WO2023241148A1 - 一种负极材料及包括该负极材料的负极片和电池 - Google Patents

一种负极材料及包括该负极材料的负极片和电池 Download PDF

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WO2023241148A1
WO2023241148A1 PCT/CN2023/082513 CN2023082513W WO2023241148A1 WO 2023241148 A1 WO2023241148 A1 WO 2023241148A1 CN 2023082513 W CN2023082513 W CN 2023082513W WO 2023241148 A1 WO2023241148 A1 WO 2023241148A1
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negative electrode
electrode material
silicon
carbon
porous carbon
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French (fr)
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薛佳宸
刘春洋
李素丽
李俊义
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Zhuhai Cosmx Battery Co Ltd
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Zhuhai Cosmx Battery Co Ltd
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Priority to US18/898,600 priority patent/US20250023028A1/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • H01M4/366Composites as layered products
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    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B33/00Silicon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B33/113Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
    • C01B33/12Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
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    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B33/00Silicon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B33/20Silicates
    • C01B33/32Alkali metal silicates
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    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/386Silicon or alloys based on silicon
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625Carbon or graphite
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    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/628Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
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    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/70Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
    • C01P2002/72Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/80Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
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    • C01P2006/14Pore volume
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C01P2006/40Electric properties
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01M2004/021Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027Negative electrodes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to the field of lithium ion batteries, and in particular to a negative electrode material, a negative electrode sheet and a battery including the negative electrode material.
  • the industry has proposed a silicon-carbon composite strategy to buffer the volume stress of the silicon core during charge and discharge and improve the overall conductivity of the composite material.
  • problems such as silicon-carbon separation from each other or insufficient stability of the SEI film on the surface of the composite particles are prone to occur, resulting in continuous attenuation of battery capacity and increase in battery volume.
  • the present disclosure provides a negative electrode material, a negative electrode sheet and a battery including the negative electrode material.
  • the silicon material in the negative electrode material is distributed on the surface and pores of the carbon material.
  • This structure provides a buffer space for the volume expansion of the silicon material, and there will be no separation of silicon and carbon during the cycle; the negative electrode material
  • the protective layer can inhibit the reaction between the negative electrode material and the electrolyte during the charge and discharge process, and improve the stability of the SEI film on the surface of the composite particles. Batteries assembled from this negative electrode material have a higher cycle capacity retention rate and a lower cycle volume expansion rate.
  • a negative electrode material has a core-shell structure, the core-shell structure includes a shell layer and a core; the shell layer includes at least one of silicon oxide, silicon dioxide and lithium silicate; the The core includes carbon material including non-graphitized porous carbon material and silicon material including amorphous silicon.
  • the carbon material is a non-graphitized porous carbon material
  • the silicon material is amorphous silicon
  • the coverage of the shell layer on the surface of the core is 33% to 100%, such as 33%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%. That is, the shell layer is partially or completely covered on the surface of the core, which is a partially covered or fully covered structure.
  • the shell layer has a different contrast from the core under observation by a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the thickness of the shell layer is less than 10 nm, such as 0.01 nm to 10 nm, such as 0.01nm, 0.05nm, 0.1nm, 0.2nm, 0.5nm, 0.8nm, 1nm, 2nm, 3nm, 4nm, 5nm, 6nm, 7nm, 8nm, 9nm, 10nm or any point value in the range composed of the above two endpoints .
  • TEM transmission electron microscope
  • the amorphous silicon When the internal pores of the non-graphitized porous carbon material are interconnected and the silicon content is high, the amorphous silicon will grow along the pores to form a dendritic structure with a particle size that may reach the micron level. When the silicon content is low, The amorphous silicon will be dispersed in the pores in the form of small particles.
  • the pore volume of the non-graphitized porous carbon material is 0.2cm 3 /g ⁇ 1.2cm 3 /g.
  • the pore volume of the non-graphitized porous carbon material is 0.2cm 3 /g.
  • the pore diameter of the non-graphitized porous carbon material is 0.5 nm to 100 nm.
  • the pore diameter of the non-graphitized porous carbon material is 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7nm, 8nm, 9nm, 10nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, 100nm or any point value in the range composed of the above two endpoints.
  • 0 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 100, 0 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 100 Preferably, 0 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 100, 0 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 100.
  • x1 satisfies 0 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 200
  • the carbon material is a non-graphitized carbon material.
  • x2 satisfies 0 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 500
  • the negative electrode material includes silicon material, and the silicon material is amorphous silicon.
  • the anode material has a binding energy peak in the range of 96eV to 105eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) test, and the binding energy peak is at least 10% in the high-resolution spectrum in the range of 90eV to 110eV. It can be divided (through common peak splitting software) into a binding energy peak 1 with an area of y1 at 97eV ⁇ 100eV and a binding energy peak 2 with an area of y2 at 101eV ⁇ 104eV, where the y1 and the y2 satisfy 0 ⁇ y1 /y2 ⁇ 10, preferably, 0.2 ⁇ y1/y2 ⁇ 5.
  • XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • y1 and y2 satisfy 0 ⁇ y1/y2 ⁇ 10, it means that there is a silicon-containing compound with a silicon valence greater than zero on the surface of the negative electrode material, that is, corresponding to the compound containing silicon oxide, silicon dioxide and silicate. At least one formed shell.
  • the median particle diameter Dv50 of the negative electrode material is 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
  • the median particle diameter Dv50 of the negative electrode material is 1 ⁇ m, 1.2 ⁇ m, 1.5 ⁇ m, 1.8 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 4 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, 6 ⁇ m, 7 ⁇ m, 8 ⁇ m, 9 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 11 ⁇ m, 12 ⁇ m, 13 ⁇ m, 14 ⁇ m, 15 ⁇ m, 16 ⁇ m, 17 ⁇ m, 18 ⁇ m, 19 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m or any point value in the range composed of the above two endpoints.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned negative electrode material, which method includes the following steps:
  • the silane gas is selected from at least one of monosilane, disilane and trichlorosilane.
  • the carrier gas is selected from at least one of high-purity argon and high-purity nitrogen.
  • the volume ratio of the silane gas and the carrier gas is any ratio, such as 9:1, 4:1 or 1:1.
  • the temperature at which the silane is cracked is 300°C to 500°C, such as 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 480°C or 500°C.
