WO2023221037A1 - 充电方法、电池管理系统、电池和充电设备 - Google Patents

充电方法、电池管理系统、电池和充电设备 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023221037A1
WO2023221037A1 PCT/CN2022/093840 CN2022093840W WO2023221037A1 WO 2023221037 A1 WO2023221037 A1 WO 2023221037A1 CN 2022093840 W CN2022093840 W CN 2022093840W WO 2023221037 A1 WO2023221037 A1 WO 2023221037A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
current
battery
charging
period
sub
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PCT/CN2022/093840
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
孙龙
谢岚
林真
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to PCT/CN2022/093840 priority Critical patent/WO2023221037A1/zh
Priority to CN202280066939.0A priority patent/CN118044094A/zh
Priority to EP22942078.1A priority patent/EP4366119A4/en
Publication of WO2023221037A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023221037A1/zh
Priority to US18/433,494 priority patent/US20240178695A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/90—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/94—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage in response to battery current
    • H02J7/947—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage in response to battery current in response to integrated charge or discharge current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/80—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including monitoring or indicating arrangements
    • H02J7/82—Control of state of charge [SOC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/80—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including monitoring or indicating arrangements
    • H02J7/84—Control of state of health [SOH]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/90—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/92—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage with prioritisation of loads or sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/90—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/927—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage with introduction of pulses during the charging process
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/90—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/971—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters
    • H02J7/975—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature
    • H02J7/977—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature of the battery
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This application relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a charging method, battery management system, battery and charging equipment.
  • This application provides a charging method, battery management system, battery and charging equipment, which can effectively eliminate the metal precipitated on the negative electrode of the battery, and at the same time prevent the metal from precipitating during the charging process, ensuring the safety performance of the battery.
  • a charging method applied to a battery management module of a battery, including: sending a first command to a charging device, the first command being used to control the charging device to charge the battery during a first period of time during the charging process.
  • the battery outputs an oscillating current, wherein the oscillating current includes n cycle periods, n is a positive integer greater than 1, and each cycle period includes a first sub-period and a second sub-period.
  • the current output by the charging device during the period is a first current
  • the current output by the charging device during the second sub-period is a second current
  • the current directions of the first current and the second current are opposite
  • a second command is sent to the charging device, where the second command is used to instruct the charging device to charge the battery during a second period of time in the charging process.
  • the charging method provided by this application can dissolve the metal precipitated on the negative electrode during the charging process, so that the tips of the metal dendrites become smooth or even disappear, preventing the dendrites from piercing the isolation film between the positive electrode and the negative electrode after growing to a certain extent. Causes short circuit of battery cells and ensures the safety performance of the battery.
  • This charging method can also effectively eliminate the metal precipitation that already exists in the battery.
  • the charging process includes at least one of the first time periods and at least one of the second time periods.
  • the battery management module can select the charging strategy that is most beneficial to the battery, that is, adopt different ways to eliminate lithium precipitation to maximize the elimination of lithium for the battery. Dendrites ensure the safety performance of the battery.
  • the first current is a charging current of the battery
  • the second current is a discharging current of the battery
  • the charging capacity of the first current in the first sub-period is less than or equal to The discharge capacity of the second current in the second sub-period.
  • Lithium evolution is often produced during the charging process. Therefore, in the first period, the charging capacity is less than or equal to the discharge capacity to avoid the elimination of lithium dendrites and the generation of lithium dendrites at the same time, thus improving the elimination of lithium dendrites in the first period.
  • the effect of crystal ensures the safety performance of the battery.
  • the charging capacity Being basically equal to the discharged capacity can avoid large-scale fluctuations in the battery's SOC, so that the oscillating current can always maintain the same current output in the first period, which can simplify the process of eliminating lithium deposition and avoid complex current adjustment strategies.
  • the size of the first sub-period is less than or equal to the size of the second sub-period.
  • This can ensure that the charging capacity is less than or equal to the discharge capacity, avoiding the generation of lithium dendrites while eliminating lithium dendrites, thereby improving the effect of eliminating lithium dendrites in the first period and ensuring the safety performance of the battery. At the same time, it can also avoid large-scale fluctuations in the SOC of the battery during the first period of the charging process, so that the oscillating current can always be output with the same size during the first period, which can simplify the process of eliminating lithium deposition and avoid complex Current adjustment strategy.
  • the method further includes: receiving the maximum output frequency of the charging device sent by the charging device; and determining the size of the cycle period according to the maximum output frequency.
  • the battery management module uses the maximum output frequency of the charging equipment to determine the size of the cycle period, can formulate reasonable oscillation current parameters, and use this oscillation current to eliminate precipitated lithium metal and lithium dendrites for the battery. This can better dissolve the lithium precipitated on the negative electrode, make the tips of the lithium dendrites smooth or even disappear, and prevent the lithium dendrites from growing to a certain extent and piercing the isolation film between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, causing damage to the battery cells. short circuit to ensure the safety performance of the battery.
  • the first sub-period and/or the second sub-period is 2 ms.
  • the number n of cycle periods is 10,000.
  • This value is suitable for batteries in various states, and can effectively eliminate lithium precipitation and improve dendrites. It has been experimentally verified that 10,000 cycles can significantly reduce the thickness of the lithium deposition area in the battery, which is beneficial to extending the battery life and reducing safety risks during battery use.
  • the method further includes: obtaining the state of charge SOC and health state SOH of the battery; determining the maximum value of the first current and/or the second current according to the SOC and the SOH. current size.
  • the battery management module determines the maximum current size of the oscillating current by comprehensively considering the SOC and SOH of the battery. This can prevent the oscillating current from exceeding the current size corresponding to the current battery's lithium evaporation window and causing additional metal precipitation, which is beneficial to the oscillating current. Eliminating the lithium metal precipitated during the charging process within an appropriate range can also play a certain role in eliminating the lithium metal that has been precipitated in the battery to ensure the safety performance of the battery.
  • the first command includes a maximum current size of the first current and/or the second current.
  • the battery management module instructs the charging device to output the oscillating current to the battery and at the same time sends the maximum current of the oscillating current to the charging device. This can improve the efficiency of communication between the battery management module and the charging device, and also ensure that the charging device operates in an appropriate manner.
  • the current size outputs oscillating current to the battery to avoid additional metal precipitation and ensure the safety performance of the battery.
  • the first command is sent to the charging device while the battery is connected to the charging device.
  • the first command is sent to the charging device when it is determined that the battery meets at least one of the following conditions: the temperature of the battery is less than or equal to a first threshold; the battery is Charging is performed in a fast charge mode, which is a charging mode in which the charging speed is greater than or equal to the second threshold; the battery completes x charges and x discharges, the battery capacity loses y%, and the battery usage time is day z, x and z are both positive integers, and y is a positive number.
  • Instructing the charging equipment to output oscillating current to the battery when it is determined that the battery meets at least one of the above conditions can reasonably utilize the oscillating current resources and avoid the charging equipment from still outputting oscillating current to the battery when it is new, thereby improving charging efficiency, reducing charging time.
  • outputting oscillating current to a battery that has been used to a certain extent can effectively use the oscillating current to eliminate precipitated lithium metal, improve the effect of oscillating current in eliminating lithium metal, and ensure the safety performance of the battery.
  • a charging method applied to charging equipment, including: receiving a first command sent by a battery management module of a battery; and outputting an oscillation to the battery during a first period of time according to the first command.
  • Current wherein the oscillating current includes n cycle periods, n is a positive integer greater than 1, each cycle period includes a first sub-period and a second sub-period, and the current output in the first sub-period is the first current, the current output in the second sub-period is the second current, and the current directions of the first current and the second current are opposite; receiving the second command sent by the battery management module; according to The second command charges the battery during a second period of time during the charging process.
  • the charging process includes at least one of the first time periods and at least one of the second time periods.
  • the first current is a charging current of the battery
  • the second current is a discharging current of the battery
  • the charging capacity of the first current in the first sub-period is less than or equal to The discharge amount of the second current in the second sub-period is the same.
  • the size of the first sub-period is less than or equal to the size of the second sub-period.
  • the method further includes: sending the maximum output frequency of the charging device to the battery management module, where the maximum output frequency is used to determine the size of the cycle period.
  • the first sub-period and/or the second sub-period is 2 ms.
  • the number n of cycle periods is 10,000.
  • the first command includes a maximum current magnitude of the first current and/or the second current, and the maximum current magnitude of the first current and/or the second current is determined by the The battery's state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) are determined.
  • SOC state of charge
  • SOH state of health
  • receiving the first command sent by the battery management module of the battery includes: receiving the first command sent by the battery management module of the battery when the battery is connected to the charging device. First order.
  • a third aspect provides a battery management system for executing the method described in any embodiment of the first aspect.
  • a fourth aspect provides a battery, including the battery management system described in the above third aspect.
  • a fifth aspect provides a charging device for performing the method described in any embodiment of the second aspect.
  • a computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program. When the computer program is run, it executes as described in any embodiment of the first aspect or the second aspect. method described.
  • a seventh aspect provides a device for charging, including a processor and a storage medium.
  • the storage medium stores instructions. When the instructions are run by the processor, the instructions cause the device to perform the above-mentioned first aspect. Or the method described in any embodiment of the second aspect.
  • Figure 1 is an architectural diagram of a charging system applicable to the embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a charging method provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of an oscillating current provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic flow chart of a charging method provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of another charging method provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic block diagram of a device for charging provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • the battery cells may include lithium ion secondary batteries, lithium ion primary batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium lithium ion batteries, sodium ion batteries or magnesium ion batteries, etc., which are not limited in the embodiments of this application.
  • the battery cell may be in the shape of a cylinder, a flat body, a rectangular parallelepiped or other shapes, and the embodiments of the present application are not limited to this.
  • Battery cells are generally divided into three types according to packaging methods: cylindrical battery cells, square battery cells and soft-pack battery cells, and the embodiments of the present application are not limited to this.
  • the battery cell includes an electrode assembly and an electrolyte.
  • the electrode assembly consists of a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate and a separator. Battery cells mainly rely on the movement of metal ions between the positive and negative electrodes to work.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer.
  • the positive electrode active material layer is coated on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive electrode current collector that is not coated with the positive electrode active material layer protrudes from the positive electrode collector that is coated with the positive electrode active material layer. Fluid, the positive electrode current collector without the positive electrode active material layer is used as the positive electrode tab.
  • the material of the positive electrode current collector can be aluminum, and the positive electrode active material can be lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, ternary lithium or lithium manganate, etc.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer.
  • the negative electrode active material layer is coated on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode current collector that is not coated with the negative electrode active material layer protrudes from the negative electrode collector that is coated with the negative electrode active material layer.
  • Fluid, the negative electrode current collector that is not coated with the negative electrode active material layer serves as the negative electrode tab.
  • the material of the negative electrode current collector can be copper, and the negative electrode active material can be carbon or silicon.
  • the number of positive electrode tabs is multiple and stacked together, and the number of negative electrode tabs is multiple and stacked together.
  • the material of the isolation film can be polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (polyethylene, PE).
  • the electrode assembly may have a rolled structure or a laminated structure, and the embodiments of the present application are not limited thereto.
  • the battery mentioned in the embodiments of this application refers to a single physical module including one or more battery cells to provide higher voltage and capacity.
  • the battery mentioned in this application may include a battery module or a battery pack.
  • Batteries generally include a box for packaging one or more battery cells. The box can prevent liquid or other foreign matter from affecting the charging or discharging of the battery cells.
