WO2023218985A1 - 積層造形用銅合金粉末とその製造方法、および、銅合金積層造形体とその製造方法 - Google Patents
積層造形用銅合金粉末とその製造方法、および、銅合金積層造形体とその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F10/64—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by thermal means
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- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
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- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering or brazing
- B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550°C
- B23K35/302—Cu as the principal constituent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
- B33Y40/10—Pre-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
- C22C9/01—Alloys based on copper with aluminium as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/08—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of copper or alloys based thereon
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- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/34—Process control of powder characteristics, e.g. density, oxidation or flowability
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
- B22F2009/0824—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid with a specific atomising fluid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/10—Copper
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a copper alloy powder for layered manufacturing and a method for manufacturing the same, and a copper alloy layered object and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 state that 0.2% by mass or more and 1.3% by mass
- a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing that contains the following aluminum and further contains copper and unavoidable impurities is disclosed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a technology that solves the above problems.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing according to the present invention contains more than 1.3% by weight and not more than 12.5% by weight of aluminum element, and the remainder consists of copper and inevitable impurities.
- the method for producing copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing includes: The method for producing the above-described copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing, producing a copper alloy powder in which more than 1.3% by weight and not more than 12.5% by weight of aluminum element is added to copper by a gas atomization method; A step of classifying the produced copper alloy powder into particle sizes of 10 ⁇ m or more and 45 ⁇ m or less, including.
- the copper alloy layered product according to the present invention has the following features: A copper alloy additively manufactured body produced by additively manufacturing using an additively manufacturing apparatus using the above-mentioned copper alloy powder for additively manufacturing, It contains more than 1.3% by weight and not more than 12.5% by weight of aluminum element, and the remainder consists of copper and inevitable impurities.
- the copper alloy layered product according to the present invention includes: A copper alloy additively manufactured body produced by additively manufacturing using an additively manufacturing apparatus using the above-mentioned copper alloy powder for additively manufacturing, Contains an aluminum element of 7.0% by weight or more and 12.5% by weight or less, the balance consisting of copper and inevitable impurities, The relative density is 99.0% or more, the Vickers hardness is 150 Hv or more, the tensile strength is 500 MPa or more, the yield strength is 180 MPa or more, and the wear amount is 0.01 g or less.
- the method for manufacturing a copper alloy layered product according to the present invention includes: A manufacturing process of manufacturing a copper alloy layered object using the layered manufacturing device using the copper alloy powder for layered manufacturing; a tempering step of holding the manufactured copper alloy laminate body at a temperature of 400° C. or higher and 600° C. or lower for 1 hour; has.
- a high-quality copper alloy layered product can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the aluminum content of a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing and the relative density, electrical conductivity, and tensile strength of a copper alloy additive manufacturing body in Patent Document 1. It is a figure showing an example of composition of a layered manufacturing device used in a present example. These are an optical micrograph showing the cross-sectional structure of the copper alloy laminate-molded body layered in Example 3, and a BC map and a KAM map taken by the SEM/EBSD method.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating measurements of tensile strength, elongation, and yield strength of copper alloy laminate-molded bodies in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 0 to 6.
- 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the aluminum content of the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing and the tensile strength and yield strength of the copper alloy additive manufacturing body obtained in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 0 and 1.
- 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the aluminum content of the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing and the amount of wear of the copper alloy additive manufacturing body obtained in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 0 and 1. It is a figure which shows the rapid cooling phase diagram of Cu-Al alloy, and calculation of a shaping threshold value.
- 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the tempering temperature of the copper alloy laminate-molded body and the tensile strength and yield strength of the copper alloy laminate-molded body obtained in Example 4.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an equilibrium state diagram of a Cu-Al alloy.
- Additive manufacturing technology enables the production of products with complex shapes that are difficult to achieve with conventional processing technology, and is expected to be applied in a variety of fields.
- metal materials with excellent mechanical properties.
- copper has excellent electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, so additive manufacturing is expected to be applied to products with complex shapes such as heat sinks and heat exchangers.
- the characteristics of the aluminum element-containing copper alloy laminate manufactured bodies in Patent Documents 1 and 2 are represented by a graph as shown in FIG. 1. That is, in Patent Documents 1 and 2, the relative density is 96% to 100%, the electrical conductivity is 30% IACS or more, Moreover, it has been shown that a copper alloy laminate having a tensile strength (maximum stress) of 130 MPa or more and 250 MPa or less can be obtained.
- the particles have particle shape, particle size, apparent density, and fluidity suitable for additive manufacturing using an additive manufacturing device, and have mechanical strength such as tensile strength, yield strength, or abrasion resistance.
- a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing that enables the additive manufacturing of excellent copper alloy additive-molded objects.
- the following conditions are required for a copper alloy powder that can be subjected to additive manufacturing using an additive manufacturing apparatus.
- the 50% particle size of the copper alloy powder particles when measured by laser diffraction method is in the range of 3 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less.
- the 50% particle size of the copper alloy powder particles is less than 3 ⁇ m, there is no fluidity, and a powder bed cannot be formed even in an SLM type additive manufacturing apparatus.
- the 50% particle size of the copper alloy powder particles is larger than 200 ⁇ m, the surface of the powder bed will be rough even in an EBM type additive manufacturing apparatus, making it impossible to form a powder bed suitable for modeling.
- the apparent density (AD) of the copper alloy powder is 3.0 g/cm 3 or more. When the apparent density of the copper alloy powder is less than 3.0, the powder filling rate of the powder bed decreases in the additive manufacturing apparatus, making it impossible to form an appropriate powder bed.
- the flow rate (FR) of the copper alloy powder is 60 sec/50 g or less. If the fluidity of the copper alloy powder is 60 sec/50 g or more, the powder cannot be supplied from the supply hopper in the additive manufacturing apparatus, and an appropriate powder bed cannot be formed.
- the adhesion force of the copper alloy powder (calculated from the fracture envelope obtained by a shear test performed with a powder rheometer) must be 0.600 kPa or less. If the adhesion force of the copper alloy powder is 0.600 kPa or more, the powder cannot be supplied from the supply hopper in the additive manufacturing apparatus, and an appropriate powder bed cannot be formed.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of this embodiment can be manufactured by, for example, a "rotating disk method", a "gas atomization method”, a “water atomization method”, a “plasma atomization method”, a “plasma rotating electrode method”, or the like.
- the "gas atomization method” is used, and gases such as helium, argon, and nitrogen are used as the atomizing gas, and the pressure and flow rate of the gas are adjusted to produce copper alloy powder.
- Similar copper alloy powders can also be produced by other production methods.
- the produced copper alloy powder was classified into a predetermined particle size (for example, 10 ⁇ m or more and 45 ⁇ m or less).
- the following characteristics were measured for the manufactured copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing.
- the content of aluminum element in a copper alloy powder in which aluminum element was added to copper was measured by ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) emission spectrometry.
- the apparent density (g/cm 3 ) of copper alloy powder to which aluminum element was added was measured according to the measurement method of JIS Z 2504.
