WO2024036557A1 - 一种太阳能电池及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种太阳能电池及其制备方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024036557A1
WO2024036557A1 PCT/CN2022/113293 CN2022113293W WO2024036557A1 WO 2024036557 A1 WO2024036557 A1 WO 2024036557A1 CN 2022113293 W CN2022113293 W CN 2022113293W WO 2024036557 A1 WO2024036557 A1 WO 2024036557A1
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sub
line
cell
battery
branch
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
郭文明
陈长松
刘召辉
涂保
梁伟风
孔祥光
陈国栋
郭永胜
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to EP22955337.5A priority Critical patent/EP4485550A4/en
Priority to CN202280087609.XA priority patent/CN118489158A/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2022/113293 priority patent/WO2024036557A1/zh
Publication of WO2024036557A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024036557A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules
    • H10F19/30—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules comprising thin-film photovoltaic cells
    • H10F19/31—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules comprising thin-film photovoltaic cells having multiple laterally adjacent thin-film photovoltaic cells deposited on the same substrate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/20—Electrodes
    • H10F77/206—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers
    • H10F77/211—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
    • H10F77/215—Geometries of grid contacts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of solar cells, and in particular to a solar cell and a preparation method thereof.
  • perovskite solar cells were first reported in 2009, they have been favored by researchers for their ultra-low material cost and solution-based preparation process.
  • the energy conversion efficiency of small-area (less than 1cm 2 ) perovskite solar cells has increased from The initial 3.8% increased to 25.8%.
  • the conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells is likely to exceed that of currently mature monocrystalline silicon solar cells.
  • perovskite solar technology is likely to be the first to be industrialized.
  • Each sub-cell inside the perovskite solar cell is scored by P1, P2 and P3 to form a series structure.
  • the photoelectric output performance parameters (current, voltage and fill factor) of perovskite solar cells depend on the characteristics of each sub-cell. Therefore, the design and structure of each sub-cell are crucial to the performance of perovskite solar cells.
  • the sub-cells of traditional perovskite solar cells have current limitations due to factors such as equipment and processes, which reduces the conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.
  • this application provides a solar cell and a preparation method thereof.
  • the solar cell can improve the current limiting phenomenon, thereby improving the conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • this application provides a solar cell, including:
  • a plurality of sub-batteries are arranged in series along the first direction; each sub-battery includes a stacked substrate and a first electrode; the plurality of sub-batteries include two first sub-batteries and at least one second sub-battery, and the at least one second sub-battery The second sub-cell is located between the two first sub-cells; the first direction is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the solar cell; and
  • a plurality of grid lines are arranged on the first electrode of each sub-battery in one-to-one correspondence; the area of the orthogonal projection of the grid line corresponding to the first sub-battery on the first sub-battery is larger than that of the second sub-battery. The area of the orthogonal projection of the grid line on the second sub-cell.
  • the area of the orthographic projection of the grid line on the first sub-cell on the first sub-cell is larger than the area of the orthogonal projection of the grid line on the second sub-cell on the second sub-cell, thereby making the third sub-cell
  • the contact area between the grid line on one sub-battery and the first electrode on the first sub-battery is larger than the contact area between the grid line on the second sub-battery and the first electrode on the second sub-battery.
  • the output current on the first sub-cell is increased, thereby minimizing the difference between the output current of the first sub-cell and the output current of the second sub-cell, improving the output current of the first and second sub-cells
  • the current limiting phenomenon caused by mismatch improves the conversion efficiency of solar cells.
  • the plurality of gate lines include:
  • the first grid line is arranged on the first electrode of the first sub-battery;
  • the first grid line includes a first bus line and a plurality of first branch lines connected to the first bus line, and each first branch line is spaced apart Distributed on one side of the first bus;
  • At least one second grid line is arranged on the first electrode of the second sub-cell; the second grid line includes a second bus line and a plurality of second branch lines connected to the second bus line, and each second branch line is spaced apart Distributed on one side of the second bus.
  • the first grid line is arranged correspondingly on the first sub-battery
  • the second grid line is arranged correspondingly on the second sub-battery.
  • the number of first branch lines in the first gate line is greater than the number of second branch lines in the second gate line
  • the distance between any two adjacent first branch lines in the first gate line is smaller than the distance between any two adjacent second branch lines in the second gate line.
  • the current collection capability of the first gate line is stronger than that of the second gate line.
  • the area of the orthographic projection of each first branch line on the corresponding first sub-cell is equal to the area of the orthogonal projection of each second branch line on the corresponding second sub-cell.
  • the dimensions of the first branch line and the second branch line can be made the same, thereby reducing the difficulty of preparing the gate lines.
  • the area of the orthographic projection of each first branch line on the corresponding first sub-cell is larger than the area of the orthogonal projection of each second branch line on the corresponding second sub-cell.
  • the thickness of each first branch line is equal to the thickness of each second branch line.
  • the thickness of the first branch line and the thickness of the second branch line are both greater than or equal to 20 nanometers and less than or equal to 200 nanometers; the width of the first branch line and the width of the second branch line are both greater than or equal to 20 microns and less than or equal to 100 nanometers. Micron.
  • the resistance of the grid line can be ensured to be small, and on the other hand, the sub-cell can be ensured to have high light transmittance.
  • the plurality of sub-batteries further includes two third sub-batteries, the two third sub-batteries are located between the two first sub-batteries, and each second sub-battery is located between the two third sub-batteries;
  • the area of the orthographic projection of the grid line corresponding to the third sub-cell on the third sub-cell is greater than the area of the orthographic projection of the grid line corresponding to the second sub-cell on the second sub-cell, and smaller than the area of the first sub-cell.
  • the current collection capacity of the grid line on the third sub-battery can be improved, thereby compensating for the low current caused by the third sub-battery due to its own structure, increasing the output current on the third sub-battery, and making the first sub-battery , the output currents of the second sub-cell and the third sub-cell are matched to the greatest extent, improving the current limiting phenomenon and improving the conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • the sub-cell further includes a second electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light absorbing layer and a second charge transport layer stacked on the substrate, and the first electrode is disposed on the second charge transport layer facing away from the substrate.
  • the gate line is disposed on a side of the first electrode facing away from the substrate.
  • the light absorbing layer includes a perovskite layer.
  • this gate line structure can be applied to perovskite cells to improve the conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.
  • extension wires are provided in the sub-cells; one end of the extension wire is connected to the grid line on the corresponding sub-battery, and the other end of the extension wire is connected to the second electrode of the adjacent sub-battery. In this way, adjacent sub-cells can be connected in series through extension wires.
  • this application provides a method for preparing a solar cell, including:
  • a plurality of grid lines are formed on the first electrode, and a plurality of sub-batteries are formed; the plurality of sub-batteries are arranged in series along the first direction; the plurality of sub-batteries include two first sub-batteries and at least one second sub-battery, the at least one The second sub-battery is located between the two first sub-battery; each grid line corresponds to each sub-battery one by one, and the area of the orthographic projection of the grid line corresponding to the first sub-battery on the first sub-battery is larger than that of the second sub-battery.
  • the area of the orthographic projection of the grid line corresponding to the sub-cell on the second sub-cell; the first direction is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the solar cell.
  • the area of the orthographic projection of the grid line on the first sub-cell on the first sub-cell is larger than the area of the orthogonal projection of the grid line on the second sub-cell on the second sub-cell, Therefore, the contact area between the grid line on the first sub-battery and the first electrode on the first sub-battery is larger than the contact area between the grid line on the second sub-battery and the first electrode on the second sub-battery.
  • the current collection capability of the grid line on the first sub-battery can be made stronger than that of the grid line on the second sub-battery, thereby compensating for the low output current of the first sub-battery due to its own structure.
  • the output current on the first sub-cell is increased, thereby minimizing the difference between the output current of the first sub-cell and the output current of the second sub-cell, improving the output current of the first and second sub-cells
  • the current limiting phenomenon caused by mismatch improves the conversion efficiency of solar cells.
  • Figure 1 is a partial structural diagram of a solar cell in the related art
  • Figure 2 is a schematic top view of a solar cell provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional structural diagram of the solar cell in Figure 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic top view of another solar cell provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic top view of yet another solar cell provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 6 is a flow chart of a method for manufacturing a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic structural diagram of P1 after etching in the solar cell preparation method provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic structural diagram of P2 etching in the solar cell preparation method provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram after grid lines are formed in a method for manufacturing a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • Perovskite solar cell 11. Glass substrate; 12. Conductive film; 13. Electron transport layer; 14. Perovskite light-absorbing layer; 15. Hole transport layer; 16. Metal layer; 2.
  • Solar cell; 21 sub-battery; 21a, first sub-battery; 21b, second sub-battery; 21c, third sub-battery; 211, substrate; 212, first electrode; 213, second electrode; 214, first charge transport layer; 215.
  • an embodiment means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the present application.
  • the appearances of this phrase in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Those skilled in the art understand, both explicitly and implicitly, that the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments.
  • multiple refers to more than two (including two).
  • multiple groups refers to two or more groups (including two groups), and “multiple pieces” refers to It is more than two pieces (including two pieces).
  • perovskite solar cells were first reported in 2009, they have been favored by researchers for their ultra-low material cost and solution-based preparation process.