  • the silane cracking time is 6h to 24h, for example, 6h, 7h, 8h, 9h, 10h, 11h, 12h, 13h, 14h, 15h, 16h, 17h, 18h, 19h, 20h, 21h, 22h, 23h or 24h.
  • the temperature at which the silicon-carbon composite material is heated and oxidized in air is 50°C to 400°C, for example, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C or 400°C.
  • the time for the silicon carbon composite material to be heated and oxidized in air is 0.5h to 25h , such as 0.5h, 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h, 9h, 10h, 11h, 12h, 13h, 14h, 15h, 16h, 17h, 18h, 19h, 20h, 21h, 22h, 23h , 24h or 25h.
  • step 2) of the above method after the silicon-carbon composite material is heated and oxidized in air, the amorphous silicon on the surface of the silicon-carbon composite material can generate silicon oxide and/or silicon dioxide.
  • the lithiation treatment is to use a lithiation reagent to lithiate the silicon oxide and/or silicon dioxide generated on the surface of the silicon carbon composite material to form lithium silicate, and the lithium
  • the lithiating reagent is selected from one or more of lithium biphenyl, lithium naphthyl and lithium pyrene, and the lithiating reagent is preferably used in the form of a tetrahydrofuran solution.
  • the "use in the form of a tetrahydrofuran solution” means that the lithiation reagent is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and used.
  • a protective layer such as a silicon oxide layer (i.e., silicon oxide and/or silicon dioxide), a lithium silicate layer) on the surface of the above-mentioned silicon-carbon composite material, it can effectively block the electrolyte and the amorphous core The contact with silicon thereby reduces the reduction and decomposition of the electrolyte, further improving the cycle stability of the battery composed of this negative electrode material.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer on at least one side surface of the negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode active material layer includes the above-mentioned negative electrode material.
  • the negative active material layer further includes at least one of graphite, hard carbon, and soft carbon, and the graphite includes artificial graphite and/or natural graphite.
  • the negative active material layer further includes a conductive agent.
  • the conductive agent is selected from one or more of carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon fiber, single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
  • the negative active material layer further includes a binder.
  • the binder is selected from carboxymethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, lithium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, diacetylcellulose, polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol , one or more of polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber and epoxy resin.
  • the negative electrode current collector is selected from one or more of copper foil, carbon-coated copper foil and perforated copper foil.
  • the mass percentage of each component in the negative active material layer is:
  • 0.5wt% to 99wt% of the negative electrode material 0 to 98.5wt% of graphite, 0.5wt% to 15wt% of the conductive agent and 0.5wt% to 15wt% of the binder.
  • the negative electrode sheet can be obtained by the following method:
  • the negative electrode sheet can be obtained by the following method:
  • the present disclosure also provides a battery, which includes the above-mentioned negative electrode material, or includes the above-mentioned negative electrode sheet.
  • the battery is a lithium-ion battery.
  • the lithium salt is selected from conventional lithium salts, such as LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiAlO 4 , LiAlCl 4 , Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 One or more of N, LiBOB and LiDFOB.
  • Figure 1 is an X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern of the negative electrode material in Example 1 of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3 is a high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) spectrum of 90 eV to 110 eV of the anode material in Example 1 of the present disclosure.
  • XPS X-ray photoelectron spectrum
  • the relative content of Si element and C element in the negative electrode material is tested using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or energy spectroscopy (EDS) analysis methods, such as using a Thermo Fisher X-ray fluorescence spectrometer or Oxford energy spectrometer. .
  • XRF X-ray fluorescence
  • EDS energy spectroscopy
  • Synthesis of negative electrode material Take 30g of commercial porous carbon (BET specific surface area 1300m 2 /g, pore volume 0.7cm 3 /g) and place it in a vapor deposition furnace. Pour in high-purity argon and ethanol with a volume ratio of 4:1. The mixed gas of silane has a flow rate of 300 sccm, and then the temperature is raised to 500°C to crack disilane.
  • Synthesis of negative electrode material Dissolve commercial asphalt powder (softening point: 200°C) in toluene, add commercial nano-silicon (median particle size Dv50 is 50 nm) at a mass ratio of asphalt: nano-silicon of 1:1, and then The toluene solvent was removed by spray drying to obtain the pitch-coated silicon material, which was then carbonized in a tube furnace at a high temperature of 800°C in an argon atmosphere to obtain the silicon-carbon composite material of Comparative Example 1.
  • Synthesis of negative electrode material Take a certain amount of artificial graphite (BET specific surface area 2m 2 /g) and place it in a vapor deposition furnace. Pass in a mixture of high-purity argon and monosilane with a ratio of 9:1, and a flow rate of 300sccm. Then the temperature was raised to 475°C to crack monosilane. After controlling the total cracking time to 10 hours, the sample was taken out, placed in a muffle furnace, and heated at 120°C for 8 hours to oxidize the amorphous silicon on the surface of the particles into silica. , that is, the negative electrode material of Comparative Example 2 was obtained.
  • Synthesis of negative electrode material Take 30g of commercial porous carbon (BET specific surface area 900m 2 /g, pore volume 0.5cm 3 /g) and place it in a vapor deposition furnace, and pass in high-purity argon gas and toxin with a volume ratio of 9:1
  • the mixed gas of silane has a flow rate of 300 sccm, and then the temperature is raised to 475°C to crack monosilane. After controlling the total cracking time to 10 hours, the sample is taken out to obtain the negative electrode material of Comparative Example 3.
  • Synthesis of negative electrode material Take 30g of commercial porous carbon (BET specific surface area 900m 2 /g, pore volume 0.5cm 3 /g) and place it in a vapor deposition furnace, and pass in high-purity argon gas and toxin with a volume ratio of 9:1 Mix the silane gas with a flow rate of 300 sccm. Then increase the temperature to 475°C to crack monosilane. After controlling the total cracking time to 10 hours, take out the sample, place it in a tube furnace in an argon atmosphere, and heat it at 700°C for 8 hours. ; Then put it in a muffle furnace and heat it at 120°C for 8 hours to obtain the negative electrode material of Comparative Example 5.
  • the peak height of the diffraction peak 1 is the same as that of the peak.
  • the ratio of the width values is The ratio of the values is The binding energy peak 2 at .
  • the negative electrode material core of Examples 1 to 8 is composed of non-graphitized porous carbon material and amorphous silicon, and its surface contains a silicon-containing compound shell layer with a silicon valence greater than zero.