  • the battery may include multiple battery cells, wherein the multiple battery cells may be connected in series, in parallel, or in mixed connection.
  • Hybrid connection refers to a mixture of series and parallel connection.
  • multiple battery cells can be first connected in series, parallel, or mixed to form a battery module, and then multiple battery modules can be connected in series, parallel, or mixed to form a battery.
  • multiple battery cells can directly form a battery, or they can first form a battery module, and then the battery module can form a battery.
  • the battery is further installed in the electrical equipment to provide electrical energy to the electrical equipment.
  • Lithium precipitation refers to the process in which the lithium ions deintercalated from the positive electrode cannot be embedded in the negative electrode in time during the charging process, and metallic lithium is formed on the surface of the negative electrode.
  • the lithium element precipitated on the surface of the negative electrode often exists in the form of dendrites. When the dendrites grow to a certain extent, they can easily pierce the isolation film between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, causing a short circuit of the battery cells and seriously affecting the safety performance of the battery.
  • this application provides a charging method that controls the charging equipment to output a high-frequency oscillating current of a certain size and duration to the battery during the charging process to ensure the safety of the battery.
  • the alternating forward and reverse oscillating current can, on the one hand, cause the battery to self-heat and accelerate the migration of metal from the tip of the dendrite to the root, making the dendrite smooth and less likely to puncture the isolation film; on the other hand,
  • high-frequency oscillating current can be used to induce the ion concentration difference between the tips and roots of dendrites, so that the metal at the tips is converted into ions and dissolved in the electrolyte during discharge, thereby eliminating the precipitated metal and dendrites.
  • FIG. 1 shows an architectural diagram of a charging system applicable to the embodiment of the present application.
  • the charging system 100 may include: a charging device 110 and a battery system 120 .
  • the battery system 120 may be an electric vehicle (including a pure electric vehicle and a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle). Battery system or battery system in other application scenarios.
  • the battery system 120 may be provided with at least one battery pack, and the entirety of the at least one battery pack may be collectively referred to as the battery 121.
  • the battery 121 can be any type of battery, including but not limited to: lithium ion battery, lithium metal battery, lithium sulfur battery, lead-acid battery, nickel separator battery, nickel metal hydride battery, or lithium air battery. etc.
  • the battery 121 in the embodiment of the present application can be a battery cell/cell, or a battery module or battery pack.
  • the battery module or battery pack can be composed of multiple batteries connected in series and parallel. Therefore, in the embodiment of the present application, the specific type and scale of the battery 121 are not specifically limited.
  • the battery system 120 is generally equipped with a battery management system (battery management system, BMS) 122 for Implement functions such as charge and discharge management, high voltage control, battery protection, battery data collection, and battery status evaluation.
  • BMS battery management system
  • the BMS 122 can be integrated with the battery 121 and provided in the same equipment or device, or the BMS 122 can also be provided as an independent equipment or device outside the battery 121.
  • the charging device 110 can output charging power according to the charging requirements of the BMS 122 to charge the battery 121.
  • the charging device 110 may output voltage and current according to the demand voltage and demand current sent by the BMS 122.
  • the charging device 110 in the embodiment of the present application may be a charging pile, also called a charger.
  • the charging piles here can be, for example, ordinary charging piles, super charging piles, charging piles that support vehicle to grid (V2G) mode, etc.
  • the charging device 110 can be connected to the battery 121 through the wire 130, and connected to the BMS 122 through the communication line 140, where the communication line 140 is used to realize information interaction between the charging device 110 and the BMS.
  • the communication line 140 includes, but is not limited to, a controller area network (CAN) communication bus or a daisy chain communication bus.
  • CAN controller area network
  • the charging device 110 can also communicate with the BMS 122 through a wireless network.
  • the embodiment of the present application does not specifically limit the wired communication type or wireless communication type between the charging device 110 and the BMS 122.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a charging method 200 for the battery 121 according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the method 200 may be applied to a battery management module of a battery, for example, the BMS 122 of the battery 121. That is, in a possible implementation, the method 200 can be performed by the BMS 122 in Figure 1.
  • This embodiment of the present application takes the battery management module as a BMS as an example for description.
  • the method 200 may include at least part of the following content.
  • S210 Send a first command to the charging device 110.
  • the first command is used to control the charging device 110 to output an oscillating current to the battery 121 during the first period 310 of the charging process, where the oscillating current includes n cycle periods 313, n is greater than A positive integer of 1, each cycle period 313 includes a first sub-period 311 and a second sub-period 312.
  • the current output by the charging device 110 is the first current
  • the second sub-period 312 the charging device 110 outputs a first current.
  • the current output by 110 is the second current, and the current directions of the first current and the second current are opposite.
  • S220 Send a second command to the charging device 110.
  • the second command is used to instruct the charging device 110 to charge the battery 121 during the second period 320 of the charging process.
  • the charging method of the battery 121 provided by the embodiment of the present application is suitable for batteries 121 of various systems, not only for ion batteries 121, including but not limited to lithium-ion batteries 121, sodium-ion batteries 121, potassium-ion batteries 121, etc.; it is also suitable for metal-based batteries Batteries 121 include but are not limited to lithium metal batteries 121, sodium metal batteries 121, potassium metal batteries 121, etc.; they are also suitable for batteries without negative electrodes 121, that is, only negative electrode current collectors are provided without coating negative electrode active materials during the production process. After charging is completed, the metal in the positive electrode material migrates to the surface of the negative electrode current collector to form a metal layer, which serves as the true negative electrode.
  • This charging method is also applicable to batteries 121 with different positive electrode materials, such as ternary batteries 121, lithium iron batteries 121, etc.
  • the above charging method can also effectively improve the degree of metal precipitation and eliminate dendrites generated during the charging process.
  • the battery 121 is a lithium-ion battery 121 is taken as an example for illustration.
  • the BMS 122 of the battery 121 can communicate with the charging device 110, so that the charging device 110 charges the battery 121 in a suitable charging mode. Specifically, the BMS 122 sends a first command to the charging device 110, the charging device 110 receives the first command, and outputs an oscillating current to the battery 121 in the first period 310 according to the first command; the BMS 122 sends a second command to the charging device 110. , the charging device 110 receives the second command, and charges the battery 121 in the second period 320 according to the second command.
  • the first period 310 is a period of time during which the charging device 110 outputs an oscillating current to the battery 121. It can be a period of time at the beginning of the entire charging period, a period of time near the end of the entire charging period, or a period of time during the entire charging period. Some time in between. During the entire charging process, one first time period 310 may be set, or multiple first time periods 310 may be set. During the first period 310, the power of the battery 121 hardly increases to avoid causing large-scale fluctuations in the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and introducing additional metal precipitation.
  • SOC state of charge
  • the charging process can refer to the schematic diagram shown in Figure 3.
  • Figure 3 shows that the charging process only includes a first period 310 and a second period 320, and the first period 310 is the initial period of the entire charging process. Coordinate diagram of current magnitude and time.
  • the second period 320 is adjacent to the first period 310.
  • the charging device 110 charges the battery 121, and the power of the battery 121 gradually accumulates and grows to a fully charged state.
  • the charging device 110 can charge the battery 121 through various methods, such as constant voltage charging, constant current charging, or a charging method that is flexibly adjusted according to the charging stage of the battery 121 .
  • the curve relationship between current and time is different under different charging modes, so it is not shown in Figure 3.
  • the oscillating current may be a high-frequency oscillating pulse current.
  • the oscillating current includes a plurality of cycle periods 313 within the first period 310.
  • Each cycle period 313 includes a first sub-period 311 and a second sub-period 312.
  • the charging device 110 outputs The current of is the first current
  • the current output by the charging device 110 in the second sub-period 312 is the second current.
  • the current directions of the first current and the second current are opposite, that is, among the first current and the second current, One is the charging current and the other is the discharging current.
  • the magnitudes of the first current and the second current may be the same, or may not be completely consistent. In the case of not being completely consistent, it is necessary to ensure that the charging capacity and the discharging capacity within a single cycle 313 are approximately the same, so as not to cause large-scale fluctuations in SOC and introduce additional risks of metal precipitation.
  • the charging capacity and the discharging capacity can be substantially the same by adjusting the time of the first sub-period 311 and the time of the second sub-period 312 . That is to say, within a single cycle period 313, the sizes of the first sub-period 311 and the second sub-period 312 may not be exactly the same.
  • the waveform of the oscillating current may include a staircase shape, a zigzag shape, a triangular function shape, etc.
  • the charging capacity and the discharging capacity are required to be approximately the same.
  • Figure 3 only shows one possible waveform and is not used to limit the oscillation current waveform in this application.
  • the size of the total cycle period 313 of the oscillating current is the product of the size of the single cycle period 313 and the number of cycle periods 313.
  • the size of the single cycle period 313 is related to the frequency of the oscillation current that the charging device 110 can output.
  • the size of the cycle period 313 The number n is related to the charging conditions and the performance of the battery 121 itself, and n is a positive integer greater than 1.
  • the size of a single cycle period 313 has a reciprocal relationship with the frequency of the oscillation current that the charging device 110 can output, and the frequency of the oscillation current that the charging device 110 can output is determined by the capability of the charging device 110 itself.
  • the frequency of the oscillating current is the maximum frequency that the charging device 110 can generate. The greater the frequency of the oscillating current, the shorter the duration of a single cycle period 313, and the less electricity is accumulated or released in the first sub-period 311 or the second sub-period 312. This can effectively avoid the generation of large SOC. fluctuations.
  • the number n of cycle periods 313 is related to the charging conditions and the performance of the battery 121 itself.
  • the time used to eliminate lithium dendrites is too long, the total time of the charging process will be extended and the user experience will be poor. Therefore, the actual number of cycles 313 is usually determined by comprehensively considering the effect of eliminating lithium deposition and the length of the charging process.
  • the specific number of cycle periods 313 is determined by experiments, and can also be changed according to actual needs and experimental verification.
  • the value n can be sent to the charging device 110 when the BMS 122 communicates with the charging device 110 during the charging process, so that the charging device 110 provides an oscillating current for n cycle periods 313; or, it can If the n value is directly set in the unit for providing oscillation current in the charging device 110, then the charging device 110 will output the oscillating current to the battery 121 for n cycles 313 when outputting the oscillation current to the battery 121.
  • the charging method provided by this application can dissolve the lithium precipitated on the negative electrode during the charging process, making the tips of the lithium dendrites smooth or even disappear, and preventing the lithium dendrites from piercing the isolation film between the positive electrode and the negative electrode after growing to a certain extent. This results in a short circuit of the battery 121 cell, ensuring the safety performance of the battery 121. This charging method can also effectively eliminate the lithium precipitation phenomenon that already exists in the battery 121 .
  • the charging process includes at least one first period 310 and at least one second period 320.
  • the BMS 122 can send a first command to the charging device 110, so that the charging device 110 outputs an oscillating current to the battery 121, and the charging process is divided into multiple time periods by the first period 310.
  • the charging process includes a first period 310
  • the first period 310 is a period of time at the beginning or a period near the end of the entire charging period
  • the remaining duration of the charging process is The second period 320, that is, the charging process includes a first period 310 and a second period 320; if the first period 310 is at a certain period in the middle of the entire charging time, the first period 310 will be the remaining time of the charging process.
  • the charging process includes one first time period 310 and two second time periods 320 .
  • the charging process may include multiple first time periods. 310 and a plurality of second time periods 320 .
  • the BMS 122 can select the charging strategy that is most beneficial to the battery 121, that is, adopt different ways to eliminate lithium precipitation to maximize the elimination of lithium precipitation for the battery 121.