- the fluidity (sec/50g) of copper alloy powder to which aluminum element was added was measured according to the measurement method of JIS Z 2502.
- the adhesion force of the copper alloy powder was measured as an index of fluidity from the fracture envelope obtained by a shear test conducted using a powder rheometer.
- the 50% particle size ( ⁇ m) was measured by laser diffraction method.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration example of the layered manufacturing apparatus 200 of this embodiment.
- the additive manufacturing apparatus 200 includes a firing mechanism 201 for emitting an electron beam or a laser 201a, a hopper 202 which is a powder tank, a squeezing blade 203 for forming a powder bed with a constant thickness of powder, and a constant thickness for laminating. It has a table 204 that repeatedly descends by the thickness. Through the cooperation of the squeegeeing blade 203 and the table 204, a powder laminated portion 205 having a uniform and constant thickness is generated. Each layer is irradiated with an electron beam or a laser 201a based on slice data obtained from 3D-CAD data to melt metal powder (copper alloy powder in this embodiment) to manufacture a layered product 205a.
- LP laser output (W)
- SS laser scanning speed (mm/s)
- HP laser scanning pitch (mm)
- LT powder bed thickness (mm) (see Table 2).
- the additively manufactured object using copper alloy powder must have sufficient relative density.
- the relative density is 99.0% or more.
- the Vickers hardness of the layered product is 90.0 Hv or more, preferably 150.0 Hv or more.
- the tensile strength of the layered product is 260.0 MPa or more, preferably 500.0 MPa or more.
- the yield strength of the layered product is 160.0 MPa or more, preferably 200.0 MPa or more.
- the amount of wear of the laminate manufactured body is 0.02 g or less, preferably 0.01 g or less.
- the tensile strength (MPa: maximum stress), elongation (%), and yield strength (MPa) of the laminate-produced body were measured using a universal material testing machine.
- the amount of wear (g) of the layered product was measured using a multifunctional wear tester.
- the electrical conductivity (%IACS) of the layered product was measured using an eddy current conductivity meter.
- the above conditions (1) relative density is 99.0% or more.
- An additively manufactured object was manufactured.
- a laminate-molded body was manufactured that (3) had a tensile strength of 260.0 MPa or more, and (4) had a yield strength of 160.0 MPa or more.
- a laminate-molded article satisfying (5) a wear amount of 0.02 g or less was manufactured.
- the relative density is 99.0% or more
- the Vickers hardness is 150.0Hv or more
- the tensile strength is It is possible to obtain a copper alloy layered product having a strength (maximum stress) of 500 MPa or more, a yield strength of 180 MPa or more, and an abrasion loss of 0.01 g or less.
- composition of suitable copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing In this embodiment, by adding an appropriate amount of aluminum element to copper, it is possible to satisfy the conditions for a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing that enables squeezing, and to create an additively manufactured object after additive manufacturing using an additive manufacturing apparatus.
- the present invention provides a copper alloy powder with sufficient relative density and sufficient mechanical strength for use in mechanical products and parts.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of the present embodiment is preferably a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing that contains more than 1.3% by weight and 12.5% by weight or less of the aluminum element, with the remainder consisting of copper and unavoidable impurities.
- a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing containing an aluminum element of 1.7% by weight or more and 12.5% by weight or less is more desirable.
- a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing containing an aluminum element of 7.0% by weight or more and 12.5% by weight or less is more desirable.
- the 50% particle size of the copper alloy powder particles when measured by laser diffraction is in the range of 3 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less, the surface of the powder bed is not rough and has sufficient fluidity. Easy to squeeze. Further, since the copper alloy powder has an apparent density of 3.5 g/cm 3 or more, the powder filling rate of the powder bed is sufficient and an appropriate powder bed can be formed. Further, since the adhesion force of the copper alloy powder is 0.600 kPa or less, the powder can be smoothly supplied from the supply hopper, and an appropriate powder bed can be formed.
- the energy density can be calculated from the laser output, laser scanning speed, laser scanning pitch, and powder bed thickness. It was possible to manufacture a copper alloy laminate-molded body having a relative density of 99.0% or more when molded. In addition, a copper alloy laminate-molded body having a Vickers hardness of 90 Hv or more, a tensile strength of 260 MPa or more, a yield strength of 160 MPa or more, and an abrasion loss of 0.02 g or less was manufactured.
- the relative density is 99.0% or more
- the Vickers hardness is 150Hv or more
- the tensile strength is 500MPa or more.
- a copper alloy laminate-molded body having a yield strength of 180 MPa or more and an abrasion loss of 0.01 g or less was manufactured.
- the copper alloy laminate-molded body layer-manufactured using the copper alloy powder for laminate-manufacturing of the first embodiment is further subjected to a tempering treatment to improve mechanical strength, particularly yield strength.
- a tempering treatment to improve mechanical strength, particularly yield strength.
- the manufacturing of the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing and the manufacturing of the copper alloy additive manufacturing body using the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing before the tempering treatment are the same as in the first embodiment, so the redundant explanation will be omitted. Omitted.
- a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing containing 10.0% by weight of aluminum element will be explained as an example, but copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing containing other aluminum elements will be used. A similar effect can be achieved also in an alloy layered body.
- a copper alloy additively manufactured body produced by additively manufacturing using the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing (aluminum element content 10.0% by weight) of the first embodiment was produced by changing the temperature from 400°C to 600°C (400°C) in a hydrogen atmosphere. °C or higher and 600°C or lower) for 1 hour (60 minutes) to perform a tempering treatment.
- a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing was manufactured by adding iron element (Fe), nickel element (Ni), and manganese element (Mn) to the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of the first embodiment. . Then, a laminate-molded article was modeled using the produced copper alloy powder for laminate-molding.
- the following effects can be obtained by adding iron element, nickel element, and manganese element.
- Addition of iron element -
- the ⁇ -phase solid solubility limit due to the addition of iron elements only slightly affects the aluminum solid solubility limit of copper. ⁇ At the eutectoid transformation rate ( ⁇ + ⁇ 2 ), the transformation in the low temperature region is delayed.
- ⁇ phase ( ⁇ -Fe or Fe-Ni) precipitates in the metal structure. The ⁇ phase tends to become a dendritic coarse precipitate phase as the amount of Fe added increases. When approximately 3.5% by weight or more of Fe is contained, the primary ⁇ phase effectively refines the solidified structure of the ⁇ phase.
- the method of adding iron element, nickel element, and manganese element in this embodiment is the same as the method of adding aluminum element in the first embodiment.
- the aluminum element is 7.0% by weight or more and 12.5% by weight or less
- the iron element is 1.0% by weight or more and 6.0% by weight or less
- the nickel element is 0.1% by weight or more and 6.0% by weight or less.
- Copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing containing 0.1% by weight or more and 1.5% by weight or less of manganese element was produced.
- the following properties of the produced copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing were measured.
- the content of aluminum element, iron element, nickel element, and manganese element in the produced copper alloy powder was measured by ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) emission spectrometry.