  • the carbon content a and silicon content b in the negative electrode material that meets the above conditions also satisfy 25% ⁇ a ⁇ 100%, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 75%, and 90% ⁇ a + b ⁇ 100%, ensuring The anode material has lower impurity content.
  • x2 does not satisfy 0 ⁇
  • the carbon material has a high degree of graphitization and a regular structure; in the negative electrode materials prepared in Comparative Examples 1, 3, and 4, y1 and y2 do not satisfy 0 ⁇ y1/y2 ⁇ 10.
  • the negative electrode materials prepared in Comparative Examples 1 to 5 The carbon element content a and silicon element content b in the negative electrode material also satisfy 25% ⁇ a ⁇ 100%, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 75%, and 90% ⁇ a + b ⁇ 100%, indicating that the main element content and implementation Examples 1 to 8 are similar; however, the content a of carbon element and the content b of silicon element in the negative electrode material prepared in Example 9 do not satisfy 25% ⁇ a ⁇ 100%, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 75%, and 90% ⁇ a+b ⁇ 100%, indicating that there are more impure elements.
  • the negative electrode materials of the above embodiments and comparative examples were assembled into button half cells for testing.
  • the specific production methods are as follows:
  • step (2) Coat the negative electrode slurry in step (1) on the copper foil, dry it in an oven at 80°C, and then transfer it to a vacuum oven at 100°C for drying for 12 hours to obtain an area density of about 6.0 mg/cm 2 Negative plate;
  • step (3) In a dry environment, roll the negative electrode sheet in step (2) at a density of about 1.3g/ cm3 , and then use a punching machine to form negative electrode discs with a diameter of 12mm;
  • step (3) use the negative electrode disc in step (3) as the working electrode, the metal lithium sheet as the counter electrode, and the polyethylene separator with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m as the isolation film.
  • the test temperature is 25°C. Specifically:
  • the core lacks enough space to accommodate silicon, resulting in the prepared negative electrode material storing
  • the lithium capacity is limited; the gram capacity and the first Coulombic efficiency of the half-battery prepared in Comparative Example 3 are similar to those of the Examples; the gram capacity and first Coulombic efficiency of the half-cells prepared in Comparative Examples 4 to 5 are both low, because the porous carbon contains After silicon crystallizes, it is easy to block the pores of carbon, causing the lithium insertion kinetics of the negative electrode material to drop significantly, causing the lithium storage performance of the negative electrode material to drop significantly.
  • the materials of the above examples and comparative examples are assembled into batteries.
  • the specific manufacturing method is as follows:

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Abstract

本公开提供了一种负极材料及包括该负极材料的负极片和电池。所述负极材料包括硅材料和碳材料,所述硅材料分布于所述碳材料的表面和孔隙中,形成作为核芯的硅碳复合材料,且在所述硅碳复合材料的表面包覆一层较薄的保护层作为壳层。所述负极材料中的碳材料含有较多的孔隙,可以容纳所述硅材料,并为所述硅材料的体积膨胀提供缓冲空间,能够实现碳骨架在无定型硅脱嵌锂发生体积膨胀收缩时产生较低的跟随性体积变化,从而表现出较低的循环体积膨胀率,大大减小了负极材料表面钝化膜的破裂。

Description

一种负极材料及包括该负极材料的负极片和电池 技术领域
本公开涉及锂离子电池领域,具体涉及一种负极材料及包括该负极材料的负极片和电池。
背景技术
便携式电子产品、电动汽车以及储能电站等新能源技术领域的快速发展对电池的能量密度提出了更高的要求,但现有石墨负极的理论储锂容量较低,制约了锂离子电池能量密度的提升。硅具有十倍于石墨的理论比容量,是下一代高比能锂离子电池的理想负极。然而硅负极在充放电过程中涉及巨大的体积变化,导致电池的循环性能衰减较快或厚度膨胀较大;此外,硅的电子导电性和离子导电性较差,导致硅材料的功率密度较低,这些问题严重制约了硅负极的实际应用。
针对上述问题,业界提出了硅碳复合的策略来缓冲硅内核在充放电时的体积应力并提升复合材料的整体导电性。然而,常规的硅碳复合材料在脱嵌锂过程中,容易出现硅碳相互分离或复合颗粒表面SEI膜不够稳定的问题,从而引起电池容量的持续衰减并增大电池的体积。
发明内容
为了改善现有硅碳复合材料的问题,本公开提供了一种负极材料及包括该负极材料的负极片和电池。所述负极材料中的硅材料分布于碳材料的表面和孔隙中,该结构为硅材料的体积膨胀提供了缓冲空间,并且在循环过程中不会出现硅碳分离的现象;所述负极材料的保护层能够抑制该负极材料在充放电过程中与电解液之间的反应,提升复合颗粒表面SEI膜的稳定性。由该负极材料组装的电池具有较高的循环容量保持率和较低的循环体积膨胀率。