  • Lithium dendrites ensure the safety performance of battery 121.
  • the first current is the charging current of the battery 121
  • the second current is the discharging current of the battery 121
  • the charging capacity of the first current in the first sub-period 311 is less than or equal to the second current.
  • the lithium evolution window is the relationship between the maximum charging current and SOC of the battery 121 without lithium evolution at a certain temperature. The larger the SOC, the easier it is for lithium precipitation to occur, and the lower the maximum allowed charging current is. That is to say, when the SOC changes, the maximum charging current specified in the lithium precipitation window will also change. If the oscillating current in a single cycle 313 increases the power of the battery 121, it will still remain in the next cycle 313. Outputting an oscillating current to the battery 121 with the same first current and second current may easily produce additional metal precipitation.
  • the charging capacity should be less than or equal to the discharging capacity, that is, when the first current is the charging current of the battery 121 and the second current is the discharging current of the battery 121, the first current is in the first sub-unit.
  • the charging capacity in period 311 is less than or equal to the discharging capacity of the second current in the second sub-period 312 .
  • various methods can be used to realize that the charging capacity of the first current in the first sub-period 311 is less than or equal to the discharging capacity of the second current in the second sub-period 312 .
  • the size of the first sub-period 311 may be less than or equal to the size of the second sub-period 312; or, the magnitude of the first sub-period 311 and the second sub-period 312
  • the magnitude of the first current is slightly smaller than the magnitude of the second current; or, the magnitude of the first current can be slightly larger than the magnitude of the second current, then the magnitude of the first sub-period 311 needs to be smaller than the magnitude of the second sub-period.
  • the charging capacity may be slightly greater than the discharging capacity. This implementation requires that the accumulation of battery 121 power during the first period 310 cannot cause a wide range of SOC fluctuations, and does not introduce additional metal precipitation. is limited.
  • the charging power is less than or equal to the discharge power to avoid the elimination of lithium dendrites and the generation of lithium dendrites at the same time, thereby improving the elimination of lithium dendrites in the first period 310.
  • the effect of lithium dendrites ensures the safety performance of battery 121.
  • the SOC of the battery 121 fluctuates in a wide range, the lithium evolution window will change accordingly, and the size of the oscillating current in the first period 310 needs to change accordingly to avoid exceeding the corresponding maximum current in the lithium evolution window.
  • the substantially equal charging capacity and discharge capacity can avoid large-scale fluctuations in the SOC of the battery 121, so that the oscillating current can always maintain the same current output during the first period 310, which can simplify the process of eliminating lithium precipitation and avoid complex current adjustments. Strategy.
  • the size of the first sub-period 311 is less than or equal to the size of the second sub-period 312 .
  • the size of the first sub-period 311 is less than or equal to the size of the second sub-period 312, and there may be a slight error in the size of the first current and the second current. In this case, ensure that the charging capacity is less than the discharge capacity.
  • the charging power and the discharging power are as equal as possible, so the size of the first sub-period 311 should be avoided to be much smaller than the size of the second sub-period 312 .
  • This can ensure that the charging capacity is less than or equal to the discharge capacity, avoiding the generation of lithium dendrites while eliminating lithium dendrites, thus improving the effect of eliminating lithium dendrites in the first period 310 and ensuring the safety performance of the battery 121 .
  • it can also avoid large-scale fluctuations in the SOC of the battery 121 during the first period 310 of the charging process, so that the oscillating current can always be output with the same current size during the first period 310, which can simplify the process of eliminating lithium precipitation. Avoid complex current scaling strategies.
  • the method 200 further includes: receiving the maximum output frequency of the charging device 110 sent by the charging device 110; and determining the size of the cycle period 313 according to the maximum output frequency.
  • the BMS 122 needs to obtain the maximum output frequency that the charging device 110 can output to determine the individual current during the actual charging process.
  • the maximum output frequency that the charging device 110 can output is f, then the size of a single cycle 313
  • the size of the first sub-period 311 and the second sub-period 312 may be
  • the frequency of the oscillating current actually output by the charging device 110 may be less than the maximum output frequency of the charging device 110
  • f is the frequency actually output by the charging device 110
  • the actual size of the single cycle period 313 can still be as described above.
  • the BMS 122 determines the size of the cycle period 313 required for the battery 121 based on the maximum output frequency of the charging device 110, and formulates a reasonable charging strategy for the battery 121.
  • the BMS 122 can send the charging strategy to the charging device 110, and the charging device 110 outputs an oscillating current to the battery 121 according to the instructions of the BMS 122, and charges the battery 121.
  • the BMS 122 determines the size of the cycle period 313 based on the maximum output frequency of the charging equipment 110, can formulate reasonable oscillation current parameters, and uses the oscillation current to eliminate the precipitated lithium metal and lithium branches for the battery 121. crystal.
  • the first sub-period 311 and/or the second sub-period 312 is 2 ms.
  • the size of the first sub-period 311 and the second sub-period 312 can both be set to 2 ms. In this case, the maximum output frequency that the charging device 110 is required to output should be greater than or equal to 250 Hz.
  • one of the first sub-period 311 and the second sub-period 312 is 2 ms, and the other may be, for example, 3 ms.
  • the sub-period during which the charging current occurs is 2 ms
  • the sub-period during which the discharging current occurs is 3 ms.
  • having appropriate values for the first sub-period 311 and the second sub-period 312 can achieve a better effect of eliminating lithium dendrites, avoid lithium deposition when the battery 121 is charged, and can handle the situation where the battery 121 has already deposited lithium. There is some improvement.
  • the number n of cycle periods 313 is 10,000.
  • the cycle period 313 is usually determined experimentally and is related to the SOC and state of health (SOH) of the battery 121.
  • SOH state of health
  • n is set to 10,000 in the embodiment of this application.
  • This value is applicable to the battery 121 in various states, and can effectively eliminate lithium deposition and improve dendrites. It has been verified through experiments that 10,000 cycles can significantly reduce the thickness of the lithium precipitation zone in the battery 121, which is beneficial to extending the life of the battery 121 and reducing safety risks during the use of the battery 121.
  • method 200 further includes: obtaining the state of charge SOC and health state SOH of the battery 121; determining the maximum current size of the first current and/or the second current according to the SOC and SOH.
  • the size of the oscillation current should be smaller than the corresponding maximum current size in the lithium evolution window of the battery 121 in different states, and the lithium evolution window is related to the SOC and SOH of the battery 121 .
  • SOC refers to the state of charge of battery 121 .
  • SOC of 100% means that the battery 121 is in a fully charged state
  • SOC of 0% means that the battery 121 is in a completely discharged state.
  • SOH refers to the health status of the battery 121.
  • SOH can usually be defined from the perspective of battery 121 capacity or battery 121 power.
  • SOH may be the percentage of the current capacity of the battery 121 to the rated capacity of the battery 121, or it may be the percentage of the maximum discharge capacity of the current battery 121 to the maximum discharge capacity of the new battery 121.
  • SOH is usually related to information such as the operating conditions and service life of the battery 121. The aging state of the battery 121 can be determined based on the SOH value.
  • the battery 121 when the SOH of the battery 121 satisfies SOH ⁇ 95%, the battery 121 can be considered as a mildly aged battery 121; when the SOH of the battery 121 satisfies 85% ⁇ SOH ⁇ 95%, the battery 121 can be considered as a moderately aged battery 121. ; When the SOH of the battery 121 satisfies SOH ⁇ 85%, the battery 121 can be considered as a severely aged battery 121.
  • the above classification criteria are only examples, and the aging degree of the battery 121 can also be classified in other ways.
  • Table 1 shows the size of the oscillation current designed according to the SOC and SOH of the battery 121. The data in Table 1 is only an example.
  • C refers to the current size that can completely discharge all the power of the battery 121 within one hour, and the number in front of C is the magnification.
  • the BMS 122 detects that the current SOH of the battery 121 is 90% and the SOC is 35%, it can be determined according to Table 1 that the maximum current size of the oscillation current output by the charging device 110 should be 3.0C. That is to say, the battery 121 belongs to the moderately aged battery 121 in the above-mentioned classification of the aging degree of the battery 121. The current remaining power is 35%. The current that the battery 121 can discharge all the power in 1 hour is 1C, then When the charging device 110 outputs an oscillation current to the battery 121, the maximum current magnitude of the oscillation current is 3.0 times the magnitude of 1C.
  • the charging device 110 can output an oscillating current to the battery 121 in combination with the size of the cycle period 313 and the number of cycle periods 313 .
  • the relevant parameters of the oscillation current output by the charging device 110 can be specifically: the magnitudes of the first current and the second current are both 3.0C, and the first sub-period 311 and the second sub-period 312 are both 2ms and cycle 10,000 times.
  • first current and the second current one is the charging current and the other is the discharging current.
  • the current magnitudes of the two can be the same. That is, a current magnitude is determined according to the above method, and the magnitudes of the first current and the second current are equal. is this size.
  • the magnitudes of the first current and the second current may also be different, and a parameter comparison table may be designed for the first current and the second current respectively, and the magnitudes of the first current and the second current may be determined through different corresponding relationships.
  • the first current is constant in the first sub-period 311, and the second current is also constant in the second sub-period 312, the first current determined according to the above method
  • the maximum current magnitudes of the second current and the second current are the actual magnitudes of the two in their corresponding sub-periods.
  • the current size determined by the above method is the maximum current size within a sub-period.
  • the BMS 122 needs to determine the maximum value of the first current and/or the second current according to the SOC and SOH of the battery 121 at the current moment. current size.
  • BMS 122 determines the maximum current size of the oscillating current by comprehensively considering the SOC and SOH of the battery 121, which can prevent the oscillating current from exceeding the current size corresponding to the lithium deposition window of the current battery 121, which will lead to additional metal precipitation, which is beneficial to the oscillating current. Eliminating the lithium metal precipitated during the charging process within an appropriate range can also play a certain role in eliminating the lithium metal that has been precipitated in the battery 121 to ensure the safety performance of the battery 121.
  • the first command includes a maximum current size of the first current and/or the second current.
  • the BMS 122 determines the maximum current size of the first current and/or the second current that the battery 121 can accept in the current state based on the SOC and SOH, and sends the above-mentioned current size to the charging device 110.
  • the maximum current magnitude of the first current and/or the second current may be sent to the charging device 110 separately, or the information of the maximum current magnitude of the first current and/or the second current may be carried in the first command.
  • the charging device 110 After receiving the first command, the charging device 110 outputs an oscillating current to the battery 121 with the current size indicated in the first command.
  • the BMS 122 instructs the charging device 110 to output the oscillating current to the battery 121 and at the same time sends the maximum current of the oscillating current to the charging device 110, which can improve the efficiency of communication between the BMS 122 and the charging device 110, and can also ensure that the charging device 110 outputs an oscillating current to the battery 121 with a suitable current size to avoid additional metal precipitation and ensure the safety performance of the battery 121.
  • sending the first command to the charging device 110 includes: sending the first command to the charging device 110 when the battery 121 is connected to the charging device 110 .
  • the BMS 122 Before the BMS 122 communicates with the charging device 110, it can be detected whether the battery 121 is successfully connected to the charging device 110. If the connection point between the battery 121 circuit and the charging device 110 circuit is not connected or has poor contact, even if the BMS 122 communicates with the charging device 110, it will not be able to normally output oscillating current to the battery 121, which may even cause safety hazards in the charging process.