  • the energy conversion efficiency of small-area (less than 1cm 2 ) perovskite solar cells has increased from The initial 3.8% increased to 25.8%.
  • the conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells is likely to exceed that of currently mature monocrystalline silicon solar cells.
  • perovskite solar technology is likely to be the first to be industrialized.
  • the perovskite solar cell 1 includes a stacked glass substrate 11 , a conductive film 12 , an electron transport layer 13 , a perovskite light absorbing layer 14 , a hole transport layer 15 and a metal layer 16 .
  • Each sub-cell inside the perovskite solar cell 1 is scored by P1, P2 and P3 to form a series structure.
  • the photoelectric output performance parameters (current, voltage and filling factor) of the perovskite solar cell 1 depend on the characteristics of each sub-cell. Therefore, the design and structure of each sub-cell are crucial to the performance of the perovskite solar cell 1.
  • perovskite solar cells 1 usually use large-scale coating equipment during the preparation process. Due to the uneven spatial distribution of process parameters such as process gases, temperature, electromagnetic fields, plasma, targets, and evaporation sources of large-scale coating equipment, Ca The thickness uniformity of the titanium light-absorbing layer 14 is poor. Generally, the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14 of the sub-cell located in the edge area is thinner than the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14 of the sub-cell located in the middle area, so that the performance of the sub-cell in the edge area is worse than the performance of the sub-cell in the middle area.
  • the specific performance is as follows: the output current of the sub-battery in the edge area is smaller than the output current of the sub-battery in the middle area. This in turn leads to a mismatch in the output current of the sub-cells in the edge area and the sub-cell in the middle area, resulting in a current limiting phenomenon and reducing the conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1 .
  • the applicant found that by increasing the current collection capacity of the grid lines of the sub-battery in the edge area, the low output current of the sub-battery in the edge area due to its own structure can be compensated, thereby improving the efficiency of the edge area.
  • the output current of the sub-battery thereby minimizes the difference between the output current of the sub-battery in the edge area and the output current of the sub-battery in the middle area, and improves the difference between the output current of the sub-battery in the edge area and the sub-battery in the middle area.
  • the current limiting phenomenon caused by matching improves the conversion efficiency of solar cells.
  • the solar cells disclosed in the embodiments of this application can be used in, but are not limited to, transportation fields, communications/communications fields, petroleum or marine fields, and home lighting fields.
  • the transportation field includes navigation beacon lights, traffic/railway signal lights, traffic warning/sign lights, Yuxiang street lights, high-altitude obstacle lights, highway/railway wireless phone booths, unattended road shift power supply, etc.
  • Communication/communications fields such as solar unattended microwave relay stations, optical cable maintenance stations, broadcasting/communications/paging power systems, rural carrier telephone photovoltaic systems, small communication machines, GPS power supply for soldiers, etc.
  • Petroleum or marine fields such as cathodic protection solar power systems for oil pipelines and reservoir gates, life and emergency power supplies for oil drilling platforms, marine detection equipment, etc.
  • household lighting such as garden lights, street lights, portable lights, camping lights, mountaineering lights, fishing lights, black light lights, rubber tapping lights, energy-saving lamps, etc.
  • an embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell 2 , which includes a plurality of sub-cells 21 and a plurality of grid lines 22 .
  • the plurality of sub-batteries 21 are arranged sequentially along the first direction a and are connected in series with each other.
  • the first direction a is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the solar cell 2 .
  • Each sub-cell 21 includes a stacked substrate 211 and a first electrode 212.
  • the substrate 211 may be a glass substrate or a PET (Polyethylene Glycol Terephthalate) substrate.
  • the plurality of sub-batteries 21 include two first sub-batteries 21a and at least one second sub-battery 21b, and the at least one second sub-battery 21b is located between the two first sub-batteries 21a. It can be understood that the number of second sub-batteries 21b may be multiple, and the plurality of second sub-batteries 21b are spacedly arranged between the two first sub-batteries 21a.
  • a plurality of gate lines 22 are provided on the first electrodes 212 of each sub-cell 21 in one-to-one correspondence.
  • the orthogonal projection area of the grid line 22 located on the first sub-cell 21a on the first electrode 212 of the first sub-cell 21a is larger than the area of the grid line 22 located on the second sub-cell 21b on the second sub-cell 21b.
  • the orthographic projection here refers to the projection of the grid line 22 on the first electrode 212 along the thickness direction of the solar cell 2 .
  • the sub-battery 21 refers to the smallest battery unit constituting the solar cell 2 .
  • the first sub-cell 21a refers to the sub-cell 21 located in the edge area of the solar cell 2
  • the second sub-cell 21b refers to the sub-cell 21 located in the non-edge area (middle area) of the solar cell 2.
  • the gate line 22 refers to a conductive metal used to collect current on the first electrode 212 .
  • the material of the gate line 22 may be any one of metals such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, tin, iron, or an alloy containing the above metals.
  • the first electrode 212 refers to the front electrode or the back electrode constituting the sub-cell 21 . In the embodiment of the present application, the first electrode 212 refers to the back electrode, and the gate line 22 is provided on the back electrode.
  • the above arrangement is equivalent to making the contact area between the grid line 22 on the first sub-battery 21a and the first electrode 212 on the first sub-battery 21a larger than the contact area between the grid line 22 on the second sub-battery 21b and the second sub-battery 21b.
  • the contact area of the first electrode 212 It can be understood that the larger the contact area between the gate line 22 and the first electrode 212, the stronger the ability of the gate line 22 to collect current. Therefore, the current collection capability of the grid line 22 on the first sub-battery 21a is stronger than the current collection capability of the grid line 22 on the second sub-battery 21b, thus reducing the low output current of the first sub-battery 21a due to its own structure.
  • the output current on the first sub-battery 21a is increased, thereby minimizing the difference between the output current of the first sub-battery 21a and the output current of the second sub-battery 21b, improving the The current limiting phenomenon caused by the mismatch in the output current of the second sub-cell 21b improves the conversion efficiency of the solar cell 2.
  • the gate lines 22 include two first gate lines 221 and at least one second gate line 222 .
  • the first grid line 221 is provided on the first electrode 212 of the first sub-cell 21a
  • the second grid line 222 is provided on the first electrode 212 of the second sub-cell 21b.
  • the first grid line 221 refers to the grid line 22 provided on the first electrode 212 of the first sub-cell 21a.
  • the second grid line 222 refers to the grid line 22 provided on the first electrode 212 of the second sub-cell 21b.
  • the first grid line 221 is arranged correspondingly on the first sub-battery 21a
  • the second grid line 222 is arranged correspondingly on the second sub-battery 21b.
  • the first gate line 221 includes a first bus line 2211 and a plurality of first branch lines 2212 connected to the first bus line 2211. Each first branch line 2212 is evenly arranged on one side of the first bus line 2211.
  • the second gate line 222 includes a second bus line 2221 and a plurality of second branch lines 2222 connected to the second bus line 2221. Each second branch line 2222 is evenly arranged on one side of the second bus line 2221.
  • the first bus line 2211 is equivalent to the "bus line” on the first gate line 221
  • the first branch line 2212 is equivalent to the "branch line” on the first gate line 221.
  • the second bus line 2221 is equivalent to the “bus line” on the second gate line 222
  • the second branch line 2222 is equivalent to the “branch line” of the second gate line 22 .
  • the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 are mainly used to collect current on the first electrode 212 .
  • Each first branch 2212 collects current and then collects the current to the first bus 2211, and the first bus 2211 transmits the current.
  • Each second branch line 2222 collects current and then collects the current to the second bus 2221, and the second bus 2221 transmits the current.
  • first branch lines 2212 can be provided on both sides of the first bus 2211 along the first direction a.
  • second branch lines 2222 may be provided on both sides of the second bus 2221 along the first direction a.
  • both the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 extend along the first direction a.
  • the extension direction of the first bus line 2211 is perpendicular to the extension direction of the first branch line 2212.
  • the extension direction of the second bus line 2221 is perpendicular to the extension direction of the second branch line.
  • the extension direction of 2222 is vertical. This arrangement can, on the one hand, make the gate lines 22 relatively regular, and on the other hand, reduce the difficulty of preparing the gate lines 22 .
  • the number of first branch lines 2212 in the first gate line 221 is greater than the number of the second branch lines 2222 in the second gate line 222 .
  • the distance L1 between any two adjacent first branch lines 2212 of the first gate lines 221 is smaller than the distance L2 between any two adjacent second branch lines 2222 of the second gate lines 222 .
  • the area of the orthographic projection of each first branch line 2212 on the first electrode 212 of the corresponding first sub-battery 21a is equal to the area of each second branch line 2222 on the first electrode 212 of the corresponding second sub-battery 21b. The area of the orthographic projection on.
  • each first branch line 2212 and the first electrode 212 is equal to the contact area between each second branch line 2222 and the first electrode 212 .
  • the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 can have the same shape and size. In this way, the difficulty of preparing the mask can be reduced, thereby reducing the difficulty of preparing the gate lines 22 .
  • the shapes and sizes of the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 are different, and it can also be ensured that the contact area of the first branch line 2212 and the first electrode 212 is equal to the contact area of the second branch line 2222 and the first electrode 212 .
