silicon resin, alkyd resin, Thermosetting modified polyphenylene ether resin, thermosetting polyimide resin, benzoxazine resin, allyl resin, aniline resin, maleimide resin, bismaleimide triazine resin, liquid crystalline polyester resin, vinyl ester resin, cyanate ester resin, polyether ketone ketone resin , polyetherimide resins, and precursors of these resins before curing. These thermosetting resins can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- room temperature curable resins include adhesives such as epoxy adhesives, silicone adhesives, and acrylic adhesives, which can be cured at room temperature with the addition of a catalyst.
- thermoplastic resins include polyolefin resins, polyamide resins, polycarbonate resins, polyphenylene sulfide resins, polyetheretherketone resins, polystyrene resins, polyphenylene oxide resins, and liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs).
- thermoplastic resins include polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene; polyamides such as PA6, PA66 and PA12; polyimide, polyamideimide, polyetherimide, polyetherketoneketone, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, poly(meth)acrylate, Polycarbonate, polyvinylidene fluoride, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) resin, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer (AS), polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, thermoplastic elastomer and the like can be mentioned.
- thermoplastic resins can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- These matrix resins can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the matrix resin contained in the resin composition of the present disclosure is appropriately selected according to the application, and is not particularly limited.
- Examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane resins, epoxy resins, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins. , poly(meth)acrylate, polycarbonate, polyamide, polyimide, polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, maleimide resin, bismaleimide triazine resin, liquid crystalline polyester resin, phenol resin, vinyl ester resin, unsaturated polyester resin , cyanate ester resin, polyetherketoneketone resin, and polyetherimide resin.
- the content of the matrix resin in the resin composition of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, it is preferably 50 to 95 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the solid content of the resin composition.
- the content of the matrix resin is at least the above lower limit, the moldability of the resin molded article is excellent, and the mechanical strength of the resulting resin molded article is excellent.
- the content of the matrix resin is equal to or less than the above upper limit, the hollow particles of the present disclosure can be sufficiently contained, so that the effects of the hollow particles of the present disclosure, such as weight reduction and heat insulation, can be sufficiently exhibited. can be made
- the resin composition of the present disclosure may further contain additives such as curing agents, curing catalysts, or initiators for advancing the curing reaction.
- additives such as curing agents, curing catalysts, or initiators for advancing the curing reaction.
- curing agents such as curing agents, curing catalysts, or initiators for advancing the curing reaction.
- Curing agents for epoxy resins include, for example, amines, acid anhydrides, imidazoles, thiols, phenols, naphthols, benzoxazines, cyanate esters, and carbodiimides.
- the content of the curing agent is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 5 to 120 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the matrix resin.
- the content of the hollow particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 to 30 parts by mass, more preferably 10 to 30 parts by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the matrix resin. preferable.
- the content of the hollow particles is equal to or more than the above lower limit, the effects of the hollow particles of the present disclosure, such as weight reduction and heat insulation, can be sufficiently exhibited.
- the matrix resin can be sufficiently contained, so that moldability and mechanical strength can be improved.
- the resin composition of the present disclosure may further contain reinforcing fibers.
- reinforcing fibers include organic or inorganic fibers such as carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, polyethylene fibers, and cellulose nanofibers. Among them, at least one selected from carbon fiber and glass fiber is preferable as the reinforcing fiber.
- the reinforcing fibers contained in the resin composition of the present disclosure may be used as a prepreg base material, or may be contained as a filler.
- the content of the reinforcing fibers is preferably 5 parts by mass or more, more preferably 10 parts by mass, as a lower limit with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of the hollow particles and the matrix resin.
- the upper limit is preferably 200 parts by mass or less, more preferably 150 parts by mass or less.
- the content of the reinforcing fibers is at least the above lower limit, the strength improving effect of the reinforcing fibers is excellent.
- the content of the reinforcing fibers is equal to or less than the above upper limit, the matrix resin and the hollow particles can be sufficiently contained, so that the moldability, the light weight, and the heat insulating properties can be improved.
- the resin composition of the present disclosure may further contain a solvent.
- a well-known solvent can be used, and is appropriately selected according to the type of the matrix resin.
- the solid content concentration of the resin composition of the present disclosure is preferably 10 to 90% by mass.
- the resin composition of the present disclosure contains, if necessary, a curing accelerator, a filler, a coupling agent, a low stress agent, an antifoaming agent, a leveling agent, an ultraviolet absorber, a foaming agent, as long as the effects of the present disclosure are not impaired. Additives such as antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, colorants, heat stabilizers, fillers and flame retardants may be further contained.
- the resin composition of the present disclosure is obtained, for example, by mixing the hollow particles of the present disclosure, a matrix resin, and other components added as necessary.
- the mixing method is not particularly limited, and methods using known mixing devices such as planetary mixers, ball mills, bead mills, planetary mixers, and roll mills can be employed.
- the resin composition of the present disclosure obtained using such a mixing device is usually a liquid resin composition (resin varnish).
- the matrix resin is a thermoplastic resin
- the hollow particles of the present disclosure and other optional components are added to the melted matrix resin (thermoplastic resin) and melt-kneaded. may obtain the resin composition of the present disclosure.
- a base material is impregnated with a resin varnish obtained by mixing the hollow particles of the present disclosure, a matrix resin, and other components that are added as necessary, and dried to form a prepreg.
- the base material include inorganic fibers such as carbon fiber, glass fiber, metal fiber and ceramic fiber, and organic synthetic fibers such as polyamide fiber, polyester fiber, polyolefin fiber and novoloid fiber. Among them, glass fiber (glass cloth) is preferable.
- the form of the substrate is not limited, and a woven fabric, a non-woven fabric, or the like can be used.
- Resin molded article of the present disclosure is a resin molded article obtained from the resin composition of the present disclosure described above.
- a method for obtaining a resin molding from the resin composition of the present disclosure is appropriately selected from known methods according to the type of matrix resin contained in the resin composition, the form of the resin composition, and the like, and is not particularly limited.
- the resin composition of the present disclosure is a varnish
- the resin composition can be applied to a support, and if necessary, dried and cured to obtain a resin molding.
- the material of the support include resins such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate; and metals such as copper, aluminum, nickel, chromium, gold and silver. These supports may be coated with a release agent on the surface.
- a method for applying the resin composition a known method can be used, and examples thereof include dip coating, roll coating, curtain coating, die coating, slit coating, gravure coating and the like.
- the resin composition contains a solvent, it is preferable to dry the resin composition after the application.
- the drying temperature is preferably a temperature at which the matrix resin is not cured, and is usually 20° C. or higher and 200° C. or lower, preferably 30° C. or higher and 150° C. or lower.
- the drying time is usually 30 seconds or more and 1 hour or less, preferably 1 minute or more and 30 minutes or less.
- the curing reaction of the resin composition is carried out according to the type of matrix resin, and is not particularly limited. When a matrix resin that is cured by heating is included, the heating temperature for the curing reaction is appropriately adjusted according to the type of resin, and is not particularly limited, but is usually 30° C. or higher and 400° C. or lower, preferably 70° C. or higher. 300° C. or lower, more preferably 100° C. or higher and 200° C. or lower.
- the curing time is 5 minutes or more and 5 hours or less, preferably 30 minutes or more and 3 hours or less.
- the heating method is not particularly limited, and may be performed using, for example, an electric oven.
- the liquid matrix resin before the curing reaction and the matrix resin dissolved or dispersed in the solvent may be a thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin.
- the prepreg is dried and cured to obtain a resin molding.
- Preferred conditions for drying and curing the prepreg are the same as the preferred conditions for drying and curing the resin composition described above.
- the resin composition of the present disclosure is a resin composition such as a pellet containing a thermoplastic matrix resin
- the resin composition is melt-kneaded, and further extrusion molding, injection molding, press molding, compression
- the resin molded article of the present disclosure can be obtained by molding into a desired shape by a known molding method such as molding.
- the temperature during melt-kneading is not particularly limited as long as it is a temperature at which the thermoplastic resin to be used can be melted.
- the kneading can be performed by a known method, and is not particularly limited, but can be performed using a kneading device such as a single-screw kneader or a twin-screw kneader.
- the shape of the resin molded article of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and can be various moldable shapes, such as sheet-like, film-like, plate-like, tube-like, and other various three-dimensional shapes. It can be of any shape.
- Examples of applications of the resin composition and resin molded article of the present disclosure include, among the applications of the hollow particles of the present disclosure described above, applications in which the resin composition or resin molded article can be used. Since the resin composition and the resin molded article of the present disclosure are excellent in lightness and heat insulation, for example, in various fields such as automobiles, electricity, electronics, construction, aviation, and space, members and heat insulation materials that require lightness are used. etc. is suitably used.
- Example 1 (1) Mixed Solution Preparation Step First, the following materials were mixed to form an oil phase. Divinylbenzene 37.15 parts Ethylvinylbenzene 1.55 parts t-butyl peroxydiethyl acetate (oil-soluble polymerization initiator) 0.89 parts Hydrophobic solvent: heptane 61.3 parts On the other hand, in a stirring tank, at room temperature , an aqueous solution obtained by dissolving 19.59 parts of magnesium chloride (water-soluble polyvalent metal salt) in 225 parts of ion-exchanged water, and an aqueous solution obtained by dissolving 13.72 parts of sodium hydroxide (alkali metal hydroxide) in 55 parts of ion-exchanged water.
- magnesium chloride water-soluble polyvalent metal salt
- sodium hydroxide alkali metal hydroxide
- magnesium hydroxide colloid (sparingly water-soluble metal hydroxide colloid) dispersion (4 parts of magnesium hydroxide) as an aqueous phase.
- a mixture was prepared by mixing the obtained aqueous phase and oil phase.
- Example 2 In Example 1, in the above “(1) mixed solution preparation step", the amount of magnesium chloride added was changed to 7.59 parts, and the amount of sodium hydroxide added was changed to 5.49 parts. Hollow particles of Example 2 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 3 In Example 1, the type and amount of the polymerizable monomer added and the type and amount of the hydrophobic solvent added were changed according to Table 1 in the above "(1) mixture preparation step", and Examples 3, 8, In 9, the procedure of Examples 3 to 10 was the same as in Example 1, except that the amount of magnesium chloride added was changed to 7.59 parts and the amount of sodium hydroxide added was changed to 5.49 parts. of hollow particles were obtained.
- Example 1 the type and amount of the polymerizable monomer added and the type and amount of the hydrophobic solvent added were changed according to Table 1 in the above "(1) Mixed solution preparation step”, and the above “(4) Washing and solvent removal step”, except that the hollow particles were further dried by heat treatment for 12 hours under vacuum conditions of 200 ° C. in a vacuum dryer, in the same procedure as in Example 1, Comparative Examples 1 to 4. of hollow particles were obtained.
- volume average Particle Size of Hollow Particles The volume average particle size of hollow particles was measured using a particle size distribution analyzer (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, product name: Multisizer 4e). The measurement conditions were as follows: aperture diameter: 50 ⁇ m, dispersion medium: Isoton II (product name), concentration: 10%, number of measured particles: 100,000. Specifically, 0.2 g of a particle sample was placed in a beaker, and an aqueous surfactant solution (manufactured by Fuji Film Co., Ltd., product name: Drywell) was added therein as a dispersant.
- aqueous surfactant solution manufactured by Fuji Film Co., Ltd., product name: Drywell
- BET specific surface area SA The BET specific surface area of the hollow particles was measured by the nitrogen adsorption method (BET method) using a fully automatic BET specific surface area measuring device (manufactured by Mountech, product name: Macsorb HM model-1208).
- SA (m)/SA (t) The ratio (SA(m)/SA(t)) was obtained from the theoretical BET specific surface area SA(t) and the measured BET specific surface area SA(m) of the hollow particles.
- Amount of Residual Solvent In the measurement of the amount of residual solvent, hollow particles dried at a low temperature were prepared as measurement samples in both Examples and Comparative Examples. The amount of residual solvent in each measurement sample was measured by the following method. About 100 mg of a measurement sample (hollow particles) was placed in a 30 mL screw-capped glass bottle and accurately weighed. Subsequently, about 10 g of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was added and accurately weighed. The mixture in the vial was stirred with a stirrer for 1 hour to extract the hydrophobic solvent contained in the hollow particles.
- THF tetrahydrofuran
- a filter manufactured by Advantech, product name: Membrane Filter 25JP020AN was attached to the syringe to obtain a sample solution from which the precipitate was filtered. Ta.
- the sample liquid was injected into gas chromatography (GC) for analysis.
- GC gas chromatography
- the amount of residual solvent per unit mass (mass ppm) contained in the hollow particles was obtained from the peak area of GC and the calibration curve prepared in advance.
- Detailed analysis conditions are as follows.
- the obtained pellets of the resin composition are dried by heating at 80° C. for 6 hours, and then injection molded using a hot press under the following molding conditions to form a 30 mm diameter, 5 mm thick pellet. got a body
- void residual ratio ⁇ (c-a) / (c-b) ⁇ ⁇ 100 formula (C)
- the specific gravity a of the molding after injection molding was measured according to JIS K 7112 by a water substitution method.
- the specific gravity b of the molded body assuming that the voids were maintained was calculated by the following formula (D).
- RA is the added amount of the thermoplastic resin
- RG is the specific gravity of the thermoplastic resin
- D0 is the true density of the hollow particles
- PA is the added amount of the hollow particles
- PV is the hollow particles. represents the porosity (%) of each.