- the apparent density (g/cm 3 ) of the produced copper alloy powder was measured according to the measurement method of JIS Z 2504.
- the fluidity (sec/50g) of the produced copper alloy powder was measured according to the measuring method of JIS Z 2502.
- the adhesion force of the produced copper alloy powder was measured as an index of fluidity based on the fracture envelope obtained by a shear test conducted using a powder rheometer.
- the 50% particle size ( ⁇ m) of the copper alloy powder produced by laser diffraction was measured.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing in this embodiment could not be measured for fluidity (3), it satisfied the above-mentioned conditions allowing additive manufacturing with an additive manufacturing apparatus.
- the 50% particle size of the copper alloy powder particles when measured by laser diffraction method is in the range of 3 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less.
- the apparent density (AD) of the copper alloy powder is 3.0 g/cm 3 or more.
- the flow rate (FR) of the copper alloy powder is 60 sec/50 g or less.
- the adhesion force of the copper alloy powder (calculated from the fracture envelope obtained by a shear test performed with a powder rheometer) must be 0.600 kPa or less.
- a laminate-molded article was modeled using the produced copper alloy powder for laminate-molding using the laminate-molding apparatus 200 shown in FIG.
- LP laser output (W)
- SS laser scanning speed (mm/s)
- HP laser scanning pitch (mm)
- LT powder bed thickness (mm) (see Table 9).
- the tensile strength (MPa: maximum stress), elongation (%), and yield strength (MPa) of the laminate-produced body were measured using a universal material testing machine.
- the amount of wear (g) of the layered product was measured using a multifunctional wear tester.
- the electrical conductivity (%IACS) of the layered product was measured using an eddy current conductivity meter.
- the aluminum element is 7.0% by weight or more and 12.5% by weight or less
- the iron element is 1.0% by weight or more and 6.0% by weight or less
- the nickel element is 0.1% by weight or more and 6.0% by weight.
- the relative density is 99.0% or more
- the Vickers hardness is 150.0Hv or more
- the tensile strength is It is possible to obtain a copper alloy layered product having a strength (maximum stress) of 500 MPa or more, a yield strength of 180 MPa or more, and an abrasion loss of 0.01 g or less.
- the aluminum element is 7.0% by weight or more and 12.5% by weight or less
- the iron element is 1.0% by weight or more and 6.0% by weight or less
- the nickel element is 0.1% by weight or more and 6.0% by weight or less.
- a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing in which 0% by weight or less and 0.1% by weight or more and 1.5% by weight or less of manganese element is added, and it is possible to obtain a copper alloy additively manufactured body with high density and excellent mechanical strength. Ta.
- the 50% particle size of the copper alloy powder particles when measured by laser diffraction is in the range of 3 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less, the surface of the powder bed is not rough and has sufficient fluidity. Easy to squeeze. Further, since the copper alloy powder has an apparent density of 3.5 g/cm 3 or more, the powder filling rate of the powder bed is sufficient and an appropriate powder bed can be formed. Further, since the adhesion force of the copper alloy powder is 0.600 kPa or less, the powder can be smoothly supplied from the supply hopper, and an appropriate powder bed can be formed.
- the relative density of the shaped body is 99.0% or more, the Vickers hardness is 150Hv or more, the tensile strength is 500MPa or more, the yield strength is 180MPa or more, and the amount of wear is 0.01g or less.
- a copper alloy additively manufactured body could be manufactured.
- Copper alloy powder to which aluminum element was added was manufactured using a gas atomization method. Helium, argon, nitrogen, or the like was used as the atomizing gas, and the pressure and flow rate of the gas were adjusted to produce copper alloy powder to which aluminum was added.
- Example 0 The content of aluminum element after addition was 0.6% by weight (Comparative Example 0), 1.3% by weight (Comparative Example 1), 2.0% by weight (Example 1), and 5.0% by weight (Example 1).
- Example 2) 7.0% by weight (Example 3), 10.0% by weight (Example 4), 12.0% by weight (Example 5), and 14.0% by weight (Comparative Example 2).
- a copper alloy powder was produced.
- a shear test was conducted using a powder rheometer FT4 (manufactured by Freeman Technology), and the adhesion force (kPa) of the obtained copper alloy powder was measured. Squeezing is also possible using a jig called a doctor blade or applicator, which is a jig that can process one side of a metal block to create a gap and apply paint or ink at a constant thickness. It was determined whether the powder was a copper alloy powder or not.
- Table 1 shows the characteristics of the copper alloy powders produced in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 0, 1, and 2, and the copper powders in Comparative Examples 3 to 5.
- ⁇ Manufacture of layered object> Using the copper alloy powders of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 0, 1, and 2, which were capable of squeezing, a 3D additive manufacturing machine (powder sintering additive manufacturing/SLM method: SLM280HL manufactured by SLM Solutions) was used. A laminate-molded body was manufactured using the following. In addition, as a sample of the laminate-molded body for property measurement, a rectangular laminate-molded body having a width of 10 mm x depth of 7 mm x height of 5 mm was manufactured.
- Laminated bodies were produced using the copper alloy powders of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 0, 1, and 2 at appropriate energy densities (J/mm 3 ).
- the energy density (J/mm 3 ) is shown in Table 2.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing to which 14.0% by weight of aluminum element was added, which cracked during additive manufacturing, additively manufactured objects were manufactured by changing the energy density (J/mm 3 ) (comparison). (See Examples 2-1 to 2-21).
- FIG. 3 shows a BC map 310 and a KAM map 320 of a copper alloy additive manufacturing body to which 7.0% by weight of aluminum element is added by EBSD, and a copper alloy additive manufacturing body to which 10.0% by weight of aluminum element is added.
- An optical micrograph 330 of the body is shown.
- Table 4 shows the characteristics of the copper alloy laminate manufactured body measured by the test equipment shown in Table 3.
- the laminate manufactured body to which 10.0% by weight of aluminum element was added showed extremely large work hardening and exhibited extremely high tensile strength, but conversely, yield strength did not increase significantly. From the structure observation using optical micrograph 330 and the XRD analysis results, it is clear that the copper alloy laminate model exhibits a plate-like ⁇ ' martensite structure, and the yield strength does not increase compared to large work hardening or tensile strength. This is thought to be due to martensitic transformation due to the rapid solidification process during additive manufacturing.
- FIG. 5 shows the aluminum content of the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing and the tensile strength of the copper alloy additive manufactured body based on the property measurement results in Table 4 obtained in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 0 and 1.
- a graph showing the relationship between strength and yield strength is shown.
- FIG. 6 shows the aluminum content of the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing and the wear of the copper alloy additively manufactured body based on the characteristic measurement results in Table 4 obtained in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 0 and 1.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a quenching state diagram of a Cu-Al alloy and calculation of a forming threshold. As shown in Table 4, layered manufacturing is possible when the aluminum element is contained up to 12.0% by weight, but when the aluminum element is contained at 14.0% by weight, cracks occur during layered manufacturing and layered manufacturing is not possible.