本公开的目的是通过如下技术方案实现的:
一种负极材料,所述负极材料具有核壳结构,所述核壳结构包括壳层和核芯;所述壳层包括氧化亚硅、二氧化硅和硅酸锂中的至少一种;所述核芯包括碳材料和硅材料,所述碳材料包括非石墨化多孔碳材料,所述硅材料包括无定型硅。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述碳材料为非石墨化多孔碳材料,所述硅材料为无定型硅。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述壳层在所述核芯表面的覆盖率为33%~100%,例如为33%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%或100%。即所述壳层部分或全部包覆在所述核芯表面,即为部分包覆或全包覆结构。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述壳层在透射电子显微镜(TEM)的观察下具有与所述核芯不同的衬度,所述壳层的厚度小于10nm,例如为0.01nm~10nm,例如为0.01nm、0.05nm、0.1nm、0.2nm、0.5nm、0.8nm、1nm、2nm、3nm、4nm、5nm、6nm、7nm、8nm、9nm、10nm或上述两两端点组成的范围中的任意点值。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述无定型硅又称非晶硅,所述无定型硅的部分原子间的晶格网络呈无序排列。相较于晶体硅,所述无定型硅的体积膨胀率更小,而所述非石墨化碳材料具有较多的孔隙,能够容纳所述无定型硅,并为所述无定型硅提供导电网络。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述无定型硅的中值粒径Dv50为0.5nm~15μm,例如,所述无定型硅的中值粒径Dv50为0.5nm、1nm、2nm、3nm、4nm、5nm、6nm、7nm、8nm、9nm、10nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、60nm、70nm、80nm、90nm、100nm、200nm、300nm、400nm、500nm、600nm、700nm、800nm、900nm、1μm、2μm、3μm、4μm、5μm、6μm、7μm、8μm、9μm、10μm、11μm、12μm、13μm、14μm、15μm或上述两两端点组成的范围中的任意点值。当所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的内部孔隙相互连通时,当硅含量较高时,所述无定型硅会沿着孔隙生长,形成粒径可能达到微米级别的枝状结构。当硅含量较低时, 所述无定型硅会以小颗粒形式分散在孔隙中。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料优选为非石墨化多孔硬碳,所述硬碳是指2500℃以上的高温也难以石墨化的碳。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料可以通过本领域已知的方法制备得到,也可以通过商业途径购买后获得。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的比表面积BET为200m2/g~2000m2/g,例如,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的比表面积BET为200m2/g、300m2/g、400m2/g、500m2/g、600m2/g、700m2/g、800m2/g、900m2/g、1000m2/g、1100m2/g、1200m2/g、1300m2/g、1400m2/g、1500m2/g、1600m2/g、1700m2/g、1800m2/g、1900m2/g、2000m2/g或上述两两端点组成的范围中的任意点值。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的比表面积BET为900m2/g~1300m2/g。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的孔容积为0.2cm3/g~1.2cm3/g,例如,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的孔容积为0.2cm3/g、0.25cm3/g、0.3cm3/g、0.35cm3/g、0.4cm3/g、0.45cm3/g、0.5cm3/g、0.55cm3/g、0.6cm3/g、0.65cm3/g、0.7cm3/g、0.75cm3/g、0.8cm3/g、0.85cm3/g、0.9cm3/g、0.95cm3/g、1cm3/g、1.05cm3/g、1.1cm3/g、1.15cm3/g、1.2cm3/g或上述两两端点组成的范围中的任意点值。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的孔容积为0.5cm3/g~0.7cm3/g。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的孔径为0.5nm~100nm,例如所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的孔径为0.5nm、1nm、2nm、3nm、4nm、5nm、6nm、7nm、8nm、9nm、10nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、60nm、70nm、80nm、90nm、100nm或上述两两端点组成的范围中的任意点值。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极材料在X射线粉末衍射(XRD)测试中在2θ=23.0°±0.5°范围内存在衍射峰1,该衍射峰1的峰高值(以强度数值计) 与峰宽值(以2θ度数值计)的比值x1满足0<x1≤200;在2θ=28.4°±0.5°范围内存在衍射峰2,该衍射峰2的峰高值(以强度数值计)与峰宽值(以2θ度数值计)的比值x2满足0<x2≤500。优选地,0<x1≤100,0<x2≤100。当所述x1满足0<x1≤200时,说明所述负极材料中包括碳材料,且所述碳材料为非石墨化碳材料。当所述x2满足0<x2≤500时,说明所述负极材料中包括硅材料,且所述硅材料为无定型硅。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极材料在X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试中总谱96eV~105eV的范围内存在结合能峰,该结合能峰在90eV~110eV范围的高分辨谱中至少可以分成(通过常见的分峰软件)在97eV~100eV处面积为y1的结合能峰1与在101eV~104eV处面积为y2的结合能峰2,其中所述y1与所述y2满足0≤y1/y2≤10,优选地,0.2≤y1/y2≤5。当所述y1与所述y2满足0≤y1/y2≤10时,说明所述负极材料表面存在硅化合价大于零的含硅化合物,即对应于含有氧化亚硅、二氧化硅和硅酸盐中至少一种所形成的壳层。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极材料中,碳元素的质量含量a满足25%≤a<100%,硅元素的质量含量b满足0<b<75%,且90%≤a+b<100%,优选地,25%≤a≤95%,5%<b<75%。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极材料的比表面积BET为0.5m2/g~20m2/g,例如,所述负极材料的比表面积BET为0.5m2/g、1m2/g、2m2/g、3m2/g、4m2/g、5m2/g、6m2/g、7m2/g、8m2/g、9m2/g、10m2/g、11m2/g、12m2/g、13m2/g、14m2/g、15m2/g、16m2/g、17m2/g、18m2/g、19m2/g、20m2/g或上述两两端点组成的范围中的任意点值。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极材料的中值粒径Dv50为1μm~20μm,例如,所述负极材料的中值粒径Dv50为1μm、1.2μm、1.5μm、1.8μm、2μm、3μm、4μm、5μm、6μm、7μm、8μm、9μm、10μm、11μm、12μm、13μm、14μm、15μm、16μm、17μm、18μm、19μm、20μm或上述两两端点组成的范围中的任意点值。