- the pressure resistance of the hollow particles was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria based on the residual void ratio of the hollow particles in the molded article after injection molding. (Pressure resistance evaluation criteria) A: The residual void ratio is 90% or more B: The residual void ratio is 60% or more and less than 90% C: The residual void ratio is 20% or more and less than 60% D: The residual void ratio is less than 20%
- Table 1 shows the amount of each material added (parts by mass) and the results of each measurement or evaluation.
- the hollow particles obtained in each example and each comparative example were confirmed to be spherical hollow particles having only one hollow portion from the results of scanning electron microscope observation and porosity values. .
- the number ratio of particles having only one hollow portion was 90% or more in each example.
- the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.85 or less was 10% by mass or less in any of the examples.
- the HSP distance between the crosslinkable monomer and the hydrophobic solvent used was within the range of 5.46 to 7.46.
- the hollow particles obtained in Comparative Examples 1 to 4 have SA(m)/SA(t) of less than 3.0, and the hydrophobic solvent contained in the particles can be sufficiently removed by drying at a low temperature. I could't do it. This is evident from the large amount of hydrophobic solvent remaining in the hollow particles after low-temperature drying and the low porosity of the hollow particles after low-temperature drying. It is presumed that in Comparative Examples 1 to 4, hollow particles having SA(m)/SA(t) of 3.0 or more were not obtained because a hydrocarbon monomer was not used as the polymerizable monomer. . In Comparative Examples 1 to 4, the hydrophobic solvent in the hollow particles could be sufficiently removed by drying at 200°C.
- the hollow particles obtained in each example had SA(m)/SA(t) of 3.0 or more, the hydrophobic solvent contained in the particles was sufficiently removed by drying at a low temperature. We were able to. This is because the amount of residual hydrophobic solvent remaining in the hollow particles after low-temperature drying is small, and the porosity of the hollow particles after low-temperature drying and the porosity of the hollow particles after high-temperature drying are equivalent values. It is clear from the fact that In addition, the hollow particles obtained in each example were excellent in pressure resistance and dielectric properties.
- the hollow particles obtained in Examples 1 to 4, 7 and 10 had a high content of crosslinkable hydrocarbon monomer units in the shell, and therefore had excellent dielectric properties.
- the polymer in the shell contained a combination of a bifunctional crosslinkable monomer unit and a trifunctional or higher crosslinkable monomer unit. was of good character.
- Example 11 100 parts of polypropylene (PP) (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, product name: MA1B, specific gravity: 0.90 g/cm 3 ) and 25 parts of the hollow particles obtained in Example 5 were mixed in a blender. Next, the resulting mixture was kneaded under the following kneading conditions using a twin-screw kneader (manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd., product name: TEM-35B), extruded, and pelletized to obtain a resin composition in the form of pellets.
- ⁇ Kneading conditions> Screw diameter: 37 mm, L/D 32 Screw rotation speed: 250 rpm Resin temperature: 190°C Feed rate: 20 kg/hour
- the obtained pellets were dried by heating at 80° C. for 6 hours, and then compression molded under the following conditions using a hot press to obtain a sheet-like resin molding of 200 mm square and 2 mm thick.
- Example 12-13 Pellet-shaped resin compositions and sheet-shaped resin moldings of Examples 12 and 13 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the addition amount of the hollow particles was changed according to Table 2. .
- Example 14 Comparative Example 5
- Pellet-shaped resin compositions and sheet-shaped resin moldings of Example 14 and Comparative Example 5 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the type of hollow particles was changed according to Table 2. Ta.
- Reference example 1 A pellet-shaped resin composition and a sheet-shaped resin molding of Reference Example 1 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the hollow particles were not added.
- Example 15 Epoxy resin (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, product name: jER (registered trademark) 825, specific gravity: 1.20 g/cm 3 ) 100 parts and 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (manufactured by Shikoku Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.) 4 parts And 25 parts of the hollow particles obtained in Example 5 are dispersed at room temperature (25 ° C.) with a planetary stirrer (manufactured by Kurashiki Boseki Co., Ltd., product name: KK-250S) at a rotation of 1600 rpm and a revolution of 1600 rpm for 5 minutes. After that, degassing was performed for 1 minute at a revolution of 1700 rpm to obtain a varnish-like resin composition.
- a planetary stirrer manufactured by Kurashiki Boseki Co., Ltd., product name: KK-250S
- the obtained varnish was poured into a mold and heat-cured at 200°C to obtain a sheet-shaped resin molded body measuring 200 mm square and 2 mm thick.
- Comparative Example 6 A pellet-shaped resin composition and a sheet-shaped resin molding of Comparative Example 6 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 15, except that the type of hollow particles was changed according to Table 2.
- Example 16 A varnish-like resin composition was obtained in the same manner as in Example 15. 30 mL of the obtained varnish was applied to a carbon fiber (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, product name: TR3110MS, thickness: 200 ⁇ m, basis weight: 200 g/m 2 ) cut to 300 mm ⁇ 200 mm. A prepreg was obtained by hanging the carbon fiber coated with the above varnish, removing the excess varnish by its own weight, and drying it naturally (air drying).
- a carbon fiber manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, product name: TR3110MS, thickness: 200 ⁇ m, basis weight: 200 g/m 2
- the obtained prepreg was cured in a hot air circulating oven at 150°C for 120 minutes to obtain a resin molding.
- Comparative Example 7 A pellet-shaped resin composition and a sheet-shaped resin molding of Comparative Example 7 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 16, except that the type of hollow particles was changed according to Table 2.
- Example 17 A varnish-like resin composition was obtained in the same manner as in Example 15. 30 mL of the obtained varnish was applied to a glass fiber cut to 300 mm ⁇ 200 mm (manufactured by Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd., product name: NE glass). A prepreg was obtained by hanging the glass fiber coated with the above varnish, removing the excess varnish by its own weight, and drying it naturally (air drying).
- the obtained prepreg was cured in a hot air circulating oven at 150°C for 120 minutes to obtain a resin molding.
- Example 18 Comparative Example 8
- Example 17 except that the type of hollow particles was changed according to Table 2, in the same manner as in Example 17, pellet-shaped resin compositions and sheet-shaped resin moldings of Example 18 and Comparative Example 8 were obtained. Ta.
- Reference Example 4 A pellet-shaped resin composition and a sheet-shaped resin molding of Reference Example 4 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 17, except that the hollow particles were not added.
- Example 19 100 parts of polyphenylene ether (PPE) (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation, product name: XYRON 200H, specific gravity: 1.05 g/cm 3 ) and 25 parts of the hollow particles obtained in Example 5 were mixed in a blender. Next, the resulting mixture was kneaded under the following kneading conditions using a twin-screw kneader (manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd., product name: TEM-35B), extruded, and pelletized to obtain a resin composition in the form of pellets.
- ⁇ Kneading conditions> Screw diameter: 37 mm, L/D 32 Screw rotation speed: 250 rpm Resin temperature: 250°C Feed rate: 20 kg/hour
- the obtained pellets were dried by heating at 80° C. for 6 hours, and then compression-molded under the following conditions using a hot press to obtain a sheet-like resin molding of 200 mm square and 2 mm thick.
- Example 20 Comparative Example 9
- pellet-shaped resin compositions and sheet-shaped resin moldings of Example 20 and Comparative Example 9 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 19, except that the type of hollow particles was changed according to Table 2. Ta.
- Reference Example 5 A pellet-shaped resin composition and a sheet-shaped resin molding of Reference Example 5 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 19, except that the hollow particles were not added.
- Example 21 100 parts of a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) (manufactured by Ueno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., product name: 2125G, specific gravity of 1.62 g/cm 3 ) and 25 parts of the hollow particles obtained in Example 5 were mixed in a blender. Next, the resulting mixture was kneaded under the following kneading conditions using a twin-screw kneader (manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd., product name: TEM-35B), extruded, and pelletized to obtain a resin composition in the form of pellets.
- ⁇ Kneading conditions> Screw diameter: 37 mm, L/D 32 Screw rotation speed: 250 rpm Resin temperature: 350°C Feed rate: 20 kg/hour
- the obtained pellets were dried by heating at 80° C. for 6 hours, and then compression molded under the following conditions using a hot press to obtain a sheet-like resin molding of 200 mm square and 2 mm thick.
- Comparative Example 10 A pellet-shaped resin composition and a sheet-shaped resin molding of Comparative Example 10 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 21, except that the type of hollow particles was changed according to Table 2.
- Example 22 100 parts of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) (manufactured by Teijin Limited, product name: E2000TJ, specific gravity: 1.35 g/cm 3 ) and 25 parts of the hollow particles obtained in Example 5 were mixed in a blender. Next, the resulting mixture was kneaded under the following kneading conditions using a twin-screw kneader (manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd., product name: TEM-35B), extruded and pelletized to obtain a resin composition in the form of pellets.
- ⁇ Kneading conditions> Screw diameter: 37 mm, L/D 32 Screw rotation speed: 250 rpm Resin temperature: 300°C Feed rate: 20 kg/hour
- the obtained pellets were dried by heating at 80° C. for 6 hours, and then compression molded under the following conditions using a hot press to obtain a sheet-like resin molding of 200 mm square and 2 mm thick.
- Comparative Example 11 A pellet-shaped resin composition and a sheet-shaped resin molding of Comparative Example 11 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 22, except that the type of hollow particles was changed according to Table 2.
- Reference Example 7 A pellet-shaped resin composition and a sheet-shaped resin molding of Reference Example 7 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 22, except that the hollow particles were not added.
- Example 23 100 parts of an unsaturated polyester (unsaturated PES) precursor (manufactured by Resonac Co., Ltd., product name: Rigorac 158BQT) and 25 parts of the hollow particles obtained in Example 5 were mixed at room temperature (25 ° C.) with a planetary stirrer. (manufactured by Kurashiki Boseki Co., Ltd., product name: KK-250S), after dispersing for 5 minutes at 1600 rpm of rotation and 1600 rpm of revolution, defoaming at 1700 rpm of revolution for 1 minute to obtain a varnish-like resin composition. .
- unsaturated polyester (unsaturated PES) precursor manufactured by Resonac Co., Ltd., product name: Rigorac 158BQT
- 25 parts of the hollow particles obtained in Example 5 were mixed at room temperature (25 ° C.) with a planetary stirrer. (manufactured by Kurashiki Boseki Co., Ltd., product name:
- the obtained varnish was poured into a mold and heat-cured at 200°C to obtain a sheet-shaped resin molded body measuring 200 mm square and 2 mm thick.
- Example 24, Comparative Example 12 In Example 23, except that the type of hollow particles was changed according to Table 2, in the same manner as in Example 23, pellet-shaped resin compositions and sheet-shaped resin moldings of Example 24 and Comparative Example 12 were obtained. Ta.
- Reference Example 8 A pellet-shaped resin composition and a sheet-shaped resin molding of Reference Example 8 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 23, except that the hollow particles were not added.
- Weight Reduction Ratio Using a sample of 10 mm square and 2 mm thickness cut out from the resin molded body, the specific gravity was measured by the underwater substitution method in accordance with JIS K 7112:1999. The specific gravity (SG 1 ) of the resin moldings obtained in Examples or Comparative Examples and the specific gravity (SG 0 ), the weight reduction rate (%) was calculated by the following formula (1).
- Formula (1): Weight reduction rate (%) ⁇ (SG 0 ⁇ SG 1 )/SG 0 ⁇ 100
- the lightness of the resin molding was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria. (Lightness evaluation standard) A: The weight reduction rate is 15% or more B: The weight reduction rate is 10% or more and less than 15% C: The weight reduction rate is 5% or more and less than 10% D: The weight reduction rate is less than 5%
- Thermal Conductivity A sample of 100 mm ⁇ 50 mm and 2 mm thick was cut from the resin molded body, and the thermal conductivity (mW/mK) was measured by the flat plate heat flow meter method according to JIS A1412-2.
- Thermal conductivity decrease rate (%) ⁇ (TC 0 ⁇ TC 1 )/TC 0 ⁇ 100 Based on the rate of decrease in thermal conductivity, the heat insulating properties of the resin molding were evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria.
- Heat insulation evaluation criteria A: Thermal conductivity reduction rate is 30% or more
- the content of reinforcing fibers shown in Table 2 is the content of reinforcing fibers with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of the hollow particles and the matrix resin.
- Example 14 (hollow particles obtained in Example 4) have better pressure resistance than the hollow particles used in Example 13 (hollow particles obtained in Example 5). Therefore, it is presumed that the voids inside the hollow particles were more likely to be maintained in the resin molded product of Example 14. From the results of Example 16, Comparative Example 7, and Reference Example 3, and the results of Examples 17, 18, Comparative Example 8, and Reference Example 4, even when the resin composition contains reinforcing fibers, the hollow structure of the present disclosure It was shown that the particles have the effect of improving lightness and heat insulation.