- the quenching phase diagram (710) of the Cu-Al alloy in FIG. 7 the solid line indicates an equilibrium phase diagram, and when the cooling process involves quenching, the broken line indicates a phase diagram. Since additive manufacturing involves rapid cooling during the cooling process, it becomes the constituent phase of the phase diagram indicated by the broken line.
- the additively manufactured body is composed of a ⁇ 1′ single phase.
- the ⁇ ' phase begins to precipitate, and when the aluminum element content is 14.0% by weight, it becomes almost a ⁇ ' single phase. From this, it is thought that the precipitation of the ⁇ ' phase is the cause of cracking during additive manufacturing, and additive manufacturing is possible without cracking if the aluminum element content is 12.5% by weight or less, where the ⁇ ' phase does not precipitate. It is assumed that.
- Table 5 shows a set of threshold values set based on Examples 1 to 5 for evaluating the mechanical strength of the copper alloy laminate-produced body.
- ⁇ numerical value indicates a numerical value or more
- numbererical value ⁇ indicates a numerical value or less.
- Table 6 shows the measurement results of properties related to mechanical strength after tempering the laminate-molded bodies to which 10.0% by weight and 12.0% by weight of the aluminum element were added.
- FIG. 8 shows a graph of the measurement results of tensile strength and yield strength versus tempering temperature.
- FIG. 9 shows an equilibrium diagram of the Cu-Al alloy. From the equilibrium diagram in Figure 9, it is clear that an ⁇ -phase single-phase structure is shown when the aluminum element is 9.0% by weight or less, but a eutectoid phase consisting of ( ⁇ + ⁇ 2 ) is shown when the aluminum element is 9.4 to 15.6% by weight. appear. In this ( ⁇ + ⁇ 2 ) region, the high-temperature stable phase ⁇ is rapidly cooled, so that 10.0% by weight of aluminum element shows a ⁇ ' phase and 12.0% by weight of aluminum element shows a ⁇ 1' phase. Note that the ⁇ ' phase and the ⁇ 1' phase have a martensitic structure.
- Copper alloy powder to which aluminum element, iron element, nickel element, and manganese element were added was manufactured by a gas atomization method. Helium, argon, nitrogen, or the like was used as the atomizing gas, and the pressure and flow rate of the gas were adjusted to produce copper alloy powder to which aluminum, iron, nickel, and manganese were added.
- the content of aluminum element is 8.5% by weight
- the content of iron element is 3.0% by weight
- the content of nickel element is 0.5% by weight
- the content of manganese element is 0.1%.
- wt% Example 6
- the content of aluminum element is 10.5 wt%
- the content of iron element is 3.1 wt%
- the content of nickel element is 2.0 wt%
- the content of manganese element is 0.1%.
- Example 7 The amount was 1.1% by weight (Example 7), the content of aluminum element was 10.0% by weight, the content of iron element was 5.0% by weight, the content of nickel element was 5.0% by weight, and , the content of manganese element was 0.7% by weight (Example 8), the content of aluminum element was 9.0% by weight, the content of iron element was 3.5% by weight, and the content of nickel element was 2.0% by weight. Copper alloy powder was produced by changing the manganese element content to 5% by weight and 11.0% by weight (Comparative Example 6).
- a shear test was conducted using a powder rheometer FT4 (manufactured by Freeman Technology), and the adhesion force (kPa) of the obtained copper alloy powder was measured. Squeezing is also possible using a jig called a doctor blade or applicator, which is a jig that can process one side of a metal block to create a gap and apply paint or ink at a constant thickness. It was determined whether the powder was a copper alloy powder or not.
- Table 7 shows the characteristics of the copper alloy powders produced in Examples 6 to 8 and Comparative Example 6.
- the copper alloy powders for additive manufacturing in Examples 6 to 8 and Comparative Example 6 satisfied the above-mentioned conditions allowing additive manufacturing with the additive manufacturing apparatus. That is, (1) the 50% particle size of the powder particles (D50 in Table 7), (2) the apparent density of the powder (AD in Table 7), and (3) the fluidity (FR) of the powder. was impossible to measure (none), but the powders satisfied the adhesion (Examples 6 to 8 and Comparative Example 6) and could be squeezed.
- the weight percent is set by paying attention to the content of each element in existing copper alloy castings shown in Table 8. Thus, the suitable weight percentage of each element was verified.
- Laminated bodies were manufactured using the copper alloy powders of Examples 6 to 8 and Comparative Example 6 at appropriate energy densities (J/mm 3 ) .
- the energy density (J/mm 3 ) is shown in Table 9.
- the aluminum element that cracked during additive manufacturing was 9.0% by weight
- the iron element content was 3.5% by weight
- the nickel element content was 2.5% by weight
- the manganese element content was Regarding the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing added at 11.0% by weight
- additively manufactured bodies were manufactured by changing the energy density (J/mm 3 ) (see Comparative Examples 6-1 to 6-30).
- the content of aluminum element was 9.0% by weight
- the content of iron element was 3.5% by weight
- the content of nickel element was 2.0% by weight.
- Table 10 shows the characteristics of the copper alloy laminate-molded bodies formed using the copper alloy powder in each of Examples 6 to 8 and Comparative Example 6, as measured by the test apparatus shown in Table 3.
- FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the aluminum content of the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing and the tensile strength and yield strength of the copper alloy additive manufactured body, based on the property measurement results in Table 10 obtained in Examples 6 to 8. Added.
- FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the aluminum content of the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing and the amount of wear of the copper alloy additive manufactured body, based on the property measurement results in Table 10 obtained in Examples 6 to 8. Added.
- a copper alloy laminate-molded body satisfying the following conditions: Vickers hardness of 150.0 Hv or more, tensile strength (maximum stress) of 500 MPa or more, yield strength of 180 MPa or more, and wear amount of 0.01 g or less could be produced.
- Example 6 even with a low aluminum content, the tensile strength (maximum stress) and yield strength are increased, and there is also elongation. For example, even when compared with Example 4, which contained 10% by weight of aluminum, Examples 7 and 8, which had a similar aluminum content, were able to improve elongation without reducing strength.
- the copper alloy laminate manufactured body according to the present invention can be suitably used for parts such as bearings, pistons, marine propellers, and pumps that require particularly high mechanical strength (Vickers hardness, tensile strength, yield strength, wear amount, etc.) can do.