  • the connection between the battery 121 and the charging device 110 can be determined by detecting the voltage across the connection point between the battery 121 circuit and the charging device 110 circuit. 110 is successfully connected.
  • the BMS 122 sends a first command to the charging device 110.
  • the charging device 110 can output an oscillating current to the battery 121 according to the instructions in the first command, that is, by The circuit connecting the battery 121 and the charging device 110 causes the oscillating current to be output from the charging device 110 to the battery 121 .
  • confirming that the battery 121 is normally connected to the charging device 110 can ensure that the oscillating current output by the charging device 110 and the charging current in the second period 320 can flow through the battery 121 normally, avoid charging failures, and ensure that the battery 121 is in the charging process. safety performance, while also improving charging efficiency.
  • sending the first command to the charging device 110 includes: sending the first command to the charging device 110 if it is determined that the battery 121 meets at least one of the following conditions: The temperature is less than or equal to the first threshold; the battery 121 is charged in the fast charge mode, which is a charging mode with a charging speed greater than or equal to the second threshold; the battery 121 completes x times of charging and x times of discharge, and the battery 121 loses y% of its capacity , the usage time of the battery 121 is z days, x and z are both positive integers, and y is a positive number.
  • the BMS 122 Before the BMS 122 communicates with the charging device 110, the BMS 122 can also detect the status of the battery 121 to determine whether it is necessary to introduce an oscillating current during the charging process to eliminate the precipitated lithium metal.
  • the ability of the electrolyte to migrate ions becomes weaker, and lithium ions cannot be embedded in the negative electrode in time during the charging process, making it easier to cause lithium precipitation on the surface of the negative electrode. Therefore, when the temperature of the battery 121 is less than or equal to the first threshold, a first command can be sent to the charging device 110 to instruct the charging device 110 to output an oscillating current.
  • the high-frequency oscillating current can be used to heat the battery 121 and improve electrolysis.
  • the ability of the liquid to migrate ions uses the oscillating current to eliminate the lithium metal that has been precipitated in the battery 121 .
  • the fast charging mode usually refers to a charging mode that controls the charging process, charging current and other parameters to make the charging speed faster than other charging modes, where the charging speed can be greater than or equal to the second threshold.
  • the charging current is usually large, which easily causes the lithium ions deintercalated from the positive electrode to have no time to insert into the negative electrode and form lithium precipitation on the surface of the negative electrode.
  • the BMS 122 may instruct the charging device 110 to output an oscillating current to the battery 121 to eliminate the lithium metal that has been precipitated in the battery 121 and the lithium metal that is precipitated during the charging process.
  • the BMS 122 can also determine whether it is necessary to set an oscillation current during the charging process to eliminate the precipitated energy in the battery 121 based on the number of times the battery 121 has been charged and discharged, the percentage of capacity loss of the battery 121, or the number of days the battery 121 has been used. Lithium metal and lithium metal precipitated during charging. Battery 121 has completed x charges and x discharges, battery 121 capacity has lost y%, or battery 121 has been used for z days, which can be understood to mean that battery 121 has been used for a period of time, and a certain amount of electrolyte has accumulated on the negative electrode of battery 121.
  • Lithium metal therefore, introducing an oscillating current during the charging process can eliminate this part of the lithium metal that has been precipitated, and at the same time, it also has a certain inhibitory effect on the lithium precipitation produced during the charging process.
  • x and z are positive integers
  • y is a positive number.
  • the charging device 110 When it is determined that the battery 121 meets at least one of the above conditions, the charging device 110 is instructed to output an oscillating current to the battery 121.
  • the resources of the oscillating current can be reasonably utilized to prevent the charging device 110 from still outputting oscillation to the battery 121 when it is a new battery 121. current, thereby improving charging efficiency and reducing charging time.
  • outputting an oscillating current to the battery 121 that has been used to a certain extent can effectively use the oscillating current to eliminate precipitated lithium metal, improve the effect of the oscillating current in eliminating lithium metal, and ensure the safety performance of the battery 121.
  • the charging method provided by the embodiment of the present application may include a process 400 as shown in FIG. 4 , and the process 400 may include at least part of the following content.
  • the BMS 122 determines whether the usage status of the battery 121 meets the conditions for using oscillation current, such as the temperature, charging mode, usage time, etc. of the battery 121. If not, the oscillating current does not need to be used during the charging process of the battery 121, and the charging device 110 charges the battery 121 according to the conventional charging method. If yes, perform step 420.
  • oscillation current such as the temperature, charging mode, usage time, etc.
  • the BMS 122 determines whether the charging circuit of the battery 121 is connected to the charging device 110, or in other words, the BMS 122 detects whether the connection between the charging circuit of the battery 121 and the charging device 110 is in a state that can be safely charged. If not, the charging operation of the battery 121 will not be performed. Further, a reminder may be issued to wait for the connection failure between the battery 121 and the charging device 110 to be eliminated before performing the charging process. If yes, execute step 430.
  • the BMS 122 determines the relevant parameters of the oscillation current based on the SOC and SOH of the battery 121, where the relevant parameters may include the maximum current size of the oscillation current, the cycle period 313, the number of cycles, etc.
  • the BMS 122 controls the charging device 110 to output the oscillating current in the first period 310.
  • the BMS 122 may send a first command to the charging device 110 , and the first command may carry the relevant parameters determined in step 430 .
  • the charging device 110 After receiving the first command, the charging device 110 outputs the corresponding oscillation current to the battery 121 according to the instructions in the first command.
  • the BMS 122 controls the charging device 110 to charge the battery 121 in the second period 320.
  • the BMS 122 may send a second command to the charging device 110, and the second command may instruct the charging device 110 to charge the battery 121 in a conventional charging manner after outputting the oscillation current.
  • the second command may be sent simultaneously with the first command, or the second command may be sent after the end of the first period 310 .
  • the metal precipitated on the negative electrode during charging can be dissolved, making the tips of the metal dendrites smooth or even disappear, and preventing the dendrites from piercing the gap between the positive and negative electrodes after growing to a certain extent.
  • the isolation film between them will cause a short circuit of the battery 121 monomer, ensuring the safety performance of the battery 121.
  • the charging method provided by this application can also eliminate existing metal precipitation on the negative electrode to a certain extent, which is beneficial to extending the life of the battery 121 and reducing safety risks during the use of the battery 121.
  • This application also provides a charging method 500 for the battery 121.
  • the method 500 can be applied to the charging device 110, that is, the method 500 can be executed by the charging device 110 in Figure 1.
  • Method 500 may include at least some of the following.
  • S510 Receive the first command sent by the BMS 122 of the battery 121.
  • S520 Output an oscillating current to the battery 121 during the first period 310 of the charging process according to the first command, where the oscillating current includes n cycle periods 313, n is a positive integer greater than 1, and each cycle period 313 includes the first sub-cycle period 313.
  • the current output in the first sub-period 311 is the first current
  • the current output in the second sub-period 312 is the second current.
  • the current directions of the first current and the second current are opposite. .
  • S540 Charge the battery 121 during the second period 320 of the charging process according to the second command.
  • the charging process includes at least one first period 310 and at least one second period 320.
  • the first current is the charging current of the battery 121
  • the second current is the discharging current of the battery 121
  • the charging capacity of the first current in the first sub-period 311 is less than or equal to the second current.
  • the discharge capacity in the second sub-period 312 is the same.
  • the size of the first sub-period 311 is less than or equal to the size of the second sub-period 312 .
  • the method 500 further includes: sending the maximum output frequency of the charging device 110 to the BMS 122, where the maximum output frequency is used to determine the size of the cycle period 313.
  • the first sub-period 311 and/or the second sub-period 312 is 2 ms.
  • the number n of cycle periods 313 is 10,000.
  • the first command includes a maximum current size of the first current and/or the second current, and the maximum current size of the first current and/or the second current is determined by the state of charge of the battery 121 SOC and health status SOH are determined.
  • receiving the first command sent by the BMS 122 of the battery 121 includes: receiving the first command sent by the BMS 122 of the battery 121 when the battery 121 is connected to the charging device 110.
  • the present application also provides a battery management system for performing the method described in any embodiment performed by the BMS 122 in the above embodiments.
  • This application also provides a battery, including the above battery management system.
  • the present application also provides a charging device for performing the method described in any of the embodiments performed by the charging device 110 in the above embodiments.
  • This application also provides a computer-readable storage medium that stores a computer program. When the computer program is run, the method described in any of the above embodiments is executed.
  • This application also provides a device 600 for charging, including a processor 601 and a memory 602.
  • the memory 602 stores instructions. When the instructions are run by the processor 601, the device 600 performs the above steps. The method described in any embodiment.