本公开还提供上述负极材料的制备方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:
1)将碳材料放置在气相沉积炉中,随后通入硅烷气体和载气,升高温度使硅烷裂解,制备得到作为核芯的硅碳复合材料;
2)将步骤1)的硅碳复合材料在空气中加热氧化,任选地进行锂化处理,制备得到所述负极材料。
在上述方法的步骤1)中,所述碳材料为非石墨化多孔碳材料。
在上述方法的步骤1)中,所述硅烷气体选自甲硅烷、乙硅烷和三氯硅烷中的至少一种。
在上述方法的步骤1)中,所述载气选自高纯氩气和高纯氮气中的至少一种。
在上述方法的步骤1)中,所述硅烷气体和所述载气的体积比为任意比例,例如为9:1、4:1或1:1。
在上述方法的步骤1)中,所述硅烷裂解的温度为300℃~500℃,例如为300℃、350℃、400℃、450℃、480℃或500℃。
在上述方法的步骤1)中,所述硅烷裂解的时间为6h~24h,例如为6h、7h、8h、9h、10h、11h、12h、13h、14h、15h、16h、17h、18h、19h、20h、21h、22h、23h或24h。
优选地,所述硅烷裂解的时间为6h~12h。
在上述方法的步骤1)中,所述硅烷在300℃~500℃时于惰性载气气氛中裂解产生超细无定型硅颗粒,且该无定型硅颗粒会沉积在所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的孔隙中及表面上,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料表面的无定型硅在后续的空气氧化过程中会转变为氧化亚硅或二氧化硅。
在上述方法的步骤1)中,所述碳材料和所述硅烷的质量体积比为30g/10.8L~30g/108L,例如30g/10.8L、30g/21.6L、30g/32.4L、30g/43.2L、30g/54L、30g/64.8L、30g/75.6L、30g/86.4L、30g/97.2L或30g/108L。
在上述方法的步骤2)中,所述硅碳复合材料在空气中加热氧化的温度为 50℃~400℃,例如为50℃、100℃、150℃、200℃、250℃、300℃、350℃或400℃,所述硅碳复合材料在空气中加热氧化的时间为0.5h~25h,例如0.5h、1h、2h、3h、4h、5h、6h、7h、8h、9h、10h、11h、12h、13h、14h、15h、16h、17h、18h、19h、20h、21h、22h、23h、24h或25h。
在上述方法的步骤2)中,所述硅碳复合材料在空气中加热氧化后,所述硅碳复合材料表面的无定型硅可以生成氧化亚硅和/或二氧化硅。
在上述方法的步骤2)中,所述锂化处理是使用锂化试剂对所述硅碳复合材料表面生成的氧化亚硅和/或二氧化硅进行锂化以形成硅酸锂,所述锂化试剂选自联苯锂、萘锂和芘锂中的一种或多种,所述锂化试剂优选为以四氢呋喃溶液的形式使用。
在本公开中,所述“以四氢呋喃溶液的形式使用”指的是将所述锂化试剂溶解在四氢呋喃中来使用。
研究发现,现有的硅碳复合材料的制备过程往往是通过化学气相沉积或聚合物热解的方式在硅颗粒(如纳米硅、硅碳化合物、硅氧化合物等)表面形成一层碳包覆层,然而通过这种方式形成的碳包覆层即使一开始较为致密,但在硅颗粒膨胀过程中碳包覆层也会跟随内核一起膨胀,而膨胀后的碳包覆层将变得较为疏松多孔,电解液将会透过碳包覆层与硅颗粒内核接触,在硅颗粒表面还原形成钝化膜,随着循环的持续进行,钝化层将随着硅颗粒内核不断的膨胀收缩而反复生长增厚,消耗电池中的活性锂并产生额外的气体,引起电池容量的持续衰减和厚度的不断增加。
本公开的发明人研究后发现,若采用多孔碳骨架来容纳超细无定型硅的结构,能够实现碳骨架在硅内核发生体积膨胀收缩时产生较低的跟随性体积变化,从而增强了硅碳复合材料表面钝化层的稳定性。继续研究后还发现,通过在上述硅碳复合材料表面设置保护层(如硅氧化层(即氧化亚硅和/或二氧化硅),硅酸锂层),能够有效阻挡电解液与内核无定型硅的接触,从而减少了电解液的还原分解,进一步提高了由该负极材料组成的电池的循环稳定性。
本公开还提供了一种负极片,所述负极片包括上述负极材料。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极片包括负极集流体和在所述负极集流体至少一侧表面的负极活性物质层,所述负极活性物质层包括上述负极材料。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极活性物质层还包括石墨、硬碳和软碳中的至少一种,所述石墨包括人造石墨和/或天然石墨。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极活性物质层还包括导电剂。在一实例中,所述导电剂选自碳黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、碳纤维、单壁碳纳米管和多壁碳纳米管中的一种或几种。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极活性物质层还包括粘结剂。在一实例中,所述粘结剂选自羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素锂、羟丙基纤维素、二乙酰基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚四氟乙烯、聚丙烯、丁苯橡胶和环氧树脂中的一种或几种。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极集流体选自铜箔、涂炭铜箔和打孔铜箔中的一种或几种。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极活性物质层中各组分的质量百分含量为:
0.5wt%~99wt%的所述负极材料、0~98.5wt%的石墨、0.5wt%~15wt%的所述导电剂和0.5wt%~15wt%的所述粘结剂。
优选地,所述负极活性物质层中各组分的质量百分含量为:
48wt%~95wt%的石墨、1wt%~50wt%的所述负极材料、1wt%~10wt%的所述导电剂和1wt%~10wt%的所述粘结剂。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极片可以通过如下方法获得:
在去离子水中,将上述负极材料、任选的石墨、所述导电剂和所述粘结剂混合,得到负极浆料,将该负极浆料涂覆在所述负极集流体上,烘干后切片,然后转移到真空烘箱中干燥,最后进行辊压、分切,得到所述负极片。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述负极片具体可以通过如下方法获得:
在去离子水中,将上述负极材料、任选的石墨、所述导电剂和所述粘结剂 混合,得到负极浆料,将该负极浆料涂覆在所述负极集流体上,80℃烘干后切片,然后转移到100℃真空烘箱中干燥12h,最后进行辊压、分切,得到所述负极片。
本公开还提供了一种电池,其包括上述负极材料,或包括上述负极片。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述电池为锂离子电池。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述电池还包括正极片。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述正极片为常规的正极片结构,示例性地,包括正极集流体和涂覆在所述正极集流体至少一种表面的正极活性物质层,所述正极活性物质层包括正极材料。
在一实例中,所述正极集流体为常规的正极集流体,例如选自铝箔、涂炭铝箔和打孔铝箔中的一种或几种。
在一实例中,所述正极材料选自常规的正极材料,例如选自磷酸铁锂、磷酸锰锂、磷酸钒锂、硅酸铁锂、钴酸锂、镍钴锰三元材料、镍锰/钴锰/镍钴二元材料、镍钴锰铝酸锂、磷酸锰铁锂、镍酸锂、锰酸锂和富锂锰基材料中的一种或几种。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述电池还包括隔膜。在一实例中,所述隔膜选自常规的隔膜,例如选自聚乙烯或聚丙烯中的一种或几种。
根据本公开的实施方式,所述电池还包括电解液。在一实例中,所述电解液为非水电解液,所述非水电解液包括常规的组分,例如选自碳酸酯溶剂和锂盐。在一实例中,所述碳酸酯溶剂选自常规的碳酸酯溶剂,例如选自碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)和碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)中的一种或几种。在一实例中,所述锂盐选自常规的锂盐,例如选自LiPF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、LiAlO4、LiAlCl4、Li(CF3SO2)2N、LiBOB和LiDFOB中的一种或几种。