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Abstract
Description
特許文献2には、ビニル系モノマー単位及びリン酸エステル系モノマー単位を含む重合体からなり、体積平均粒子径が0.5~1000μmである中空重合体粒子が開示されている。
更に、本開示の課題は、当該中空粒子を含有することにより、軽量性及び断熱性が向上した樹脂組成物及び樹脂成形体を提供することを目的とする。
体積平均粒子径Dvが1.0μm以上30.0μm以下であり、
粒子内部に前記中空部を1つのみ有し、
見かけ密度D1及び体積平均粒子径Dvから算出される理論BET比表面積SA(t)に対する、実測BET比表面積SA(m)の比(SA(m)/SA(t))が3.0以上である、中空粒子を提供する。
更に本開示は、前記本開示の樹脂組成物から得られる、樹脂成形体を提供する。
更に本開示は、当該中空粒子を含有することにより、軽量性及び断熱性が向上した樹脂組成物及び樹脂成形体を提供する。
また、本開示において、(メタ)アクリレートとは、アクリレート及びメタクリレートの各々を表し、(メタ)アクリルとは、アクリル及びメタクリルの各々を表し、(メタ)アクリロイルとは、アクリロイル及びメタクリロイルの各々を表す。
また、本開示において、重合性単量体とは、付加重合が可能な官能基(本開示において、単に重合性官能基と称する場合がある)を有する化合物である。本開示において、重合性単量体としては、付加重合が可能な官能基としてエチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物が一般に用いられる。
本開示においては、重合性官能基を1つだけ有する重合性単量体を非架橋性単量体と称し、重合性官能基を2つ以上有する重合性単量体を架橋性単量体と称する。架橋性単量体は、重合反応により樹脂中に架橋結合を形成する重合性単量体である。
本開示の中空粒子は、樹脂を含むシェルおよび当該シェルに取り囲まれた中空部を備える中空粒子であって、
体積平均粒子径Dvが1.0μm以上30.0μm以下であり、
粒子内部に前記中空部を1つのみ有し、
見かけ密度D1及び体積平均粒子径Dvから算出される理論BET比表面積SA(t)に対する、実測BET比表面積SA(m)の比(SA(m)/SA(t))が3.0以上であることを特徴とする。
本開示において、中空部は、樹脂材料により形成される中空粒子のシェルから明確に区別される空洞状の空間である。中空粒子のシェルは多孔質構造を有していても良いが、その場合には、中空部は、多孔質構造内に均一に分散された多数の微小な空間とは明確に区別できる大きさを有している。
中空粒子が有する中空部は、例えば、粒子断面のSEM観察等により、又は粒子をそのままTEM観察等することにより確認することができる。
また、本開示の中空粒子が有する中空部は、空気等の気体で満たされていてもよいし、真空又は減圧状態であってもよいし、溶剤を含有していてもよい。本開示の中空粒子を添加剤等として使用する際には、中空粒子による軽量化等の効果を得る点から、中空部は気体で満たされていることが好ましい。
これに対し、本開示の中空粒子は、理論BET比表面積SA(t)に対する、実測BET比表面積SA(m)の比(SA(m)/SA(t))が3.0以上であることにより、例えば100℃以下、好ましくは50℃以下の低温下のようなシェルを劣化させない条件であっても、粒子内の疎水性溶剤を容易に除去することができる。SA(m)/SA(t)は、シェルの多孔度の指標とすることができ、SA(m)/SA(t)の値が大きいほど、シェルには微細な細孔が多く存在する。本開示の中空粒子は、SA(m)/SA(t)が3.0以上であることにより、シェルの多孔度が十分に高く、疎水性溶剤がシェルを容易に透過できるため、低温下での乾燥であっても、粒子内の疎水性溶剤を容易に除去することができる。本開示の中空粒子においては、製造プロセスで粒子に内包させた疎水性溶剤を、シェルを劣化させない条件下で容易に除去することができるため、シェルの劣化が抑制された、疎水性溶剤の残留量が少ない中空粒子とすることができる。
特許文献1には、中空粒子の理論比表面積に対するBET比表面積の比が2.5より大きい場合は所望の特性(光散乱性、断熱性、光反射性等)が得られないことがあると記載されている。しかし、平均粒子径が10~150nmである特許文献1の中空粒子に対し、本開示の中空粒子は、体積平均粒子径が1.0μm以上30.0μm以下であり、粒径が大きく異なる。本開示の中空粒子は、体積平均粒子径が1.0μm以上30.0μm以下であることから十分なシェル厚を有するため、SA(m)/SA(t)が3.0以上であっても、各種成形体に添加された場合の軽量化等の効果に優れる。
また、特許文献2には、SA(m)/SA(t)が3.0以上の多孔質粒子が開示されている。しかし、多孔質粒子は、粒子内に中空部を1つのみ有する中空粒子に比べ、硬化性樹脂等の成形体に添加した場合に、粒子内に樹脂等が侵入しやすく、粒子内の空気層の割合が低下してしまうため、粒子添加による低誘電化、断熱化、軽量化等の効果が十分に得られないという問題がある。中空粒子内の空気層の割合が小さいほど、比誘電率及び誘電正接は高くなり、熱伝導率は高くなり、比重は大きくなるからである。本開示の中空粒子は、粒子内に中空部を1つのみ有するため、上記の多孔質粒子の問題も解消されたものである。
なお、本開示において、誘電特性が良好であるとは、比誘電率及び誘電正接が低いことを意味し、比誘電率及び誘電正接が低いほど、誘電特性が良好であるとする。
SA(t)=6/(Dv×D1) 式(A)
中空粒子の見かけ密度D1及び体積平均粒子径Dvの求め方については、後で詳細に説明する。
本開示において、中空粒子の実測BET比表面積SA(m)は、BET比表面積測定装置(例えば、マウンテック社製、製品名:Macsorb HM model-1208等)を用いて、窒素吸着法(BET法)により測定される。シェルに存在する微細な細孔が多いほど、窒素ガスがシェルを透過しやすくなることで、理論BET比表面積SA(t)に対する実測BET比表面積SA(m)の比が大きくなる。
SA(m)/SA(t)が上記範囲内である中空粒子は、例えば、中空粒子の製造に用いる重合性単量体及び疎水性溶剤の種類を適切に選択し、更に中空粒子の空隙率を50%以上とすることにより得ることができる。具体的には、後述する本開示の中空粒子の製造方法において、好ましい重合性単量体と疎水性溶剤の組み合わせを用いて、空隙率が50%以上となるように疎水性溶剤の添加量を調節することが有効である。
本開示の中空粒子の実測BET比表面積SA(m)は、特に限定はされないが、好ましくは2.00以上、より好ましくは5.00以上であり、一方、好ましくは500以下、より好ましくは400以下である。
中空粒子の空隙率の上限は、特に限定はされないが、中空粒子の耐圧性の低下を抑制する点から、好ましくは90%以下、より好ましくは85%以下、更に好ましくは80%以下である。
中空粒子の見かけ密度D1の測定法は以下の通りである。まず、容量100cm3のメスフラスコに約30cm3の中空粒子を充填し、充填した中空粒子の質量を精確に秤量する。次に、中空粒子が充填されたメスフラスコに、気泡が入らないように注意しながら、イソプロパノールを標線まで精確に満たす。メスフラスコに加えたイソプロパノールの質量を精確に秤量し、下記式(I)に基づき、中空粒子の見かけ密度D1(g/cm3)を計算する。
式(I):
見かけ密度D1=[中空粒子の質量]/(100-[イソプロパノールの質量]/[測定温度におけるイソプロパノールの比重])
見かけ密度D1は、中空部が中空粒子の一部であるとみなした場合の、中空粒子全体の比重に相当する。
式(II):
真密度D0=[中空粒子の粉砕片の質量]/(100-[イソプロパノールの質量]/[測定温度におけるイソプロパノールの比重])
真密度D0は、中空粒子のうちシェル部分のみの比重に相当する。上記測定方法から明らかなように、真密度D0の算出に当たっては、中空部は中空粒子の一部とはみなされない。
式(III):
空隙率(%)=100-(見かけ密度D1/真密度D0)×100
なお、本開示の中空粒子の粒径は、例えば、重合性単量体と疎水性溶剤の合計質量に対する分散安定剤の含有量等により調節することができる。
中空粒子の体積平均粒子径(Dv)及び個数平均粒径(Dn)は、例えば、粒度分布測定装置により中空粒子の粒径を測定し、その個数平均及び体積平均をそれぞれ算出し、得られた値をその粒子の個数平均粒径(Dn)及び体積平均粒子径(Dv)とすることができる。粒度分布は、体積平均粒子径を個数平均粒径で除した値とする。
本開示の中空粒子の形状のイメージの一例は、薄い皮膜からなりかつ気体で膨らんだ袋であり、その断面図は後述する図1の(4)中の中空粒子10の通りである。
なお、粒子形状は、例えば、SEMやTEMにより確認することができる。
本開示の中空粒子は、不純物として、粒子の割れや変形等が生じた円形度の低い粒子を少量含んでいてもよいが、本開示の中空粒子100質量%中、円形度が0.85以下の粒子の割合は、好ましくは10質量%以下、より好ましくは7質量%以下、更に好ましくは5質量%以下、より更に好ましくは4質量%以下、特に好ましくは3質量%以下である。
円形度は、粒子の投影像と同じ面積を有する円の直径(円面積相当径)を、粒子の投影像と同じ周囲長を有する円の直径(周長円相当径)で除した値として定義される。粒子が完全な球体である場合に円形度は1となり、粒子の表面形状が複雑になるほど円形度は小さな値となる。
本開示において、円形度は、フロー式粒子像測定装置を用いて、画像分解能0.185μm/ピクセルで計測される。
フロー式粒子像測定装置としては、例えば、ジャスコインタナショナル(株)製の製品名「IF-3200」を好ましく用いることができる。測定サンプルは、例えば、0.10~0.12gの中空粒子を、直鎖アルキルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウムの水溶液(濃度0.3%)に入れた混合液を、超音波洗浄機で5分間分散処置することにより調製される。
平均円形度は、任意に選択された1000~3000個の粒子での円形度の平均値とする。
本開示において、中空粒子の熱分解開始温度は、5%重量減少したときの温度で、TG-DTA装置により、空気雰囲気下で、空気流量230mL/分、昇温速度10℃/分の条件下で測定できる。
炭化水素単量体単位を10質量部以上の割合で含む重合体は、懸濁重合法で合成した場合に微細に析出しやすいため、当該重合体を含有するシェルは、微細な重合体粒子が連なって形成される。そのため、炭化水素単量体単位を10質量部以上の割合で含む重合体を含有するシェルは、比重が低減され、ガス透過性が上がるため、中空粒子のSA(m)/SA(t)が3.0以上になりやすいと推定される。
中空粒子のSA(m)/SA(t)を3.0以上にする観点からは、炭化水素単量体単位の含有量、又は低比重炭化水素単量体単位の含有量が、全単量体単位100質量部中に、10質量部以上100質量部以下であってよい。
なお、本開示において、炭化水素単量体とは、炭素と水素からなる重合性単量体であり、炭素と水素からなる架橋性単量体を架橋性炭化水素単量体と称し、炭素と水素からなる非架橋性単量体を非架橋性炭化水素単量体と称する。
また、SA(m)/SA(t)が3.0以上であり、且つ中空部を1つのみ有する中空粒子を得る観点からは、上記重合体は、リン酸エステル基等の官能基を含む単量体単位の含有量が、重合性単量体単位100質量部中に、好ましくは0.1質量%以下であり、含有しないことがより好ましい。上記官能基量が多いと、中空粒子の実測BET比表面積SA(m)が低くなる傾向があり、SA(m)/SA(t)が3.0以上になりにくい。
なお、中空粒子の誘電特性が向上するための炭化水素単量体単位において、比重は特に限定はされない。
上記重合体が炭化水素単量体単位とは異なる単量体単位を含む場合、炭化水素単量体単位の含有量は、例えば、上記重合体の全単量体単位100質量部中、95質量部以下であってもよいし、90質量部以下であってもよい。
また、シェルに含まれる上記重合体は、全単量体単位100質量部中、炭化水素単量体単位及びアクリル系単量体単位の合計含有量が、好ましくは80質量部以上、より好ましくは90質量部以上、更に好ましくは98質量部以上、より更に好ましくは99質量部以上である。
なお、本開示においては、アクリル系単量体とは、重合性官能基として(メタ)アクリロイル基を有する重合性単量体であり、重合性官能基として(メタ)アクリロイル基を有する架橋性単量体を架橋性アクリル系単量体と称し、重合性官能基として(メタ)アクリロイル基を有する非架橋性単量体を非架橋性アクリル系単量体と称する。架橋性アクリル系単量体においては、少なくとも1つの重合性官能基が(メタ)アクリロイル基であればよいが、全ての重合性官能基が(メタ)アクリロイル基であることが好ましい。
一方で、本開示の効果を損なわない範囲で、上記重合体は非架橋性単量体単位を含有していてもよく、その場合、架橋性単量体単位の含有量は、上記重合体の全単量体単位100質量部中、例えば、98質量部以下であってもよいし、96質量部以下であってもよいし、90質量部以下であってもよい。
なお、本開示においては、2官能の架橋性単量体に由来する架橋性単量体単位を「2官能の架橋性単量体単位」と称する場合があり、3官能以上の架橋性単量体に由来する架橋性単量体単位を「3官能以上の架橋性単量体単位」と称する場合がある。
上記重合体が2官能の架橋性単量体単位と3官能以上の架橋性単量体単位とを含む場合は、2官能の架橋性単量体単位及び3官能以上の架橋性単量体単位の合計100質量部中、3官能以上の架橋性単量体単位の含有量が、好ましくは5質量部以上、より好ましくは10質量部以上であり、更に好ましくは20質量部以上であり、一方、好ましくは50質量部以下、より好ましくは40質量部以下である。
なお、本開示の中空粒子に含まれる上記重合体以外の成分としては、例えば、未反応のまま残留した重合性単量体、上記重合性単量体の重合体とは異なる重合体、重合開始剤の分解物、重合性単量体の原料に不純物として含まれる低分子化合物等が挙げられる。
以下、本開示の中空粒子の製造方法の一例について詳細に説明する。
本開示の中空粒子は、例えば、
重合性単量体、疎水性溶剤、重合開始剤、分散安定剤及び水系媒体を含む混合液を調製する工程と、
前記混合液を懸濁させることにより、前記重合性単量体、前記疎水性溶剤及び前記重合開始剤を含有する単量体組成物の液滴が前記水系媒体中に分散した懸濁液を調製する工程と、
前記懸濁液を重合反応に供することにより、樹脂を含むシェルに取り囲まれた中空部を有し、かつ前記中空部に前記疎水性溶剤を内包する前駆体粒子を含む前駆体組成物を調製する工程と、
前記前駆体粒子に内包される前記疎水性溶剤を除去する工程を含む、本開示の中空粒子の製造方法により得ることができる。
上記基本技術において、重合性単量体の組成及び疎水性溶剤の種類等を調節することにより、懸濁液中に分散する単量体組成物の液滴中で重合性単量体と疎水性溶剤が十分に相分離し、懸濁液を重合反応に供した際には、重合性単量体の重合体が微細に析出しながらシェルを形成することで、多孔度の高いシェルが形成され、SA(m)/SA(t)が3.0以上の中空粒子が得られると推定される。