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Abstract

一种充电方法、电池管理系统、电池和充电设备，能够消除电池负极上已析出的金属以及充电过程中析出的金属，保证电池的安全性能。充电方法包括：向充电设备发送第一命令，第一命令用于控制充电设备在充电过程中的第一时段向电池输出振荡电流，其中，振荡电流包括n个循环周期，n为大于1的正整数，每个循环周期包括第一子周期和第二子周期，在第一子周期内充电设备输出的电流为第一电流，在第二子周期内充电设备输出的电流为第二电流，第一电流和第二电流的电流方向相反；向充电设备发送第二命令，第二命令用于指示充电设备在充电过程中的第二时段为电池充电。

Description

充电方法、电池管理系统、电池和充电设备 技术领域
本申请涉及电池技术领域，特别是涉及一种充电方法、电池管理系统、电池和充电设备。
背景技术
随着时代的发展，电动汽车由于其高环保性、低噪音、使用成本低等优点，具有巨大的市场前景且能够有效促进节能减排，有利社会的发展和进步。对于电动汽车及其相关领域而言，电池技术是关乎其发展的一项重要因素。
随着电池技术的发展，电池的各种性能都在不断提高，其中，电池的安全性能尤为重要。如果电池的安全性能不能保证，那该电池就无法使用。因此，如何保证电池的安全性能，是电池技术中一个亟待解决的技术问题。
发明内容
本申请提供了一种充电方法、电池管理系统、电池和充电设备，能够有效消除电池负极上析出的金属，同时能够防止充电过程中析出金属，保证电池的安全性能。
第一方面，提供了一种充电方法，应用于电池的电池管理模块，包括：向充电设备发送第一命令，所述第一命令用于控制所述充电设备在充电过程中的第一时段向所述电池输出振荡电流，其中，所述振荡电流包括n个循环周期，n为大于1的正整数，每个所述循环周期包括第一子周期和第二子周期，在所述第一子周期内所述充电设备输出的电流为第一电流，在所述第二子周期内所述充电设备输出的电流为第二电流，所述第一电流和所述第二电流的电流方向相反；向所述充电设备发送第二命令，所述第二命令用于指示所述充电设备在所述充电过程中的第二时段为所述电池充电。
本申请提供的充电方法，可以溶解充电过程中负极上析出的金属，使得金属枝晶的尖端变得平滑甚至消失，避免枝晶生长到一定的程度后刺穿正极与负极之间的隔离膜而导致电池单体的短路，保证电池的安全性能。该充电方法对于电池中已经存在的金属析出的现象，也能够起到较好的消除已析出的金属的作用。
在一些实施例中，所述充电过程包括至少一个所述第一时段和至少一个所述第二时段。
这样可以使得充电过程中消除析锂的方式更加灵活，在充电过程的不同阶段电池管理模块可以选取对电池最有利的充电策略，即采取不同的消除析锂的方式，最大程度地为电池消除锂枝晶，保证电池的安全性能。
在一些实施例中，所述第一电流为所述电池的充电电流，所述第二电流为所述 电池的放电电流，所述第一电流在所述第一子周期的充电电量小于或等于所述第二电流在所述第二子周期的放电电量。
析锂往往是在充电过程中产生的，因此在第一时段中，充电电量小于或等于放电电量可以避免在消除锂枝晶的同时又产生锂枝晶，从而提高第一时段中的消除锂枝晶的效果，保证电池的安全性能。另外，如果电池的SOC发生大范围的波动，析锂窗口就会随之发生变化，第一时段中振荡电流的大小就需要随之变化以避免超过析锂窗口中对应的最大电流，因此充电电量与放电电量基本相等可以避免电池的SOC发生大范围的波动，使得振荡电流能够在第一时段内始终保持大小相同的电流输出，能够简化消除析锂的过程，避免复杂的电流调整策略。
在一些实施例中，所述第一子周期的大小小于或等于所述第二子周期的大小。
这样可以保证充电电量小于或等于放电电量，避免在消除锂枝晶的同时又产生锂枝晶，从而提高第一时段中的消除锂枝晶的效果，保证电池的安全性能。同时，还能够避免在充电过程的第一时段内电池的SOC发生大范围的波动，使得振荡电流在第一时段内可以始终以大小相同的电流输出，能够简化消除析锂的过程，避免复杂的电流调整策略。
在一些实施例中，所述方法还包括：接收所述充电设备发送的所述充电设备的最大输出频率；根据所述最大输出频率确定所述循环周期的大小。
循环周期的大小越小，在单个循环周期内可能产生的电池电量的波动就越小，在第一时段内消除锂枝晶的效果就越好。考虑到充电设备的能力，电池管理模块以充电设备的最大输出频率来确定循环周期的大小，能够制定合理的振荡电流参数，并以该振荡电流为电池消除析出的锂金属和锂枝晶。这样可以较好地溶解负极上析出的锂，使得锂枝晶的尖端变得平滑甚至消失，避免锂枝晶生长到一定的程度后刺穿正极与负极之间的隔离膜而导致电池单体的短路，保证电池的安全性能。
在一些实施例中，所述第一子周期和/或所述第二子周期为2ms。
第一子周期和第二子周期的大小越小，就需要充电设备能够输出的最大输出频率就越大，提供符合要求的充电设备的成本就越高。子周期的取值过小容易导致充电设备的能力无法实现，而子周期的取值过大容易在第一子周期或第二子周期中造成大范围的SOC的波动，影响消除锂枝晶的效果。因此，第一子周期和第二子周期具有合适的取值可以达到较好的消除锂枝晶的效果，能够避免电池充电时出现析锂，并且对电池已析锂的情况能够有一定程度改善。
在一些实施例中，所述循环周期的个数n为10000。
该取值适用于多种状态下的电池，能够起到良好的消除析锂、改善枝晶的效果。已通过实验验证，循环10000次可以使得电池中的析锂区厚度明显下降，有利于延长电池寿命，降低电池使用过程中的安全风险。
在一些实施例中，所述方法还包括：获取所述电池的荷电状态SOC和健康状态SOH；根据所述SOC和所述SOH确定所述第一电流和/或所述第二电流的最大电流大小。
电池管理模块通过综合考虑电池的SOC和SOH来确定振荡电流的最大电流大 小，能够避免振荡电流的大小超过当前电池的析锂窗口对应的电流大小，而导致额外的金属析出，有利于振荡电流在合适的范围内消除充电过程中析出的锂金属，也能够对电池中已析出的锂金属起到一定的消除作用，保证电池的安全性能。
在一些实施例中，所述第一命令包括所述第一电流和/或所述第二电流的最大电流大小。
电池管理模块在指示充电设备向电池输出振荡电流的同时将振荡电流的最大电流大小一并发送给充电设备，能够提高电池管理模块与充电设备之间通信的效率，同时也可以保证充电设备以合适的电流大小向电池输出振荡电流，避免额外的金属析出，保证电池的安全性能。
在一些实施例中，在所述电池与所述充电设备连接的情况下，向所述充电设备发送所述第一命令。
在进行充电之前确定电池与充电设备正常连接，可以保证充电设备输出的振荡电流以及第二时段内的充电电流能够正常流经电池，避免充电故障，保证电池在充电过程中的安全性能，同时也可以提高充电效率。
在一些实施例中，在确定所述电池满足以下条件中的至少一个的情况下，向所述充电设备发送所述第一命令：所述电池的温度小于或等于第一阈值；所述电池以快充模式进行充电，所述快充模式为充电速度大于或等于第二阈值的充电模式；所述电池完成x次充电和x次放电，所述电池容量损失y％，所述电池的使用时间为z天，x和z均为正整数，y为正数。
在确定电池满足上述条件中的至少一个的情况下指示充电设备向电池输出振荡电流，可以合理利用振荡电流的资源，避免充电设备在电池为新电池时仍然对其输出振荡电流，从而可以提高充电效率，减少充电时间。同时，对已使用到一定程度的电池输出振荡电流，能够有效地利用振荡电流消除析出的锂金属，提高振荡电流消除锂金属的效果，保证电池的安全性能。
第二方面，提供了一种充电方法，应用于充电设备，包括：接收电池的电池管理模块发送的第一命令；根据所述第一命令在充电过程中的第一时段向所述电池输出振荡电流，其中，所述振荡电流包括n个循环周期，n为大于1的正整数，每个所述循环周期包括第一子周期和第二子周期，在所述第一子周期内输出的电流为第一电流，在所述第二子周期内输出的电流为第二电流，所述第一电流和所述第二电流的电流方向相反；接收所述电池管理模块发送的第二命令；根据所述第二命令在所述充电过程中的第二时段为所述电池充电。
在一些实施例中，所述充电过程包括至少一个所述第一时段和至少一个所述第二时段。
在一些实施例中，所述第一电流为所述电池的充电电流，所述第二电流为所述电池的放电电流，所述第一电流在所述第一子周期的充电电量小于或等于所述第二电流在所述第二子周期的放电电量相同。
在一些实施例中，所述第一子周期的大小小于或等于所述第二子周期的大小。
在一些实施例中，所述方法还包括：向所述电池管理模块发送所述充电设备的 最大输出频率，所述最大输出频率用于确定所述循环周期的大小。
在一些实施例中，所述第一子周期和/或所述第二子周期为2ms。
在一些实施例中，所述循环周期的个数n为10000。
在一些实施例中，所述第一命令包括所述第一电流和/或所述第二电流的最大电流大小，所述第一电流和/或所述第二电流的最大电流大小由所述电池的荷电状态SOC和健康状态SOH确定。
在一些实施例中，所述接收电池的电池管理模块发送的第一命令，包括：在所述电池与所述充电设备连接的情况下，接收所述电池的所述电池管理模块发送的所述第一命令。
第三方面，提供了一种电池管理系统，用于执行上述第一方面中任一实施例所述的方法。
第四方面，提供了一种电池，包括如上述第三方面所述的电池管理系统。
第五方面，提供了一种充电设备，用于执行上述第二方面中任一实施例所述的方法。
第六方面，提供了一种计算机可读存储介质，所述计算机可读存储介质存储有计算机程序，所述计算机程序被运行时，执行如上述第一方面或第二方面中任一实施例所述的方法。
第七方面，提供了一种用于充电的装置，包括处理器和存储介质，所述存储介质存储有指令，所述指令被所述处理器运行时，使得所述装置执行如上述第一方面或第二方面中任一实施例所述的方法。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案，下面将对本申请实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面所描述的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据附图获得其他的附图。
图1是本申请实施例适用的一种充电系统的架构图；
图2是是本申请实施例提供的一种充电方法的示意性框图；
图3是本申请实施例提供的一种振荡电流的示意图；
图4是本申请实施例提供的一种充电方法的流程示意图；
图5是本申请实施例提供的另一种充电方法的示意性框图；
图6是本申请实施例提供的一种用于充电的装置的示意性框图。
在附图中，附图并未按照实际的比例绘制。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本申请的实施方式作进一步详细描述。以下实施例的详细描述和附图用于示例性地说明本申请的原理，但不能用来限制本申请的范围，即 本申请不限于所描述的实施例。
在本申请的描述中，需要说明的是，除非另有说明，“多个”的含义是两个以上；术语“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”、“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系仅是为了便于描述本申请和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请的限制。此外，术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性。“垂直”并不是严格意义上的垂直，而是在误差允许范围之内。“平行”并不是严格意义上的平行，而是在误差允许范围之内。
下述描述中出现的方位词均为图中示出的方向，并不是对本申请的具体结构进行限定。在本申请的描述中，还需要说明的是，除非另有明确的规定和限定，术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或一体地连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可视具体情况理解上述术语在本申请中的具体含义。
本申请中，电池单体可以包括锂离子二次电池、锂离子一次电池、锂硫电池、钠锂离子电池、钠离子电池或镁离子电池等，本申请实施例对此并不限定。电池单体可呈圆柱体、扁平体、长方体或其它形状等，本申请实施例对此也不限定。电池单体一般按封装的方式分成三种：柱形电池单体、方形电池单体和软包电池单体，本申请实施例对此也不限定。
电池单体包括电极组件和电解液，电极组件由正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜组成。电池单体主要依靠金属离子在正极极片和负极极片之间移动来工作。正极极片包括正极集流体和正极活性物质层，正极活性物质层涂覆于正极集流体的表面，未涂敷正极活性物质层的正极集流体凸出于已涂覆正极活性物质层的正极集流体，未涂敷正极活性物质层的正极集流体作为正极极耳。以锂离子电池为例，正极集流体的材料可以为铝，正极活性物质可以为钴酸锂、磷酸铁锂、三元锂或锰酸锂等。负极极片包括负极集流体和负极活性物质层，负极活性物质层涂覆于负极集流体的表面，未涂敷负极活性物质层的负极集流体凸出于已涂覆负极活性物质层的负极集流体，未涂敷负极活性物质层的负极集流体作为负极极耳。负极集流体的材料可以为铜，负极活性物质可以为碳或硅等。为了保证通过大电流而不发生熔断，正极极耳的数量为多个且层叠在一起，负极极耳的数量为多个且层叠在一起。隔离膜的材质可以为聚丙烯(polypropylene，PP)或聚乙烯(polyethylene，PE)等。此外，电极组件可以是卷绕式结构，也可以是叠片式结构，本申请实施例并不限于此。