本公开的有益效果:
本公开提供了一种负极材料及包括该负极材料的负极片和电池。所述负极 材料包括硅材料和碳材料,其中所述硅材料分布于所述碳材料的表面和孔隙中,形成作为核芯的硅碳复合材料,且在所述硅碳复合材料的表面包覆一层较薄的保护层作为壳层。所述负极材料中的所述碳材料含有较多的孔隙,可以容纳所述硅材料,并为所述硅材料的体积膨胀提供缓冲空间,能够实现碳骨架在无定型硅脱嵌锂发生体积膨胀收缩时产生较低的跟随性体积变化,从而表现出较低的循环体积膨胀率,大大减小了所述负极材料表面钝化膜的破裂;所述负极材料中的所述壳层能够抑制所述负极材料在充放电过程中与电解液之间的反应,进一步提升所述负极材料表面钝化膜的稳定性。所述负极材料具有高的克容量和首次库伦效率,可以使得电池具有较高的循环容量保持率和较低的循环体积膨胀率。
附图说明
图1为本公开实施例1的负极材料的X射线粉末衍射(XRD)图谱。
图2为本公开实施例1的负极材料的X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的总谱。
图3为本公开实施例1的负极材料的X射线光电子能谱(XPS)在90eV~110eV的高分辨谱。
图4为本公开实施例1的负极材料的嵌锂和脱锂曲线。
具体实施方式
下文将结合具体实施例对本公开做更进一步的详细说明。应当理解,下列实施例仅为示例性地说明和解释本公开,而不应被解释为对本公开保护范围的限制。凡基于本公开上述内容所实现的技术均涵盖在本公开旨在保护的范围内。
下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;下述实施例中所用的试剂、材料等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。
本公开中,对于所述负极材料中Si元素和C元素的相对含量,采用X射线荧光(XRF)或能谱(EDS)分析方法进行测试,例如使用Thermo Fisher X射线荧光光谱仪或Oxford能谱仪。
本公开中,对于2θ特征衍射峰采用X射线衍射(XRD)方法,例如使用岛津,XRD-6100型X射线衍射仪进行测试,测试用的样品量为0.5g/cm2,以Cu的Kα线为入射X射线,X射线源的工作电压为40kV,测试功率为2kW,以2θ为横坐标且单位为°,以信号强度为纵坐标,测试区间为10°~80°,扫描速率为4°/min,数据取点间隔为0.02°。
本公开中,对于所述壳层厚度的表征采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析方法,例如使用日本电子JEM-F200场发射透射电子显微镜。
本公开中,对于所述壳层中元素种类及含量的表征采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析方法,例如使用Thermo FisherX射线光电子能谱仪。对于XPS高分辨谱中的结合能峰的分峰可以通过Origin软件(Version≥8.0)来进行,函数类型选择常规的Gaussian函数。
本公开中,对于所述负极材料的中值粒径Dv50,采用激光粒度测试方法。例如使用Malvern粒度测试仪进行测量,测试步骤如下:将所述负极材料分散在含有分散剂(如壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚,含量为0.02wt%~0.03wt%)的去离子水中,形成混合物,将该混合物超声2分钟,然后放入到Malvern粒度测试仪内进行测试。
本公开中,对于多孔碳的比表面积及孔容积采用Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)测试法。例如使用Tri StarⅡ比表面分析仪进行测量。
本公开中,所述商品化多孔碳为非石墨化多孔碳材料购买自阿拉丁。
实施例1
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积900m2/g,孔容积0.5cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为9:1的高纯氩气与甲硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至475℃使甲硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,放于马弗炉中,于120℃下加热8h,使颗粒表面的无定型硅氧化成二氧化硅,即得到实施例1的负极材料。
实施例2
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积1300m2/g,孔容积 0.7cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为9:1的高纯氩气与甲硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至475℃使甲硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,放于马弗炉中,于120℃下加热8h,使颗粒表面的无定型硅氧化成二氧化硅,即得到实施例2的负极材料。
实施例3
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积1300m2/g,孔容积0.7cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为4:1的高纯氩气与甲硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至475℃使甲硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,放于马弗炉中,于120℃下加热8h,使颗粒表面的无定型硅氧化成二氧化硅,即得到实施例3的负极材料。
实施例4
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积1300m2/g,孔容积0.7cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为4:1的高纯氩气与乙硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至475℃使乙硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,放于马弗炉中,于120℃下加热8h,使颗粒表面的无定型硅氧化成二氧化硅,即得到实施例4的负极材料。
实施例5
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积1300m2/g,孔容积0.7cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为4:1的高纯氩气与乙硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至500℃使乙硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,放于马弗炉中,于120℃下加热8h,使颗粒表面的无定型硅氧化成二氧化硅,即得到实施例5的负极材料。
实施例6
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积1300m2/g,孔容积0.7cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为4:1的高纯氩气与乙硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至500℃使乙硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h 后,取出样品,放于马弗炉中,于200℃下加热8h,使颗粒表面的无定型硅氧化成二氧化硅,即得到实施例6的负极材料。
实施例7