  • the number of the first branch lines 2212 in the first gate lines 221 can be greater than the number of the second branch lines in the second gate lines 222 2222, so that the current collection capability of the first gate line 221 is stronger than that of the second gate line 222.
  • the area of the orthographic projection of each first branch line 2212 on the first electrode 212 of the corresponding first sub-battery 21a is larger than that of each second branch line 2222 on the corresponding second sub-battery.
  • the area of the orthographic projection on the first electrode 212 of 21b is larger than that of each second branch line 2222 on the corresponding second sub-battery.
  • each first branch line 2212 and the first electrode 212 is larger than the contact area between each second branch line 2222 and the first electrode 212 .
  • the widths of the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 in the second direction b can be made equal, and the length of the first branch line 2212 in the first direction a is greater than the length of the second branch line 2222 in the first direction a; Or, the lengths of the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 in the first direction a can be equal, and the width of the first branch line 2212 in the second direction b is greater than the width of the second branch line 2222 in the second direction b.
  • the embodiment of the present application does not limit the specific structures of the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222.
  • the first branch line 2212 of the first gate line 221 can be The number of is equal to the number of second branch lines 2222 in the second gate lines 222. In this way, when the number of the first branch lines 2212 in the first gate line 221 and the number of the second branch lines 2222 in the second gate line 222 are equal, the current collection capability of the first gate line 221 is stronger than that of the second gate line 222 The ability to collect current.
  • the first gate line 221 may also be The number of branch lines 2212 is greater than the number of second branch lines 2222 in the second gate lines 222 . In this way, the current collection capability of the first gate line 221 can be further made stronger than the current collection capability of the second gate line 222 .
  • the first gate line 221 of the first gate line 221 can also be made.
  • the number of branch lines 2212 is smaller than the number of second branch lines in the second gate lines 222, but it must be ensured that the contact area of the first gate line 221 and the corresponding first electrode 212 is larger than that of the second gate line 222 and the corresponding first electrode 212.
  • the contact area is such that the current collecting capability of the first gate line 221 is stronger than the current collecting capability of the second gate line 222 .
  • each first branch line 2212 and the first electrode 212 By making the contact area between each first branch line 2212 and the first electrode 212 larger than the contact area between each second branch line 2222 and the first electrode 212 , the current collection capability of each first branch line 2212 in the first gate line 221 can be greater than that of the second branch line 2212 .
  • the current collection capability of each second branch line 2222 in the gate line 222 makes the current collection capability of the first gate line 221 stronger than the current collection capability of the second gate line 222.
  • each first branch line 2212 is equal to the thickness of each second branch line 2222 .
  • the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 with uniform thickness can be formed in one process, avoiding multiple processes to form the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 respectively, and reducing the cost of the gate line.
  • preparation difficulty when the shapes of the first branch lines 2212 and the second branch lines 2222 are equal, it can be ensured that the resistances of the first branch lines 2212 and the second branch lines 2222 are the same, so that the first branch lines 2212 and each second branch line 2222 have the same current consumption.
  • the thickness of the first branch line 2212 and the thickness of the second branch line 2222 are both greater than or equal to 20 nanometers (nm) and less than or equal to 200 nanometers (nm).
  • the width of the first branch line 2212 and the width of the second branch line 2222 are both greater than or equal to 20 microns and less than or equal to 100 microns.
  • the thickness of the first branch line 2212 refers to the distance between the upper surface of the first branch line 2212 and the lower surface along the thickness direction of the solar cell 2 .
  • the thickness of the first branch line 2212 may be 20 nm, 30 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm, 175 nm, 190 nm or 200 nm.
  • the width of the first branch line 2212 refers to the length of the first branch line 2212 in the second direction b.
  • the second direction b is perpendicular to the first direction a.
  • the width of the first branch line 2212 may be 20 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, 60 ⁇ m, 80 ⁇ m, 90 ⁇ m, or 100 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 is within the above range, which can ensure a certain structural strength of the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 while ensuring that the thickness of the solar cell 2 is thin, thereby preventing the first branch line 2212 from being And the second branch line 2222 is broken.
  • the width of the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 is within the above range. On the one hand, it can ensure that the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 have better current collection capabilities. On the other hand, it can ensure that the sub-battery 21 has a certain light transmission. Rate. At the same time, the above arrangement can make the resistance of the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 smaller, reduce the current loss, and improve the conversion efficiency of the solar cell 2 .
  • the plurality of sub-batteries 21 further include two third sub-batteries 21 c.
  • Each second sub-battery 21 b is located between the two third sub-batteries 21 c.
  • the two third sub-batteries 21 c 21c is located between the two first sub-batteries 21a.
  • the first sub-cell 21a is located in the edge area of the solar cell 2
  • the second sub-cell 21b is located in the middle area of the solar cell 2
  • the third sub-cell 21c is located in the transition area between the edge area and the middle area. Due to the influence of the preparation process, the performance ranking of the first sub-battery 21a, the second sub-battery 21b and the third sub-battery 21c is: second sub-battery 21b>third sub-battery 21c>first sub-battery 21a.
  • the area of the orthogonal projection of the grid line 22 corresponding to the third sub-battery 21c on the first electrode 212 of the third sub-battery 21c is larger than the area of the grid line 22 corresponding to the second sub-battery 21b on the second sub-battery 21c.
  • the area of the orthographic projection on the first electrode 212 of the battery 21b is smaller than the area of the orthographic projection of the grid line 22 corresponding to the first sub-battery 21a on the first electrode 212 of the first sub-battery 21a.
  • the gate line 22 may include a third gate line 223 disposed on the first electrode 212 of the third sub-cell 21c.
  • the third gate line 223 includes a third bus line 2231 and a plurality of third branch lines 2232 connected to the third bus line 2231.
  • Each third branch line 2232 is evenly arranged on one side of the third bus line 2231.
  • the contact area between the third gate line 223 and the first electrode 212 on the third sub-cell 21c is larger than the contact area between the second gate line 222 and the first electrode 212 on the second sub-cell 21b, and is smaller than the first gate line 223 and the first electrode 212 on the second sub-cell 21b.
  • the contact area of the line 221 with the first electrode 212 on the first sub-cell 21a is larger than the contact area between the second gate line 222 and the first electrode 212 on the second sub-cell 21b.
  • the current collection capability of the third grid line 223 can be improved, thereby compensating for the low current of the third sub-battery 21c due to its own structure, increasing the output current of the third sub-battery 21c, and making the first sub-battery
  • the output currents of 21a, the second sub-cell 21b and the third sub-cell 21c are matched to the greatest extent, which improves the current limiting phenomenon and increases the conversion efficiency of the solar cell 2.
  • the sub-cell 21 further includes a second electrode 213 , a first charge transport layer 214 , a light absorbing layer 215 and a second charge transport layer 216 that are stacked on the substrate 211 .
  • the electrode 212 is disposed on a side of the second charge transport layer 216 facing away from the substrate 211
  • the gate line 22 is disposed on a side of the first electrode 212 facing away from the substrate 211 .
  • the material of the first electrode 212 and the second electrode 213 can be conductive oxide, such as: ITO (Indium Tin Oxide, indium tin oxide), AZO (Antimony Tin Oxide, antimony tin oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide) ), IZO (Indium Zinc Oxide, indium zinc oxide), etc.
  • ITO Indium Tin Oxide, indium tin oxide
  • AZO Antimony Tin Oxide, antimony tin oxide
  • BZO boron-doped zinc oxide
  • IZO Indium Zinc Oxide, indium zinc oxide
  • the solar cell 2 has a trans structure
  • the first charge transport layer 214 is a hole transport layer
  • the first charge transport layer 214 includes all organic or inorganic materials that can be used as a hole transport layer
  • the second charge transport layer 216 is an electron transport layer
  • the second charge transport layer 216 includes all organic or inorganic materials that can be used as the electron transport layer.
  • the solar cell 2 is a formal structure
  • the first charge transport layer 214 is an electron transport layer
  • the first charge transport layer 214 includes all organic or inorganic materials that can be used as the electron transport layer.
  • the second charge transport layer 216 is a hole transport layer, and the second charge transport layer 216 includes all organic or inorganic materials that can be used as a hole transport layer.
  • light absorbing layer 215 includes a perovskite layer.
  • this gate line 22 structure can be applied to perovskite cells to improve the conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells 2 .
  • each sub-battery 21 is also provided with an extension line 224 .
  • One end of each extension line 224 is connected to the grid line 22 on the corresponding sub-battery 21 , and the other end of the extension line 224 is connected to the second electrode 213 of the sub-battery 21 adjacent to the corresponding sub-battery 21 .
  • the extension line 224 refers to a conductive metal extending along the thickness direction of the solar cell 2 , and the extension line 224 can be considered as a part of the grid line 22 .
  • the main function of the extension wire 224 is to connect two adjacent sub-batteries 21 in series.
  • the above arrangement connects adjacent sub-batteries 21 in series through the extension wires 224, thereby realizing the overall series connection of multiple sub-batteries 21.
  • the gate line 22 includes two first gate lines 221 and at least one second gate line 222 .
  • the first grid line 221 is provided on the first electrode 212 of the first sub-cell 21a
  • the second grid line 222 is provided on the first electrode 212 of the second sub-cell 21b.