本申请的实施例所提到的电池是指包括一个或多个电池单体以提供更高的电压和容量的单一的物理模块。例如，本申请中所提到的电池可以包括电池模块或电池包等。电池一般包括用于封装一个或多个电池单体的箱体。箱体可以避免液体或其他异物影响电池单体的充电或放电。
为了满足不同的电力需求，电池可以包括多个电池单体，其中，多个电池单体之间可以串联或并联或混联，混联是指串联和并联的混合。可选地，多个电池单体可以先串联或并联或混联组成电池模块，多个电池模块再串联或并联或混联组成电池。 也就是说，多个电池单体可以直接组成电池，也可以先组成电池模块，电池模块再组成电池。电池再进一步设置于用电设备中，为用电设备提供电能。
电池技术的发展要同时考虑多方面的设计因素，例如，能量密度、循环寿命、放电容量、充放电倍率等性能参数，另外，还需要考虑电池的安全性能。
在电池的充电过程中，在一些特殊情况下，例如在充电时温度较低、充电倍率较大的情况下，会导致负极析出金属，例如析锂。析锂指的是充电过程中，从正极脱嵌的锂离子无法及时嵌入负极，在负极表面形成金属锂单质的过程。在负极表面析出的锂单质往往以枝晶的形态存在，枝晶生长到一定的程度后容易刺穿正极与负极之间的隔离膜，导致电池单体的短路，严重影响电池的安全性能。
鉴于此，本申请提供了一种充电方法，在充电过程中控制充电设备向电池输出一定大小、一定持续时长的高频振荡电流，来保证电池的安全。在高频振荡电流持续的时长内，正反向交替的振荡电流一方面可以使得电池自发热，加快枝晶尖端的金属向根部迁移，使得枝晶变得平滑，不易刺破隔离膜；另一方面可以通过高频振荡电流引发枝晶尖端和根部的离子浓度差，优先使尖端的金属在放电时转变为离子溶于电解液，达到消除析出的金属和枝晶的目的。
图1示出了本申请实施例适用的一种充电系统的架构图。如图1所示，该充电系统100可包括：充电设备110和电池系统120，可选地，该电池系统120可为电动汽车(包含纯电动汽车和可插电的混合动力电动汽车)中的电池系统或者其它应用场景下的电池系统。
可选地，电池系统120中可设置有至少一个电池包(battery pack)，该至少一个电池包的整体可统称为电池121。从电池的种类而言，该电池121可以是任意类型的电池，包括但不限于：锂离子电池、锂金属电池、锂硫电池、铅酸电池、镍隔电池、镍氢电池、或者锂空气电池等等。从电池的规模而言，本申请实施例中的电池121可以是电芯/电池单体(cell)，也可以是电池模组或电池包，电池模组或电池包均可由多个电池串并联形成，在本申请实施例中，电池121的具体类型和规模均不做具体限定。
此外，为了智能化管理及维护该电池121，防止电池121出现过充电和过放电，延长电池的使用寿命，电池系统120中一般还设置有电池管理系统(battery management system，BMS)122，用于实施充放电管理、高压控制、保护电池、采集电池数据、评估电池状态等功能。可选地，该BMS 122可以与电池121集成设置于同一设备或装置中，或者，该BMS 122也可作为独立的设备或装置设置于电池121之外。
充电设备110可以按照BMS 122的充电需求输出充电功率，以给电池121充电。例如，充电设备110可以按照BMS 122发送的需求电压和需求电流输出电压和电流。可选地，本申请实施例中的充电设备110可以为充电桩，也称为充电机。这里的充电桩例如可以是普通充电桩、超级充电桩、支持汽车对电网(vehicle to grid，V2G)模式的充电桩等。
如图1所示，充电设备110可通过电线130连接于电池121，且通过通信线140连接于BMS 122，其中，通信线140用于实现充电设备110以及BMS之间的信息交互。作为示例，该通信线140包括但不限于是控制器局域网(control area network，CAN) 通信总线或者菊花链(daisy chain)通信总线。
充电设备110除了可通过通信线140与BMS 122进行通信以外，还可以通过无线网络与BMS 122进行通信。本申请实施例对充电设备110与BMS 122的有线通信类型或无线通信类型均不做具体限定。
图2示出了本申请实施例的一种电池121的充电方法200的示意性图。方法200可以应用于电池的电池管理模块，例如，电池121的BMS 122。即在一种可能的实施方式中，方法200可以由图1中的BMS 122执行。本申请实施例以电池管理模块为BMS为例进行说明，方法200可以包括以下内容中的至少部分内容。
S210：向充电设备110发送第一命令，第一命令用于控制充电设备110在充电过程中的第一时段310向电池121输出振荡电流，其中，振荡电流包括n个循环周期313，n为大于1的正整数，每个循环周期313包括第一子周期311和第二子周期312，在第一子周期311内充电设备110输出的电流为第一电流，在第二子周期312内充电设备110输出的电流为第二电流，第一电流和第二电流的电流方向相反。
S220：向充电设备110发送第二命令，第二命令用于指示充电设备110在充电过程中的第二时段320为电池121充电。
本申请实施例提供的电池121的充电方法适用于多种体系的电池121，不仅适用离子电池121，包括但不限于锂离子电池121、钠离子电池121、钾离子电池121等；也适用金属基电池121，包括但不限于锂金属电池121、钠金属电池121、钾金属电池121等；还适用于无负极电池121，即生产过程中仅设置负极集流体而不涂覆负极活性材料，在首次充电完成后，正极材料中的金属迁移到负极集流体的表面形成金属层，将该金属层作为真正意义上的负极。该充电方法还适用于不同的正极材料的电池121，例如三元电池121、铁锂电池121等。另外，对于阳极容量与阴极容量的比值较小的电池121，上述充电方法也能有效改善金属析出的程度，消除充电过程中产生的枝晶。
为了便于描述，本申请实施例中仅以电池121为锂离子电池121为例进行举例说明。
电池121在即将开始充电时，电池121的BMS 122可以与充电设备110进行通信，以使得充电设备110以合适的充电模式为电池121进行充电。具体来说，BMS 122向充电设备110发送第一命令，充电设备110接收第一命令，并根据第一命令在第一时段310向电池121输出振荡电流；BMS 122向充电设备110发送第二命令，充电设备110接收第二命令，并根据第二命令在第二时段320为电池121充电。
第一时段310为充电设备110向电池121输出振荡电流的一段时间，可以是整个充电时长内一开始的一段时间，也可以是整个充电时长内靠近结束的一段时间，还可以是整个充电时长内中间的某一段时间。在整个充电过程中，可以设置一个第一时段310，也可以设置多个第一时段310。在第一时段310内，电池121的电量几乎没有增长，以避免造成电池的荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)大范围的波动，而引入额外的金属析出。
充电过程可以参考图3所示的示意图，图3示出的是充电过程仅包括一个第一时段310和一个第二时段320，且第一时段310为整个充电过程最开始的一段时间的情 况下电流大小与时间的坐标示意图。
第二时段320与第一时段310相邻，在第二时段320内，充电设备110为电池121充电，电池121的电量逐渐累积，并增长至满电状态。在第二时段320内，充电设备110可以通过多种方式为电池121进行充电，例如恒压充电、恒流充电或根据电池121处于的充电阶段而进行灵活调整的充电方式等。不同充电方式下电流与时间的曲线关系不同，因此未在图3中示出。
振荡电流可以为高频振荡脉冲电流。如图3所示，振荡电流在第一时段310内包括多个循环周期313，每个循环周期313包括第一子周期311和第二子周期312，在第一子周期311内充电设备110输出的电流为第一电流，在第二子周期312内充电设备110输出的电流为第二电流，第一电流和第二电流的电流方向相反，也就是说，第一电流和第二电流中，一者为充电电流，另一者为放电电流。
在单个循环周期313内，第一电流和第二电流的大小可以相同，也可以不完全一致。在不完全一致的情况下，需要保证单个循环周期313内的充电电量与放电电量大致相同，以不造成SOC大范围波动，引入额外的金属析出风险为限。例如，可以在第一电流与第二电流的大小不一致的情况下，通过调整第一子周期311的时间和第二子周期312的时间来实现充电电量与放电电量的大致相同。也就是说，在单个循环周期313内，第一子周期311和第二子周期312的大小也可以不完全相同。另外，振荡电流的波形可以包括阶梯型、锯齿形、三角函数形等，在不同波形的单个循环周期313内，要求充电电量与放电电量大致相同。图3仅示出了一种可能的波形，不作为本申请中对振荡电流波形的限定。
振荡电流的总循环周期313的大小为单个循环周期313的大小与循环周期313个数的乘积，其中，单个循环周期313的大小与充电设备110能够输出的振荡电流的频率有关，循环周期313的个数n与充电条件以及电池121本身的性能有关，n为大于1的正整数。
具体来说，单个循环周期313的大小与充电设备110能够输出的振荡电流的频率成倒数关系，而充电设备110能够输出的振荡电流的频率由充电设备110本身的能力决定。在一种可能的实施方式中，振荡电流的频率为充电设备110能够产生的最大频率。振荡电流的频率越大，单个循环周期313持续的时长也就越小，在第一子周期311或第二子周期312中积累或释放的电量也就越少，这样能够有效避免SOC产生较大的波动。
循环周期313的个数n与充电条件以及电池121本身的性能有关。在充电条件方面，温度越低、快充倍率越大，就越容易产生析锂，析锂量也越多，就需要持续时间更长的振荡电流溶解析出的锂；在电池121本身的性能方面，电池121使用时间越长，电池121的老化越严重，积累的析锂量越多，也需要持续时间更长的振荡电流溶解析出的锂。若用于消除锂枝晶的时间过长，会延长充电过程的总时长，用户体验较差。因此通常会综合考虑消除析锂的效果与充电过程的时长，来确定实际采用的循环周期313的个数。
通常，循环周期313的具体个数由实验确定，也可以根据实际需要以及实验验 证进行改变。在通过实验确定循环周期313的个数时，可以先根据充电设备110的能力确定出振荡电流的频率，再通过实验改变循环周期313的个数n，观察析锂改善效果，均衡考虑改善效果和花费的时间，选择合适的n值。循环周期313的个数n确定后，可以在充电过程中BMS 122与充电设备110通信时，将n值发送给充电设备110，使得充电设备110提供n个循环周期313的振荡电流；或者，可以在充电设备110中的用于提供振荡电流的单元中直接设置n值，则充电设备110在向电池121输出振荡电流时，向电池121输出n个循环周期313的振荡电流。
本申请提供的充电方法，可以溶解充电过程中负极上析出的锂，使得锂枝晶的尖端变得平滑甚至消失，避免锂枝晶生长到一定的程度后刺穿正极与负极之间的隔离膜而导致电池121单体的短路，保证电池121的安全性能。该充电方法对于电池121中已经存在的析锂现象，也能够起到较好的消除析锂的作用。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，充电过程包括至少一个第一时段310和至少一个第二时段320。
在充电过程中的任意时刻，BMS 122均可以向充电设备110发送第一命令，以使得充电设备110向电池121输出振荡电流，则充电过程被第一时段310划分为多个时段。具体来说，在充电过程包括一个第一时段310的情况下，若第一时段310处于整个充电时长内一开始的一段时间或靠近结束的一段时间时，则充电过程的剩下的时长则为第二时段320，即充电过程包括一个第一时段310和一个第二时段320；若第一时段310处于整个充电时长内中间的某一段时间时，则第一时段310将充电过程剩下的时长划分为了两个部分，该两个部分均为第二时段320，即充电过程包括一个第一时段310和两个第二时段320。以此类推，在充电过程包括多个第一时段310的情况下，多个第一时段310将充电过程剩下的时长划分为多个第二时段320，则充电过程可以包括多个第一时段310和多个第二时段320。
这样可以使得充电过程中消除析锂的方式更加灵活，在充电过程的不同阶段BMS 122可以选取对电池121最有利的充电策略，即采取不同的消除析锂的方式，最大程度地为电池121消除锂枝晶，保证电池121的安全性能。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一电流为电池121的充电电流，第二电流为电池121的放电电流，第一电流在第一子周期311的充电电量小于或等于第二电流在第二子周期312的放电电量。
为了在消除析锂的过程中避免引入额外的金属析出，第一电流和第二电流的大小通常需要控制在析锂窗口规定的电流大小以下。析锂窗口是在一定温度下，电池121不发生析锂的最大充电电流与SOC的关系。SOC越大，越容易发生析锂，允许的最大充电电流越低。也就是说，当SOC产生变化时，析锂窗口中规定的最大充电电流也会发生变化，若单个循环周期313内的振荡电流使电池121的电量有所增加，而在下一个循环周期313内仍以相同大小的第一电流和第二电流向电池121输出振荡电流，容易产生额外的金属析出。因此，在单个循环周期313内，充电电量应当小于或等于放电电量，即在第一电流为电池121的充电电流，第二电流为电池121的放电电流的情况下，第一电流在第一子周期311的充电电量小于或等于第二电流在第二子周期312的放电电 量。