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积1300m2/g,孔容积0.7cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为4:1的高纯氩气与乙硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至500℃使乙硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,放于马弗炉中,于200℃下加热8h,使颗粒表面的无定型硅氧化成二氧化硅,再用联苯锂-四氢呋喃溶液将二氧化硅锂化成硅酸锂,随后以四氢呋喃洗涤,烘干,即得到实施例7的负极材料。
实施例8
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积1300m2/g,孔容积0.7cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为4:1的高纯氩气与乙硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至500℃使乙硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,放于马弗炉中,于50℃下加热2h,使颗粒表面的无定型硅氧化成氧化亚硅与二氧化硅的混合物,即得到实施例8的负极材料。
实施例9
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积900m2/g,孔容积0.5cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为9:1的高纯氩气与甲硅烷的混合气,流量为600sccm,随后将温度升高至475℃使甲硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为24h后,取出样品,放于马弗炉中,于120℃下加热8h,使颗粒表面的无定型硅氧化成二氧化硅,即得到实施例9的负极材料。
对比例1
负极材料的合成:取商品化沥青粉末(软化点为200℃)溶于甲苯中,按沥青:纳米硅为1:1的质量比加入商品化纳米硅(中值粒径Dv50为50nm),随后通过喷雾干燥除去甲苯溶剂,得到沥青包覆的硅材料,再将其于管式炉中在氩气气氛下800℃高温碳化,即得到对比例1的硅碳复合材料。
对比例2
负极材料的合成:取一定量的人造石墨(BET比表面积2m2/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入比例为9:1的高纯氩气与甲硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至475℃使甲硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,放于马弗炉中,于120℃下加热8h,使颗粒表面的无定型硅氧化成二氧化硅,即得到对比例2的负极材料。
对比例3
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积900m2/g,孔容积0.5cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为9:1的高纯氩气与甲硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至475℃使甲硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,即得到对比例3的负极材料。
对比例4
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积900m2/g,孔容积0.5cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为9:1的高纯氩气与甲硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至475℃使甲硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,放于氩气气氛的管式炉中,于700℃下加热8h,即得到对比例4的负极材料。
对比例5
负极材料的合成:取30g商品化多孔碳(BET比表面积900m2/g,孔容积0.5cm3/g)放置在气相沉积炉中,通入体积比为9:1的高纯氩气与甲硅烷的混合气,流量为300sccm,随后将温度升高至475℃使甲硅烷裂解,控制总裂解时长为10h后,取出样品,放于氩气气氛的管式炉中,于700℃下加热8h;随后放于马弗炉中,于120℃下加热8h,即得到对比例5的负极材料。
在上述实施例和对比例制备的负极材料中,负极材料在X射线粉末衍射(XRD)测试中在2θ=23.0°±0.5°范围内存在衍射峰1,该衍射峰1的峰高值与峰宽值的比值为x1;在2θ=28.4°±0.5°范围内存在衍射峰2,该衍射峰2的峰高值与峰宽 值的比值为x2;负极材料在X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试中在90eV~110eV范围的高分辨谱中结合能峰通过分峰软件分成97eV~100eV处的结合能峰1与101eV~104eV处的结合能峰2,结合能峰1的面积为y1,结合能峰2的面积为y2;负极材料中碳元素的质量含量为a,硅元素的质量含量为b,其测试结果如表1。
表1实施例和对比例的负极材料的性能测试结果
从表1中可以看出,实施例1~9制备的负极材料在X射线粉末衍射(XRD)测试中,在2θ=23.0°±0.5°范围内的衍射峰1的峰高值与峰宽值的比值为x1与2θ=28.4°±0.5°范围内的衍射峰2的峰高值与峰宽值的比值为x2均满足0<x1≤200与0<x2≤500;实施例1~9制备的负极材料在X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试中,在90eV~110eV范围的高分辨谱中结合能峰通过Origin软件分成的97eV~100eV处的结合能峰1的面积y1与101eV~104eV处的结合能峰2的面积y2满足0≤y1/y2≤10。
以上结果表明实施例1~8的负极材料核芯由非石墨化多孔碳材料与无定型硅组成,且其表面含有一层硅化合价大于零的含硅化合物壳层。同时,满足上述条件的负极材料中的碳元素的含量a与硅元素的含量b也满足25%≤a<100%、0<b≤75%,且90%≤a+b<100%,保证了该负极材料具有较低的杂质含量。
对比例1、4、5制备的负极材料中x2均不满足0<x2≤500,表明其中的硅结晶性较强;对比例2制备的负极材料中x1不满足0<x1≤200,表明其中的碳材料具有较高的石墨化程度,结构规整;对比例1、3、4制备的负极材料中y1与y2不满足0≤y1/y2≤10,与此同时,对比例1~5制备的负极材料中的碳元素的含量a与硅元素的含量b也满足25%≤a<100%、0<b≤75%,且90%≤a+b<100%,表明其主要元素含量与实施例1~8相近;而实施例9制备的负极材料中的碳元素的含量a与硅元素的含量b不满足25%≤a<100%、0<b≤75%、90%≤a+b<100%,表明其中的杂元素含量较多。
将上述实施例和对比例的负极材料组装成扣式半电池测试,具体的制作方法如下:
(1)将上述制备的负极材料、人造石墨、羧甲基纤维素钠、丁苯橡胶和Super P按照质量比50:46.5:1.6:1.6:0.3进行混合,加入去离子水,在真空搅拌机作用下混合均匀,获得负极浆料;
(2)将步骤(1)中的负极浆料涂覆在铜箔上,在80℃烘箱中烘干,随后转移到100℃真空烘箱中干燥12h,得到面密度为约6.0mg/cm2的负极片;
(3)在干燥环境下,将步骤(2)中的负极片以约1.3g/cm3的压实进行辊压,随后用冲片机制成直径为12mm的负极圆片;
(4)在手套箱中,以步骤(3)中的负极圆片为工作电极,以金属锂片作为对电极,以厚度为20μm的聚乙烯隔膜为隔离膜,加入电解液,组装成扣式半电池;使用蓝电(LAND)测试系统对扣式半电池的性能进行测试,测试温度为25℃,具体地:
以0.1mA的电流嵌锂至0.005V,静置10min,以0.05mA的电流嵌锂至0.005V,静置10min,再以0.1mA的电流脱锂至1.5V,得到首次嵌脱锂容量,以首次嵌脱锂容量除以上述负极圆片中负极材料的质量即得到负极材料的克容量,以首次脱锂容量除以首次嵌锂容量即得到负极材料的首次库伦效率,测试结果如表2所示。
表2实施例和对比例的扣式半电池的性能测试结果
从表2中可以看出,实施例1~8制备的半电池的克容量都在1120~1210mAh/g之间,首次库伦效率都在89%以上,相互区别不大;实施例9制备的半电池具有较高的克容量和首次库伦效率,这是因为其硅含量较高。而对比例1~5制备的半电池的克容量和首次库伦效率相互之间区别较大,其中对比例1的常规热解碳包覆硅材料制备的半电池具有较高的克容量和较低的首次库伦效率;而对比例2制备的半电池的克容量较低,这是因为石墨化碳材料作为核芯碳材料时,核芯缺乏足够的空间来容纳硅,导致所制备的负极材料储锂容量有限;对比例3制备的半电池的克容量和首次库伦效率与实施例相近;对比例4~5制备的半电池的克容量和首次库伦效率均较低,这是因为多孔碳中的硅结晶后容易堵塞碳的孔道,导致负极材料的嵌锂动力学大幅下降,引起负极材料的储锂性能大幅下降。