  • the first gate line 221 includes a first bus line 2211 and a plurality of first branch lines 2212 connected to the first bus line 2211. Each first branch line 2212 is evenly arranged on one side of the first bus line 2211.
  • the second gate line 222 includes a second bus line 2221 and a plurality of second branch lines 2222 connected to the second bus line 2221. Each second branch line 2222 is evenly arranged on one side of the second bus line 2221.
  • the number of the first branch lines 2212 in the first gate line 221 is greater than the number of the second branch lines 2222 in the second gate line 222 .
  • the distance L1 between any two adjacent first branch lines 2212 of the first gate lines 221 is smaller than the distance L2 between any two adjacent second branch lines 2222 of the second gate lines 222 .
  • the area of the orthographic projection of each first branch line 2212 on the first electrode 212 of the corresponding first sub-cell 21a is equal to the area of the orthogonal projection of each second branch line 2222 on the first electrode 212 of the corresponding second sub-cell 21b. .
  • the first branch line 2212 and the second branch line 2222 have the same shape, size and thickness.
  • the arrangement density of the first branch lines 2212 on the first gate line 221 is equivalent to making the arrangement density of the first branch lines 2212 on the first gate line 221 greater than the arrangement density of the second branch lines 2222 on the second gate line 222. Since there are more first branch lines 2212 on the first gate line 221, the current collection capability of the first gate line 221 is stronger than that of the second gate line 222; on the other hand, the current collection capability of all the gate lines 22 can be The sizes of the “branch lines” are all equal to facilitate the preparation of the gate lines 22 .
  • embodiments of the present application provide a method for preparing a solar cell, including:
  • the substrate 211 may be a glass substrate or a PET substrate.
  • the material of the first electrode 212 may be a conductive oxide, such as: ITO (Indium Tin Oxide, indium tin oxide), AZO (Antimony Tin Oxide, antimony tin oxide), BZO (boron doped zinc oxide), IZO (Indium Zinc Oxide) , indium zinc oxide), etc.
  • the first electrode 212 can be prepared by vacuum sputtering, reactive plasma sputtering or atomic layer deposition.
  • each sub-battery 21a is arranged sequentially along the first direction a and is connected in series; the plurality of sub-batteries 21a include two first sub-batteries 21a and at least one second sub-battery 21b, and each second sub-battery 21b is located between two between the first sub-battery 21a.
  • Each grid line 22 corresponds to each sub-battery 21a one-to-one.
  • the area of the orthogonal projection of the grid line 22 corresponding to the first sub-battery 21a on the first electrode 212 of the first sub-battery 21a is larger than that corresponding to the second sub-battery 21b.
  • the first direction a is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the solar cell 2 .
  • the above method of preparing a solar cell is to make the orthogonal projection area of the grid line 22 on the first sub-cell 21a on the first sub-cell 21a larger than the area of the grid line 22 on the second sub-cell 21b on the second sub-cell 21b.
  • the area of the orthographic projection so that the contact area between the grid line 22 on the first sub-battery 21a and the first electrode 212 on the first sub-battery 21a is larger than the contact area between the grid line 22 on the second sub-battery 21b and the second sub-battery
  • the contact area of the first electrode 212 on 21b is to make the orthogonal projection area of the grid line 22 on the first sub-cell 21a on the first sub-cell 21a larger than the area of the grid line 22 on the second sub-cell 21b on the second sub-cell 21b.
  • the current collection capability of the grid line 22 on the first sub-battery 21a can be made stronger than the current collection capability of the grid line 22 on the second sub-battery 21b, thereby reducing the low output of the first sub-battery 21a due to its own structure.
  • the current is compensated, increasing the output current on the first sub-battery 21a, thereby minimizing the difference between the output current of the first sub-battery 21a and the output current of the second sub-battery 21b, improving the performance of the first sub-battery
  • the current limiting phenomenon caused by the mismatch in the output currents of 21a and the second sub-cell 21b improves the conversion efficiency of the solar cell 2.
  • the material of the second electrode 213 may be a conductive oxide, such as: ITO (Indium Tin Oxide, indium tin oxide), AZO (Antimony Tin Oxide, antimony tin oxide), BZO (boron doped zinc oxide), IZO (Indium Zinc Oxide) , indium zinc oxide), etc.
  • S80 Perform P1 scribing etching on the second electrode to form a first trench.
  • scribing is performed every 6 ⁇ m to 10 mm, and the width of the scribing line is 10 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
  • the structure after P1 scribing and etching is shown in Figure 7.
  • P1 scribing etching can use laser etching or mechanical etching. Taking laser etching as an example, when performing P1 scribing etching, the laser power is 3 watts (W) and the frequency is 145 kilohertz ( KHz), the rate is 1000 millimeters (mm)/second (s).
  • the first charge transport layer 214 and the second charge transport layer 216 may be prepared by vacuum sputtering, reactive plasma sputtering, vacuum thermal evaporation or wet coating.
  • the material of the light-absorbing layer 215 can be perovskite, and the light-absorbing layer 215 can be prepared using a wet coating process.
  • S200 the step of forming multiple gate lines on the first electrode and forming multiple sub-batteries specifically includes:
  • P2 scribing etching can use laser etching or mechanical etching. Taking laser etching as an example, when performing P2 scribing etching, the laser power is 1 watt (W) and the frequency is 300 kilohertz ( KHz), the rate is 500 millimeters (mm)/second (s).
  • the material of the gate line 22 may be any one of metals such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, tin, iron, or an alloy containing the above metals.
  • the structure after the gate lines 22 are formed is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the grid lines 22 can be prepared by screen printing, vacuum sputtering, vacuum evaporation or other processes. Taking vacuum sputtering as an example, the sputtering power is 500 watts (W), the working pressure is 0.06 Pa (Pa), the target-base distance is 9 centimeters (cm), and the deposition rate is 30 nanometers (nm)/second (s).
  • the working pressure is 5 ⁇ 10 -4 Pa and the evaporation rate is 3 nanometers (nm)/second (s). It can be understood that when forming the gate line 22 , part of the metal fills the second trench 232 , thereby electrically connecting the first electrode 212 and the second electrode 213 .
  • S230 Perform P3 scribing etching on the first electrode to form a third trench, thereby dividing the solar cell into multiple sub-cells.
  • the P3 scribe line width is 20 ⁇ m-200 ⁇ m, and the distance between the third trench 233 and the first trench 231 in the first direction a is between 0 ⁇ m and 200 ⁇ m.
  • P3 scribing etching can use laser etching or mechanical etching. Taking laser etching as an example, when performing P3 scribing etching, the laser power is 1 watt (W) and the frequency is 600 kilohertz ( KHz), the rate is 600 millimeters (mm)/second (s).
  • the structure after the third trench 233 is formed is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the solar cell 2 can also be cleaned, tested, and layered. Pressure, packaging and other processes are carried out to obtain the finished solar cell.