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Abstract
Description
積層造形法により積層造形体を造形するために用いられる積層造形用銅合金粉末であって、
アルミニウム元素を1.3重量%超12.5重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる。
上記の積層造形用銅合金粉末の製造方法であって、
ガスアトマイズ法により、銅に、1.3重量%超12.5重量%以下のアルミニウム元素を添加した銅合金粉末を生成する工程と、
生成された前記銅合金粉末を粒径10μm以上45μm以下に分級する工程と、
を含む。
上記の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により積層造形された銅合金積層造形体であって、
アルミニウム元素を1.3重量%超12.5重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる。
上記の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により積層造形された銅合金積層造形体であって、
アルミニウム元素を7.0重量%以上12.5重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなり、
相対密度が99.0%以上であり、ビッカース硬さが150Hv以上であり、引張強さが500MPa以上であり、耐力が180MPa以上であり、摩耗量は0.01g以下である。
上記の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により銅合金積層造形体を製造する製造工程と、
製造された前記銅合金積層造形体を400℃以上600℃以下で1時間保持する焼戻し工程と、
を有する。
本実施形態においては、十分な機械的強度(引張強さや耐力、あるいは耐摩耗性)を有する銅合金積層造形体を得ることができる積層造形用銅合金粉末について説明する。その前に、まず積層造形用銅合金粉末の現状について説明する。
積層造形技術は、従来の加工技術では困難であった複雑な形状の製品の作製が可能であり、様々な分野での応用が期待されている。特に機械的特性等に優れる金属材料の適用が望まれている。金属材料の中でも銅は、優れた導電率、熱伝導率を有することから、ヒートシンクや熱交換器など複雑な形状を有している製品などへの積層造形法の適用が期待されている。
本実施形態においては、積層造形装置による積層造形法に適した、粒子形状、粒径、見掛密度および流動性を有し、かつ、機械強度である引張強さや耐力、あるいは、耐摩耗性に優れた銅合金積層造形体の積層造形が可能な積層造形用銅合金粉末を提供する。
積層造形装置による積層造形が可能な銅合金粉末としては、以下の条件が必要とされる。
(1) レーザ回折法で測定したときの銅合金粉末粒子の50%粒径が3μm以上200μm以下の範囲であること。銅合金粉末粒子の50%粒径が3μm未満の場合は流動性がなく、SLM方式の積層造形装置においても粉末床を形成できない。一方、銅合金粉末粒子の50%粒径が200μmより大きい場合は、EBM方式の積層造形装置においても粉末床の表面が荒れて造形に適切な粉末床を形成できない。
(2) 銅合金粉末の見掛密度(AD:apparent density)が3.0g/cm3以上であること。銅合金粉末の見掛密度が3.0未満の場合は、積層造形装置において粉末床の粉末充填率が下がり適切な粉末床を形成できない。
(3) 銅合金粉末の流動性(FR:flow rate)が60sec/50g以下であること。銅合金粉末の流動性が60sec/50g以上の場合は、積層造形装置において供給ホッパーからの粉末供給ができず適切な粉末床を形成できない。なお、流動性(FR)が測定不能な場合、銅合金粉末の付着力(パウダーレオメータにより実施されるせん断試験によって得られた破壊包絡線から求めた)が0.600kPa以下であること。銅合金粉末の付着力が0.600kPa以上の場合は、積層造形装置において供給ホッパーからの粉末供給ができず適切な粉末床を形成できない。
本実施形態の積層造形用銅合金粉末は、例えば、「回転ディスク法」、「ガスアトマイズ法」、「水アトマイズ法」、「プラズマアトマイズ法」、「プラズマ回転電極法」などにより製造可能である。本実施形態においては、これらの内、「ガスアトマイズ法」を使用し、噴霧ガスとしてはヘリウム、アルゴン、窒素などのガスを用い、ガスの圧力と流量とを調整し、銅合金粉末を製造したが、他の製法によっても同様の銅合金粉末が製造できる。製造した銅合金粉末は、所定の粒径(例えば、10μm以上45μm以下)に分級された。
製造された積層造形用銅合金粉末について、以下の特性を測定した。
(1) ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma:誘導結合プラズマ)発光分光分析法により、銅にアルミニウム元素が添加された銅合金粉末のアルミニウム元素の含有量を測定した。
(2) JIS Z 2504の測定法に準じて、アルミニウム元素が添加された銅合金粉末の見掛密度(g/cm3)を測定した。
(3) JIS Z 2502の測定法に準じて、アルミニウム元素が添加された銅合金粉末の流動性(sec/50g)を測定した。
(4) パウダーレオメータにより実施されるせん断試験によって得られた破壊包絡線から銅合金粉末の付着力を、流動性の指標として測定した。
(5) レーザ回折法により50%粒径(μm)を測定した。
本実施形態におけるアルミニウム元素が0.6重量%以上14.0重量%以下添加された積層造形用銅合金粉末は、流動性の測定(3)ができなかったものの、積層造形装置で積層造形可能な上記条件を満たした。すなわち、(1)銅合金粉末粒子の50%粒径、(2)銅合金粉末の見掛密度、(3)流動性そのものの測定ができなかったものの、銅合金粉末の付着力、のいずれをも満たす粉末であった。
図2は、本実施形態の積層造形装置200の概略構成例を示す図である。積層造形装置200は、電子ビームあるいはレーザ201aの発射機構201と、粉末タンクであるホッパー202と、粉末を一定厚で敷き詰めた粉末床を形成するためのスキージングブレード203と、積層のために一定厚だけ下降を繰り返すテーブル204と、を有する。スキージングブレード203とテーブル204との協働により、均一な一定厚の粉末積層部205が生成される。各層には、3D-CADデータより得られたスライスデータを基に電子ビームあるいはレーザ201aを照射し、金属粉末(本実施形態では銅合金粉末)を溶融して積層造形体205aが製造される。
本実施形態の有用な積層造形体としては、以下の条件が必要とされた。なお、以下の条件は、銅合金積層造形体が所望の機械強度を得るための条件である。
(1) 銅合金粉末を用いた積層造形体が十分な相対密度を有すること。例えば、相対密度が99.0%以上であること。
(2) 積層造形体のビッカース硬さが90.0Hv以上であり、望ましくは、150.0Hv以上であること。
(3) 積層造形体の引張強さが260.0MPa以上であり、望ましくは、500.0MPa以上であること。
(4) 積層造形体の耐力が160.0MPa以上であり、望ましくは、200.0MPa以上であること。
(5) 積層造形体の摩耗量が、0.02g以下、望ましくは、0.01g以下であること。
製造された積層造形体について、以下の特性を測定した。
(1) 光学顕微鏡およびSEM(SEM:Scanning Electron Microscope)/EBSD(Electron Back Scatter Diffraction)法により、製造された積層造形体の断面の組織およびBC(Band Contrast)マップおよびKAM(Kernel Average Misorientation)マップを撮影した。
(2) 積層造形体および積層造形体と同じ組成を有する粉末をアルキメデス法によって測定し、粉末の密度を100%として積層造形体の相対密度(%)を算出した。
(3) 積層造形体のビッカース硬さ(Hv)を、微小硬さ試験機で測定した。
(4) 積層造形体の引張強さ(MPa:最大応力)、伸び(%)および耐力(MPa)を、万能材料試験機で測定した。
(5) 積層造形体の摩耗量(g)を、多機能摩耗試験機で測定した。
(6) 積層造形体の電気伝導率(%IACS)を、渦電流方式の導電率計で測定した。
本実施形態におけるアルミニウム元素を1.3質量%超12.5質量%以下含有する積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いることによって、上記条件である、(1)相対密度が99.0%以上を満たす積層造形体が製造された。また、(2)ビッカース硬さが90.0Hv以上を満たす積層造形体が製造された。また、(3)引張強さが260.0MPa以上を満たし、(4)積層造形体の耐力が160.0MPa以上を満たす積層造形体が製造された。さらに、(5)積層造形体の摩耗量が0.02g以下を満たす積層造形体が製造された。