(1)混合液調製工程
重合性単量体、疎水性溶剤、重合開始剤、分散安定剤及び水系媒体を含む混合液を調製する工程、
(2)懸濁工程
前記混合液を懸濁させることにより、重合性単量体、疎水性溶剤及び重合開始剤を含有する単量体組成物の液滴が水系媒体中に分散した懸濁液を調製する工程、
(3)重合工程
前記懸濁液を重合反応に供することにより、樹脂を含むシェルに取り囲まれた中空部を有し、かつ前記中空部に疎水性溶剤を内包する前駆体粒子を含む前駆体組成物を調製する工程、及び
(4)溶剤除去工程
前記前駆体粒子に内包される疎水性溶剤を除去する工程。
なお、本開示においては、中空部が疎水性溶剤で満たされた中空粒子を、中空部が気体で満たされた中空粒子の中間体と考えて、「前駆体粒子」と称する場合がある。本開示において「前駆体組成物」とは、前駆体粒子を含む組成物を意味する。
図1の(1)は、混合液調製工程における混合液の一実施形態を示す断面模式図である。この図に示すように、混合液は、水系媒体1、及び当該水系媒体1中に分散する低極性材料2を含む。ここで、低極性材料2とは、極性が低く水系媒体1と混ざり合いにくい材料を意味する。本開示において低極性材料2は、重合性単量体、疎水性溶剤及び重合開始剤を含む。
図1の(2)は、懸濁工程における懸濁液の一実施形態を示す断面模式図である。懸濁液は、水系媒体1、及び当該水系媒体1中に分散する単量体組成物の液滴8を含む。単量体組成物の液滴8は、重合性単量体、疎水性溶剤及び重合開始剤を含んでいるが、液滴内の分布は不均一である。単量体組成物の液滴8は、疎水性溶剤4aと、重合性単量体を含む疎水性溶剤以外の材料4bが相分離し、疎水性溶剤4aが中心部に偏在し、疎水性溶剤以外の材料4bが表面側に偏在し、分散安定剤(図示せず)が表面に付着した構造を有している。
図1の(3)は、重合工程により得られる、中空部に疎水性溶剤を内包する前駆体粒子を含む前駆体組成物の一実施形態を示す断面模式図である。当該前駆体組成物は、水系媒体1、及び当該水系媒体1中に分散する、中空部に疎水性溶剤4aを内包する前駆体粒子9を含む。当該前駆体粒子9の外表面を形成するシェル6は、上記単量体組成物の液滴8中の重合性単量体の重合により形成されたものであり、当該重合性単量体の重合体を樹脂として含む。
図1の(4)は、溶剤除去工程後の中空粒子の一実施形態を示す断面模式図である。図1の(4)は、上記図1の(3)の状態から疎水性溶剤4aを除去した状態を示す。その結果、シェル6の中空部7が気体で満たされた中空粒子10が得られる。
以下、上記4つの工程及びその他の工程について、順に説明する。
本工程は、重合性単量体、疎水性溶剤、重合開始剤、分散安定剤、及び水系媒体を含む混合液を調製する工程である。混合液は、本開示の効果を損なわない範囲において、その他の材料を更に含有していてもよい。
混合液の材料について、(A)重合性単量体、(B)疎水性溶剤、(C)重合開始剤、(D)分散安定剤、(E)水系媒体の順に説明する。
重合性単量体としては、中空粒子の作製に従来用いられている公知の重合性単量体を用いることができ、特に限定はされないが、中空粒子のSA(m)/SA(t)が3.0以上になりやすい点から、重合性単量体100質量部中、炭化水素単量体を10質量部以上含むことが好ましく、低比重炭化水素単量体を10質量部以上含むことがより好ましい。
低比重炭化水素単量体としては、例えば、ジビニルベンゼン、ジビニルビフェニル、ジビニルナフタレン等の芳香族ジビニル単量体;スチレン、ビニルトルエン、α-メチルスチレン、p-メチルスチレン、エチルビニルベンゼン、エチルビニルビフェニル、エチルビニルナフタレン等の芳香族モノビニル単量体;イソプレン、ブタジエン、2,3-ジメチルブタジエン、ペンタジエン、ヘキサジエン等の直鎖状又は分岐状のジエン系単量体;ジシクロペンタジエン、シクロペンタジエン、エチリデンテトラシクロドデセン、ビニルシクロヘキサン、ノルボルネン、及びトリシクロドデセン等の脂環式オレフィン等を好ましく用いることができる。これらの単量体は、それぞれ単独で、又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用することができる。中でも、中空粒子のSA(m)/SA(t)が3.0以上になりやすい点から、ジビニルベンゼン、スチレン、エチルビニルベンゼンから選ばれる少なくとも1種が好ましく、更に、中空粒子の耐圧性及び誘電特性を向上する点からジビニルベンゼンがより好ましい。
中空粒子のSA(m)/SA(t)を3.0以上にする観点からは、炭化水素単量体又は低比重炭化水素単量体の含有量は、重合性単量体100質量部中、10質量部以上100質量部以下であってよい。
ここで、炭化水素単量体は、架橋性炭化水素単量体であってもよく、非架橋性炭化水素単量体であってもよい。
架橋性炭化水素単量体としては、例えば、ジビニルベンゼン、ジビニルジフェニル、及びジビニルナフタレン等の芳香族ジビニル単量体;ブタジエン、イソプレン、2,3-ジメチルブタジエン、ペンタジエン、ヘキサジエン等のジエン系単量体;ジシクロペンタジエン、エチリデンテトラシクロドデセン等の脂環式オレフィン;等の2官能の架橋性炭化水素単量体;ポリブタジエン、ポリイソプレン、スチレンとブタジエンのブロック共重合体(SBS)、スチレンとイソプレンのブロック共重合体(SIS)等の高分子タイプの架橋性炭化水素単量体等が挙げられる。
非架橋性炭化水素単量体としては、例えば、スチレン、ビニルトルエン、α-メチルスチレン、p-メチルスチレン、エチルビニルベンゼン、エチルビニルビフェニル、エチルビニルナフタレン等の芳香族モノビニル単量体;エチレン、プロピレン、ブチレン等のモノオレフィン単量体;ビニルシクロヘキサン、ノルボルネン、トリシクロドデセン等の脂環式モノオレフィン;等が挙げられる。
これらの単量体は、それぞれ単独で、又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用することができる。
また、炭化水素単量体としては、中でも反応性が良好な点から、重合性官能基としてビニル基を有するものが好ましく、芳香族ジビニル単量体又は芳香族モノビニル単量体がより好ましく、ジビニルベンゼン、エチルビニルベンゼン及びスチレンから選ばれる少なくとも1種が更に好ましく、ジビニルベンゼン及びエチルビニルベンゼンから選ばれる少なくとも1種がより更に好ましい。
架橋性アクリル系単量体としては、例えば、アリル(メタ)アクリレート、ビニル(メタ)アクリレート、エチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ジエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリシクロデカンジメタノールジ(メタ)アクリレート、2-ヒドロキシ-3-(メタ)アクリロイルオキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、両末端を(メタ)アクリル変性されたポリフェニレンエーテル等の2官能の架橋性アクリル系単量体;及び、トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、ジトリメチロールプロパンテトラ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールトリ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールテトラ(メタ)アクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサ(メタ)アクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールポリ(メタ)アクリレート及びこれらのエトキシ化体等の3官能以上の架橋性アクリル系単量体が挙げられる。
非架橋性アクリル系単量体としては、例えば、メチル(メタ)アクリレート、エチル(メタ)アクリレート、ブチル(メタ)アクリレート、2-エチルヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、ラウリル(メタ)アクリレート等の(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステル、t-ブチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、グリシジル(メタ)アクリレート、2-ヒドロキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、2-アミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、(メタ)アクリル酸、(メタ)アクリルアミド、N-メチロール(メタ)アクリルアミド、N-ブトキシメチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、メトキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、エトキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、プロポキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、ブトキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、ヘキサオキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、オクトキシポリエチレングリコールポリプロピレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、ラウロキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、ステアロキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、フェノキシポリエチレングリコールポリプロピレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールモノ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリプロピレングリコールモノ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールプロピレングリコールモノ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールテトラメチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、プロピレングリコールポリブチレングリコールモノ(メタ)アクリレート、モノエチレングリコールモノ(メタ)アクリレート等が挙げられる。この他に、例えば、末端が(メタ)アクリル変性されたポリスチレン、及び末端が(メタ)アクリル変性されたポリメタクリル酸メチル等の非架橋性マクロマーを使用することもできる。
これらの単量体は、それぞれ単独で、又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用することができる。
重合性単量体がアクリル系単量体を含む場合、アクリル系単量体の含有量は、重合性単量体100質量部中、例えば、10質量部以上であってよく、一方、炭化水素単量体を十分に含有させる観点から、好ましくは90質量部以下である。
本開示の効果を損なわない範囲において、重合性単量体は、炭化水素単量体及びアクリル系単量体以外のその他の重合性単量体を更に含んでいてもよい。その他の重合性単量体としては、例えば、酢酸ビニル等のカルボン酸ビニルエステル単量体;ハロゲン化スチレン等のハロゲン化芳香族ビニル単量体;塩化ビニル等のハロゲン化ビニル単量体;塩化ビニリデン等のハロゲン化ビニリデン単量体;ビニルピリジン単量体;等を挙げることができる。
架橋性単量体を50質量%超過含む重合性単量体を用いた懸濁重合法では、懸濁液中に分散する単量体組成物の液滴において、シェルを構成する成分と疎水性溶剤とが相分離しやすく、また、強度に優れたシェルが形成されることにより、粒子の変形が抑制されるため、シェルから明確に区別される中空部を1つのみ粒子内に有する中空粒子が形成されると推定される。
架橋性単量体としては、上述した架橋性炭化水素単量体及び架橋性アクリル系単量体の他、更に、ジアリルフタレート等の架橋性アリル系単量体、両末端をビニル変性されたポリフェニレンエーテル等の高分子タイプの架橋性単量体等を挙げることもできる。
本開示の効果を損なわない範囲で、重合性単量体は非架橋性単量体を含有していてもよく、その場合、架橋性単量体の含有量は、重合性単量体100質量部中、例えば、98質量部以下であってもよいし、96質量部以下であってもよい。
なお、架橋性単量体の含有量とは、2官能の架橋性単量体及び3官能以上の架橋性単量体の合計含有量である。
2官能の架橋性単量体としては、上述した2官能の架橋性炭化水素単量体及び2官能の架橋性アクリル系単量体からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種が好ましい。2官能の架橋性アクリル系単量体としては、中でも、エチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート及びペンタエリスリトールジ(メタ)アクリレートが好ましく、エチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレートがより好ましい。2官能の架橋性炭化水素単量体としては、中でも、ジビニルベンゼンが好ましい。
3官能以上の架橋性単量体としては、上記3官能以上の架橋性アクリル系単量体が好ましく、中でも、ペンタエリスリトールテトラ(メタ)アクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、エトキシ化トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、エトキシ化ペンタエリスリトールテトラ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールトリ(メタ)アクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールポリ(メタ)アクリレートが好ましく、ペンタエリスリトールテトラ(メタ)アクリレート、及びトリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレートがより好ましい。
また、中空粒子の機械的強度の観点から、混合液中で油相となる材料のうち疎水性溶剤を除いた固形分の総質量100質量%に対する重合性単量体の含有量は、好ましくは96質量%以上、より好ましくは97質量%以上である。重合性単量体の含有量を上記下限値以上とすることにより、中空粒子の耐圧性の低下を抑制することができる。