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Abstract

本申请涉及一种太阳能电池及其制备方法，该太阳能电池包括：多个子电池和多个栅线；各子电池沿第一方向依次串联排布；各子电池均包括层叠设置的衬底和第一电极；多个子电池包括两个第一子电池和至少一个第二子电池，各第二子电池位于两个第一子电池之间；第一方向垂直于太阳能电池的厚度方向；多个栅线一一对应地设置于各第一电极上；第一子电池所对应的栅线在其上的正投影的面积，大于第二子电池所对应的栅线在其上的正投影的面积。该太阳能电池能够改善限流现象，从而提高太阳能电池的转化效率。

Description

一种太阳能电池及其制备方法 技术领域
本申请涉及太阳能电池技术领域，尤其涉及一种太阳能电池及其制备方法。
背景技术
钙钛矿太阳能电池自2009年第一次报道以来，以其超低材料成本、可溶液制备工艺而受到研究人员的青睐，小面积(小于1cm 2)钙钛矿太阳能电池的能量转换效率已经由最初的3.8％提升到了25.8％。随着研究的不断深入，钙钛矿太阳能电池的转换效率极有可能超过目前发展成熟的单晶硅太阳能电池。在新一代光伏技术中，钙钛矿太阳能技术有可能率先实现产业化。
钙钛矿太阳能电池内部各子电池通过P1、P2和P3刻划后形成串联结构。钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电输出性能参数(电流、电压以及填充因子)，取决于各子电池的特性，因此，各子电池的设计及结构对钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能至关重要。然而，传统的钙钛矿太阳能电池的子电池因设备及工艺等因素存在限流现象，降低了钙钛矿太阳能电池的转化效率。
发明内容
基于此，本申请提供了一种太阳能电池及其制备方法，该太阳能电池能够改善限流现象，从而提高太阳能电池的转化效率。
第一方面，本申请提供一种太阳能电池，包括：
多个子电池，沿第一方向依次串联排布；各子电池均包括层叠设置的衬 底和第一电极；多个子电池包括两个第一子电池和至少一个第二子电池，该至少一个第二子电池位于两个第一子电池之间；第一方向垂直于太阳能电池的厚度方向；以及
多个栅线，一一对应地设置于各子电池的第一电极上；第一子电池所对应的栅线在该第一子电池上的正投影的面积，大于第二子电池所对应的栅线在该第二子电池上的正投影的面积。
上述太阳能电池，通过使第一子电池上的栅线在第一子电池上的正投影的面积，大于第二子电池上的栅线在第二子电池上的正投影的面积，从而使第一子电池上的栅线与第一子电池上的第一电极的接触面积，大于第二子电池上的栅线与第二子电池上的第一电极的接触面积。这样，可以使第一子电池上的栅线的收集电流能力强于第二子电池上的栅线的收集电流能力，从而对第一子电池因自身结构原因导致的低输出电流进行了补偿，提高了第一子电池上的输出电流，从而最大程度降低了第一子电池的输出电流与第二子电池的输出电流之间的差异，改善了第一子电池和第二子电池的输出电流不匹配造成的限流现象，提高了太阳能电池的转化效率。
在一些实施例中，该多个栅线包括：
两个第一栅线，第一栅线设置于第一子电池的第一电极上；第一栅线包括第一总线以及与第一总线连接的多条第一支线，各第一支线间隔排布于第一总线的一侧；
至少一第二栅线，第二栅线设置于第二子电池的第一电极上；第二栅线包括第二总线以及与第二总线连接的多条第二支线，各第二支线间隔排布于第二总线的一侧。
这样，将第一栅线对应设置在第一子电池上，第二栅线对应设置在第二 子电池上，通过调节第一栅线和第二栅线的结构，来使第一栅线和第二栅线的收集电流能力不同。
在一些实施例中，第一栅线中的第一支线的数量大于第二栅线中的第二支线的数量；
第一栅线中任意相邻两个第一支线之间的距离，小于第二栅线中任意相邻两个第二支线之间的距离。
这样，通过使第一栅线上第一支线的排布密度大于第二栅线上第二支线的排布密度，从而使第一栅线的收集电流能力强于第二栅线的收集电流能力。
在一些实施例中，各第一支线在对应的第一子电池上的正投影的面积，等于各第二支线在对应的第二子电池上的正投影的面积。
这样，可以使第一支线和第二支线的尺寸相同，降低栅线的制备难度。
在一些实施例中，各第一支线在对应的第一子电池上的正投影的面积，大于各第二支线在对应的第二子电池上的正投影的面积。
这样，通过使各第一支线与第一电极的接触面积大于各第二支线与第一电极的接触面积，从而使第一栅线的收集电流能力强于第二栅线的收集电流能力。
在一些实施例中，沿太阳能电池的厚度方向，各第一支线的厚度与各第二支线的厚度相等。
这样，可以降低栅线的制备难度。
在一些实施例中，第一支线的厚度和第二支线的厚度均大于等于20纳米，且小于等于200纳米；第一支线的宽度和第二支线的宽度均大于等于20微米，且小于等于100微米。
这样，可以在栅线的收集电流能力较好的情况下，一方面保证栅线电阻 较小，另一方面保证子电池具有较高的光透过率。
在一些实施例中，多个子电池还包括两个第三子电池，两个第三子电池位于两个第一子电池之间，且各第二子电池位于两个第三子电池之间；
第三子电池所对应的栅线在该第三子电池上的正投影的面积，大于第二子电池所对应的栅线在该第二子电池上的正投影的面积，且小于第一子电池所对应的栅线在该第一子电池上的正投影的面积。
这样，可以提高第三子电池上的栅线的收集电流能力，从而对第三子电池因自身结构原因导致的低电流进行了补偿，提高第三子电池上的输出电流，使第一子电池、第二子电池和第三子电池的输出电流最大程度地匹配，改善限流现象，提高了太阳能电池的转化效率。
在一些实施例中，子电池还包括于衬底上层叠设置的第二电极、第一电荷传输层、吸光层和第二电荷传输层，第一电极设置于第二电荷传输层背离衬底的一侧，栅线设置于第一电极背离衬底的一侧。这样，可以使太阳能电池的结构更优化，降低制备难度的同时可以具有较高的转化效率。
在一些实施例中，吸光层包括钙钛矿层。这样，可以将这种栅线结构应用于钙钛矿电池，以提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的转化效率。
在一些实施例中，子电池中设置有延伸线；延伸线的一端与对应的子电池上的栅线连接，延伸线的另一端与相邻的子电池的第二电极连接。这样，可以通过延伸线将相邻的子电池串联。
第二方面，本申请提供一种太阳能电池的制备方法，包括：
于衬底上形成第一电极；
于第一电极上形成多个栅线，并形成多个子电池；多个子电池沿第一方向依次串联排布；多个子电池包括两个第一子电池和至少一个第二子电池，该 至少一个第二子电池位于两个第一子电池之间；各栅线与各子电池一一对应，第一子电池所对应的栅线在该第一子电池上的正投影的面积，大于第二子电池所对应的栅线在该第二子电池上的正投影的面积；第一方向垂直于太阳能电池的厚度方向。
上述太阳能电池的制备方法，通过使第一子电池上的栅线在第一子电池上的正投影的面积，大于第二子电池上的栅线在第二子电池上的正投影的面积，从而使第一子电池上的栅线与第一子电池上的第一电极的接触面积，大于第二子电池上的栅线与第二子电池上的第一电极的接触面积。这样，可以使第一子电池上的栅线的收集电流能力强于第二子电池上的栅线的收集电流能力，从而对第一子电池因自身结构原因导致的低输出电流进行了补偿，提高了第一子电池上的输出电流，从而最大程度降低了第一子电池的输出电流与第二子电池的输出电流之间的差异，改善了第一子电池和第二子电池的输出电流不匹配造成的限流现象，提高了太阳能电池的转化效率。
上述说明仅是本申请技术方案的概述，为了能够更清楚了解本申请的技术手段，而可依照说明书的内容予以实施，并且为了让本申请的上述和其它目的、特征和优点能够更明显易懂，以下特举本申请的具体实施方式。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案，下面将对本申请实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面所描述的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据附图获得其他的附图。
图1为相关技术中的太阳能电池的局部结构示意图；
图2为本申请一实施例提供的一种太阳能电池的俯视示意图；
图3为图2中的太阳能电池的截面结构示意图；
图4为本申请一实施例提供的又一种太阳能电池的俯视示意图；
图5为本申请一实施例提供的再一种太阳能电池的俯视示意图；
图6为本申请一实施例提供的太阳能电池的制备方法的流程图；
图7为本申请一实施例提供的太阳能电池的制备方法中P1刻蚀后的结构示意图；
图8为本申请一实施例提供的太阳能电池的制备方法中P2刻蚀后的结构示意图；
图9为本申请一实施例提供的太阳能电池的制备方法中栅线形成后的结构示意图。
1、钙钛矿太阳能电池；11、玻璃基底；12、导电薄膜；13、电子传输层；14、钙钛矿吸光层；15、空穴传输层；16、金属层；2、太阳能电池；21、子电池；21a、第一子电池；21b、第二子电池；21c、第三子电池；211、衬底；212、第一电极；213、第二电极；214、第一电荷传输层；215、吸光层；216、第二电荷传输层；22、栅线；221、第一栅线；2211、第一总线；2212、第一支线；222、第二栅线；2221、第二总线；2222、第二支线；223、第三栅线；2231、第三总线；2232、第三支线；224、延伸线；231、第一沟槽；232、第二沟槽；233、第三沟槽。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图对本申请技术方案的实施例进行详细的描述。以下实施例仅用于更加清楚地说明本申请的技术方案，因此只作为示例，而不能以此来 限制本申请的保护范围。
除非另有定义，本文所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本申请的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同；本文中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的，不是旨在于限制本申请；本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图说明中的术语“包括”和“具有”以及它们的任何变形，意图在于覆盖不排他的包含。