本実施形態においては、銅に適切な量のアルミニウム元素を添加することで、スキージングを可能とする積層造形用銅合金粉末の条件を満たし、かつ、積層造形装置による積層造形後の積層造形体が十分な相対密度、および、機械製品や部品として十分な機械強度を有する銅合金粉末を提供する。
本実施形態によれば、アルミニウム元素を1.3重量%超12.5重量%以下添加した積層造形用銅合金粉末を提供し、高密度で機械強度の優れた銅合金積層造形体を得ることができた。
本実施形態においては、第1実施形態の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて積層造形した銅合金積層造形体に対して、さらに、焼戻し処理を行って機械強度、特に耐力を向上させる。なお、焼戻し処理の前の、積層造形用銅合金粉末の製造、積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いた銅合金積層造形体の製造については、第1実施形態と同様であるため、重複する説明を省略する。また、本実施形態においては、アルミニウム元素を10.0重量%含有する積層造形用銅合金粉末を例に説明するが、他のアルミニウム元素を含有する積層造形用銅合金粉末から積層造形された銅合金積層造形体においても、同様の効果を奏する。
第1実施形態の積層造形用銅合金粉末(アルミニウム元素含有量10.0重量%)を用いて積層造形した銅合金積層造形体を、水素雰囲気で温度を400℃から600℃に変えて(400℃以上600℃以下で)、1時間(60分)保持して焼戻し処理を行った。
引張強さは、焼戻し温度が400℃から600℃に高くなるに従い、894.98MPaから591.90MPaまで直線的に低下したが、耐力は、188.70MPaから253.60MPa以上に上昇した。
本実施形態によれば、銅合金積層造形体に対して焼戻し処理を行うことにより、耐力が向上して外力により変形し難い銅合金積層造形体を得ることができた。
本実施形態においては、第1実施形態の積層造形用銅合金粉末に、さらに、鉄元素(Fe)、ニッケル元素(Ni)、マンガン元素(Mn)を添加した積層造形用銅合金粉末を製造した。そして、製造したこの積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて積層造形物を造形した。
(鉄元素の添加)
・鉄元素の添加によるα相固溶限においては、銅のアルミニウム固溶限に僅かに影響を与える程度である。
・共析変態速度(β→α+γ2)では、低温部での変態をおくらせる。
・金属組織において、κ相(σ-FeまたはFe-Ni)が析出する。κ相はFe添加量の増加に従って樹枝状晶的な粗大析出相になる傾向がある。約3.5重量%以上Feが含まれると、初晶であるκ相がβ相の凝固組織を効果的に微細化する。
(ニッケル元素の添加)
・ニッケル元素の添加によるα相固溶限においては、α相領域を拡大し、かつβ相の安定性が下がるため、共析変態を促進する。
・共析変態速度(β→α+γ2)では、共析変態開始を僅かに促進させる反面、変態終了を遅らせる効果がある。
・金属組織において、κ相(Ni-Al)を析出する。κ相を析出させることによってアルミ青銅に時効硬化性を与える。
・マンガン元素の添加によるα相固溶限においては、1重量%付近まではα相およびκ相の析出形状に影響を与えない。しかし、マンガン量の増加はα相領域を狭める傾向がある。
・共析変態速度(β→α+γ2)では、共析変態を著しく遅滞化させる。また、変態温度を著しく小さくする。
・金属組織において、高マンガン組成のものはβ相およびα相にCu3Mn2Al相を析出させる。
(1) ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma:誘導結合プラズマ)発光分光分析法により、製造された銅合金粉末のアルミニウム元素、鉄元素、ニッケル元素、マンガン元素の含有量を測定した。
(2) JIS Z 2504の測定法に準じて、製造された銅合金粉末の見掛密度(g/cm3)を測定した。
(3) JIS Z 2502の測定法に準じて、製造された銅合金粉末の流動性(sec/50g)を測定した。
(4) パウダーレオメータにより実施されるせん断試験によって得られた破壊包絡線から製造された銅合金粉末の付着力を、流動性の指標として測定した。
(5) レーザ回折法により製造された銅合金粉末の50%粒径(μm)を測定した。
本実施形態における積層造形用銅合金粉末は、流動性の測定(3)ができなかったものの、積層造形装置で積層造形可能な上記条件を満たした。すなわち、(1)銅合金粉末粒子の50%粒径、(2)銅合金粉末の見掛密度、(3)流動性そのものの測定ができなかったものの、銅合金粉末の付着力、のいずれをも満たす粉末であった。
(1) レーザ回折法で測定したときの銅合金粉末粒子の50%粒径が3μm以上200μm以下の範囲であること。
(2) 銅合金粉末の見掛密度(AD:apparent density)が3.0g/cm3以上であること。
(3) 銅合金粉末の流動性(FR:flow rate)が60sec/50g以下であること。なお、流動性(FR)が測定不能な場合、銅合金粉末の付着力(パウダーレオメータにより実施されるせん断試験によって得られた破壊包絡線から求めた)が0.600kPa以下であること。
(1) 光学顕微鏡およびSEM(SEM:Scanning Electron Microscope)/EBSD(Electron Back Scatter Diffraction)法により、製造された積層造形体の断面の組織およびBC(Band Contrast)マップおよびKAM(Kernel Average Misorientation)マップを撮影した。
(2) 積層造形体および積層造形体と同じ組成を有する粉末をアルキメデス法によって測定し、粉末の密度を100%として積層造形体の相対密度(%)を算出した。
(3) 積層造形体のビッカース硬さ(Hv)を、微小硬さ試験機で測定した。
(4) 積層造形体の引張強さ(MPa:最大応力)、伸び(%)および耐力(MPa)を、万能材料試験機で測定した。
(5) 積層造形体の摩耗量(g)を、多機能摩耗試験機で測定した。
(6) 積層造形体の電気伝導率(%IACS)を、渦電流方式の導電率計で測定した。
本実施形態におけるアルミニウム元素を7.0質量%以上12.5質量%以下、鉄元素を1.0重量%以上6.0重量%以下、ニッケル元素を0.1重量%以上6.0重量%以下、マンガン元素を0.1重量%以上1.5重量%以下含有する積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いることによって、相対密度が99.0%以上、ビッカース硬さが150.0Hv以上、引張強さ(最大応力)が500MPa以上、耐力が180MPa以上、かつ、摩耗量が0.01g以下の銅合金積層造形体を得ることができる。
本実施形態によれば、アルミニウム元素を7.0質量%以上12.5質量%以下、鉄元素を1.0重量%以上6.0重量%以下、ニッケル元素を0.1重量%以上6.0重量%以下、マンガン元素を0.1重量%以上1.5重量%以下添加した積層造形用銅合金粉末を提供し、高密度で機械強度の優れた銅合金積層造形体を得ることができた。
ガスアトマイズ法により、アルミニウム元素が添加された銅合金粉末を製造した。噴霧ガスとしてはヘリウム、アルゴン、窒素などを用い、ガスの圧力と流量とを調整し、アルミニウム元素が添加された銅合金粉末を製造した。
ICP発光分光分析法により、アルミニウム元素が添加された銅合金粉末におけるアルミニウム元素の含有量を測定した。また、JIS Z 2504に準じて、アルミニウム元素が添加された銅合金粉末の見掛密度(g/cm3)を測定した。また、JIS Z 2502に準じて、アルミニウム元素が添加された銅合金粉末の流動性(sec/50g)を測定した。また、レーザ回折法により50%粒径(μm)を測定した(マイクロトラックMT3300:マイクロトラックベル株式会社製)。表1に、製造した実施例1~5と、比較例0,1、2との銅合金粉末の特性を示す。また、パウダーレオメータFT4(フリーマンテクノロジー社製)を用いてせん断試験を実施し、得られた銅合金粉末の付着力(kPa)を測定した。また、金属ブロックの片面を加工してすき間をつくり、塗料やインクなどを一定の膜厚で塗布することができる冶具である、ドクターブレードあるいはアプリケータと呼ばれる冶具を使用して、スキージングが可能な銅合金粉末か否かを判定した。
表1によれば、実施例1~5および比較例0、1、2における積層造形用銅合金粉末は、積層造形装置で積層造形可能な上記条件を満たした。すなわち、(1)粉末粒子の50%粒径(表1中ではD50)、(2)粉末の見掛密度(表1中ではAD)を満たし、かつ、(3)粉末の流動性(FR)は測定不可(none.)であったが付着力を満たす粉末(実施例1~5および比較例0、1、2)であり、スキージングが可能であった。一方、いずれかを満たさない粉末(比較例3~5)はスキージングが不可能であった。