なお、本開示において固形分とは、溶剤を除く全ての成分であり、液状の重合性単量体等は固形分に含まれるものとする。
本開示の製造方法で用いられる疎水性溶剤は、非重合性で且つ難水溶性の有機溶剤である。
疎水性溶剤は、粒子内部に中空部を形成するスペーサー材料として働く。後述する懸濁工程において、疎水性溶剤を含む単量体組成物の液滴が水系媒体中に分散した懸濁液が得られる。懸濁工程においては、単量体組成物の液滴内で相分離が発生する結果、極性の低い疎水性溶剤が単量体組成物の液滴の内部に集まりやすくなる。最終的に、単量体組成物の液滴においては、その内部に疎水性溶剤が、その周縁に疎水性溶剤以外の他の材料が各自の極性に従って分布する。
そして、後述する重合工程において、疎水性溶剤を内包した前駆体粒子を含む水分散液が得られる。すなわち、疎水性溶剤が粒子内部に集まることにより、得られる前駆体粒子の内部には、疎水性溶剤で満たされた中空部が形成されることとなる。
炭化水素系溶剤としては、例えば、ペンタン、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、オクタン、2-メチルブタン及び2-メチルペンタンなどの鎖状炭化水素系溶剤、及びシクロヘキサン、メチルシクロヘキサン及びシクロヘプタンなどの環状炭化水素系溶剤を含む脂肪族炭化水素類;並びに、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレンなどの芳香族炭化水素類等を挙げることができる。
これらの疎水性溶剤は、それぞれ単独で、又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用することができる。
HSP距離とは、ハンセン溶解度パラメータ(HSP)を用いた物質間の溶解性を表す指標であり、HSP距離が0に近いほど物質同士の相溶性が高いと判断することができる。HSPは、分散項dD、極性項dP、水素結合項dHを座標軸とした3次元空間(ハンセン空間)のベクトルとして表される。dD、dP及びdHの3つのパラメータは、各物質で固有の値を示す。ハンセンらによって開発されたソフトフェア(ソフト名:Hansen Solubility Parameter in Practice(HSPiP))には、様々な物質のdD、dP及びdHのデータベースが含まれている。また、HSPiPを用いて、物質の化学構造に基づいてHSPを算出することもできる。
複数の物質が混合した混合物のHSPを求める場合は、当該混合物に含まれる各物質のdD、dP及びdHの値、及び各物質の含有割合に基づいて、それぞれの加重平均を算出して当該混合物の分散項dD、極性項dP及び水素結合項dHとし、HSPを求める。
HSP距離は、2つの物質のHSPによって与えられるベクトル間距離のことであり、一方の物質の分散項dD1、極性項dP1、水素結合項dH1の値と、もう一方の物質の分散項dD2、極性項dP2、水素結合項dH2の値とから、下記式(B)により算出される。
式(B)
HSP距離={4(dD1-dD2)2+(dP1-dP2)2+(dH1-dH2)2}0.5
なお、本開示において、HSP距離は、HSPiP(Version 5.3.03)を用いて算出される値とする。上記HSPiPにおいて、dD、dP及びdHの値は小数点以下第一位までの有効数字で表され、HSP距離の値は小数点以下第二位までの有効数字で表される。
一方、架橋性単量体100質量部中、架橋性炭化水素単量体の含有量が50質量部以下であり、且つ架橋性アクリル系単量体を含む場合は、疎水性溶剤としては、炭素数4~7の炭化水素系溶剤を用いることが好ましく、炭素数5~7の炭化水素系溶剤を用いることがより好ましい。ここで、炭化水素系溶剤としては、芳香族炭化水素類であっても、脂肪族炭化水素類であってもよいが、中でも脂肪族炭化水素類が好ましく、ヘキサン、シクロヘキサン、シクロヘプタン及びメチルシクロヘキサンからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種がより好ましい。
上記の架橋性単量体と疎水性溶剤の組み合わせを用いると、SA(m)/SA(t)が3.0以上の中空粒子が得られやすい。
なお、疎水性溶剤が、複数種類の疎水性溶剤を含有する混合溶剤であり、沸点を複数有する場合は、当該混合溶剤に含まれる溶剤のうち最も沸点が高い溶剤の沸点が上記上限値以下であることが好ましく、当該混合溶剤に含まれる溶剤のうち最も沸点が低い溶剤の沸点が上記下限値以上であることが好ましい。
20℃における比誘電率が2.0以下の疎水性溶剤の例は、以下の通りである。カッコ内は比誘電率の値である。
ペンタン(1.8)、ヘキサン(1.9)、ヘプタン(1.9)、オクタン(1.9)、シクロヘキサン(2.0)。
20℃における比誘電率に関しては、公知の文献(例えば、日本化学会編「化学便覧基礎編」、改訂4版、丸善株式会社、平成5年9月30日発行、II-498~II-503ページ)に記載の値、及びその他の技術情報を参照できる。20℃における比誘電率の測定方法としては、例えば、JIS C 2101:1999の23に準拠し、かつ測定温度を20℃として実施される比誘電率試験等が挙げられる。
本開示において、混合液中の疎水性溶剤の含有量は、重合性単量体100質量部に対し、50質量部以上500質量部以下であることが、中空粒子の粒子径を制御しやすく、中空粒子の強度を維持しながら空隙率を高めやすく、粒子内の残留疎水性溶剤量を低減しやすい点から好ましい。混合液中の疎水性溶剤の含有量は、重合性単量体100質量部に対し、より好適には70質量部以上300質量部以下であり、更に好適には90質量部以上200質量部以下である。
本開示の製造方法においては、混合液が、重合開始剤として油溶性重合開始剤を含有することが好ましい。油溶性重合開始剤は、水に対する溶解度が0.2質量%以下の親油性のものであれば特に制限されず、例えば、ベンゾイルパーオキシド、ラウロイルパーオキシド、t-ブチルパーオキシ-2-エチルヘキサノエート、t-ブチルパーオキシジエチルアセテート、t-ブチルパーオキシピバレート等の有機過酸化物;2,2’-アゾビス(2,4-ジメチルバレロニトリル)、アゾビスイソブチロニトリル、2,2’-アゾビス(4-メトキシ-2,4-ジメチルバレロニトリル)等のアゾ化合物等を挙げることができる。
分散安定剤は、懸濁工程において、単量体組成物の液滴を水系媒体中に分散させる剤である。分散安定剤としては、例えば、無機分散安定剤、有機系又は無機系の水溶性高分子安定剤、及び界面活性剤等が挙げられる。本開示においては、懸濁液中で液滴の粒子径をコントロールし易く、得られる中空粒子の粒径分布を狭くできる点、及びシェルが薄くなりすぎることを抑制して、中空粒子の強度の低下を抑制する点から、分散安定剤として、無機分散安定剤を用いることが好ましい。
無機分散安定剤としては、例えば、硫酸バリウム、及び硫酸カルシウム等の硫酸塩;炭酸バリウム、炭酸カルシウム、及び炭酸マグネシウム等の炭酸塩;リン酸カルシウム等のリン酸塩;酸化アルミニウム、及び酸化チタン等の金属酸化物;水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化マグネシウム、水酸化カルシウム、水酸化バリウム及び水酸化第二鉄等の金属水酸化物;二酸化ケイ素等の無機化合物が挙げられる。これらの無機分散安定剤は1種又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
上記無機分散安定剤の中でも、難水溶性の無機分散安定剤が好ましく、上述した硫酸塩、炭酸塩、リン酸塩、金属水酸化物等の難水溶性金属塩がより好ましく、金属水酸化物が更に好ましく、水酸化マグネシウムが特に好ましい。
なお、本開示において難水溶性とは、100gの水に対する溶解度が0.5g以下であることが好ましい。
難水溶性の無機分散安定剤コロイド粒子を含有するコロイド分散液は、たとえば、水酸化アルカリ金属塩及び水酸化アルカリ土類金属塩から選ばれる少なくとも1種と、水溶性多価金属塩(水酸化アルカリ土類金属塩を除く。)とを水系媒体中で反応させることで調製することができる。
水酸化アルカリ金属塩としては、水酸化リチウム、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウムなどが挙げられる。水酸化アルカリ土類金属塩としては、水酸化バリウム、水酸化カルシウムなどが挙げられる。
水溶性多価金属塩としては、上記水酸化アルカリ土類金属塩に該当する化合物以外の水溶性を示す多価金属塩であればよいが、例えば、塩化マグネシウム、リン酸マグネシウム、硫酸マグネシウムなどのマグネシウム金属塩;塩化カルシウム、硝酸カルシウム、酢酸カルシウム、硫酸カルシウムなどのカルシウム金属塩;塩化アルミニウム、硫酸アルミニウムなどのアルミニウム金属塩;塩化バリウム、硝酸バリウム、酢酸バリウムなどのバリウム塩;塩化亜鉛、硝酸亜鉛、酢酸亜鉛などの亜鉛塩;などが挙げられる。これらの中でも、マグネシウム金属塩、カルシウム金属塩、およびアルミニウム金属塩が好ましく、マグネシウム金属塩がより好ましく、塩化マグネシウムが特に好ましい。
上記した水酸化アルカリ金属塩及び水酸化アルカリ土類金属塩から選ばれる少なくとも1種と、上記した水溶性多価金属塩とを水系媒体中で反応させる方法としては、特に限定されないが、水酸化アルカリ金属塩及び水酸化アルカリ土類金属塩から選ばれる少なくとも1種の水溶液と、水溶性多価金属塩の水溶液とを混合する方法が挙げられる。
また、難水溶性の無機分散安定剤コロイド粒子を含有するコロイド分散液として、コロイダルシリカを用いることもできる。
有機系水溶性高分子安定剤としては、例えば、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリカルボン酸類(ポリアクリル酸等)、セルロース類(ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース、メチルセルロース、エチルセルロース等)、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリアクリルイミド、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリ(ハイドロオキシステアリン酸-g-メタクリル酸メチル-co-メタクリル酸)共重合体等が挙げられる。
無機系水溶性高分子化合物としては、例えば、トリポリリン酸ナトリウム等が挙げられる。
界面活性剤とは、1分子中に親水基と疎水基を併せ持つ化合物であり、公知のアニオン界面活性剤、カチオン界面活性剤及び両性界面活性剤等のイオン性界面活性剤、並びに非イオン性界面活性剤等が挙げられる。
また、分散安定剤の含有量は、水系媒体100質量部に対し、好ましくは0.5~15質量部、より好ましくは0.5~10質量部である。
本開示において水系媒体とは、水、親水性溶剤、及び、水と親水性溶剤との混合物からなる群より選ばれる媒体を意味する。
水と親水性溶剤の混合物を用いる場合には、単量体組成物の液滴を形成する観点から、当該混合物全体の極性が低くなりすぎないことが重要である。この場合、例えば、水と親水性溶剤との質量比(水:親水性溶剤)を99:1~50:50としてもよい。
本開示における親水性溶剤は、水と十分に混ざり合い相分離を起こさないものであれば特に制限されない。親水性溶剤としては、例えば、メタノール、エタノール等のアルコール類;テトラヒドロフラン(THF);ジメチルスルフォキシド(DMSO)等が挙げられる。
混合液調製工程では、前記の各材料及び必要に応じ他の材料を単に混合し、適宜攪拌等することによって混合液を得てもよいが、シェルが均一になりやすい点から、重合性単量体、疎水性溶剤及び重合開始剤を含む油相と、分散安定剤及び水系媒体を含む水相とを予め別に調製し、これらを混合することにより、混合液を調製することが好ましい。本開示においては、難水溶性の無機分散安定剤をコロイド粒子の形態にて水系媒体に分散させたコロイド分散液を、水相として好ましく用いることができる。
このように油相と水相を予め別に調製した上で、これらを混合することにより、中空粒子の粒径の制御も容易となる。
懸濁工程は、上述した混合液を懸濁させることにより、疎水性溶剤を含む単量体組成物の液滴が水系媒体中に分散した懸濁液を調製する工程である。
単量体組成物の液滴を形成するための懸濁方法は特に限定されず、公知の懸濁方法を採用することができる。懸濁液を調製する際に使用する分散機としては、例えば、大平洋機工(株)製のマイルダー(:製品名)、(株)ユーロテック製のキャビトロン(:製品名)、IKA製のインライン分散機(例えばDISPAX-REACTOR(登録商標) DRS(:製品名))等の横型又は縦型のインライン分散機;プライミクス株式会社製のホモミクサーMARK IIシリーズ等の乳化分散機等が挙げられる。
懸濁工程においては、単量体組成物の液滴中に相分離が生じるため、極性の低い疎水性溶剤が液滴の内部に集まりやすくなる。その結果、得られる液滴は、その内部に疎水性溶剤が、その周縁に疎水性溶剤以外の材料が分布することとなる。
単量体組成物の液滴は微小油滴であり、油溶性重合開始剤は当該微小油滴の内部で重合開始ラジカルを発生させる。したがって、微小油滴を成長させ過ぎることなく、目的とする粒径の前駆体粒子を製造することができる。
このような油溶性重合開始剤を用いた懸濁重合法においては、重合開始剤が、水系媒体中に分散した重合性単量体と接触する機会は存在しない。したがって、油溶性重合開始剤を使用することにより、目的とする中空部を有する樹脂粒子の他に、比較的粒径の小さい密実粒子等の余分な樹脂粒子が副生することを抑制できる。
本工程は、上述した懸濁工程により得られた懸濁液を重合反応に供することにより、樹脂を含むシェルに取り囲まれた中空部を有し、かつ中空部に疎水性溶剤を内包する前駆体粒子を含む前駆体組成物を調製する工程である。前駆体粒子は、単量体組成物の液滴に含まれる重合性単量体の重合により形成され、前駆体粒子が備えるシェルは、上記重合性単量体の重合体を樹脂として含む。
重合温度は、好ましくは40~90℃であり、より好ましくは50~80℃である。
また、重合の反応時間は、好ましくは1~48時間であり、より好ましくは1.5~36時間である。
重合工程においては、疎水性溶剤を内部に含む単量体組成物の液滴のシェル部分が重合するため、上述したように、得られる前駆体粒子の内部には、疎水性溶剤で満たされた中空部が形成される。
本工程は、前記前駆体粒子に内包される疎水性溶剤を除去する工程である。本開示では、低温又は短時間の乾燥により、前駆体粒子に内包される疎水性溶剤を除去することができる。これにより、シェルの劣化が抑制された中空粒子を得ることができる。
上記バブリングの際の温度は、100℃以下であればよいが、シェルの劣化を抑制する観点から、好ましくは95℃以下、より好ましくは90℃以下、更に好ましくは75℃以下、より更に好ましくは50℃以下である。上記バブリングの際の温度の下限は、特に限定はされないが、疎水性溶剤を十分に除去する観点から、好ましくは30℃以上、より好ましくは40℃以上である。
バブリングする不活性ガスとしては、特に限定はされないが、例えば、窒素、アルゴン等を挙げることができる。