在本申请实施例的描述中，技术术语“第一”“第二”等仅用于区别不同对象，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量、特定顺序或主次关系。在本申请实施例的描述中，“多个”的含义是两个以上，除非另有明确具体的限定。
在本文中提及“实施例”意味着，结合实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性可以包含在本申请的至少一个实施例中。在说明书中的各个位置出现该短语并不一定均是指相同的实施例，也不是与其它实施例互斥的独立的或备选的实施例。本领域技术人员显式地和隐式地理解的是，本文所描述的实施例可以与其它实施例相结合。
在本申请实施例的描述中，术语“和/或”仅仅是一种描述关联对象的关联关系，表示可以存在三种关系，例如A和/或B，可以表示：单独存在A，同时存在A和B，单独存在B这三种情况。另外，本文中字符“/”，一般表示前后关联对象是一种“或”的关系。
在本申请实施例的描述中，术语“多个”指的是两个以上(包括两个)，同理，“多组”指的是两组以上(包括两组)，“多片”指的是两片以上(包括两片)。
在本申请实施例的描述中，技术术语“中心”“纵向”“横向”“长度”“宽度”“厚度”“上”“下”“前”“后”“左”“右”“竖直”“水平”“顶”“底”“内”“外”“顺时针”“逆时 针”“轴向”“径向”“周向”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本申请实施例和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请实施例的限制。
在本申请实施例的描述中，除非另有明确的规定和限定，技术术语“安装”“相连”“连接”“固定”等术语应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或成一体；也可以是机械连接，也可以是电连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通或两个元件的相互作用关系。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本申请实施例中的具体含义。
钙钛矿太阳能电池自2009年第一次报道以来，以其超低材料成本、可溶液制备工艺而受到研究人员的青睐，小面积(小于1cm 2)钙钛矿太阳能电池的能量转换效率已经由最初的3.8％提升到了25.8％。随着研究的不断深入，钙钛矿太阳能电池的转换效率极有可能超过目前发展成熟的单晶硅太阳能电池。在新一代光伏技术中，钙钛矿太阳能技术有可能率先实现产业化。
具体地，参照图1所示，钙钛矿太阳能电池1包括层叠设置的玻璃基底11、导电薄膜12、电子传输层13、钙钛矿吸光层14、空穴传输层15和金属层16。钙钛矿太阳能电池1内部各子电池通过P1、P2和P3刻划后形成串联结构。钙钛矿太阳能电池1的光电输出性能参数(电流、电压以及填充因子)，取决于各子电池的特性，因此，各子电池的设计及结构对钙钛矿太阳能电池1的性能至关重要。
其中，钙钛矿太阳能电池1在制备过程中通常会使用大型镀膜设备，由于大型镀膜设备的工艺气体、温度、电磁场、等离子体、靶材、蒸发源等工艺 参数的空间分布不均匀，导致钙钛矿吸光层14的厚度均匀性较差。一般地，位于边缘区域的子电池的钙钛矿吸光层14薄于位于中间区域的子电池的钙钛矿吸光层14，从而使边缘区域的子电池的性能差于中间区域的子电池的性能，具体表现为：边缘区域的子电池的输出电流小于中间区域的子电池的输出电流。进而导致边缘区域的子电池和中间区域的子电池的输出电流不匹配，产生限流现象，降低了钙钛矿太阳能电池1的转化效率。
为了缓解上述问题，申请人研究发现，通过增大边缘区域的子电池的栅线的收集电流能力，可以对边缘区域的子电池因自身结构原因导致的低输出电流进行补偿，提高了边缘区域的子电池的输出电流，从而最大程度降低了边缘区域的子电池的输出电流与中间区域的子电池的输出电流之间的差异，改善了边缘区域的子电池和中间区域的子电池的输出电流不匹配造成的限流现象，提高了太阳能电池的转化效率。
本申请实施例公开的太阳能电池可以但不限用于交通领域、通讯/通信领域、石油或海洋领域以及家庭灯具领域。其中，交通领域如航标灯、交通/铁路信号灯、交通警示/标志灯、宇翔路灯、高空障碍灯、高速公路/铁路无线电话亭、无人值守道班供电等。通讯/通信领域如太阳能无人值守微波中继站、光缆维护站、广播/通讯/寻呼电源系统、农村载波电话光伏系统、小型通信机、士兵GPS供电等。石油或海洋领域如石油管道和水库闸门阴极保护太阳能电源系统、石油钻井平台生活及应急电源、海洋检测设备等。家庭灯具领域如庭院灯、路灯、手提灯、野营灯、登山灯、垂钓灯、黑光灯、割胶灯、节能灯等。
第一方面，参照图2和图3所示，本申请实施例提供一种太阳能电池2，该太阳能电池2包括多个子电池21和多个栅线22。
其中，多个子电池21沿第一方向a依次排布，且相互串联。该第一方向 a垂直于太阳能电池2的厚度方向。各子电池21均包括层叠设置的衬底211和第一电极212，衬底211可以是玻璃衬底或PET(Polyethylene Glycol Terephthalate，聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)衬底。多个子电池21中包括两个第一子电池21a和至少一个第二子电池21b，该至少一个第二子电池21b位于两个第一子电池21a之间。可以理解的是，第二子电池21b的数量可以有多个，该多个第二子电池21b间隔排布于两个第一子电池21a之间。
多个栅线22一一对应地设置于各子电池21的第一电极212上。其中，位于第一子电池21a上的栅线22在该第一子电池21a的第一电极212上的正投影的面积，大于位于第二子电池21b上的栅线22在该第二子电池21b的第一电极212上的正投影的面积。这里的正投影指的是：沿太阳能电池2的厚度方向，栅线22在第一电极212上的投影。
子电池21指构成太阳能电池2的最小电池单元。第一子电池21a指位于太阳能电池2的边缘区域的子电池21，第二子电池21b指位于太阳能电池2的非边缘区域(中间区域)的子电池21。栅线22指用于收集第一电极212上电流的导电金属。栅线22的材质可以是金、银、铜、铝、镍、锌、锡、铁等金属中的任一种或包含上述金属的合金。第一电极212指构成子电池21的前电极或背电极。在本申请实施例中，第一电极212指背电极，栅线22设置在背电极上。
上述设置，相当于使第一子电池21a上的栅线22与第一子电池21a上的第一电极212的接触面积，大于第二子电池21b上的栅线22与第二子电池21b上的第一电极212的接触面积。可以理解的是，栅线22与第一电极212的接触面积更大，栅线22收集电流的能力越强。因此，第一子电池21a上的栅线22的收集电流能力强于第二子电池21b上的栅线22的收集电流能力，从而对第一子电池21a因自身结构原因导致的低输出电流进行了补偿，提高了第一子电池 21a上的输出电流，从而最大程度降低了第一子电池21a的输出电流与第二子电池21b的输出电流之间的差异，改善了第一子电池21a和第二子电池21b的输出电流不匹配造成的限流现象，提高了太阳能电池2的转化效率。
在一些实施例中，栅线22包括两个第一栅线221和至少一个第二栅线222。其中，第一栅线221设置于第一子电池21a的第一电极212上，第二栅线222设置于第二子电池21b的第一电极212上。
第一栅线221指设置于第一子电池21a的第一电极212上的栅线22。第二栅线222指设置于第二子电池21b的第一电极212上的栅线22。
这样，将第一栅线221对应设置在第一子电池21a上，第二栅线222对应设置在第二子电池21b上，可以通过调节第一栅线221和第二栅线222的结构，来使第一栅线221和第二栅线222的收集电流能力不同。
作为一个实施例，第一栅线221包括第一总线2211以及与第一总线2211连接的多条第一支线2212，各第一支线2212均匀地排布于第一总线2211的一侧。第二栅线222包括第二总线2221以及与第二总线2221连接的多条第二支线2222，各第二支线2222均匀地排布于第二总线2221的一侧。
第一总线2211相当于第一栅线221上的“总线”，第一支线2212相当于第一栅线221上的“支线”。第二总线2221相当于第二栅线222上的“总线”，第二支线2222相当于第二栅线22的“支线”。第一支线2212和第二支线2222主要用于收集第一电极212上的电流。各个第一支线2212收集电流后将电流汇集至第一总线2211，第一总线2211将电流传递出去。各个第二支线2222收集电流后将电流汇集至第二总线2221，第二总线2221将电流传递出去。
可以理解的是，第一总线2211沿第一方向a的两侧均可以设置第一支线2212。同样的，第二总线2221沿第一方向a的两侧均可以设置第二支线2222。
作为一个实施例，第一支线2212和第二支线2222均沿第一方向a延伸，第一总线2211的延伸方向与第一支线2212的延伸方向垂直，第二总线2221的延伸方向与第二支线2222的延伸方向垂直。这种设置方式，一方面可以使栅线22比较规整，另一方面可以降低栅线22的制备难度。
在一些实施例中，第一栅线221中的第一支线2212的数量大于第二栅线222中的第二支线2222的数量。第一栅线221中任意相邻两个第一支线2212之间的距离L1，小于第二栅线222中任意相邻两个第二支线2222之间的距离L2。
这样，相当于使第一栅线221上第一支线2212的排布密度大于第二栅线222上第二支线2222的排布密度。由于第一栅线221上第一支线2212的数量更多，相邻第一支线2212间的距离更小，因此，第一栅线221的收集电流能力强于第二栅线222的收集电流能力。
在一些实施例中，各第一支线2212在对应的第一子电池21a的第一电极212上的正投影的面积，等于各第二支线2222在对应的第二子电池21b的第一电极212上的正投影的面积。