スキージングが可能であった、上記実施例1~5および比較例0、1、2における銅合金粉末を用いて、3D積層造形機(粉末焼結積層造形/SLM方式:SLM solutions 社製SLM280HL)を用いて、積層造形体を製造した。なお、特性測定用の積層造形体の標本としては、幅10mm×奥行7mm×高さ5mmからなる直方体の積層造形体を製造した。
光学顕微鏡およびSEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)/EBSD(Electron Back Scatter Diffraction)法により、製造された銅合金積層造形体の断面の組織およびBC(Band Contrast)マップおよびKAM(Kernel Average Misorientation)マップを撮影した。図3には、EBSDによるアルミニウム元素が7.0重量%添加された銅合金積層造形体のBCマップ310およびKAMマップ320が示され、アルミニウム元素が10.0重量%添加された銅合金積層造形体の光学顕微鏡写真330が示されている。
図3のBCマップ310およびKAMマップ320から、幅約1μm以下の非常に微細な柱状晶が造形方向に向かって伸びており,さらにそれらの結晶に沿って高歪領域が分布していることがわかる。このような微細組織および歪の生成は積層造形法における急冷凝固プロセスに起因すると考えられる。このことが、アルミニウム元素が7.0重量%添加された積層造形体において、特に耐力の上昇に寄与していると推察される。
アルミニウム元素が10.0重量%添加された積層造形体は、きわめて大きな加工硬化を示し、引張強さもきわめて高い値を示したが、逆に耐力の方は大きく上昇しなかった。その原因が、板状のβ´マルテンサイト組織を呈していて、積層造形における急冷凝固プロセスによるマルテンサイト変態に起因するものと考えられた。そこで、第2実施形態に従って、400℃、500℃、600℃による焼戻しを1時間行った後に、機械強度に関する特性の測定を行った。
銅合金積層造形体をβ共析分解温度よりやや低い温度で焼戻しすることで、引張強さは温度上昇とともに低下するものの500MPa以上(600MPa程度)を維持し、耐力は上昇した。この結果は、銅合金積層造形体の組織が微細であることを示唆している。
ガスアトマイズ法により、アルミニウム元素、鉄元素、ニッケル元素およびマンガン元素が添加された銅合金粉末を製造した。噴霧ガスとしてはヘリウム、アルゴン、窒素などを用い、ガスの圧力と流量とを調整し、アルミニウム元素、鉄元素、ニッケル元素およびマンガン元素が添加された銅合金粉末を製造した。
ICP発光分光分析法により、実施例6~8および比較例6の銅合金粉末における各元素の含有量を測定した。また、JIS Z 2504に準じて、実施例6~8および比較例6の銅合金粉末の見掛密度(g/cm3)を測定した。また、JIS Z 2502に準じて、実施例6~8および比較例6の銅合金粉末の流動性(sec/50g)を測定した。また、レーザ回折法により50%粒径(μm)を測定した(マイクロトラックMT3300:マイクロトラックベル株式会社製)。表7に、製造した実施例6~8と、比較例6との銅合金粉末の特性を示す。また、パウダーレオメータFT4(フリーマンテクノロジー社製)を用いてせん断試験を実施し、得られた銅合金粉末の付着力(kPa)を測定した。また、金属ブロックの片面を加工してすき間をつくり、塗料やインクなどを一定の膜厚で塗布することができる冶具である、ドクターブレードあるいはアプリケータと呼ばれる冶具を使用して、スキージングが可能な銅合金粉末か否かを判定した。
表7によれば、実施例6~8および比較例6における積層造形用銅合金粉末は、積層造形装置で積層造形可能な上記条件を満たした。すなわち、(1)粉末粒子の50%粒径(表7中ではD50)、(2)粉末の見掛密度(表7中ではAD)を満たし、かつ、(3)粉末の流動性(FR)は測定不可(none.)であったが付着力を満たす粉末(実施例6~8および比較例6)であり、スキージングが可能であった。
スキージングが可能であった、上記実施例6~8および比較例6における銅合金粉末を用いて、3D積層造形機(粉末焼結積層造形/SLM方式:SLM solutions 社製SLM280HL)を用いて、積層造形体を製造した。なお、特性測定用の積層造形体の標本としては、幅10mm×奥行7mm×高さ5mmからなる直方体の積層造形体を製造した。
本発明による銅合金積層造形体は、特に大きな機械強度(ビッカース硬さ、引張強さ、耐力、摩耗量など)を必要とする軸受けやピストン、船舶用プロペラ、ポンプ類などの部品に好適に使用することができる。
Claims (14)
- 積層造形法により積層造形体を造形するために用いられる積層造形用銅合金粉末であって、
アルミニウム元素を1.3重量%超12.5重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる、積層造形用銅合金粉末。 - 前記アルミニウム元素を7.0重量%以上12.5重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる、請求項1に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末。
- 前記積層造形用銅合金粉末の50%粒径が、3μm以上200μm以下である請求項1または2に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末。
- JIS Z 2504の測定法で測定したときの前記積層造形用銅合金粉末の見掛密度が、3.5g/cm3以上である請求項1または2に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末。
- パウダーレオメータにより実施されるせん断試験によって得られた破壊包絡線から求めた前記積層造形用銅合金粉末の付着力が、0.600kPa以下である請求項1または2に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末。
- 請求項1に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末の製造方法であって、
ガスアトマイズ法により、銅に、1.3重量%超12.5重量%以下のアルミニウム元素を添加した銅合金粉末を生成する工程と、
生成された前記銅合金粉末を粒径10μm以上45μm以下に分級する工程と、
を含む積層造形用銅合金粉末の製造方法。 - 請求項1に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により積層造形された銅合金積層造形体であって、
アルミニウム元素を1.3重量%超12.5重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる、銅合金積層造形体。 - 前記銅合金積層造形体は、相対密度が99.0%以上であり、ビッカース硬さが90Hv以上であり、引張強さが260MPa以上であり、耐力が160MPa以上であり、摩耗量は0.02g以下である請求項7に記載の銅合金積層造形体。
- 請求項2に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により積層造形された銅合金積層造形体であって、
アルミニウム元素を7.0重量%以上12.5重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなり、
相対密度が99.0%以上であり、ビッカース硬さが150Hv以上であり、引張強さが500MPa以上であり、耐力が180MPa以上であり、摩耗量は0.01g以下である、銅合金積層造形体。 - 請求項1または2に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により銅合金積層造形体を製造する製造工程と、
製造された前記銅合金積層造形体を400℃以上600℃以下で1時間保持する焼戻し工程と、
を有する銅合金積層造形体の製造方法。 - 積層造形法により積層造形体を造形するために用いられる積層造形用銅合金粉末であって、
アルミニウム元素を7.0重量%超12.5重量%以下、鉄元素を1.0重量%以上6.0重量%以下、ニッケル元素を0.1重量%以上6.0重量%以下、および、マンガン元素を0.1重量%以上1.5重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる、積層造形用銅合金粉末。 - 請求項11に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末の製造方法であって、
ガスアトマイズ法により、銅に、7.0重量%超12.5重量%以下のアルミニウム元素、1.0重量%以上6.0重量%以下の鉄元素、0.1重量%以上6.0重量%以下のニッケル元素、および、0.1重量%以上1.5重量%以下のマンガン元素を添加した銅合金粉末を生成する工程と、
生成された前記銅合金粉末を粒径10μm以上45μm以下に分級する工程と、