将上述实施例和对比例的材料组装成电池,具体的制作方法如下:
(1)将上述制备的负极材料、人造石墨、羧甲基纤维素钠、丁苯橡胶和Super P按照质量比50:46.5:1.6:1.6:0.3进行混合,加入去离子水,在真空搅拌机作用下获得负极浆料;将负极浆料均匀涂覆在厚度为8μm的铜箔上,所述负极浆料涂覆在负极集流体表面的面密度为11.0mg/cm2;将铜箔转移至80℃烘箱干燥12h,然后经 过辊压、分切,得到负极片。
(2)将钴酸锂(LCO)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、乙炔黑和碳纳米管(CNTs)按照质量比96:2:1.5:0.5进行混合,加入N-甲基吡咯烷酮,在真空搅拌机作用下搅拌,直至混合成均匀的正极浆料;将该正极浆料均匀涂覆于厚度为12μm的铝箔上;将上述涂覆好的铝箔在烘箱中烘烤,之后转入120℃的烘箱中干燥8h,然后经过辊压、分切,得到所需的正极极片;所述正极片尺寸小于负极片,正极片的单位面积的可逆容量比负极片低4%。
(3)选用8μm厚的聚乙烯隔膜。
(4)将上述准备的正极片、隔膜和负极片按顺序叠放好,保证隔膜处于正、负极片之间起到隔离的作用,然后通过卷绕得到裸电芯;将裸电芯置于铝塑膜壳体中,将电解液注入到干燥后的裸电芯中,经过真空封装、静置、化成、整形、分选等工序,获得所需的电池。使用蓝电(LAND)测试系统对电池的性能进行测试,测试温度为25℃,具体地:
(4-1)以0.7C恒流充电至4.45V,恒压充电到0.05C,静置10分钟,以0.2C放电至3.0V,得到放电容量,以此放电容量为标称容量,以标称容量乘以放电平均电压为电池的能量,以电池的能量除以电池的体积为电池的能量密度,测试结果如表3所示。
(4-2)以0.7C恒流充电至3.85V,恒压充电至0.01C,测量此时电池的厚度,以此为电池的初始厚度。以1.5C恒流充电至4.45V,恒压充电到0.05C,静置10min,1C放电至3.0V,静置10min,以此充放电步骤作循环,以前三周放电容量最高值为电池初始容量,以循环500周后的容量与初始容量的比值为电池的容量保持率,测量循环500周后电池的厚度,以此厚度与初始厚度的差值除以初始厚度为电池的体积膨胀率,测试结果如表3所示。
表3实施例和对比例的电池的性能测试结果

从表3中可以看出,实施例1~8的电池的标称容量都在3520mAh~3600mAh的范围内,能量密度都在815Wh/L~835Wh/L的范围内,相互之间区别不大。而对比例1~5的标称容量和能量密度随各自结构特征的不同而波动较大,其规律与原因与表2所述的半电池类似。循环500周后,实施例1~8的电池容量保持率均在90%~91%之间,表现出了稳定的循环稳性能,而对比例1~5的电池容量保持率均较低,所表现出的稳定性较差。此外,循环500周后,实施例1~8的电池体积膨胀率均在8.0%~8.5%之间,而对比例1~5的电池体积膨胀率均大于15%,明显高于实施例平均水平。
以上,对本公开的实施方式进行了说明。但是,本公开不限定于上述实施方式。凡在本公开的精神和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本公开的保护范围之内。

Claims (15)

  1. 一种负极材料,其特征在于,所述负极材料具有核壳结构,所述核壳结构包括壳层和核芯;所述壳层包括氧化亚硅、二氧化硅和硅酸锂中的至少一种;所述核芯包括碳材料和硅材料,所述碳材料包括非石墨化多孔碳材料,所述硅材料包括无定型硅。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述碳材料为非石墨化多孔碳材料,所述硅材料为无定型硅;
    优选地,所述壳层在所述核芯表面的覆盖率为33%~100%。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述壳层的厚度小于10nm;
    优选地,所述壳层的厚度为0.01nm~10nm。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述无定型硅的中值粒径Dv50为0.5nm~15μm;
    和/或,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料为非石墨化多孔硬碳。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的比表面积BET为200m2/g~2000m2/g;
    优选地,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的比表面积BET为900m2/g~1300m2/g。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的孔容积为0.2cm3/g~1.2cm3/g;
    优选地,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的孔容积为0.5cm3/g~0.7cm3/g;
    和/或,所述非石墨化多孔碳材料的孔径为0.5nm~100nm。
  7. 根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述负极材料在X射线粉末衍射测试中在2θ=23.0°±0.5°范围内存在衍射峰1,该衍射峰1的峰高值与峰宽值的比值x1满足0<x1≤200;在2θ=28.4°±0.5°范围内存在衍射峰2,该衍射峰2的峰高值与峰宽值的比值x2满足0<x2≤500;
    优选地,0<x1≤100,0<x2≤100。
  8. 根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述负极材料在X射线光电子能谱测试中总谱96eV~105eV的范围内存在结合能峰,该结合能峰在90eV~110eV范围的高分辨谱中至少可以分成在97eV~100eV处面 积为y1的结合能峰1与在101eV~104eV处面积为y2的结合能峰2,其中y1与y2满足0≤y1/y2≤10;
    优选地,0.2≤y1/y2≤5。
  9. 根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述负极材料中,碳元素的质量含量a满足25%≤a<100%,硅元素的质量含量b满足0<b<75%,且90%≤a+b<100%;
    优选地,25%≤a≤95%,5%<b<75%。
  10. 根据权利要求1-9任一项所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述负极材料的比表面积BET为0.5m2/g~20m2/g;
    和/或,所述负极材料的中值粒径Dv50为1μm~20μm。
  11. 一种负极片,其特征在于,所述负极片包括权利要求1-10任一项所述的负极材料。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的负极片,其特征在于,所述负极片包括负极集流体和在所述负极集流体至少一侧表面的负极活性物质层,所述负极活性物质层包括权利要求1-10任一项所述的负极材料。
  13. 根据权利要求11或12所述的负极片,其特征在于,所述负极活性物质层还包括石墨、硬碳和软碳中的至少一种;
    优选地,所述石墨包括人造石墨和天然石墨中任一种;
    和/或,所述负极活性物质层还包括导电剂;
    优选地,所述导电剂选自碳黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、碳纤维、单壁碳纳米管和多壁碳纳米管中的一种或几种。
  14. 根据权利要求11-13任一项所述的负极片,其特征在于,所述负极活性物质层还包括粘结剂;
    优选地,所述粘结剂选自羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素锂、羟丙基纤维素、二乙酰基纤维素、聚乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚四氟乙烯、聚丙烯、丁苯橡胶和环氧树脂中的一种或几种。
  15. 一种电池,其特征在于,所述电池包括权利要求1-10任一项所述的负极材料和/或权利要求11-14任一项所述的负极片。
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