可以理解为：各第一支线2212与第一电极212的接触面积等于各第二支线2222与第一电极212的接触面积。在本申请实施例中，可以使第一支线2212和第二支线2222的形状和尺寸均相同。这样，可以降低掩膜板的制备难度，从而降低栅线22的制备难度。在另一个示例中，第一支线2212和第二支线2222的形状和尺寸均不同，也可以保证第一支线2212与第一电极212的接触面积等于第二支线2222与第一电极212的接触面积。
在本申请实施例中，由于第一支线2212和第二支线2222的形状和尺寸均相同，可以使第一栅线221中的第一支线2212的数量大于第二栅线222中的第二支线2222的数量，从而使第一栅线221的收集电流能力强于第二栅线222 的收集电流能力。
在一些实施例中，参照图4所示，各第一支线2212在对应的第一子电池21a的第一电极212上的正投影的面积，大于各第二支线2222在对应的第二子电池21b的第一电极212上的正投影的面积。
可以理解为：各第一支线2212与第一电极212的接触面积大于各第二支线2222与第一电极212的接触面积。
具体地，可以使第一支线2212和第二支线2222在第二方向b上的宽度相等，第一支线2212在第一方向a上的长度大于第二支线2222在第一方向a上的长度；或，可以使第一支线2212和第二支线2222在第一方向a上的长度相等，第一支线2212在第二方向b上的宽度大于第二支线2222在第二方向b上的宽度。本申请实施例对第一支线2212和第二支线2222的具体结构不作限定。
在一个示例中，当第一支线2212与对应的第一电极212的接触面积大于第二支线2222与对应的第一电极212的接触面积时，可以使第一栅线221中的第一支线2212的数量等于第二栅线222中的第二支线2222的数量。这样，在第一栅线221中的第一支线2212和第二栅线222中的第二支线2222的数量相等的情况下，使第一栅线221的收集电流能力强于第二栅线222的收集电流能力。
在另一个示例中，当第一支线2212与对应的第一电极212的接触面积大于第二支线2222与对应的第一电极212的接触面积时，也可以使第一栅线221中的第一支线2212的数量大于第二栅线222中的第二支线2222的数量。这样，可以进一步使第一栅线221的收集电流能力强于第二栅线222的收集电流能力。
在又一个示例中，当第一支线2212与对应的第一电极212的接触面积大 于第二支线2222与对应的第一电极212的接触面积时，还可以使第一栅线221中的第一支线2212的数量小于第二栅线222中的第二支线的数量，但是必须保证第一栅线221与对应的第一电极212的接触面积大于第二栅线222与对应的第一电极212的接触面积，以使第一栅线221的收集电流能力强于第二栅线222的收集电流能力。
通过使各第一支线2212与第一电极212的接触面积大于各第二支线2222与第一电极212的接触面积，可以使第一栅线221中各第一支线2212的收集电流能力大于第二栅线222中各第二支线2222的收集电流能力，从而使第一栅线221的收集电流能力强于第二栅线222的收集电流能力。
在一些实施例中，沿太阳能电池2的厚度方向，各第一支线2212的厚度与各第二支线2222的厚度相等。
这样，一方面，在制备栅线22时，可以通过一次工艺形成厚度均匀的第一支线2212和第二支线2222，避免多次工艺分别形成第一支线2212和第二支线2222，降低了栅线的制备难度；另一方面，当各第一支线2212和各第二支线2222的形状相等的情况下，可以保证各第一支线2212和各第二支线2222的电阻相同，从而使各第一支线2212和各第二支线2222的电流损耗相同。
在一些实施例中，第一支线2212的厚度和第二支线2222的厚度均大于等于20纳米(nm)，且小于等于200纳米(nm)。第一支线2212的宽度和第二支线2222的宽度均大于等于20微米，且小于等于100微米。
具体地，以第一支线2212为例，第一支线2212的厚度指：沿太阳能电池2的厚度方向，第一支线2212的上表面距下表面的距离。示例性的，第一支线2212的厚度可以是20nm、30nm、50nm、100nm、150nm、175nm、190nm或200nm。第一支线2212的宽度指第一支线2212在第二方向b上的长度。第 二方向b垂直于第一方向a。示例性的，第一支线2212的宽度可以是20μm、30μm、50μm、60μm、80μm、90μm或100μm。
第一支线2212和第二支线2222的厚度位于上述范围内，可以在保证太阳能电池2厚度较薄的情况下，使第一支线2212和第二支线2222具有一定的结构强度，避免第一支线2212和第二支线2222断裂。第一支线2212和第二支线2222的宽度位于上述范围内，一方面可以保证第一支线2212和第二支线2222的收集电流能力较好，另一方面可以保证子电池21具有一定的光透过率。同时，上述设置可以使第一支线2212和第二支线2222的电阻较小，电流损耗较少，提高太阳能电池2的转化效率。
在一些实施例中，参照图5所示，多个子电池21中还包括两个第三子电池21c，各第二子电池21b位于两个第三子电池21c之间，两个第三子电池21c位于两个第一子电池21a之间。
可以理解为：第一子电池21a位于太阳能电池2的边缘区域，第二子电池21b位于太阳能电池2的中间区域，第三子电池21c位于边缘区域和中间区域之间的过渡区域。因制备工艺影响，第一子电池21a、第二子电池21b和第三子电池21c的性能排序为：第二子电池21b＞第三子电池21c＞第一子电池21a。
作为一个实施例，第三子电池21c所对应的栅线22在第三子电池21c的第一电极212上的正投影的面积，大于第二子电池21b所对应的栅线22在第二子电池21b的第一电极212上的正投影的面积，且小于第一子电池21a所对应的栅线22在第一子电池21a的第一电极212上的正投影的面积。
作为一个实施例，栅线22可以包括第三栅线223，第三栅线223设置于第三子电池21c的第一电极212上。第三栅线223包括第三总线2231以及与第三总线2231连接的多条第三支线2232，各第三支线2232均匀地排布于第三总 线2231的一侧。并且，第三栅线223与第三子电池21c上的第一电极212的接触面积，大于第二栅线222与第二子电池21b上的第一电极212的接触面积，且小于第一栅线221与第一子电池21a上的第一电极212的接触面积。
这样，可以提高第三栅线223的收集电流能力，从而对第三子电池21c因自身结构原因导致的低电流进行了补偿，提高了第三子电池21c上的输出电流，使第一子电池21a、第二子电池21b和第三子电池21c的输出电流最大程度地匹配，改善了限流现象，提高了太阳能电池2的转化效率。
需要说明的是，第三栅线223的设置方式与第一栅线221的设置方式可以相同，本申请实施例在此不再赘述。
在一些实施例中，参照图3所示，子电池21还包括于衬底211上层叠设置的第二电极213、第一电荷传输层214、吸光层215和第二电荷传输层216，第一电极212设置于第二电荷传输层216背离衬底211的一侧，栅线22设置于第一电极212背离衬底211的一侧。这样，可以使太阳能电池2的结构更优化，降低制备难度的同时可以具有较高的转化效率。
其中，第一电极212和第二电极213的材质可以为导电氧化物，例如：ITO(Indium Tin Oxide，氧化铟锡)、AZO(Antimony Tin Oxide，氧化锡锑)、BZO(硼掺杂氧化锌)、IZO(Indium Zinc Oxide，氧化铟锌)等。
作为一个实施例，太阳能电池2是反式结构，第一电荷传输层214为空穴传输层，第一电荷传输层214包括所有可以用来作为空穴传输层的有机或无机材料。第二电荷传输层216是电子传输层，第二电荷传输层216包括所有可以用来作为电子传输层的有机或无机材料。
作为一个实施例，太阳能电池2是正式结构，第一电荷传输层214为电子传输层，第一电荷传输层214包括所有可以用来作为电子传输层的有机或无 机材料。第二电荷传输层216是空穴传输层，第二电荷传输层216包括所有可以用来作为空穴传输层的有机或无机材料。
在一些实施例中，吸光层215包括钙钛矿层。这样，可以将这种栅线22结构应用于钙钛矿电池，以提高钙钛矿太阳能电池2的转化效率。
在一些实施例中，参照图3所示，各子电池21中还设置有延伸线224。每个延伸线224的一端与所对应的子电池21上的栅线22连接，延伸线224的另一端与所对应的子电池21相邻的子电池21的第二电极213连接。
延伸线224指沿太阳能电池2的厚度方向延伸的导电金属，延伸线224可以认为是栅线22的一部分。延伸线224的主要作用是将相邻的两个子电池21串联。
上述设置通过延伸线224将相邻的子电池21串联，可以实现多个子电池21的整体串联。
在一些实施例中，参照图2所示，栅线22包括两个第一栅线221和至少一个第二栅线222。其中，第一栅线221设置于第一子电池21a的第一电极212上，第二栅线222设置于第二子电池21b的第一电极212上。第一栅线221包括第一总线2211以及与第一总线2211连接的多条第一支线2212，各第一支线2212均匀地排布于第一总线2211的一侧。第二栅线222包括第二总线2221以及与第二总线2221连接的多条第二支线2222，各第二支线2222均匀地排布于第二总线2221的一侧。
其中，第一栅线221中的第一支线2212的数量大于第二栅线222中的第二支线2222的数量。第一栅线221中任意相邻两个第一支线2212之间的距离L1，小于第二栅线222中任意相邻两个第二支线2222之间的距离L2。各第一支线2212在对应的第一子电池21a的第一电极212上的正投影的面积，等于各 第二支线2222在对应的第二子电池21b的第一电极212上的正投影的面积。具体地，第一支线2212和第二支线2222的形状、尺寸和厚度均相同。
这样，一方面，相当于使第一栅线221上第一支线2212的排布密度大于第二栅线222上第二支线2222的排布密度。由于第一栅线221上第一支线2212的数量更多，因此，第一栅线221的收集电流能力强于第二栅线222的收集电流能力；另一方面，可以使所有栅线22的“支线”的尺寸均相等，便于栅线22的制备。
第二方面，参照图6，并且结合图3所示，本申请实施例提供一种太阳能电池的制备方法，包括：