を含む積層造形用銅合金粉末の製造方法。 - 請求項11に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により積層造形された銅合金積層造形体であって、
アルミニウム元素を7.0重量%超12.5重量%以下、鉄元素を1.0重量%以上6.0重量%以下、ニッケル元素を0.1重量%以上6.0重量%以下、および、マンガン元素を0.1重量%以上1.5重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる、銅合金積層造形体。 - 相対密度が99.0%以上であり、ビッカース硬さが150Hv以上であり、引張強さが500MPa以上であり、耐力が180MPa以上であり、摩耗量は0.01g以下である、請求項13に記載の銅合金積層造形体。
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| US (1) | US20250319515A1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP4509246A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPWO2023218985A1 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20250009973A (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN119156263A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2023218985A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2024002346A (ja) * | 2022-06-24 | 2024-01-11 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 積層造形物およびその原料粉末 |
| CN120587489A (zh) * | 2025-08-05 | 2025-09-05 | 广东省科学院新材料研究所 | 增材制造锰铜合金及其制备方法和应用 |
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| JPS56152902A (en) * | 1980-04-28 | 1981-11-26 | Fukuda Kinzoku Hakufun Kogyo Kk | Powder for sintered copper alloy containing aluminum |
| CN102162079A (zh) * | 2011-03-30 | 2011-08-24 | 北京矿冶研究总院 | 一种热喷涂用低氧含量高收得率球形铝青铜合金粉末及制备方法 |
| WO2017110445A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-25 | 2017-06-29 | 株式会社ダイヘン | 金属粉末、積層造形物の製造方法および積層造形物 |
| US20180133956A1 (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2018-05-17 | Velo3D, Inc. | Material-fall three-dimensional printing |
| CN109396453A (zh) * | 2018-12-21 | 2019-03-01 | 东莞市精研粉体科技有限公司 | 一种弥散强化铝青铜球形粉的制备方法 |
| JP2019536904A (ja) * | 2016-10-17 | 2019-12-19 | ラ・コルポラシオン・ドゥ・レコール・ポリテクニーク・ドゥ・モントリオールLa Corporation De L’Ecole Polytechnique De Montreal | 噴霧化技術用の溶融物の処理 |
| JP2022077233A (ja) | 2020-11-11 | 2022-05-23 | 株式会社イデア・レコード | 予約受付制御装置、予約受付制御プログラム、及び予約受付制御方法 |
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| CN101815799A (zh) * | 2007-10-18 | 2010-08-25 | 新东工业株式会社 | 铜合金粉末及其制造方法 |
| JP2018146112A (ja) * | 2017-03-07 | 2018-09-20 | Ntn株式会社 | 過給機用焼結軸受 |
| JP6858807B2 (ja) * | 2019-04-26 | 2021-04-14 | Ntn株式会社 | 焼結軸受 |
| CN114231967A (zh) * | 2021-12-27 | 2022-03-25 | 东莞市精研粉体科技有限公司 | 一种铝青铜合金-钢复合双金属耐磨轴承材料制造方法 |
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2023
- 2023-04-27 EP EP23803464.9A patent/EP4509246A4/en active Pending
- 2023-04-27 KR KR1020247037425A patent/KR20250009973A/ko active Pending
- 2023-04-27 US US18/862,964 patent/US20250319515A1/en active Pending
- 2023-04-27 WO PCT/JP2023/016612 patent/WO2023218985A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2023-04-27 JP JP2024520392A patent/JPWO2023218985A1/ja active Pending
- 2023-04-27 CN CN202380038983.5A patent/CN119156263A/zh active Pending
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| US20180133956A1 (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2018-05-17 | Velo3D, Inc. | Material-fall three-dimensional printing |
| WO2017110445A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-25 | 2017-06-29 | 株式会社ダイヘン | 金属粉末、積層造形物の製造方法および積層造形物 |
| JP2017115220A (ja) | 2015-12-25 | 2017-06-29 | 株式会社ダイヘン | 金属粉末、積層造形物の製造方法および積層造形物 |
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| CN109396453A (zh) * | 2018-12-21 | 2019-03-01 | 东莞市精研粉体科技有限公司 | 一种弥散强化铝青铜球形粉的制备方法 |
| JP2022077233A (ja) | 2020-11-11 | 2022-05-23 | 株式会社イデア・レコード | 予約受付制御装置、予約受付制御プログラム、及び予約受付制御方法 |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2024002346A (ja) * | 2022-06-24 | 2024-01-11 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 積層造形物およびその原料粉末 |
| CN120587489A (zh) * | 2025-08-05 | 2025-09-05 | 广东省科学院新材料研究所 | 增材制造锰铜合金及其制备方法和应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN119156263A (zh) | 2024-12-17 |
| EP4509246A4 (en) | 2025-09-10 |
| JPWO2023218985A1 (ja) | 2023-11-16 |
| EP4509246A1 (en) | 2025-02-19 |
| KR20250009973A (ko) | 2025-01-20 |
| US20250319515A1 (en) | 2025-10-16 |
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