バブリングの条件は、前駆体粒子に内包される疎水性溶剤の種類に応じて適宜調整され、特に限定はされないが、例えば、不活性ガスを1~8L/minの量で、1~100時間バブリングしてもよい。シェルの劣化を抑制する観点からは、バブリングの時間は、好ましくは90時間以下、より好ましくは80時間以下である。
固液分離の方法は、特に限定されず、公知の方法を用いることができる。例えば、遠心分離法、ろ過法、静置分離等が挙げられ、この中でも遠心分離法又はろ過法を採用することができ、操作の簡便性の観点から遠心分離法を採用してもよい。
固液分離により得られる中空粒子は、シェルが湿潤状態であるため、シェルに含まれる水系媒体を除去するための乾燥を行うことが好ましい。シェルを乾燥する方法は、特に限定されず、例えば、減圧乾燥法、加熱乾燥法、気流乾燥法又はこれらの方法の併用等の公知の方法を用いることができる。シェルを乾燥する際の温度は、シェルの劣化を抑制する観点から、好ましくは150℃以下、より好ましくは100℃以下であり、一方、水系媒体を十分に除去する観点から、好ましくは30℃以上、より好ましくは40℃以上である。また、シェルを乾燥する際の乾燥時間は、特に限定はされないが、シェルの劣化を抑制しながらシェルに含まれる水系媒体を十分に除去する観点から、好ましくは1~15時間である。
ここで「気中」とは、厳密には、前駆体粒子の外部に液体分が全く存在しない環境下、及び、前駆体粒子の外部に、疎水性溶剤の除去に影響しない程度のごく微量の液体分しか存在しない環境下を意味する。「気中」とは、前駆体粒子がスラリー中に存在しない状態と言い替えることもできるし、前駆体粒子が乾燥粉末中に存在する状態と言い替えることもできる。すなわち、前駆体粒子が外部の気体と直に接する環境下である。
重合工程により得られた前駆体組成物を固液分離する方法としては、上述した固液分離の方法を採用することができる。
また、乾燥雰囲気は特に限定されず、中空粒子の用途によって適宜選択することができる。乾燥雰囲気としては、例えば、空気、酸素、窒素、アルゴン等が考えられる。また、いったん気体により中空粒子内部を満たした後、減圧乾燥することにより、一時的に内部が真空である中空粒子も得られる。
気中における乾燥操作によって、前駆体粒子内部の疎水性溶剤が、外部の気体により置換される結果、中空部を気体が占める中空粒子が得られる。
上記(1)~(4)以外の工程としては、例えば、下記(5-a)洗浄工程や下記(5-b)粒子内部の置換工程を付加しても良い。
(5-a)洗浄工程
洗浄工程とは、前記溶剤除去工程前に、前駆体粒子を含む前駆体組成物中に残存する分散安定剤を除去するために、酸またはアルカリを添加して洗浄を行う工程である。使用した分散安定剤が、酸に可溶な無機分散安定剤である場合、前駆体粒子を含む前駆体組成物へ酸を添加して、洗浄を行うことが好ましく、一方、使用した分散安定剤が、アルカリに可溶な無機分散安定剤である場合、前駆体粒子を含む前駆体組成物へアルカリを添加して、洗浄を行うことが好ましい。
また、分散安定剤として、酸に可溶な無機分散安定剤を使用した場合、前駆体粒子を含む前駆体組成物へ酸を添加し、pHを、好ましくは6.5以下、より好ましくは6以下に調整することが好ましい。添加する酸としては、硫酸、塩酸、硝酸等の無機酸、および蟻酸、酢酸等の有機酸を用いることができるが、分散安定剤の除去効率が大きいことや製造設備への負担が小さいことから、特に硫酸が好適である。
粒子内部の置換工程とは、中空粒子内部の気体や液体を、他の気体や液体に置換する工程である。このような置換により、中空粒子内部の環境を変えたり、中空粒子内部に選択的に分子を閉じ込めたり、用途に合わせて中空粒子内部の化学構造を修飾したりすることができる。
本開示の中空粒子は、成形体に添加された場合に、軽量化材、断熱材、防音材、制振材等としての効果に優れるため、成形体用添加剤として好適であり、例えば、樹脂製成形体用添加剤として好適に用いられる。
本開示の中空粒子を含有する成形体は、樹脂として、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリスチレン、ポリウレタン、エポキシ樹脂、アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン(ABS)樹脂、アクリロニトリル-スチレン(AS)樹脂、ポリ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリカーボネート、ポリアミド、ポリイミド、ポリフェニレンエーテル、ポリフェニレンサルファイド、ポリエステル、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、マレイミド樹脂、ビスマレイミドトリアジン樹脂、液晶性ポリエステル樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ビニルエステル樹脂、不飽和ポリエステル樹脂、シアネートエステル樹脂、ポリエーテルケトンケトン樹脂、ポリエーテルイミド樹脂などの熱可塑性樹脂又は熱硬化性樹脂を含有するものであってもよい。なお、樹脂の種類に応じて、適宜、アミン類、酸無水物類、イミダゾール類等の硬化剤又は触媒を混合してもよい。
また、本開示の中空粒子を含有する成形体は、樹脂として、熱可塑性エラストマーを含有するものであってもよい。熱可塑性エラストマーとしては、従来から成形用樹脂として用いられている熱可塑性弾性ポリマーを用いることができ、例えば、ウレタン系エラストマー、スチレン系エラストマー、オレフィン系エラストマー、アミド系エラストマー、及びエステル系エラストマー等が挙げられる。熱可塑性エラストマーとは、一般に常温(25℃)でゴム弾性を示し、高温では可塑化されて成形できるという性質を有するものである。
また、本開示の中空粒子を含有する成形体は、樹脂製成形体に限定されず、例えば、ゴム製成形体であってもよいし、樹脂とゴムを混合して含むものであってもよい。本開示の中空粒子を含有する成形体は、例えば、天然ゴム(NR)、イソプレンゴム(IR)、ブタジエンゴム(BR)、スチレン-ブタジエン共重合体ゴム(SBR)、アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン共重合体ゴム(NBR)、エチレン-プロピレン-ジエンターポリマー(EPDM)等のゴムを含有するものであってもよい。前記ゴムは、単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
また、本開示の中空粒子を含有する成形体は、更に、炭素繊維、ガラス繊維、アラミド繊維、ポリエチレン繊維等の有機又は無機の繊維を含有するものであってもよい。本開示の中空粒子は、樹脂又はゴムを用いて形成される成形体、及び、樹脂又はゴムとさらに繊維を含む材料を用いて形成される成形体においても、フィラーとして含有させることができる。
本開示の中空粒子を含有する樹脂製成形体又はゴム製成形体の用途としては、例えば、自動車、電気、電子、建築、航空、宇宙等の各種分野に用いられる光反射材、断熱材、遮音材及び低誘電体等の部材、食品用容器、スポーツシューズ、サンダル等の履物、家電部品、自転車部品、文具、工具、3Dプリンターのフィラメント等を挙げることができる。
また、本開示の中空粒子は、誘電特性にも優れるため、例えば、プリント配線板等の電子部品の製造に用いられる絶縁樹脂シートへの添加剤としても有用である。本開示の中空粒子を含有する絶縁樹脂シートは、例えば、上述した熱可塑性樹脂、熱硬化性樹脂、熱可塑性エラストマー、またはこれらの混合物と、本開示の中空粒子とを混合した組成物を調製し、当該組成物を、シート状基材の片面又は両面に塗布乾燥する、押出成形する、或いは転写等により、シート状に成形することによって製造することができる。絶縁樹脂シートが含有する樹脂又はエラストマーが接着性を有する場合には、当該絶縁樹脂シートを、接着性シートとして用いることができ、具体的には例えば、ボンディングシートとして用いることができる。ボンディングシートは、多層プリント配線基板を製造する場合において、導体層と有機絶縁層を接合するために用いられる、絶縁接着層形成材料である。
また、本開示の中空粒子は、高空隙率を有し、潰れ難く、耐熱性にも優れるため、アンダーコート材に要求される断熱性、緩衝性(クッション性)を満たし、感熱紙用途に即した耐熱性も満たす。また、本開示の中空粒子は、光沢、隠ぺい力等に優れたプラスチックピグメントとしても有用である。
更に、本開示の中空粒子は、内部に香料、薬品、農薬、インキ成分等の有用成分を浸漬処理、減圧または加圧浸漬処理等の手段により封入できるため、内部に含まれる成分に応じて各種用途に利用することができる。
更に、本開示の中空粒子は、防錆剤としても好適に用いられる。本開示の中空粒子は、電気伝導率を低下させる添加剤としても有用であるため、例えば、本開示の中空粒子を含有する塗料は、鋼材などの防食性や防錆性を高めるための防錆塗料(塗装下地、潤滑塗料など)として用いることができる。また、防錆塗料に添加される中空粒子には、防錆添加剤を内包させることもできる。
本開示の樹脂組成物は、前記本開示の中空粒子と、樹脂(マトリックス樹脂)とを含有する。
本開示の樹脂組成物は、通常、後述する樹脂成形体の成形材料として用いられ、例えば、液状、又はペレット状であってもよく、プリプレグであってもよい。
液状の樹脂組成物としては、例えば、硬化反応前の液状のマトリックス樹脂を含むもの、溶剤に各成分を溶解又は分散させてなるもの等が挙げられる。或いは、マトリックス樹脂が溶融していることにより樹脂組成物が液状となっているものであってもよい。プリプレグは、例えば、液状の樹脂組成物を基材に含浸し、乾燥することにより得られる。ペレット状の樹脂組成物としては、例えば、熱可塑性のマトリックス樹脂と、中空粒子とを含む樹脂組成物を溶融混練し、冷却固化する際にペレット状にしたものを挙げることができる。
本開示の中空粒子は、上述したように、シェルの劣化に伴う耐圧性等の性能の悪化が抑制されたものである。本開示の中空粒子が耐圧性に優れるため、本開示の樹脂組成物を混練又は混合する際、及びその後の成形時において、中空粒子内部の空隙が維持されやすい。従って、本開示の樹脂組成物から得られる樹脂成形体は、軽量性及び断熱性に優れる。
本開示の樹脂組成物が含有するマトリックス樹脂は、例えば、熱硬化性樹脂、光硬化性樹脂、常温硬化性樹脂等の硬化性樹脂、又は熱可塑性樹脂等であってよい。
また、本開示の樹脂組成物が含有するマトリックス樹脂は、未反応の単量体、プレポリマー又はマクロモノマーであってもよいし、重合体であってもよいし、ポリアミック酸のような硬化樹脂の前駆体であってもよく、特に限定されない。本開示の樹脂組成物が含有するマトリックス樹脂は、例えば、加熱、光照射、或いは、硬化剤、重合開始剤、又は触媒等を用いて硬化することにより、バインダー(結着剤)として機能するものであってよい。
常温硬化性樹脂としては、例えば、エポキシ系接着剤、シリコーン系接着剤、アクリル系接着剤等の触媒の添加により常温で硬化可能な接着剤等が挙げられる。
熱可塑性樹脂としては、例えば、ポリオレフィン樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリフェニレンサルファイド樹脂、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン樹脂、ポリスチレン樹脂、ポリフェニレンオキシド樹脂、液晶性高分子(LCP)等が挙げられる。
熱可塑性樹脂としては、例えば、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィン;PA6、PA66、PA12等のポリアミド;ポリイミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリエーテルケトンケトン、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリスチレン、ポリ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリカーボネート、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレンコポリマー(ABS)樹脂、アクリロニトリル-スチレンコポリマー(AS)、ポリフェニレンエーテル、ポリフェニレンサルファイド、ポリエステル、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、熱可塑性エラストマー等を挙げることができる。これらの熱可塑性樹脂は、それぞれ単独で、又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用することができる。
これらのマトリックス樹脂は、それぞれ単独で、又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用することができる。
硬化剤の含有量は、特に限定はされず、例えば、マトリックス樹脂100質量部に対し、5~120質量部であってよい。
なお、本開示の樹脂組成物に含まれる強化繊維は、プリプレグの基材として用いられるものであってもよいし、フィラーとして含有されるものであってもよい。
本開示の樹脂組成物が溶剤を含有する場合は、本開示の樹脂組成物の固形分濃度が、10~90質量%であることが好ましい。
本開示の樹脂組成物は、本開示の効果を損なわない範囲で、必要に応じ、硬化促進剤、フィラー、カップリング剤、低応力剤、消泡剤、レベリング剤、紫外線吸収剤、発泡剤、酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収剤、着色剤、熱安定剤、フィラー、難燃剤等の添加剤を更に含有していてもよい。
マトリックス樹脂が熱可塑性樹脂である場合は、溶融させたマトリックス樹脂(熱可塑性樹脂)に、前記本開示の中空粒子と、更に必要に応じて添加されるその他の成分とを加えて溶融混練することによって、本開示の樹脂組成物を得てもよい。
また、前記本開示の中空粒子と、マトリックス樹脂と、更に必要に応じて添加されるその他の成分とを混合することにより得た樹脂ワニスを、基材に含浸し、乾燥することにより、プリプレグを得ることができる。前記基材としては、例えば、炭素繊維、ガラス繊維、金属繊維、セラミック繊維等の無機繊維、及び、ポリアミド繊維、ポリエステル系繊維、ポリオレフィン系繊維、ノボロイド繊維等の有機合成繊維等を挙げることができ、中でもガラス繊維(ガラスクロス)が好ましい。また、前記基材の形態は限定されず、織物や不織布等が使用できる。
本開示の樹脂成形体は、上述した本開示の樹脂組成物から得られる樹脂成形体である。
本開示の樹脂組成物から樹脂成形体を得る方法は、樹脂組成物に含まれるマトリックス樹脂の種類、樹脂組成物の形態等に応じて、公知の方法から適宜選択され、特に限定されない。
前記支持体の材料としては、例えば、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエチレンナフタレート等の樹脂;銅、アルミ、ニッケル、クロム、金、銀等の金属等を挙げることができる。これらの支持体は、表面に離型剤が塗られたものであってもよい。
樹脂組成物を塗布する方法としては、公知の方法を用いることができ、例えば、ディップコート、ロールコート、カーテンコート、ダイコート、スリットコート、グラビアコート等が挙げられる。