S100：于衬底上形成第一电极。衬底211可以是玻璃衬底或PET衬底。第一电极212的材质可以为导电氧化物，例如：ITO(Indium Tin Oxide，氧化铟锡)、AZO(Antimony Tin Oxide，氧化锡锑)、BZO(硼掺杂氧化锌)、IZO(Indium Zinc Oxide，氧化铟锌)等。第一电极212可以通过真空溅射、反应等离子体溅镀或原子层沉积等工艺进行制备。
S200：于第一电极上形成多个栅线，并形成多个子电池。其中，各子电池21a沿第一方向a依次排布，且相互串联；多个子电池21a中包括两个第一子电池21a和至少一个第二子电池21b，各第二子电池21b位于两个第一子电池21a之间。各栅线22与各子电池21a一一对应，第一子电池21a所对应的栅线22在第一子电池21a的第一电极212上的正投影的面积，大于第二子电池21b所对应的栅线22在第二子电池21b的第一电极212上的正投影的面积。第一方向a垂直于太阳能电池2的厚度方向。
上述太阳能电池的制备方法，通过使第一子电池21a上的栅线22在第一子电池21a上的正投影的面积，大于第二子电池21b上的栅线22在第二子电池 21b上的正投影的面积，从而使第一子电池21a上的栅线22与第一子电池21a上的第一电极212的接触面积，大于第二子电池21b上的栅线22与第二子电池21b上的第一电极212的接触面积。这样，可以使第一子电池21a上的栅线22的收集电流能力强于第二子电池21b上的栅线22的收集电流能力，从而对第一子电池21a因自身结构原因导致的低输出电流进行了补偿，提高了第一子电池21a上的输出电流，从而最大程度降低了第一子电池21a的输出电流与第二子电池21b的输出电流之间的差异，改善了第一子电池21a和第二子电池21b的输出电流不匹配造成的限流现象，提高了太阳能电池2的转化效率。
作为一个实施例，S100：于衬底上形成第一电极的步骤之前，还包括：
S70：于衬底上形成第二电极。第二电极213的材质可以为导电氧化物，例如：ITO(Indium Tin Oxide，氧化铟锡)、AZO(Antimony Tin Oxide，氧化锡锑)、BZO(硼掺杂氧化锌)、IZO(Indium Zinc Oxide，氧化铟锌)等。
S80：于第二电极上进行P1划线刻蚀形成第一沟槽。其中，在第一方向a上，每隔6μm-10mm进行划线，划线宽度为10μm-80μm。P1划线刻蚀后的结构如图7所示。需要说明的是，P1划线刻蚀可以采用激光刻蚀或机械刻蚀，以激光刻蚀为例，进行P1划线刻蚀时，激光器功率为3瓦特(W)，频率为145千赫兹(KHz)，速率为1000毫米(mm)/秒(s)。
S90：于第二电极上依次形成第一电荷传输层，吸光层、第二电荷传输层。第一电荷传输层214和第二电荷传输层216的制备方法可以为真空溅射、反应等离子体溅镀，真空热蒸法或湿法涂布等。吸光层215的材质可以为钙钛矿，吸光层215可以采用湿法涂布工艺进行制备。
作为一个实施例，S200：于第一电极上形成多个栅线，并形成多个子电池的步骤，具体包括：
S210：于第一电极上进行P2划线刻蚀形成第二沟槽。P2划线宽度为50μm-150μm。第二沟槽232与第一沟槽231在第一方向a上的距离为10μm～80μm。P2划线刻蚀后的结构如图8所示。需要说明的是，P2划线刻蚀可以采用激光刻蚀或机械刻蚀，以激光刻蚀为例，进行P2划线刻蚀时，激光器功率为1瓦特(W)，频率为300千赫兹(KHz)，速率为500毫米(mm)/秒(s)。
S220：于第一电极上形成多个栅线。栅线22的材质可以是金、银、铜、铝、镍、锌、锡、铁等金属中的任一种或包含上述金属的合金。栅线22形成后的结构如图9所示。栅线22可以通过丝网印刷、真空溅射或真空蒸镀等工艺进行制备。以真空溅射为例，溅射功率为500瓦特(W)，工作气压为0.06帕(Pa)，靶基距为9厘米(cm)，沉积速率为30纳米(nm)/秒(s)。以真空蒸镀为例，工作气压为5×10 -4Pa，蒸发速率为3纳米(nm)/秒(s)。可以理解的是，在形成栅线22时，部分金属对第二沟槽232进行填充，从而将第一电极212与第二电极213电性连接。
S230：于第一电极上进行P3划线刻蚀形成第三沟槽，从而将太阳能电池分割为多个子电池。P3划线宽度为20μm-200μm，第三沟槽233与第一沟槽231在第一方向a上的距离在0μm～200μm之间。需要说明的是，P3划线刻蚀可以采用激光刻蚀或机械刻蚀，以激光刻蚀为例，进行P3划线刻蚀时，激光器功率为1瓦特(W)，频率为600千赫兹(KHz)，速率为600毫米(mm)/秒(s)。第三沟槽233形成后的结构参照图2所示。
可以理解的是，S230：于第一电极上进行P3划线刻蚀形成第三沟槽，从而将太阳能电池分割为多个子电池的步骤之后，还可以对太阳能电池2进行清边、测试、层压、封装等工艺，从而得到太阳能电池成品。
最后应说明的是：以上各实施例仅用以说明本申请的技术方案，而非对 其限制；尽管参照前述各实施例对本申请进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本申请各实施例技术方案的范围，其均应涵盖在本申请的权利要求和说明书的范围当中。尤其是，只要不存在结构冲突，各个实施例中所提到的各项技术特征均可以任意方式组合起来。本申请并不局限于文中公开的特定实施例，而是包括落入权利要求的范围内的所有技术方案。

Claims (12)

  1. 一种太阳能电池，其中，包括：
    多个子电池，沿第一方向依次串联排布；各所述子电池均包括层叠设置的衬底和第一电极；所述多个子电池包括两个第一子电池和至少一个第二子电池，所述至少一个第二子电池位于两个所述第一子电池之间；所述第一方向垂直于所述太阳能电池的厚度方向；以及
    多个栅线，一一对应地设置于各所述子电池的所述第一电极上；所述第一子电池所对应的所述栅线在该所述第一子电池上的正投影的面积，大于所述第二子电池所对应的所述栅线在该所述第二子电池上的正投影的面积。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述多个栅线包括：
    两个第一栅线，所述第一栅线设置于所述第一子电池的所述第一电极上；所述第一栅线包括第一总线以及与所述第一总线连接的多条第一支线，各所述第一支线间隔排布于所述第一总线的一侧；
    至少一第二栅线，所述第二栅线设置于所述第二子电池的所述第一电极上；所述第二栅线包括第二总线以及与所述第二总线连接的多条第二支线，各所述第二支线间隔排布于所述第二总线的一侧。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述第一栅线中的所述第一支线的数量大于所述第二栅线中的所述第二支线的数量；
    所述第一栅线中任意相邻两个所述第一支线之间的距离，小于所述第二栅线中任意相邻两个所述第二支线之间的距离。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的太阳能电池，其中，各所述第一支线在对应的所述第一子电池上的正投影的面积，等于各所述第二支线在对应的所述第二子电池上的正投影的面积。
  5. 根据权利要求2所述的太阳能电池，其中，各所述第一支线在对应的所述第一子电池上的正投影的面积，大于各所述第二支线在对应的所述第二子电池上的正投影的面积。
  6. 根据权利要求4或5所述的太阳能电池，其中，沿所述太阳能电池的厚度方向，各所述第一支线的厚度与各所述第二支线的厚度相等。
  7. 根据权利要求2-5中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述第一支线的厚度和所述第二支线的厚度均大于等于20纳米，且小于等于200纳米；
    所述第一支线的宽度和所述第二支线的宽度均大于等于20微米，且小于等于100微米。
  8. 根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述多个子电池还包括两个第三子电池，两个所述第三子电池位于两个所述第一子电池之间，且各所述第二子电池位于两个所述第三子电池之间；
    所述第三子电池所对应的所述栅线在该所述第三子电池上的正投影的面积，大于所述第二子电池所对应的所述栅线在该所述第二子电池上的正投影的面积，且小于所述第一子电池所对应的所述栅线在该所述第一子电池上的正投影的面积。
  9. 根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述子电池还包括于所述衬底上层叠设置的第二电极、第一电荷传输层、吸光层和第二电荷传输层，所述第一电极设置于所述第二电荷传输层背离所述衬底的一侧，所述栅线设置于所述第一电极背离所述衬底的一侧。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述吸光层包括钙钛矿层。
  11. 根据权利要求9所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述子电池中设置有延伸线；
    所述延伸线的一端与对应的所述子电池上的所述栅线连接，所述延伸线的 另一端与相邻的所述子电池的所述第二电极连接。
  12. 一种太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，包括：
    于衬底上形成第一电极；
    于所述第一电极上形成多个栅线，并形成多个子电池；所述多个子电池沿第一方向依次串联排布；所述多个子电池包括两个第一子电池和至少一个第二子电池，所述至少一个第二子电池位于两个所述第一子电池之间；各所述栅线与各所述子电池一一对应，所述第一子电池所对应的所述栅线在该第一子电池上的正投影的面积，大于所述第二子电池所对应的所述栅线在该第二子电池上的正投影的面积；所述第一方向垂直于所述太阳能电池的厚度方向。
PCT/CN2022/113293 2022-08-18 2022-08-18 一种太阳能电池及其制备方法 Ceased WO2024036557A1 (zh)

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