具体来说，可以通过多种方式来实现第一电流在第一子周期311的充电电量小于或等于第二电流在第二子周期312的放电电量。例如，在第一电流和第二电流的大小相等的情况下，第一子周期311的大小可以小于或等于第二子周期312的大小；或者，第一子周期311的和第二子周期312的大小相等的情况下，第一电流的大小略小于第二电流的大小；再或者，第一电流的大小可以略大于第二电流的大小，则第一子周期311的大小需要小于第二子周期312的大小。
在另一种可能的实施方式中，充电电量可以略大于放电电量，这种实施方式要求在第一时段310内电池121电量的累积不能造成SOC大范围的波动，需要以不引入额外的金属析出为限。
析锂往往是在充电过程中产生的，因此在第一时段310中，充电电量小于或等于放电电量可以避免在消除锂枝晶的同时又产生锂枝晶，从而提高第一时段310中的消除锂枝晶的效果，保证电池121的安全性能。另外，如果电池121的SOC发生大范围的波动，析锂窗口就会随之发生变化，第一时段310中振荡电流的大小就需要随之变化以避免超过析锂窗口中对应的最大电流，因此充电电量与放电电量基本相等可以避免电池121的SOC发生大范围的波动，使得振荡电流能够在第一时段310内始终保持大小相同的电流输出，能够简化消除析锂的过程，避免复杂的电流调整策略。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一子周期311的大小小于或等于第二子周期312的大小。
在第一电流为充电电流，第二电流为放电电流的情况下，第一子周期311的大小小于或等于第二子周期312的大小，可以在第一电流和第二电流的大小稍有误差的情况下，保证充电电量小于放电电量。在本申请实施例中，充电电量与放电电量尽可能地相等，因此第一子周期311的大小应避免远小于第二子周期312的大小。
这样可以保证充电电量小于或等于放电电量，避免在消除锂枝晶的同时又产生锂枝晶，从而提高第一时段310中的消除锂枝晶的效果，保证电池121的安全性能。同时，还能够避免在充电过程的第一时段310内电池121的SOC发生大范围的波动，使得振荡电流在第一时段310内可以始终以大小相同的电流输出，能够简化消除析锂的过程，避免复杂的电流调整策略。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，方法200还包括：接收充电设备110发送的充电设备110的最大输出频率；根据最大输出频率确定循环周期313的大小。
由于充电设备110向电池121输出的振荡电流的频率由充电设备110本身能够输出的最大频率有关，因此BMS 122需要获取到充电设备110能够输出的最大输出频率，以此来确定实际充电过程中单个循环周期313的大小。具体来说，充电设备110能够输出的最大输出频率为f，则单个循环周期313的大小
Figure PCTCN2022093840-appb-000001
第一子周期311和第二子周期312的大小可以为
Figure PCTCN2022093840-appb-000002
在一种可能实施方式中，充电设备110实际输出的振荡电流的频率可以小于充电设备110的最大输出频率，则f为充电设备110实际输出的频率，单个循环周期313的实际大小仍然可以按照上述公式计算。
BMS 122根据充电设备110的最大输出频率确定出电池121所需的循环周期313的大小，为电池121制定合理的充电策略。BMS 122可以将充电策略发送给充电设备110，充电设备110按照BMS 122的指示向电池121输出振荡电流，并为电池121充电。
循环周期313的大小越小，在单个循环周期313内可能产生的电池121电量的波动就越小，在第一时段310内消除锂枝晶的效果就越好。考虑到充电设备110的能力，BMS 122以充电设备110的最大输出频率来确定循环周期313的大小，能够制定合理的振荡电流参数，并以该振荡电流为电池121消除析出的锂金属和锂枝晶。这样可以较好地溶解负极上析出的锂，使得锂枝晶的尖端变得平滑甚至消失，避免锂枝晶生长到一定的程度后刺穿正极与负极之间的隔离膜而导致电池121单体的短路，保证电池121的安全性能。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一子周期311和/或第二子周期312为2ms。
在一种可能的实施方式中，可以设置第一子周期311和第二子周期312的大小均为2ms，则这种情况下要求充电设备110能够输出的最大输出频率应大于或等于250Hz。在另一种可能的实施方式中，第一子周期311和第二子周期312中，一者为2ms，另一者可以例如为3ms。可选地，可以是充电电流所在的子周期为2ms，放电电流所在的子周期为3ms。
第一子周期311和第二子周期312的大小越小，就需要充电设备110能够输出的最大输出频率就越大，提供符合要求的充电设备110的成本就越高。子周期的取值过小容易导致充电设备110的能力无法实现，而子周期的取值过大容易在第一子周期311或第二子周期312中造成大范围的SOC的波动，影响消除锂枝晶的效果。因此，第一子周期311和第二子周期312具有合适的取值可以达到较好的消除锂枝晶的效果，能够避免电池121充电时出现析锂，并且对电池121已析锂的情况能够有一定程度改善。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，循环周期313的个数n为10000。
循环周期313通常由实验确定，与电池121的SOC和健康状态(state of health,SOH)有关。为了在一个较大的范围内为电池121提供良好地消除析锂、改善枝晶的方式，本申请实施例将n设置为10000。
该取值适用于多种状态下的电池121，能够起到良好的消除析锂、改善枝晶的效果。已通过实验验证，循环10000次可以使得电池121中的析锂区厚度明显下降，有利于延长电池121寿命，降低电池121使用过程中的安全风险。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，方法200还包括：获取电池121的荷电状态SOC和健康状态SOH；根据SOC和SOH确定第一电流和/或第二电流的最大电流大小。
振荡电流的大小应小于电池121在不同状态下的析锂窗口中对应的最大电流大小，而析锂窗口与电池121的SOC与SOH具有关联关系。
SOC指的是电池121的荷电状态。例如，SOC为100％指的是电池121处于满电状态，SOC为0％指的是电池121处于完全放电的状态。
SOH指的是电池121的健康状态，通常可以从电池121容量或电池121电量的 角度定义SOH。例如，SOH可以是电池121当前容量占电池121额定容量的百分比，或者，可以是当前电池121最大放电电量占新电池121最大放电电量的百分比。SOH通常与电池121的使用工况、使用年限等信息有关，根据SOH的值可以判断电池121的老化状态。例如，当电池121的SOH满足SOH≥95％，可以认为该电池121为轻度老化电池121；当电池121的SOH满足85％≤SOH＜95％，可以认为该电池121为中度老化电池121；当电池121的SOH满足SOH＜85％，可以认为该电池121为重度老化电池121。上述划分标准仅作示例，还可以以其他方式对电池121的老化程度进行划分。
电池121处于不同的老化状态会引发析锂窗口的变化，充电设备110在第一时段310内输出的振荡电流的大小也会根据析锂窗口的变化而变化。表1示出了根据电池121的SOC和SOH设计的振荡电流的大小，表1中的数据仅作为举例。
表1
Figure PCTCN2022093840-appb-000003
其中，C指的是1小时内能够完全释放电池121全部电量的电流大小，C前面的数字为倍率。
举例来说，BMS 122检测出当前电池121的SOH为90％、SOC为35％，则根据表1可以确定充电设备110输出的振荡电流的最大电流大小应为3.0C。也就是说，该电池121属于上述对电池121的老化程度的划分中的中度老化电池121，当前剩余电量为35％，该电池121在1小时内能够释放全部电量的电流大小为1C，则充电设备110向电池121输出振荡电流时，振荡电流的最大电流大小为3.0倍的1C的大小。同时，充电设备110可以结合循环周期313的大小以及循环周期313的个数，向电池121输出振荡电流。仍然以当前电池121的SOH为90％、SOC为35％为例，充电设备110输出的振荡电流的相关参数可以具体为：第一电流和第二电流的大小均为3.0C，第一子周期311和第二子周期312均为2ms，循环10000次。
第一电流与第二电流中，一者为充电电流，另一者为放电电流，两者的电流大小可以相同，即按照上述方式确定出一个电流大小，第一电流与第二电流的大小均为该大小。第一电流和第二电流的大小也可以不同，则可以分别为第一电流和第二电流设计参数对照表，通过不同的对应关系分别确定第一电流和第二电流的大小。
由于图3示出的振荡电流波形中，第一电流在第一子周期311内恒定不变，第二电流在第二子周期312内也恒定不变，因此根据上述方式确定出的第一电流和第二电流的最大电流大小即为两者在其对应子周期内的实际大小。当振荡电流的波形为其他形状，例如，锯齿形、三角函数形等随时间变化的波形，则通过上述方法确定出的电流大小为一个子周期内的最大电流大小。
在充电过程包括多个第一时段310的情况下，在每个第一时段310开始前，BMS 122均需要根据当前时刻电池121的SOC和SOH来确定第一电流和/或第二电流的最大电流大小。
BMS 122通过综合考虑电池121的SOC和SOH来确定振荡电流的最大电流大小，能够避免振荡电流的大小超过当前电池121的析锂窗口对应的电流大小，而导致额外的金属析出，有利于振荡电流在合适的范围内消除充电过程中析出的锂金属，也能够对电池121中已析出的锂金属起到一定的消除作用，保证电池121的安全性能。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一命令包括第一电流和/或第二电流的最大电流大小。
BMS 122根据SOC和SOH确定出电池121在当前状态下可以接受的第一电流和/或第二电流的最大电流大小，并将上述电流的大小发送给充电设备110。第一电流和/或第二电流的最大电流大小可以单独发送给充电设备110，也可以在第一命令中，携带第一电流和/或第二电流的最大电流大小的信息。充电设备110接收到第一命令后，以第一命令中指示的电流大小向电池121输出振荡电流。
BMS 122在指示充电设备110向电池121输出振荡电流的同时将振荡电流的最大电流大小一并发送给充电设备110，能够提高BMS 122与充电设备110之间通信的效率，同时也可以保证充电设备110以合适的电流大小向电池121输出振荡电流，避免额外的金属析出，保证电池121的安全性能。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，向充电设备110发送第一命令，包括：在电池121与充电设备110连接的情况下，向充电设备110发送第一命令。
在BMS 122与充电设备110通信之前，可以检测电池121是否与充电设备110成功连接。若电池121电路与充电设备110电路的连接点尚未连接或接触不良，即使BMS 122与充电设备110进行了通信，也无法正常向电池121输出振荡电流，甚至有可能导致充电过程存在安全隐患。
可以通过多种方式检测电池121与充电设备110是否连接，在一种可能的方式中，例如，可以通过检测电池121电路与充电设备110电路的连接点两端的电压，来确定电池121与充电设备110之间是否成功连接。在电池121与充电设备110连接的情况下，BMS 122向充电设备110发送第一命令，则充电设备110接收到第一命令后可以根据第一命令中的指示向电池121输出振荡电流，即通过连接电池121与充电设备110的电路来使得振荡电流由充电设备110输出至电池121。
在进行充电之前确定电池121与充电设备110正常连接，可以保证充电设备110输出的振荡电流以及第二时段320内的充电电流能够正常流经电池121，避免充电故障，保证电池121在充电过程中的安全性能，同时也可以提高充电效率。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，向充电设备110发送第一命令，包括：在确定电池121满足以下条件中的至少一个的情况下，向充电设备110发送第一命令：电池121的温度小于或等于第一阈值；电池121以快充模式进行充电，快充模式为充电速度大于或等于第二阈值的充电模式；电池121完成x次充电和x次放电，电池121容量损失y％，电池121的使用时间为z天，x和z均为正整数，y为正数。
在BMS 122与充电设备110通信之前，BMS 122还可以检测电池121的状态，来判断是否需要在充电过程中引入振荡电流以消除析出的锂金属。
可选地，当电池121的温度较低时，电解液迁移离子的能力变弱，充电过程中锂离子无法及时嵌入负极，更容易造成负极表面析锂。因此，当电池121的温度小于或等于第一阈值时，可以向充电设备110发送第一命令，指示充电设备110输出振荡电流，一方面可以通过高频的振荡电流来使电池121发热，提高电解液迁移离子的能力，另一方面利用振荡电流来消除电池121中已经析出的锂金属。
可选地，可以为电池121设置多种充电模式，例如普通模式、快充模式等。快充模式通常指的是通过对充电过程以及充电电流等参数的控制，来使得充电速度较其他充电模式更快的一种充电模式，其中，充电速度可以大于或等于第二阈值。在快充模式下，充电电流通常较大，容易导致从正极脱嵌的锂离子来不及嵌入负极而在负极表面形成析锂。当BMS 122确定电池121以快充模式进行充电时，可以指示充电设备110向电池121输出振荡电流，以消除电池121中已经析出的锂金属以及充电过程中析出的锂金属。