樹脂組成物が溶剤を含有する場合は、前記塗布の後、当該樹脂組成物を乾燥させることが好ましい。乾燥温度は、マトリックス樹脂が硬化しない程度の温度とすることが好ましく、通常、20℃以上200℃以下、好ましくは30℃以上150℃以下である。また、乾燥時間は、通常、30秒間以上1時間以下、好ましくは1分間以上30分間以下である。
樹脂組成物の硬化反応は、マトリックス樹脂の種類に応じた方法により行われ、特に限定はされない。加熱により硬化するマトリックス樹脂を含む場合、硬化反応のための加熱の温度は、樹脂の種類に応じて適宜調整され、特に限定はされないが、通常、30℃以上400℃以下、好ましくは70℃以上300℃以下、より好ましくは100℃以上200℃以下である。また、硬化時間は、5分間以上5時間以下、好ましくは30分間以上3時間以下である。加熱の方法は特に制限されず、例えば電気オーブンなどを用いて行えばよい。
なお、硬化反応前の液状のマトリックス樹脂、及び、溶剤に溶解又は分散されるマトリックス樹脂は、熱硬化性樹脂であってもよく、熱可塑性樹脂であってもよい。
プリプレグの乾燥及び硬化の好ましい条件は、上述した樹脂組成物の乾燥及び硬化の好ましい条件と同様である。
(1)混合液調製工程
まず、下記材料を混合し油相とした。
ジビニルベンゼン 37.15部
エチルビニルベンゼン 1.55部
t-ブチルパーオキシジエチルアセテート(油溶性重合開始剤) 0.89部
疎水性溶剤:ヘプタン 61.3部
一方で、攪拌槽において、室温下で、イオン交換水225部に塩化マグネシウム(水溶性多価金属塩)19.59部を溶解した水溶液に、イオン交換水55部に水酸化ナトリウム(水酸化アルカリ金属)13.72部を溶解した水溶液を攪拌下で徐々に添加して、水酸化マグネシウムコロイド(難水溶性の金属水酸化物コロイド)分散液(水酸化マグネシウム4部)を調製し、水相とした。
得られた水相と油相を混合することにより、混合液を調製した。
上記混合液調製工程で得た混合液を、分散機(プライミクス株式会社製、製品名:ホモミクサー)により、回転数4,000rpmの条件下で1分間攪拌して懸濁させ、疎水性溶剤を内包した単量体組成物の液滴が水中に分散した懸濁液を調製した。
上記懸濁工程で得た懸濁液を、窒素雰囲気下、65℃の温度条件下で1時間30分攪拌して重合反応を行い、疎水性溶剤を内包した前駆体粒子が水中に分散した前駆体組成物を得た。
上記重合工程により得られた前駆体組成物を希硫酸により洗浄(25℃、10分間)して、pHを5.5以下にした。次いで、濾過により水を分離した後、新たにイオン交換水200部を加えて再スラリー化した。この洗浄及び濾過の処理を室温(25℃)で数回繰り返し行って、再スラリー化した前駆体組成物を得た。
その後、前駆体組成物に92℃の温度条件下で、窒素4L/minを72時間バブリングすることで、前駆体粒子が内包する疎水性溶剤の除去を行った。これにより、中空部が窒素で満たされた中空粒子を得た。
その後、濾過分離により中空粒子を得て、窒素雰囲気下で40℃の加熱乾燥を12時間行うことにより、シェルに含まれる水を除去し、中空部が窒素で満たされた中空粒子を得た。
実施例1において、上記「(1)混合液調製工程」で、塩化マグネシウムの添加量を7.59部に変更し、水酸化ナトリウムの添加量を5.49部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の手順で、実施例2の中空粒子を得た。
実施例1において、上記「(1)混合液調製工程」で、重合性単量体の種類及び添加量、並びに疎水性溶剤の種類及び添加量を表1に従って変更し、実施例3、8、9においては更に、塩化マグネシウムの添加量を7.59部に変更し、水酸化ナトリウムの添加量を5.49部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の手順で、実施例3~10の中空粒子を得た。
実施例1において、上記「(1)混合液調製工程」で、重合性単量体の種類及び添加量、並びに疎水性溶剤の種類及び添加量を表1に従って変更し、上記「(4)洗浄及び溶剤除去工程」の後に、中空粒子を真空乾燥機にて200℃の真空条件下で12時間加熱処理することにより更に乾燥した以外は、実施例1と同様の手順で、比較例1~4の中空粒子を得た。
各実施例及び各比較例で得た中空粒子について、以下の測定及び評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
粒度分布測定機(ベックマン・コールター社製、製品名:マルチサイザー4e)を用いて中空粒子の体積平均粒子径を測定した。測定条件は、アパーチャー径:50μm、分散媒体:アイソトンII(:製品名)、濃度10%、測定粒子個数:100,000個とした。
具体的には、粒子サンプル0.2gをビーカーに取り、その中に分散剤として界面活性剤水溶液(富士フィルム社製、製品名:ドライウェル)を加えた。そこへ、更に分散媒体を2ml加え、粒子を湿潤させた後、分散媒体を10ml加え、超音波分散器で1分間分散させてから上記粒度分布測定機による測定を行った。
各実施例においては、測定サンプルとして、上述した各実施例の手順により得られた中空粒子と、各実施例の中空粒子に更に各比較例と同様の200℃での真空乾燥を行った中空粒子を準備した。
各比較例においては、測定サンプルとして、上述した各比較例の手順により得られた中空粒子と、40℃での加熱乾燥後に採取した中空粒子、すなわち200℃での真空乾燥前に採取した中空粒子を準備した。
以下において、40℃での加熱乾燥後の中空粒子を、低温乾燥後の中空粒子と称し、200℃での真空乾燥後の中空粒子を、高温乾燥後の中空粒子と称する場合がある。
まず、容量100cm3のメスフラスコに約30cm3の中空粒子を充填し、充填した中空粒子の質量を精確に秤量した。次に、中空粒子の充填されたメスフラスコに、気泡が入らないように注意しながら、イソプロパノールを標線まで精確に満たした。メスフラスコに加えたイソプロパノールの質量を精確に秤量し、上記式(I)に基づき、中空粒子の見かけ密度D1(g/cm3)を計算した。
なお、表1に示す見かけ密度D1は、各実施例では低温乾燥後の中空粒子について測定した結果であり、各比較例では高温乾燥後の中空粒子について測定した結果である。
予め中空粒子を粉砕した後、容量100cm3のメスフラスコに中空粒子の粉砕片を約10g充填し、充填した粉砕片の質量を精確に秤量した。
あとは、上記見かけ密度の測定と同様にイソプロパノールをメスフラスコに加え、イソプロパノールの質量を精確に秤量し、上記式(II)に基づき、中空粒子の真密度D0(g/cm3)を計算した。
中空粒子の見かけ密度D1と真密度D0から、上記式(III)に基づき、中空粒子の空隙率を計算した。
低温乾燥後の中空粒子及び高温乾燥後の中空粒子について、空隙率を求めた。
理論BET比表面積SA(t)、実測BET比表面積SA(m)、及びこれらの比の測定において、各実施例では測定サンプルとして低温乾燥後の中空粒子を準備し、各比較例では測定サンプルを高温乾燥後の中空粒子を準備した。
上記で求めた中空粒子の見かけ密度D1及び体積平均粒子径Dvから、下記式(A)により、中空粒子の理論BET比表面積SA(t)を算出した。
SA(t)=6/(Dv×D1) 式(A)
中空粒子について、全自動BET比表面積測定装置(マウンテック社製、製品名:Macsorb HM model-1208)を用いて、窒素吸着法(BET法)によりBET比表面積を測定した。
中空粒子の理論BET比表面積SA(t)及び実測BET比表面積SA(m)から、これらの比(SA(m)/SA(t))を求めた。
残留溶剤量の測定では、各実施例及び各比較例のいずれにおいても、低温乾燥後の中空粒子を測定サンプルとして準備した。各測定サンプル中の残留溶剤量を、以下の方法で測定した。
30mLねじ口付きガラス瓶に、測定サンプル(中空粒子)約100mgを入れ、精確に秤量した。続いてテトラヒドロフラン(THF)を約10g入れ、精確に秤量した。ガラス瓶中の混合物を、スターラーにより1時間攪拌して、中空粒子が含有していた疎水性溶剤を抽出した。攪拌を停止し、THFに不溶な中空粒子の樹脂成分を沈殿させたのち、フィルター(アドバンテック社製、製品名:メンブランフィルター25JP020AN)を注射筒に装着して、沈殿物をろ過したサンプル液を得た。そのサンプル液をガスクロマトグラフィー(GC)に注入して分析した。中空粒子が含有していた単位質量あたりの残留溶剤量(質量ppm)を、GCのピーク面積と予め作成した検量線から求めた。詳細な分析条件は以下の通りである。
(分析条件)
装置:GC-2010(株式会社島津製作所製)
カラム:DB-5(アジレント・テクノロジー株式会社製)
膜厚0.25μm、内径0.25mm、長さ30m
検出器:FID
キャリアガス:窒素(線速度:28.8cm/sec)
注入口温度:200℃
検出器温度:250℃
オーブン温度:40℃から10℃/分の速度で230℃まで上昇させ、230℃で2分保持する
サンプリング量:2μL
耐圧性の評価では、上述した各実施例及び各比較例の手順により得られた中空粒子を測定サンプルとして用いた。各測定サンプル(中空粒子)について、耐圧性を以下の方法で評価した。
熱可塑性樹脂としてのポリプロピレン(三菱ケミカル製、製品名:MA1B、比重0.90g/cm3)90部と、中空粒子10部を、ブレンダーで混合した。次いで、二軸混練機(東芝機械社製、製品名:TEM-35B)により、以下の混練条件で混練し、押し出し、ペレット化し、樹脂組成物のペレットを得た。
<混練条件>
スクリュー径37mm、L/D=32
スクリュー回転数250rpm
樹脂温度190℃
フィードレート20kg/時間
得られた樹脂組成物のペレットを、80℃で6時間加熱し乾燥させ、次いで熱プレス装置を用いて、下記成形条件にて射出成形し、直径30mm、厚さ5mmの成形体を得た。
<射出成形条件>
φ30mmの金型に得られた樹脂組成物のペレット2gを添加し、200℃に加熱して、溶融させた。溶融後50MPaの圧力で加圧し、1分保持後、室温まで冷却させ、成形体を取り出した。
a:射出成形後の成形体の比重、b:空隙を維持したと仮定した成形体の比重(計算値)及びc:全ての中空粒子が潰れたと仮定した成形体の比重(計算値)を用いて、下記式(C)により空隙残存率を算出した。
空隙残存率(%)={(c-a)/(c-b)}×100 式(C)
なお、射出成形後の成形体の比重aは、JIS K 7112に準拠して水中置換法にて測定した。
空隙を維持したと仮定した成形体の比重bは、下記式(D)により算出した。
b=1/{(PA/PG)+(RA/RG)} 式(D)
上記bを求める計算式において、PAは中空粒子の添加量、PGは中空粒子の比重(見かけ密度D1)、RAは熱可塑性樹脂の添加量、RGは熱可塑性樹脂の比重をそれぞれ表す。
全ての中空粒子が潰れたと仮定した成形体の比重cは、下記式(E)により算出した。
c=[RG×RA+{D0×PA×(1-PV/100)}]/{RA+PA×(1-PV/100)} 式(E)
上記cを求める計算式において、RAは熱可塑性樹脂の添加量、RGは熱可塑性樹脂の比重、D0は中空粒子の真密度、PAは中空粒子の添加量、PVは中空粒子の空隙率(%)をそれぞれ表す。
射出成形後の成形体中の中空粒子の空隙残存率に基づき、中空粒子の耐圧性について下記評価基準により評価した。
(耐圧性評価基準)
A:空隙残存率が90%以上
B:空隙残存率が60%以上90%未満
C:空隙残存率が20%以上60%未満
D:空隙残存率が20%未満
比誘電率(Dk)及び誘電正接(Df)の測定では、上述した各実施例及び各比較例の手順により得られた中空粒子を測定サンプルとして用いた。中空粒子の比誘電率及び誘電正接は、摂動方式の測定装置(AET社製、型式:ADMS01Nc)を用いて、周波数1GHz、室温(25℃)下で測定した。
各実施例及び各比較例で得られた中空粒子は、走査型電子顕微鏡の観察結果及び空隙率の値から、球状であり、かつ中空部を1つのみ有する中空粒子であることが確認された。中空部を1つのみ有する粒子の個数割合は、各実施例で90%以上であった。
また、各実施例で得られた中空粒子について、任意の3000個の粒子を調べた結果、いずれの実施例においても、円形度が0.85以下の粒子の割合が10質量%以下であった。
なお、各実施例において、使用した架橋性単量体と疎水性溶剤のHSP距離は、5.46~7.46の範囲内であった。
また、実施例1~4、7及び10で得られた中空粒子は、シェル中の架橋性炭化水素単量体単位の含有量が多かったため、誘電特性が優れており、中でも、炭化水素単量体単位の含有量が多い実施例1~4及び10で得られた中空粒子は、誘電特性が特に優れていた。
実施例5、6で得られた中空粒子は、シェル中の重合体が、2官能の架橋性単量体単位と3官能以上の架橋性単量体単位とを組み合わせて含んでいたため、耐圧性が優れていた。
ポリプロピレン(PP)(三菱ケミカル株式会社製、製品名:MA1B、比重:0.90g/cm3)100部と、実施例5で得た中空粒子25部とをブレンダーで混合した。次いで、得られた混合物を二軸混練機(東芝機械株式会社製、製品名:TEM-35B)により、以下の混練条件で混練し、押し出し、ペレット化し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物を得た。
<混練条件>
スクリュー径:37mm、L/D=32
スクリュー回転数:250rpm
樹脂温度:190℃
フィードレート:20kg/時間
<圧縮成形条件>
成型温度:190℃
加圧圧力:8MPa
加圧時間:2分
実施例11において、中空粒子の添加量を表2に従って変更した以外は、実施例11と同様にして、実施例12~13のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例11において、中空粒子の種類を表2に従って変更した以外は、実施例11と同様にして、実施例14及び比較例5のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例11において、中空粒子を添加しなかった以外は、実施例11と同様にして、参考例1のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
エポキシ樹脂(三菱ケミカル株式会社製、製品名:jER(登録商標)825、比重:1.20g/cm3)100部と、2-エチルー4ーメチルイミダゾール(四国化成工業(株)製)4部と、実施例5で得た中空粒子25部とを、室温(25℃)で、遊星撹拌機(倉敷紡績株式会社製、製品名:KK-250S)で、自転1600rpm、公転1600rpmで5分間分散させた後、公転1700rpmで脱泡を1分間行うことにより、ワニス状の樹脂組成物を得た。
実施例15において、中空粒子の種類を表2に従って変更した以外は、実施例15と同様にして、比較例6のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例15において、中空粒子を添加しなかった以外は、実施例15と同様にして、参考例2のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例15と同様にして、ワニス状の樹脂組成物を得た。
300mm×200mmに裁断した炭素繊維(三菱ケミカル株式会社製、製品名:TR3110MS、厚み:200μm、目付量:200g/m2)に、得られたワニスを30mL塗布した。
上記ワニスを塗布した炭素繊維を吊るして、過剰なワニスを自重で落とし、自然乾燥(風乾)させることによりプリプレグを得た。
実施例16において、中空粒子の種類を表2に従って変更した以外は、実施例16と同様にして、比較例7のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例16において、中空粒子を添加しなかった以外は、実施例16と同様にして、参考例3のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例15と同様にして、ワニス状の樹脂組成物を得た。
300mm×200mmに裁断したガラス繊維(日東紡績株式会社製、製品名:NEガラス)に、得られたワニスを30mL塗布した。
上記ワニスを塗布したガラス繊維を吊るして、過剰なワニスを自重で落とし、自然乾燥(風乾)させることによりプリプレグを得た。
実施例17において、中空粒子の種類を表2に従って変更した以外は、実施例17と同様にして、実施例18及び比較例8のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例17において、中空粒子を添加しなかった以外は、実施例17と同様にして、参考例4のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
ポリフェニレンエーテル(PPE)(旭化成株式会社製、製品名:XYRON 200H、比重:1.05g/cm3)100部と、実施例5で得た中空粒子25部とをブレンダーで混合した。次いで、得られた混合物を二軸混練機(東芝機械株式会社製、製品名:TEM-35B)により、以下の混練条件で混練し、押し出し、ペレット化し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物を得た。
<混練条件>
スクリュー径:37mm、L/D=32
スクリュー回転数:250rpm
樹脂温度:250℃
フィードレート:20kg/時間
<圧縮成形条件>
成型温度:250℃
加圧圧力:8MPa
加圧時間:2分
実施例19において、中空粒子の種類を表2に従って変更した以外は、実施例19と同様にして、実施例20及び比較例9のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例19において、中空粒子を添加しなかった以外は、実施例19と同様にして、参考例5のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
液晶性高分子(LCP)(上野製薬株式会社製、製品名:2125G、比重1.62g/cm3)100部と、実施例5で得た中空粒子25部とを、ブレンダーで混合した。次いで、得られた混合物を二軸混練機(東芝機械株式会社製、製品名:TEM-35B)により、以下の混練条件で混練し、押し出し、ペレット化し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物を得た。
<混練条件>
スクリュー径:37mm、L/D=32
スクリュー回転数:250rpm
樹脂温度:350℃
フィードレート:20kg/時間
<圧縮成形条件>
成型温度:350℃
加圧圧力:8MPa
加圧時間:2分
実施例21において、中空粒子の種類を表2に従って変更した以外は、実施例21と同様にして、比較例10のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例21において、中空粒子を添加しなかった以外は、実施例21と同様にして、参考例6のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
ポリフェニレンサルファイド(PPS)(帝人株式会社製、製品名:E2000TJ、比重:1.35g/cm3)100部と、実施例5で得た中空粒子25部とを、ブレンダーで混合した。次いで、得られた混合物を二軸混練機(東芝機械株式会社製、製品名:TEM-35B)により、以下の混練条件で混練し、押し出し、ペレット化し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物を得た。
<混練条件>
スクリュー径:37mm、L/D=32
スクリュー回転数:250rpm
樹脂温度:300℃
フィードレート:20kg/時間
<圧縮成形条件>
成型温度:300℃
加圧圧力:8MPa
加圧時間:2分
実施例22において、中空粒子の種類を表2に従って変更した以外は、実施例22と同様にして、比較例11のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例22において、中空粒子を添加しなかった以外は、実施例22と同様にして、参考例7のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
不飽和ポリエステル(不飽和PES)の前駆体(株式会社レゾナック製、製品名:リゴラック158BQT)100部と、実施例5で得た中空粒子25部とを、室温(25℃)で、遊星撹拌機(倉敷紡績株式会社製、製品名:KK-250S)で、自転1600rpm、公転1600rpmで5分間分散させた後、公転1700rpmで脱泡を1分間行うことにより、ワニス状の樹脂組成物を得た。
実施例23において、中空粒子の種類を表2に従って変更した以外は、実施例23と同様にして、実施例24及び比較例12のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
実施例23において、中空粒子を添加しなかった以外は、実施例23と同様にして、参考例8のペレット状の樹脂組成物、及びシート状の樹脂成形体を得た。
各実施例、比較例及び参考例で得た樹脂成形体について、以下の測定及び評価を行った。結果を表2に示す。
樹脂成形体を10mm四方、2mm厚に切り出した試料を用いて、JIS K 7112:1999に準拠した水中置換法によって比重を測定した。
実施例又は比較例で得た樹脂成形体の比重(SG1)と、同じマトリックス樹脂を用いた参考例(強化繊維を含む場合は強化繊維も同じもの)で得た樹脂成形体の比重(SG0)から、下記式(1)により軽量化率(%)を算出した。
式(1):
軽量化率(%)={(SG0-SG1)/SG0}×100
軽量化率に基づいて、下記評価基準により樹脂成形体の軽量性を評価した。
(軽量性評価基準)
A:軽量化率が15%以上
B:軽量化率が10%以上15%未満
C:軽量化率が5%以上10%未満
D:軽量化率が5%未満
樹脂成形体を100mm×50mm、2mm厚に切り出した試料を用いて、JIS A1412-2に準拠した平板熱流計法により、熱伝導率(mW/mK)を測定した。
実施例又は比較例で得た樹脂成形体の熱伝導率(TC1)と、同じマトリックス樹脂を用いた参考例(強化繊維を含む場合は強化繊維も同じもの)で得た樹脂成形体の熱伝導率(TC0)から、下記式(2)により熱伝導率低下率(%)を算出した。
式(2):
熱伝導率低下率(%)={(TC0-TC1)/TC0}×100
熱伝導率低下率に基づいて、下記評価基準により樹脂成形体の断熱性を評価した。
(断熱性評価基準)
A:熱伝導率低下率が30%以上
B:熱伝導率低下率が20%以上30%未満
C:熱伝導率低下率が5%以上20%未満
D:熱伝導率低下率が5%未満
また、実施例11~13からは、樹脂組成物に含まれる中空粒子の量が多いほど、軽量性及び断熱性が向上することが示されている。
実施例13及び14を比べると、実施例14の樹脂成形体の方が、軽量性及び断熱性に優れていた。これは、実施例13で用いた中空粒子(実施例5で得た中空粒子)よりも、実施例14で用いた中空粒子(実施例4で得た中空粒子)の方が、耐圧性に優れていたことにより、実施例14の樹脂成形体の方が、中空粒子内部の空隙が維持されやすかったためと推定される。
実施例16、比較例7及び参考例3の結果、並びに実施例17、18、比較例8及び参考例4の結果から、樹脂組成物に強化繊維を含有させた場合においても、本開示の中空粒子による軽量性及び断熱性の向上効果が得られることが示された。
2 低極性材料
4a 疎水性溶剤
4b 疎水性溶剤以外の材料
6 シェル
7 中空部
8 単量体組成物の液滴
9 前駆体粒子
10 中空粒子
Claims (12)
- 樹脂を含むシェルおよび当該シェルに取り囲まれた中空部を備える中空粒子であって、
体積平均粒子径Dvが1.0μm以上30.0μm以下であり、
粒子内部に前記中空部を1つのみ有し、
見かけ密度D1及び体積平均粒子径Dvから算出される理論BET比表面積SA(t)に対する、実測BET比表面積SA(m)の比(SA(m)/SA(t))が3.0以上である、中空粒子。 - 前記シェルが前記樹脂として、全単量体単位100質量部中に炭化水素単量体単位を10質量部以上含む重合体を含有する、請求項1に記載の中空粒子。
- 前記重合体が、全単量体単位100質量部中に架橋性炭化水素単量体単位を50質量部超過含む、請求項2に記載の中空粒子。
- 前記重合体が、全単量体単位100質量部中に架橋性単量体単位を50質量部超過含み、且つ、2官能の架橋性単量体に由来する2官能の架橋性単量体単位と、3官能以上の架橋性単量体に由来する3官能以上の架橋性単量体単位とを含む、請求項2又は3に記載の中空粒子。
- 空隙率が50%以上である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の中空粒子。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の中空粒子と、マトリックス樹脂とを含む、樹脂組成物。
- 前記マトリックス樹脂として、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリスチレン、ポリウレタン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン(ABS)樹脂、ポリ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリカーボネート、ポリアミド、ポリイミド、ポリフェニレンエーテル、ポリフェニレンサルファイド、ポリエステル、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、マレイミド樹脂、ビスマレイミドトリアジン樹脂、液晶性ポリエステル樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ビニルエステル樹脂、不飽和ポリエステル樹脂、シアネートエステル樹脂、ポリエーテルケトンケトン樹脂、及びポリエーテルイミド樹脂からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、請求項6に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 更に強化繊維を含む、請求項6又は7に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 前記強化繊維の含有量が、前記中空粒子及び前記マトリックス樹脂の合計100質量部に対して、5~200質量部である、請求項8に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 前記強化繊維として、炭素繊維及びガラス繊維から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、請求項8又は9に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 前記中空粒子の含有量が、前記マトリックス樹脂100質量部に対して、5~30質量部である、請求項6~10のいずれか一項に記載の樹脂組成物。
- 請求項6~11のいずれか一項に記載の樹脂組成物から得られる、樹脂成形体。
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| US18/837,614 US20250136730A1 (en) | 2022-02-28 | 2023-02-24 | Hollow particles, resin composition, and resin molded body |
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| JP2016132762A (ja) * | 2015-01-22 | 2016-07-25 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 中空樹脂粒子およびその製造方法 |
| JP2017066351A (ja) | 2015-09-29 | 2017-04-06 | 積水化成品工業株式会社 | 中空粒子及びその用途 |
| WO2020054816A1 (ja) | 2018-09-14 | 2020-03-19 | 積水化成品工業株式会社 | 中空重合体粒子及びその製造方法 |
| WO2021085189A1 (ja) * | 2019-10-29 | 2021-05-06 | 積水化成品工業株式会社 | 中空樹脂粒子およびその製造方法 |
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| WO2016111314A1 (ja) * | 2015-01-08 | 2016-07-14 | 積水化成品工業株式会社 | 中空粒子、その製造方法、その用途及びマイクロカプセル粒子の製造方法 |
| US11707722B2 (en) * | 2018-09-28 | 2023-07-25 | Zeon Corporation | Inorganic nanoparticle-coated hollow particles, method for producing the same, and aqueous dispersion containing the hollow particles |
| WO2022181579A1 (ja) * | 2021-02-26 | 2022-09-01 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | 繊維強化成形体及び繊維強化成形体の製造方法 |
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| JP2017066351A (ja) | 2015-09-29 | 2017-04-06 | 積水化成品工業株式会社 | 中空粒子及びその用途 |
| WO2020054816A1 (ja) | 2018-09-14 | 2020-03-19 | 積水化成品工業株式会社 | 中空重合体粒子及びその製造方法 |
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