可选地，BMS 122也可以通过电池121完成充电和放电的次数、电池121容量损失的百分数或电池121使用的天数来判断是否需要在充电过程中设置振荡电流，来消除电池121中已经析出的锂金属以及充电过程中析出的锂金属。电池121完成x次充电和x次放电、电池121容量损失y％或电池121的使用时间为z天，均可以理解为电池121已经使用了一段时间，电池121的负极上已经积累了一定量的锂金属，因此在充电过程中引入振荡电流，能够对这部分已经析出的锂金属进行消除，同时对充电过程中产生的析锂也具有一定的抑制作用。其中，x和z均为正整数，y为正数。
在确定电池121满足上述条件中的至少一个的情况下指示充电设备110向电池121输出振荡电流，可以合理利用振荡电流的资源，避免充电设备110在电池121为新电池121时仍然对其输出振荡电流，从而可以提高充电效率，减少充电时间。同时，对已使用到一定程度的电池121输出振荡电流，能够有效地利用振荡电流消除析出的锂金属，提高振荡电流消除锂金属的效果，保证电池121的安全性能。
在另一种可选的实施方式中，本申请实施例提供的充电方法可以包括如图4所示的流程400，该流程400可以包括以下内容中的至少部分内容。
410、BMS 122判断电池121的使用状态是否满足使用振荡电流的条件，例如，电池121的温度、充电模式、已使用的时间等。若为否，则该电池121的充电过程中可以不使用振荡电流，充电设备110则按照常规充电方式为电池121充电。若为是，则执行步骤420。
420、BMS 122判断电池121的充电电路是否与充电设备110连接，或者说，BMS 122检测电池121的充电电路与充电设备110连接是否处于可以安全充电的状态。若为否，则不对电池121进行充电操作，进一步地可以发出提醒，等待排除电池121与充电设备110之间的连接故障后再执行充电流程。若为是，则执行步骤430。
430、BMS 122根据电池121的SOC和SOH确定振荡电流的相关参数，其中相关参数可以包括振荡电流的最大电流大小、循环周期313、循环次数等。
440、BMS 122控制充电设备110在第一时段310输出振荡电流。例如，BMS122可以向充电设备110发送第一命令，第一命令中可以携带有步骤430中确定的相关参数。充电设备110接收到第一命令后，按照第一命令中的指示，向电池121输出相应的振荡电流。
450、BMS 122控制充电设备110在第二时段320为电池121充电。例如，BMS122可以向充电设备110发送第二命令，第二命令可以指示充电设备110在输出振荡电流之后，以常规充电方式为电池121进行充电。第二命令可以与第一命令同时发送，也可以在第一时段310结束后再发送第二命令。
通过在充电过程中引入高频振荡电流，可以溶解充电过程中在负极上析出的金属，使得金属枝晶的尖端变得平滑甚至消失，避免枝晶生长到一定的程度后刺穿正极与负极之间的隔离膜而导致电池121单体的短路，保证电池121的安全性能。同时，本申请提供的充电方法还可以在一定程度上消除负极上已存在的金属析出，有利于延长电池121寿命，降低电池121使用过程中的安全风险。
本申请还提供了一种电池121的充电方法500，如图5所示，方法500可以应用于充电设备110，即方法500可以由图1中的充电设备110执行。方法500可以包括以下内容中的至少部分内容。
S510：接收电池121的BMS 122发送的第一命令。
S520：根据第一命令在充电过程中的第一时段310向电池121输出振荡电流，其中，振荡电流包括n个循环周期313，n为大于1的正整数，每个循环周期313包括第一子周期311和第二子周期312，在第一子周期311内输出的电流为第一电流，在第二子周期312内输出的电流为第二电流，第一电流和第二电流的电流方向相反。
S530：接收BMS 122发送的第二命令。
S540：根据第二命令在充电过程中的第二时段320为电池121充电。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，充电过程包括至少一个第一时段310和至少一个第二时段320。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一电流为电池121的充电电流，第二电流为电池121的放电电流，第一电流在第一子周期311的充电电量小于或等于第二电流在第二子周期312的放电电量相同。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一子周期311的大小小于或等于第二子周期312的大小。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，方法500还包括：向BMS 122发送充电设备110的最大输出频率，最大输出频率用于确定循环周期313的大小。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一子周期311和/或第二子周期312为2ms。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，循环周期313的个数n为10000。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一命令包括第一电流和/或第二电流的最大电流大小，第一电流和/或第二电流的最大电流大小由电池121的荷电状态SOC和健康状态SOH确定。
根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，接收电池121的BMS 122发送的第一命令，包括：在电池121与充电设备110连接的情况下，接收电池121的BMS 122发送的第一命令。
本申请还提供了一种电池管理系统，用于执行上述实施例中由BMS 122执行的任一实施例所述的方法。
本申请还提供了一种电池，包括上述电池管理系统。
本申请还提供了一种充电设备，用于执行上述实施例中由充电设备110执行的任一实施例所述的方法。
本申请还提供了一种计算机可读存储介质，所述计算机可读存储介质存储有计算机程序，所述计算机程序被运行时，执行如上述任一实施例所述的方法。
本申请还提供了一种用于充电的装置600，包括处理器601和存储器602，所述存储器602存储有指令，所述指令被所述处理器601运行时，使得所述装置600执行如上述任一实施例所述的方法。
虽然已经参考优选实施例对本申请进行了描述，但在不脱离本申请的范围的情况下，可以对其进行各种改进并且可以用等效物替换其中的部件。尤其是，只要不存在结构冲突，各个实施例中所提到的各项技术特征均可以任意方式组合起来。本申请并不局限于文中公开的特定实施例，而是包括落入权利要求的范围内的所有技术方案。

Claims (23)

  1. 一种充电方法，其特征在于，应用于电池的电池管理模块，包括：
    向充电设备发送第一命令，所述第一命令用于控制所述充电设备在充电过程中的第一时段向所述电池输出振荡电流，其中，所述振荡电流包括n个循环周期，n为大于1的正整数，每个所述循环周期包括第一子周期和第二子周期，在所述第一子周期内所述充电设备输出的电流为第一电流，在所述第二子周期内所述充电设备输出的电流为第二电流，所述第一电流和所述第二电流的电流方向相反；
    向所述充电设备发送第二命令，所述第二命令用于指示所述充电设备在所述充电过程中的第二时段为所述电池充电。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述充电过程包括至少一个所述第一时段和至少一个所述第二时段。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述第一电流为所述电池的充电电流，所述第二电流为所述电池的放电电流，所述第一电流在所述第一子周期的充电电量小于或等于所述第二电流在所述第二子周期的放电电量。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述第一子周期的大小小于或等于所述第二子周期的大小。
  5. 根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括：
    接收所述充电设备发送的所述充电设备的最大输出频率；
    根据所述最大输出频率确定所述循环周期的大小。
  6. 根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述第一子周期和/或所述第二子周期为2ms。
  7. 根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述循环周期的个数n为10000。
  8. 根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括：
    获取所述电池的荷电状态SOC和健康状态SOH；
    根据所述SOC和所述SOH确定所述第一电流和/或所述第二电流的最大电流大小。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述第一命令包括所述第一电流和/或所述第二电流的最大电流大小。
  10. 根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述向充电设备发送第一命令，包括：
    在所述电池与所述充电设备连接的情况下，向所述充电设备发送所述第一命令。
  11. 根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述向充电设备发送第一命令，包括：
    在确定所述电池满足以下条件中的至少一个的情况下，向所述充电设备发送所述第一命令：
    所述电池的温度小于或等于第一阈值；
    所述电池以快充模式进行充电，所述快充模式为充电速度大于或等于第二阈值的充电模式；
    所述电池完成x次充电和x次放电，x为正整数；
    所述电池容量损失y％，y为正数；
    所述电池的使用时间为z天，z为正整数。
  12. 一种充电方法，其特征在于，应用于充电设备，包括：
    接收电池的电池管理模块发送的第一命令；
    根据所述第一命令在充电过程中的第一时段向所述电池输出振荡电流，其中，所述振荡电流包括n个循环周期，n为大于1的正整数，每个所述循环周期包括第一子周期和第二子周期，在所述第一子周期内输出的电流为第一电流，在所述第二子周期内输出的电流为第二电流，所述第一电流和所述第二电流的电流方向相反；
    接收所述电池管理模块发送的第二命令；
    根据所述第二命令在所述充电过程中的第二时段为所述电池充电。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述充电过程包括至少一个所述第一时段和至少一个所述第二时段。
  14. 根据权利要求12或13所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述第一电流为所述电池的充电电流，所述第二电流为所述电池的放电电流，所述第一电流在所述第一子周期的充电电量小于或等于所述第二电流在所述第二子周期的放电电量。
  15. 根据权利要求12至14中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述第一子周期的大小小于或等于所述第二子周期的大小。
  16. 根据权利要求12至15中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括：
    向所述电池管理模块发送所述充电设备的最大输出频率，所述最大输出频率用于确定所述循环周期的大小。
  17. 根据权利要求16所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述第一子周期和/或所述第二子周期为2ms。
  18. 根据权利要求12至17中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述循环周期的个数n为10000。
  19. 根据权利要求12至18中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述第一命令包括所述第一电流和/或所述第二电流的最大电流大小，所述第一电流和/或所述第二电流的最大电流大小由所述电池的荷电状态SOC和健康状态SOH确定。
  20. 根据权利要求12至19中任一项所述的充电方法，其特征在于，所述接收电池的电池管理模块发送的第一命令，包括：
    在所述电池与所述充电设备连接的情况下，接收所述电池的所述电池管理模块发送的所述第一命令。
  21. 一种电池管理系统，其特征在于，用于执行如权利要求1至11中任一项所述的方法。
  22. 一种电池，其特征在于，包括：
    如权利要求21所述的电池管理系统。
  23. 一种充电设备，其特征在于，用于执行如权利要求12至20中任一项所述的方法。
PCT/CN2022/093840 2022-05-19 2022-05-19 充电方法、电池管理系统、电池和充电设备 Ceased WO2023221037A1 (zh)

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